Sap2000 V12 PDF

Trng i hc thu li
Khoa cng trnh

B mn kt cu cng trnh
====o0o====
Hng dn s dng
SAP2000
(Version 12.0.0)
Bin son: Ths. Hng Tin Thng
H Ni - 01/2010
Phn I
Kin thc c bn
Trng HTL - B mn Kt cu cng trnh Hng dn s dng SAP2000
Bi 1 : M u cc qui c c bn
I. Gii thiu:
- SAP 2000 (Structural Analysis Program) ra i vo nm 1998 (Version 6.11) H
Avenue M.
- Cc phin bn ca SAP 2000 : + Nonlinear Version : phin bn phi tuyn.
+ Standard Version : phin bn chun.
+ Plus Version : phin bn nng cao.
+ Education Version : phin bn dnh cho hc tp.
- SAP 2000 da vo cc phn t mu nh: pt thanh, pt v... m t cc dng kt cu.
- SAP 2000 tin hnh phn tch kt cu da theo phng php PTHH (da vo m hnh
tng thch), tm ra chuyn v ti cc im nt ca cc phn t, t tnh c ni lc,
ng sut..v...v..ca phn t.
- Kh nng ca SAP2000:
+ Tnh nng giao tip: d s dng, d m t cc dng kt cu, sa i-in n thun tin...
Kt qu tnh ton c th xem trc tip trn mn hnh hay c dng vn bn.
+ Kh nng tnh ton-thit k: - Tnh ton xc nh ng sut ni lc ca kt cu.
- Ti trng c th l tnh ti, hot ti, nhit ...
- Thit k KCBTCT theo cc tiu chun: BS, ACI,
AASHTO, CSA, EUROCODE, NZS.
- Gii cc bi ton kim tra kt cu thp theo cc tiu
chun: BS, AISC, EUROCODE, CISC, AASHTO.
- Cc File d liu:
*.SDB : file d liu chnh.
*.S2k: file d liu di dng text, c th dng cc phn mm son tho vn bn to d
liu hoc sa cha.
*.OUT, *.TXT : file d liu cha cc kt qu c xut ra.
II. Giao din:
- H thng menu (Menu bar): File Edit View Define Draw Select ...
- H thng thanh cng c ( Tool bar) : ..........
- Cc ca s hin th: c th hin th t 14 ca s cng mt lc.
- Thanh trng thi + hp n v chun:
xy dng m hnh kt cu v thc hin tnh ton c nhanh chng cn s dng kt hp
h thng Menu, h thng cc thanh cng c...
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

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III. Trnh t gii bi ton kt cu bng phn mn SAP2000:
1. Xc nh h n v.
2. To cc ng li.
3. Xy dng cc m hnh kt cu.
4. nh ngha v gn cc thuc tnh cho i tng:
+ Vt liu
+ Tit din
+ iu kin bin
+ Ti trng
+ T hp ti trng
5. Thc hin tnh ton ( chy chng trnh).
6. Xem, biu din, xut kt qu.
Xc nh cc s liu u vo:
Xc inh cc yu cu tnh ton, cc kt qu cn tm.
Xc nh dng hnh hc, ti trng.
Ri rc ho kt cu, chn phn t mu thch hp.

nh s hoc thay i s hiu cc im nt, phn t ... nu cn
nh ngha cc phng n ti trng, gn ti trng cho phn t.
Thc hin gii bi ton v

Kim tra kt qu
Biu din, xut kt qu:

+ Bng hnh v.
+ Bng File kt qu.
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

2
IV. Cc qui c c bn:
1. H thng n v (Unit system):

Tu tng bi ton m chn mt n v tnh ton cho ph hp. Khi tnh ton chng trnh t
ng chuyn ton b v h n v v chn ban u.
2. Cc h thng to (Coordinate systems):

- H to tng th (Global coordinate system): OXYZ cc trc to vung gc vi nhau
v hp thnh mt tam din thun. C mt h to tng th.
- H to con : d dng cho qu trnh m t mt b phn no ca kt cu.
- H to a phng (Local coordinate system):
Mi nt, phn t u c h to ring ca n, cc trc ca h to a phng c k
hiu l: 1, 2, 3.
* Vi phn t thanh:
+ Trc 1 (mu ) : i dc theo phn t v c chiu dng hng t nt i n nt j
ca phn t .
+ Trc 1 v trc 2 hp thnh mt phng thng ng Z.
+ Trc 2 (mu trng) : hng theo chiu trc +Z, hoc +X (khi phn t thng
ng).
+ Trc 3 (mu xanh) : song song vi mt phng XY.
Cc trc to a phng tun theo qui tc tam din thun.
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

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* Vi phn t tm v:
+ Trc 3 (mu xanh): l trc php tuyn vi phn t (vung gc vi mt phn t).
+ Trc 2 v trc 3 hp thnh mt phng thng ng Z.
+ Trc 2 (mu trng) : hng theo chiu + Z hoc +Y(khi phn t nm ngang).
+ Trc 1 (mu ) : nm ngang mp(X-Y).
* H to a phng ca nt (1, 2, 3) song song vi cc trc (X, Y, Z) ca h to
tng th.
3. Bc t do ca nt (DOF Degree Of Freedom):

- L s thnh phn chuyn v ca nt (DOF).
- Mi nt c 6 bc t do.
- Cc thnh phn chuyn v ca nt c khng ch bng iu kin bin ca nt (Joint
Restraints) hoc dng Menu Analyze > Set Analysis options... khng ch cc chuyn
v ca nt.
U3
R3
R2
Joint
R1
U1 U2
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

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- Bc t do ca nt ng vi cc phn t khc nhau c th hin bng sau:
Cc thnh phn chuyn v

Loi phn t
U1 U2 U3 R1 R2 R3
Khung dm phng (mp X-Y) 0 0 1 1 1 0
Khung dm phng (mp Y-Z) 1 0 0 0 1 1
Khung dm phng (mp Z-X) 0 1 0 1 0 1
Khung dm khng gian 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dn khng gian 0 0 0 1 1 1
H dm giao nhau 1 1 0 0 0 1
Tm v V 0 0 0 0 0 0
Phn t phng (mp X-Y) 0 0 1 1 1 1
Phn t phng (mp Y-Z) 1 0 0 1 1 1
Phn t phng (mp Z-X) 0 1 0 1 1 1
Phn t khi 0 0 0 1 1 1
0: thnh phn chuyn v khng b khng ch.

1: thnh phn chuyn v b khng ch.
Ui: cc thnh phn chuyn v thng theo trc i.
Ri: cc thnh phn chuyn v xoay quanh trc i.
V. H thng kt cu mu:
1. H thng li to (Grid line system)

- Khai bo h li trong h to :
Menu File > New Model (Ctr+N) > Grid Only
Cartersian : h to li vung gc.
Cylindrical : h to cu.
- Hiu chnh h li:
Menu Define > Coordinate Systems/Grids ...> Modify/Show System...
Ti y ta c th thm, xo, di chuyn li.

+ Units: H n v mun hin th.
+ Display Grids as: Xc nh cch hin th li.
Ordinates: Hin th li theo h trc ta .
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

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Spacing: Hin th li theo khong cch gia cc ng li.

+ Hide All Grid Lines: n tt c cc ng li trong h ta .
+ Glue to Grid Lines: Dnh cc nt vo li (khi di chuyn li, nt cng b ko
theo).
+ Bubble Size: Kch thc hin th ch dn li.
+ Reset to Default Color: Tr li mu hin th li theo ch mc nh ca my.
+ Reorder Ordinates: Sp xp li li theo th t tng dn.
+ Locate System Origin: nh v tr h ta ang xt.
2. Cc loi kt cu mu (Template)
SAP2000 c sn 16 loi kt cu mu thng gp trong thc t, t cc kt cu mu ny ta c
th thm, bt, sa i... c kt cu mong mun mt cch d dng.
chn mt kt cu mu:
Menu Menu File > New Model (Ctr+N)
Ngoi tr hai la chn u tin (Blank; Grid Only), cn li 16 la chon cn li l 16 dng
kt cu mu thng gp trong thc t.
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

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a b c d
e f g h i k
l m n o p q
a. H dm lin tc: (Beam)

Beam Dimensions: Kch thc dm.
Number of Span : S nhp.
Span length : Chiu di mt nhp .
Use Custom Grid Spacing and Locate Origin: Dng h thng li xc nh v tr v
kch thc dm.
Section Properties : c trng tit din.
Beams : Chn loi tit din dm (tit din mc
nh theo cc tiu chun ca nc
ngoi: ch I, ch T...).
Restraints : V cc lin kt mc nh.
b. H dn phng (2D Trusses)

Number of Divisions : S khong chia Division length : Chiu di mt khong chia
Height : Chiu cao ca dn
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

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c. H thanh dn khng gian (3D Trusses)

Number of Stories : S tng
Top (Bottom) width along X,Y : B rng ca nh (y) dn theo phng X, Y
Story height : Chiu cao 1 tng.
d. H khung phng (2D Frames)

Number of Stories : S tng Story height : Chiu cao mt tng
Number of Bays : S nhp Bay Width : Chiu rng mt nhp
e. H khung khng gian (3D Frames)

Number of Stories : S tng Story height : Chiu cao 1 tng
Number of Bays along X,Y : S nhp theo hng X,Y Bay Width : Chiu rng 1 nhp
f. Vch cng: (Wall)

Number of Divisions X, Z : S li theo trc X,Z
Divisions Width X, Z : Chiu rng mt li theo trc X-Z tng ng
g. Kt cu sn phng (Flat Slab)

Number of Divisions X, Y : S khong chia theo hng X,Y
Divisions width along X, Y : di ca mi khong chia theo hng X,Y
Milddle Strip width X, Y : rng ca di qua cc gi theo phng X,Y
h. Phn t v (Shell)
Number of Divisions, Z : S khong li theo chiu cao ca mt tr.
Number of Divisions, Angular : S khong li theo chu vi
Cylinder height, radius : Chiu cao, bn knh mt tr.
.................
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

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Bi 2 : cng c xy dng hnh hc
A. Cng c xy dng m hnh kt cu
1. Nt (Joint):
a. V nt:
- Dng Menu: Draw > Draw Special Joint Ch nh v tr nt.
- Dng thanh cng c Ch nh v tr nt
b. Xem thng tin v nt:
Chn nt cn xem thng tin v click phi chut trn nt.
+ Location: nh v.
Identification : Tn ca rng buc chuyn v.
Label: S hiu nt.
Joint Coordinates: Ta nt.
Connectivity: Nt lin kt cc phn t...
Special Jt (User Def): nh ngha c bit gn cho nt.
+ Assignments: Cc yu t v gn cho nt.
Constraint: Rng buc chuyn v.
Restrains: Cc thnh phn chuyn v khng ch.
Local axes: Gc xoay tng i gia ba trc ca h to a phng
ca nt vi ba trc tng ng ca h to tng th.
Springs: Cc thnh phn ca lin kt n hi.
Name: Tn ca rng buc chuyn v.
Type : Loi rng buc (body, weld, diaphragm...).
Mass: Cc thnh phn khi lng ngoi t tp chung ti nt.
Panel Zone: Nhm nt c mt s c im ging nhau.
Joint Pattern : Nt thuc pattern ....
Group: Nt thuc nhm...
Generalized Displs: Cc thnh phn chuyn v nt.
RS Named Sets: Cc thnh phn ca nt c chn xut ra c s d liu.
Plot Functions:
+ Load: Cc thnh phn lc tp chung ti nt.
Chc nng ch yu ca hp thoi ny l ta xem cc thng tin v nt v thay i v tr nt.
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

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2. Phn t thanh (Frame):

a. V phn t thanh:
- Dng Menu: Draw menu > Frame/Cable/Tendon Ln lt bm tri chut vo cc
im cn to Frame, bm ESC khi hon thnh.
Draw menu > Quick Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon. (v nhanh) Bm
vo ng li cn to Frame, bm ESC khi hon thnh.
- Dng thanh cng c: cng c th thc hin c hai chc nng nh trn.
to iu kin thun li cho vic v bng cch ch trc tip trn mn hnh, Sap2000 c h
tr ch bt im t ng (khi ang v phn t):
+ Dng Menu: Draw > Snap to... point / Line ends and midpoints / Intersection /
Perpendicular projections / Lines and edges.
+ Dng thanh cng c: bm cc nt .... trn thanh cng c khi dang v phn t.
b. Xem thng tin phn t Frame:

Chn phn t Frame cn xem thng tin v click phi chut trn phn t .
+ Location: nh v.
Identification : Tn ca rng buc chuyn v.
Label: S hiu phn t.
Design procedure: Phn t c s dng cho vic thit k: Kt cu thp, Kt
cu b tng,....
Length: Chiu di phn t thanh.
Line Object Type: Dng ca phn t thanh.
Start Joint(I): Nt bt u ca phn t thanh (nt I).
Coordinate System: H ta m nt bt u ca phn t thanh (I) tham chiu.
X, Y, Z: Ta nt bt u ca phn t thanh (nt I).
End Joint(J): Nt cui ca phn t thanh (nt J).
Coordinate System: H ta m nt cui ca phn t thanh (nt J) tham chiu.
X, Y, Z: Ta nt cui ca phn t thanh (nt J).
+ Assignments: Cc yu t rng buc v gn cho phn t thanh.
Section Property: Tn tit din v gn cho phn t thanh.
Releases: Cc lin kt c gii phng cho phn t thanh.
Local axes: H to a phng ca phn t thanh.
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

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Group: Thanh thuc nhm...

...........
+ Load: Cc thnh phn ti trng v gn cho phn t thanh.
3. Phn t tm v (Shell):
a. V phn t Shell:
- Dng Menu:
Draw > Draw Poly Area : V phn t v t gic.
> Draw Rectangular Area: V phn t v ch nht.
> Quick Draw Area: V nhanh phn t ch nht.
- Dng thanh cng c ta cng c th thc hin c ba chc nng trn:
b. Xem thng tin phn t Shell:

Chn phn t Shell cn xem thng tin v click phi chut trn phn t .
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

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b. quan st v biu din vt th

1. Ca s lm vic:
Ta c th cng lc hin th t 14 ca s lm vic trn mn hnh.
nh s ca s lm vic: Menu Option > Windows
2. Ch biu din v quan st vt th:

- Cc xc lp biu din v quan st vt th nm hu ht trong Menu View.
- Ch c tc dng vi ca s hin hnh.
a. Hin th 3D:
Menu View>Set 3D View... (Shift+F3)
- Plane : Xoay trn mt bng.
- Elevation: Chn cao .
- Aperture: Chn gc t.
C th dng Fast View chn nhanh cch hin th.
b. Hin th 2D:
Menu View>Set 2D View... (Shift+Ctrl+F1)
- Chn mt phng.
- V tr ca mt phng.
c. Gii hn khng gian quan st:
Menu View>Set Limit...
- t khong gii hn theo cc trc.
- Ignore Limit Settings: b qua cc xc lp gii hn.
d. Xc lp cc thng s biu din vt th:
Menu View>Set Display Options... (Ctrl+E)
Bm phm tt trn thanh cng c:
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

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Joint: Cc chc nng hin th trn mn hnh ca nt:

+ Labels : bt/tt hin th s hiu ca nt.
+ Restraints : bt/tt hin th k hiu iu kin bin ca nt.
+ Spring : bt/tt hin th k hiu lin kt l xo.
+ Mass : bt/tt hin th k hiu khi lng tp trung ti nt.
+ Local axes : bt/tt hin th h to a phng ca nt.
+ Invisible : bt/tt hin th nt.
+ Not in View : Tt tt c cc thng tin v nt.
Frames/Cables/Tendons: Cc chc nng hin th trn mn hnh ca phn t thanh:

+ Labels : bt/tt hin th s hiu ca phn t thanh.
+ Sections : bt/tt hin th s hiu c trng hnh hc ca thanh.
+ Releases: bt/tt hin th k hiu gii phng lin kt hai u phn t thanh.
+ Local axes : bt/tt hin th h to a phng ca phn t thanh.
+ Frames Not in View : Tt tt c cc thng tin v thanh.
Areas: Cc chc nng hin th trn mn hnh ca phn t tm/v.

+ Labels : bt/tt hin th s hiu ca phn t .
+ Sections : bt/tt hin th s hiu c trng hnh hc ca phn t.
+ Local axes : bt/tt hin th h to a phng ca phn t v.
+ Not in View : Tt tt c cc thng tin v tm/v.
Links: Cc chc nng hin th trn mn hnh ca phn t phi tuyn NLLink.
+ Local axes : bt/tt hin th h to a phng ca phn t.
+ Properties: bt/tt hin th s hiu c tnh ca phn t.
+ Not in View : Tt tt c cc thng tin v phn t phi tuyn.
Solids: Cc chc nng hin th trn mn hnh ca phn t khi.

+ Sections : bt/tt hin th s hiu c trng hnh hc ca phn t.
+ Local axes : bt/tt hin th h to a phng ca phn t khi.
+ Not in View : Tt tt c cc thng tin v khi.
General: Cc thng tin hin th chung.
+ Shirk Objects : bt/tt ch v cc phn t ri nhau ra (co ngt).
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

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+ Extrude View: bt/tt hin th cc phn t ch kch thc thc 3D .

+ Fill Objects : bt/tt t kn b mt phn t.
+ Show Edges: bt/tt ch v ng bin chu vi phn t.
e. Phng to Thu nh Di chuyn hnh nh

- Phng to: Menu View > Zoom In One Step (Shift+F8)
- Phng to trong khung hnh ch nht: Menu View > Rubber Band Zoom (F2)
- Thu nh: Menu View > Zoom Out One Step (Shift+F9)
- Th hin ton b vt th trong khung hnh:
Menu View > Restore Full View (F3)
- Di chuyn hnh nh Menu View > Pan (F8)
- Bt/Tt cc ng li: Menu View > Show grid (F7)
- Bt/Tt biu tng h to : Menu View > Show Axes
- V li ton b ca s: Menu View > Refresh View (F11)
c.Cng c bin i hnh hc
1. Thm mt khi t th vin mu vo kt cu:
a thm vo kt cu ang c sn mt khi kt cu t th vin mu.
Menu Edit > Add to Model From Template (Ctrl+T)

2. Chn i tng:
Cc cch chn i tng (Select) v hu chn i tng (Deselect) nm trong Menu Select
- Chn kiu ca s: Menu Select > Select > Pointer/Window
- Chn theo ng thng ct qua cc i tng:
Menu Select > Select > Intersecting Line
- Chn theo nhm: Menu Select > Select > Groups..
Trc khi chn cc i tng theo nhm, ta phi:
+ nh ngha tn cc nhm trong Menu Define > Groups
+ Chn cc i tng mun gn cng mt nhm sau vo
Menu Assign > Group Name...
- ......
- hu chn i tng: Menu Select > Deselect > ......
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

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3. Sao chp, ct dn, xo, di chuyn, to bn sao i tng:

- Sao chp (Copy) : + Chn i tng.
+ Menu Edit > Copy (Ctrl+C).
+ Menu Edit > Paste (Ctrl+V): Nhp dch chuyn ca i
tng mi so vi i tng gc.
- Ct dn (Cut):......................
- Xo i tng : + Chn i tng.
+ Menu Edit > Delete (Bm phm Delete).
- Di chuyn i tng: + Chn i tng.
+ Menu Edit > Move.. (Ctrl+M), nhp dch chuyn ca i
tng mi so vi v tr ban u.
- To bn sao i tng (Replicate):
+ Chn cc i tng mun to bn sao.
+ Menu Edit > Replicate... (Ctrl+R).
Linear : pht sinh tuyn tnh.

Radial : pht sinh quay quanh mt trc.
Mirror : pht sinh i xng qua mt mt phng.
Ordinate : (X,Y,Z) v tr gng.
4. Chia nh phn t:
kt qu tnh ton t chnh xc cao v xem kt qu ti cc v tr khc nhau, cn
chia phn t ban u thnh nhiu phn t c kch thc nh hn.
a. Chia nh phn t thanh:
- Chn phn t thanh cn chia.
- Menu Edit > Edit Lines > Devide Frames
+ Devide in to : S on chia.
Last/ First ratio : T s chiu di gia
hai on cui v u.
+ Break at....: Phn t ban u c ngt ra ti v tr giao nhau vi cc phn t v
cc nt khc c chon trc.
b. Chia nh phn t tm v (Shell):
- Chn phn t v cn chia nh.
- Menu Edit > Edit Areas > Devide Areas...
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

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+ Devide Area into This Number of Objects: Chia tm theo s lng phn t thit
t ti cc cnh ca tm.
+ Devide Area into Objects of this Maximum size: Chia phn t tm bng cch
t trc kch c cc tm nh
+ Devide Area Based On Points on Area Edges: Chia phn t tm da trn
cc im nt v c trn cnh tm
+ .
5. Ni cc phn t thanh:
gp cc phn t thanh cnh nhau, nm trn cng mt ng thng thnh mt phn t.
- Chn cc phn t thanh cnh nhau (nm trn cng mt ng thng).
- Menu Edit > Edit Lines > Joint Frames
6. Ni v ct t cc phn ca kt cu:
Ti cng mt v tr trong khng gian c th c hai im nt cng to , hai im nt ny
thuc v hai phn khc nhau ca kt cu.
a. Tch ri cc phn kt cu:
- Chn cc nt thuc cc vng mun tch ri.
- Menu Edit > Edit Points > Disconnect
b. Ni cc phn kt cu vo nhau:
- Chn cc nt thuc cc vng mun ni lin nhau.
- Menu Edit > Edit Points > Connect
( pht hin trong kt cu c cc nt hay cc phn t trng nhau
Menu Edit > Show Duplicate).
7. Thay i s hiu i tng:
- Chn cc i tng cn thay i s hiu.
- Menu Edit > Change Labels...
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

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Bi 3 : nh nghi - gn cc c trng vt liu, hnh hc
1. nh ngha loi vt liu:

Cc loi vt liu sau khi c nh ngha s c gn vo cc tit din, cc tit din s c
gn cho cc phn t (thanh, tm v,...).
nh ngha cc loi vt liu ta lm nh sau:
- Menu Define > Materials
+ Add New Material : Thm mt loi vt liu mi.
+ Modify / Show Material: Hin th, chnh sa loi vt liu v tn ti.
+ Delete Material : Xo b loi vt liu.
+ Material Name: Tn loi vt liu.

+ Material Type: Kiu vt liu.
Concrete : B tng.
Steel: Thp.
Aluminum : Nhm.
+ Weight and Mass
Weight per unit Volume: Trng lng th tch.
Mass per unit Volume: Khi lng th tch.
+ Isotropic Property Data
Modulus of Elasticity: M un n hi ca vt liu.
Poissons Ratio: H s Poisson.
Coeff of thermal expansion: H s givn n v nhit.
+ Other Properties for Concrete Materials: D liu phc v cho bi ton thit k.
Specified Conc Comp strength, fc: Cng chu nn ca b tng.
Shear Reinf. Yield stress, fys: Gii hn chy (do ct) ca ct thp.
Bending Reinf. Yield stress, fy: Gii hn chy do ca thp
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

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2. nh ngha tit din (c trng hnh hc):

Tit din c nh ngha sau khi cc loi vt liu dng cho kt cu v c nh ngha.
nh ngha tit din ta lm nh sau:
a. nh ngha tit din cho phn t thanh (Frame):
- Menu Define > Section Properties > Frame Sections...
Choose Property Type to Add
+ Import....: Chn cc tit din v c sn trong th vin mu
(do SAP v to sn v c
lu trong File *.pro).
Cc tit din c chn s c b xung vo ct Fine this property, sau
ny ta c th gn loi tit din cho cc phn t thanh trong kt cu.
+ Add New Property... : Khai bo tit din do ngi s dng t nh ngha.
Frame Section Property Type: Kiu tit din ca phn t thanh
Section Name: Tn tit din.
Properties: Cc tnh cht tit din.
Section Properties : Cc c trng hnh hc ca tit din ngang.
Set Modifiers: H s nhn cho cc gi tr c trng hnh
hc.
Material: Loi vt liu dng cho tit din.
Dimensions: Kch thc tit din.
Depth : di ca cnh theo hng trc 2 ca
tit din.
Width: di ca cnh theo hng trc 3 ca
tit din.
- Cc loi tit din khi nh ngha c th chn t cc th vin mu tit din sn c hoc t
nh ngha theo ngi s dng.
- Cc loi tit din thng dng l : Rectangular ( ch nht), I/Wide Flange (ch I), Pipe
(hnh ng trn)....
- Mt s loi tit din khc:
+ Tit din cha nh hnh : t khai bo cc c trng hnh hc ca tit din m khng quan
tm n hnh dng tit din.
Menu Define > Section Properties > Frame Sections.. Frame Section Property type: Other
; chn General
Cross section area: Din tch tit din mt ct ngang.
Torsional constant: Mmen chng xon ca tit din.
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

18
Moment of inertia about 3,2 axis: M men qun tnh I33, I22.
Shear area in 2, 3 direction: Din tch chu ct hiu dng ca tit din
theo phng 2, 3.
Section modunlus about 3, 2 axis: W33, W22
Plastic modunlus about 3, 2 axis:
Radius of Gyration about 3, 2 axis: Bn knh qun tnh ca tit din
i vi trc 3, 2.
Sau khi khai bo cc c trng hnh hc tit din, SAP2000 s t a ra mt loi tit din
no ph hp vi cc c trng v c khai bo trn.
Cch khai bo ny thng dng nh ngha tit din cho cc thanh dn.
+ Tit din thay i (khng lng tr): l tit din m mt ct ngang theo chiu di phn t
khng ging nhau.
Menu Define > Section Properties > Frame Sections.. Frame Section Property type: Other
; chn Nonprismatic
Khai bo tit din thay i ch thc hin c khi v khai bo ti thiu hai tit din.
End J
Phn on 2
Lc2
Phn on 1
Lc1
End i
Nonprismatic Section Name: Tn ca tit din thy i.
Start, End Section: Tit din u, cui mt phn on.
Length: Chiu di mt phn on.
Length Type: Kiu chiu di mt phn on.
EI33,EI22 Variation: Qui lut thay i cc cnh ca tit din theo
phng 3 v phng 2.
Linear, Parabolic, Cubic: Tuyn tinh, bc hai, bc ba.
b. nh ngha tit din cho phn t tm v (Shell):

- Menu Define > Section property > Area Sections... >
Add New Section...
+ Section Name: Tn loi tit din.
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

19
+ Material angle: Gc vt liu, gc ca

hng chun ang nh
ngha vi hng lm
vic thc ca phn t, mc nh gc ny bng 0.
+ Area Type: Kiu tit din .
Shell: Phn t tm v thng.
Plane: Tm v phng.
Asolid: Phn t tm v i xng trc.
+ Thickness: dy ca phn t.
Membrane: dy mng.
Bending: dy un.
+ Type: Loi phn t.
Plate: Phn t tm chu
un thun tu.
Shell: Phn t v tng qut.
Thick Plate: Phn t tm dy.
Membrane: Phn t mng.
3. Gn cc tit din \ nh ngha cho phn t

(Gn cc c trng hnh hc ca tit din cho phn t)
Chn phn t thanh Menu Assign > Frame > Frame Sections...
Chn phn t tm v Menu Assign > Area > Sections...
Chn phn t - Dng thanh cng c
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

20
Bi 4 : nh nghi - gn ti trng
1. nh ngha trng hp ti trng:

Mt kt cu c th chu nhiu trng hp ti trng khc nhau, cc trng hp ti trng li
c t hp trong cc t hp ti trng.
nh ngha cc trng hp ti trng ta lm nh sau:
a. Khai bo cc trng hp ti trng tnh (Load Case Names)
- Menu Define > Load Patterns...
Load: Tn trng hp ti trng.
Type: Loi ti trng.
Self Weight Multiplier: H s nhn
ti trng bn thn.
Lu : + Khi h s nhn ti trng bn thn
bng khng th trng hp ti trng khng tnh n trng lng bn thn.
+ Khi tnh n trng lng bn thn, yu cu trng lng th tch ca vt liu (khi
nh ngha cc loi vt liu) phi c in chnh xc.
b. Khai bo cc trng hp ti trng ng (Bridge Loads)

- Menu Define > Bridge Loads > ....
2. Gn ti trng:
a. Gn ti trng cho phn t thanh:
Chn cc phn t thanh mun gn ti trng.
Menu Assign > Frame Loads >...
- Ti trng bn thn:
+ Khai bo h s trng lng bn thn trong
Define > Load Patterns..
(Hng mc nh ca trng lng bn thn ngc chiu trc Z, tt c cc phn
t trong kt cu u c tnh trng lng bn thn).
+ Menu Assign > Frame Loads > Gravity...
Vi cch ny ta c th gn trng lng bn thn ca mt s phn t
trong kt cu, theo mt hng no (X, Y, Z....).
- Ti trng tp trung trn phn t thanh (Frame):
+ Menu Assign > Frame Loads > Point...
+ Dng thanh cng c:
Load Case Name: Tn trng hp ti trng.
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

21
Load Type and Direction: Loi ti trng v hng tc dng ca ti trng.

Coord Sys: H ta dng nh hng.
Direction: Hng tc dng ca ti trng.
Point Loads: Ti trng tp trung.
Ta c th gn ti trng tp trung ln phn t theo
v tr tng i (Relative..)
hoc tuyt i (Absolute...)
- Ti trng phn b trn phn t thanh (Frame):

+ Menu Assign > Frame Loads > Distributed...
+ Dng thanh cng c:
Load Case Name: Tn trng hp ti trng.
Load Type and Direction: Loi ti trng v hng tc dng ca ti trng.
Trapezoidal Loads: Ti trng phn b bt k.
Ta c th gn ti trng tp trung ln phn t
Theo v tr tng i (Relative..)
hoc tuyt i (Absolute...)
Uniform Loads: Ti trng phn b u.
Options: Cc tu chn.
Add to existing loads: Thm vo ti trng v tn ti.
Replace existing loads: Thay th ti trng v tn ti.
Delete existing loads: Xo b cc ti trng v gn cho phn t.
Lu : Chiu ca m men c tnh theo chiu vn nt chai (c gi tr dng khi tin theo
chiu dng ca trc to ).
- Ti trng do nhit :
+ Menu Assign > Frame Loads > Temperature...
+ Dng thanh cng c:
b. Gn ti trng cho nt (Joint):
Chn cc nt mun gn ti trng.
+ Menu Assign > Joint Loads >...
+ Dng thanh cng c
- Ti trng tp trung, m men:
+ Menu Assign > Joint Loads > Forces...
- Chuyn v cng bc:
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

22
+ Menu Assign > Joint Loads > Displacements...

c. Gn ti trng cho phn t tm v (Shell):
Chn cc phn t Shell mun gn ti trng.
+ Menu Assign > Area Loads >...
+ Dng thanh cng c
- Ti trng bn thn:
+ Menu Assign > Area Loads > Gravity...
- Ti trng phn b u trn phn t Shell:

+ Menu Assign > Area Loads > Uniform (Shell) ..
+ Dng thanh cng c
- Ti trng p lc tc dng ln b mt phn t Shell:
+ Menu Assign > Area Loads > Surface Pressure...
By Element Pressure: Gn trc tip p lc tc
dng ln b mt phn t.
Face: Mt ti trng tc dng.
By Jiont Pattern: Gn p lc tc dng ln
b mt phn t thng qua
cc Joint Pattern v c
nh ngha.
Pattern: Tn loi Pattern v nh ngha.
Multiplier: H s nhn cho Joint Pattern.
(Cch nh ngha v khai bo cc thng s cho Joint Pattern xem Bi 5).
- Ti trng do nhit :
+ Menu Assign > Area Loads > Temperature...
+ Dng thanh cng c
3. T hp ti trng:
L s kt hp cc trng hp ti trng c th xy ra ng thi.
T hp ti trng c khai bo sau khi v khai bo cc trng hp ti trng.
khai bo t hp ti trng:
Menu Define > Load Combinations...
Load Combination Name: Tn t hp ti trng.

Load Combination Type: Loi t hp ti trng.
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

23
ADD: Cng tc dng (Dng cho cc trng hp ti trng tnh).

ENVELOPE: Biu bao.
(Ly gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca cc trng hp ti trng, p
dng cho phn t thanh trong kt cu, cho cc loi ti trng tnh,
ti trng di ng. Gi tr ln nht v nh nht c th mang du +, -).
ABS: Tr tuyt i .
(Gi tr tuyt i ca tng trng hp ti trng c cng li vi nhau)
SRSS: Bnh phng cc tiu.
Define Combination of Case Results: nh ngha t hp ti trng.
Case Name: Trng hp ti.
Scale Factor: H s nhn cho trng hp ti.
(Sau khi thc hin tnh ton, kt qu ni lc, chuyn v... c th c hin th cho cc trng
hp ti trng v t hp ti trng).
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

24
Bi 5 : Cc nh nghi v khai bo khc

1. Khai bo iu kin bin ca nt:
- Chn cc nt mun khai bo iu kin bin.
Menu Assign > Joint > Restraints...
- Chn cc nt mun khai bo iu kin bin.
Dng thanh cng c
2. Khai bo Joint Pattern:
Thng dng khai bo dng ca ti trng p lc (phn b u hay phn b dng hnh
thang) m sau ny ta s gn ln phn t tm v (Shell).
- nh ngha Joint Pattern:
Menu Define > Joint Patterns..
- Khai bo Joint Pattern:
+ Chn cc nt mun khai bo Joint Pattern.
+ Menu Assign > Joint Patterns...
Cc h s ca Joint Pattern c xc nh thng
qua hm: Pipatt = A.xi+B.yi+C.zi+D
A, B, C, D : Cc h s c ch nh trc.
xi, yi, zi : To ca im nt.
Use all value: Dng tt c cc gi tr ca hm (+, -).
Zero Negative value: Ch ly cc gi tr dng, gi tr m c gn bng Zero.
Zero Positive values: Ch ly cc gi tr m, gi tr dng c gn bng Zero.
- Gn ti trng p lc (ln phn t tm v) thng qua cc Joint Pattern:
(Xem thm Bi 4 mc 2.., Bi 7 mc 3..)
3. Thay i trc to a phng ca nt, phn t:
a. Phn t thanh (Frame):
- Chn cc thanh mun thay i trc to a phng.
- Menu Assign > Frame > Local Axes...
Angle in Degrees: Gc quay (quanh trc 1).
Advanced Axes: Cho php i chiu trc ta a
phng quanh cc mt phng.
b. Phn t tm v (Shell):
- Chn cc tm v mun thay i trc to a phng.
- Menu Assign > Area > Local Axes...
Angle in Degrees: Gc quay (quanh trc 3).
Advanced Axes: Cho php i chiu trc ta a phng quanh cc mt phng.
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

25
c. Nt (Joint):
Mc nh h to a phng ca nt (1, 2, 3) song song vi h
trc to tng th (X,Y, Z).
Khi mun thay i h trc to a phng ca nt ta lm nh sau:
- Chn cc nt mun thay i h trc to a phng.
- Menu Assign > Joint > Local Axes...
About Z, Y, X : Gc quay quanh cc trc Z, Y, X.
4. Khai bo lin kt n hi ca nt:
Khi kt cu ta ln cc mi trng khng phi l cng tuyt i thi cn phi khai bo lin kt
n hi ti cc nt lin kt vi mi trng .
SAP 2000 ch cung cp cc lin kt n hi bng cc lin kt l xo.
cng ca l xo c xc nh theo cng thc:
KLx=ks.Aeff (kN/m)
A eff
Trong : + ks: h s nn (kN/m3).

+ Aeff: din tch vng nh hng ca nt (m2).
khai bo lin kt n hi cho nt ta lm nh sau:
- Chon cc nt mun khai bo lin kt n hi.
- Menu Assign > Joint > Springs...
Spring Stiffness: cng l xo theo cc hng.
(Tnh theo h trc to a
phng ca nt, lun dng).
Option: Cc tu chn.
Bm vo nt cho php khai bo chi tit

ma trn cng ca lin kt.
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

26
5. Khai bo rng buc chuyn v ca nt:

Khi mt s thnh phn chuyn v ca nt hay nhm nt c xem l c gi tr gn bng
nhau, th chng c quan h rng buc ln nhau (Sn tuyt i cng, tng cng... ).
khai bo rng buc chuyn v cho cc nt ta lm nh sau:
- Chn cc nt mun khai bo rng buc chuyn v.
- Menu Assign > Joint > Costraints...
- Chn dng rng buc chuyn v trong hp Choose
(Diphragm, Body, Plate....)
- t tn rng buc, chn mt phng rng buc....
- OK.
6. Gii phng lin kt thanh:
Ta thc hin iu ny khi mt s thnh phn chuyn v ca thanh cn c gii phng.
Lun lun c ch nh theo h trc to a phng ca phn t v khng nh hng n
phn t khc nia vi n.
gii phng lin kt cho thanh ta lm nh sau:
- Chn thanh mun gii phng lin kt.
- Menu Assign > Frame > Releases/Partial Fixity...
Axial Load: Gii phng lc dc (P).
Shear Force 2, 3 (Major): Gii phng cc thnh phn
lc ct V2, V3.
Torision: Gii phng m men xon (T).
Moment 22, 33 (Major): Gii phng hai thnh phn m men un (M2,M3).
7. Khai bo vng cng trong lin kt thanh:
Khi phn tch kt cu, cc phn t thanh trong kt cu u c gn mt loi tit din no .
Do ti vng lin kt s c s chng lp kch thc ca hai tit din (ioff, joff).
Khi ta khai bo vng cng cho phn t th chiu di tnh ton ca n s gim xung:
Lc = L rigrid(ioff + joff)
(rigrid: cng)
Vng cng c ch nh bng hai tham
s ioff v joff tng ng hai u.
khai bo vng cng trong lin kt
thanh, ta lm nh sau:
- Chn thanh hay nhm thanh mun gii
phng lin kt.
- Menu Assign > Frame > End (Length) Offsets...
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

27
Define Lengths: T nh chiu di ioff v joff.

End-I, End-J: Chiu di ioff v joff.
Update Length from Current Connectivity:
Chng trnh t ng tnh
ioff v joff t chiu di,
lin kt, kch thc tit din
ca phn t.
Rigid-Zone Factor: H s cng (h s c dng thay i kch thc ca
ioff v joff , thng thng nn cho gi tr ny bng 1).
8. Khai bo s lng mt ct xut kt qu:
Mc nh chng trnh chia phn t thnh 4 phn on v xut kt qu ni lc ti hai u ca
tng phn on (xut kt qu ra File dng vn bn *.out, *.txt).
Trong trng hp cn thit ta c th ch nh li s phn on xut kt qu bng cch:
- Chn thanh hay nhm thanh mun nh li s phn on
xut kt qu.
- Menu Assign > Frame > Output Stations...
Min Number Stations: S phn on xut kt qu t nht.
9. Thit nh tnh ton, xut kt qu:

- Chn s bc t do tn ti ca bi ton (Available DOFS):
ch mc nh chng trnh s t ng khng ch cc bc t do tha cn li. Tuy
nhin, nu chng c ch ng khai bo loi b s tt hn (chng trnh tnh ton nhanh hn, t
sai st hn).
chn s bc t do ca nt cho ton b kt cu ta lm nh sau:
Menu Analyze > Set Analysis Options...
Available DOFS: S bc t do tn ti.
Fast DOFS: Khai bo nhanh s bc
t do ca nt cho
ton b kt cu.
10. nh ngha trng hp tnh ton:

Ta c th nh ngha cc trng hp tnh ton khi tnh ton ta c th tnh ton ring cho
tng trng hp (khng nht thit lc no cng phi tnh ton cho tt c cc trng hp).
Khi chy chng trnh (bm F5) bng Set Load Case to Run hin ra, ti y ta c th la
chn cc trng hp ti trng cn hay khng cn tnh (Run/Do not Run Case).
Phn I: Kin thc c bn

28
Phn II
Tnh ton ng dng

Bi 6 : tnh ton kt cu h thanh

1. Tnh ton kt cu h khung:
a. c im:
- Kt cu h khung c m hnh ho bng cc nt v cc phn t thanh (Frame Elements).
- Mi nt ca phn t thanh c 6 bc t do gm 3 thnh phn chuyn v thng (U1, U2, U3) v
3 thnh phn chuyn v xoay (R1, R2, R3).
- Ti trng tc dng ln phn t thanh c th l ti trng tp trung, phn b hay trng lng
bn thn.
b. Nhng lu khi m hnh ho tnh ton:
- Khi nh ngha c trng vt lu (Define > Materials...) cn phi khai bo cc i lng
sau:
Trng lng ring W
Khi lng ring M
M un n hi ca vt liu E
H s Poisson U.
H s dsn n v nhit (nu c ti nhit ) A
- Khi nh ngha c trng hnh hc ca tit din (Define > Frame Sections...) cn phi khai
bo cc i lng sau:
Din tch mt ct ngang A
M men qun tnh un I2, I3
Din tch ct As2, As3
M men qun tnh xon J
Loi vt liu tng ng ca tit din.
Nu ta khai bo cc gi tr kch thc mt ct ngang tit din th cc i lng A, I2, I3,
As2, As3, J s c chng trnh t tnh ton.
- Gii bi ton c tin hnh theo cc bc nh v trnh by Bi 1.
(Gii bi ton (F5) )
Kt thc qu trnh gii nu thy kho trn thanh cng c s chm xung l qu trnh gii
thnh cng.
Xem V d 1 phn Ph lc.
c. Xem kt qu tnh ton:
- Xem trn mn hnh:
Hin th ni lc:
Menu Display > Show Forces /Stresses > Frames/Cables...
Phn II: Tnh ton ng dng

29
Hin th bin dng:

Menu Display > Show Deformed Shape... (F6)
Hin th phn lc nt:
Menu Display > Show Forces /Stresses > Joints...
- Xem kt qu tnh qua File s liu: (*.out, *.txt).
V d: Kt qu tnh ton ni lc ca mt phn t thanh c dng:
Table: Element Forces - Frames, Part 1 of 2
Frame Station OutputCase CaseType P V2 V3 T M2

Text m Text Text KN KN KN KN-m KN-m
1 0.00000 DEAD LinStatic -57.772 -18.442 0.000 0.0000 0.0000

1 1.50000 DEAD LinStatic -57.005 -18.442 0.000 0.0000 0.0000
1 3.00000 DEAD LinStatic -56.238 -18.442 0.000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.00000 DEAD LinStatic -135.197 -1.471E-15 0.000 0.0000 0.0000
2 1.50000 DEAD LinStatic -134.430 -1.471E-15 0.000 0.0000 0.0000
2 3.00000 DEAD LinStatic -133.663 -1.471E-15 0.000 0.0000 0.0000
S hiu V tr Trng hp Loi ti trng Lc dc Lc ct Lc ct M men M menun

phn t tuyt i ti trng theo phng 2 theo phng 3 xon quanh trc 2
Frame Station OutputCase M3

Text m Text KN-m
1 0.00000 DEAD -15.6757

1 1.50000 DEAD 11.9872
1 3.00000 DEAD 39.6501
2 0.00000 DEAD -6.162E-16
2 1.50000 DEAD 1.590E-15
2 3.00000 DEAD 3.797E-15
S hiu V tr Trng hp M menun

phn t tuyt i ti trng quanh trc 3
2. Tnh ton h kt cu dn:

a. c im:
- Kt cu dn l kt cu m thnh phn ni lc ch c duy nht lc dc.
- Kt cu h dn c m hnh ho bng cc nt v cc phn t thanh (Frame Elements).
- Mi nt ca phn t thanh trong dn khng gian c 3 bc t do l 3 thnh phn chuyn v
thng (U1, U2, U3), vi dn phng l hai thnh phn chuyn v thng.
- Cc ti trng tp trung (ch c cc thnh phn lc, khng c thnh phn m men) ch c
t ti nt.
b. Nhng lu khi m hnh ho tnh ton:
- Khi nh ngha c trng vt lu (Define > Materials...) cn phi khai bo cc i lng
sau:
Khi lng ring =0
Trng lng ring =0
M un n hi ca vt liu E
H s Poisson U.
H s dsn n v nhit =0

30
- Khi nh ngha c trng hnh hc ca tit din

(Define > Section Properties > Frame Sections.. Frame Section Property type: Other ;
chn General) ch quan tm n din tch mt ct ngang, cc i lng khc gn = 0.
SAP2000 s t a ra cho ta mt loi tit din, ta chp nhn loi tit din m khng thay
i g.
- Gii bi ton c tin hnh theo cc bc nh v trnh by Bi 1.
- Hc vin t gii Vd 2 Ph lc.
c. Xem kt qu tnh ton:
- Xem trn mn hnh:
Hin th ni lc:
Axial Forces: Lc dc.
Hin th bin dng:
Hin th phn lc nt:
- Xem kt qu tnh qua File s liu: (*.out, *.txt).
Frame Station OutputCase CaseType StepType StepNum P V2 V3

Text m Text Text Text Unitless KN KN KN
1 0.00000 DEAD LinStatic 75.000 0.000 0.000

1 0.50000 DEAD LinStatic 75.000 0.000 0.000
1 1.00000 DEAD LinStatic 75.000 0.000 0.000
1 1.50000 DEAD LinStatic 75.000 0.000 0.000
1 2.00000 DEAD LinStatic 75.000 0.000 0.000
1 2.50000 DEAD LinStatic 75.000 0.000 0.000
1 3.00000 DEAD LinStatic 75.000 0.000 0.000
S hiu V tr Trng hp Loi ti trng Lc dc Lc ct Lc ct

M men tuyt i ti trng theo phng 2 theo phng 3

31
3. Mt s lu khi xem kt qu ni lc:

- Lc dc c gi tr khi phn t chu ko, chiu lc hng ra ngoi mt ct.
- Moment xon dng khi khi quay ngc chiu kim ng h (nhn t ngoi vo my ct).
- Lc ct dng theo chiu quay ca lc dc mt gc 900 ngc chiu kim ng h trong
mt phng ang xt.
- M men dng khi lm nn cc mt theo chiu dng ca trc 2 v 3.
- Mt s k hiu khc:
Shear 2-2 V2: Lc ct trong mt phng 1 2.
Shear 3-3 V3: Lc ct trong mt phng 1 3.
Torsion T: M men xon.
Moment 2-2 M2 : M men un trong mt phng 1-3 (quanh trc 2).
Moment 3-3 M3 : M men un trong mt phng 1-2 (quanh trc 3).
Axial Force P: Lc dc.
Reactions Fx, fy, fz, mx, my, mz : Phn lc.
Wire Shadow Hin th hnh dng ban u.
Cubic Curve Biu din chuyn v ca thanh bng hm xp x bc ba.

32
Bi 7 : kt cu tm v
1. c im chung:
- Kt cu tm v l kt cu c chiu dy (h) rt nh so vi cc chiu cn li.
- Kt cu tm v c phm mn SAP2000 m t bng cc phn t v tng qut (General
Shell Finite Element).
- Phn t v tng qut l phn t phng tam gic (3 nt) hay t gic (4 nt) khng c cong
v c biu din bi mt trung bnh ca n.
- Phn t v tam gic c 5 mt (khng c mt 4) v phn t v t gic c 6 mt c th hin
trn hnh v.
- Ti trng tc dng ln phn t Shell c th tc dng ln mt trung bnh hay bt c mt no

ca phn t.
2. Bc t do ca nt:
- Phn t v trong chng trnh l s kt hp ca phn t mng (chu ko nn ) v phn t
tm un (chu un). z
y
Uy
y
Uy
z Ux Uz x Uz x
Ux
Y
Y Y
Z X
Z X Z X
Phn t mng + Phn t tm chu un = Phn t v

33
- Mi nt ca phn t v lun lm vic vi 6 bc t do, khi xem phn t v lm vic trng

thi tm chu un (Plate) hay mng (Membrane) th bt buc phi khng ch cc thnh phn
chuyn v cn thit.
Cch nh ngha h trc ta a phng, vt liu, tit din.... xem cc bi trc.
3. Ti trng tc dng ln phn t Shell:
a.Ti trng bn thn (Self-weight load):
- Mc nh ti trng bn thn c chiu hng xung (-Z).
- Trong Define > Load Patterms... nu h s Self Weight Multiplies bng 1, my s t
ng tnh trng lng bn thn vo trng hp ti trng .
- Ta c th gn ti trng bn thn theo cc hng khc nhau bng cch:
+ Khai bo h s trng lng bn thn bng 0 trong
Define > Load Patterms...
+ Chn cc phn t Shell mun gn trng lng bn thn.
Menu Assign > Area Loads > Gravity (All)...
Vi cch ny ta c th gn trng lng bn thn ca mt s phn t Shell
trong kt cu, theo mt hng no (X, Y, Z....).
b.Ti trng phn b u (Uniform load):
- L ti trng tc dng ln mt trung bnh ca phn t Shell.
- Ta c th gn ti trng phn b u theo cc hng khc nhau ca h trc ta hin hnh.
- gn ti trng phn b u ln phn t Shell ta lm nh sau:
Chn cc phn t Shell mun gn ti trng phn b u.
Menu Assign > Area Loads > Uniform (Shell) ...
c.Ti trng p lc tc dng ln b mt phn t (Surface Pressure):

- L ti trng tc dng ln cc mt bao quanh phn t Shell.
- Ti trng c th l phn b u hoc phn b dng bt k ln mt phn t.
- Hng ca lc lun vung gc vi mt ca phn t m n tc dng, chiu dng cng chiu
vi hng php tuyn ca mt .
Gn ti trng p lc dng phn b u ln b mt phn t:

34
+ Chn cc phn t Shell mun gn ti trng p lc dng phn b u.

By Element : p lc tc dng ln cc
phn t c chn.
Pressure : gi tr p lc.
Face : mt tc dng ca p lc.
Gn ti trng p lc dng phn b bt k ln b mt phn t:

Ti trng p lc dng phn b bt k ln b mt phn t c gn thng qua cc lc nt
c nh ngha trc bi Joint pattern.
Cch nh ngha, khai bo Joint pattern xem Bi 5 mc 2...
+ Chn cc phn t Shell mun gn ti trng p lc dng phn b bt k.
By Joint pattern: p lc tc dng ln cc
phn t thng qua cc lc
nt c nh ngha bi
Joint pattern.
Multiplier : H s nhn cho
Joint pattern.
Face : mt tc dng ca p lc.
- Trnh t gii bi ton phn t v c tin hnh theo cc bc nh v trnh by Bi 1.

Xem V d 4 Ph lc bit trnh t c th thc hin bi ton.

35
Phn III
Ph lc
ph lc
Cc v d v bi tp p dng
1. V d 1: Cho mt h khung c kch thc
v chu ti trng nh hnh v. 40 kN/m
P
- Vt liu l b tng c cc ch tiu sau:
E = 2.5 x 107 kN/m2.
4m
= 0.2.
= 2.4 T/m3.
- Kch thc ca cc b phn nh sau:
Kch thc ct: 30x50 cm. 5m 3m
Kch thc dm 30x60 cm.

- Ti trng tp trung P = 50 kN.
Yu cu: Tnh chuyn v v ni lc ca h khung.
Gii bi ton:
Bc 1: M t hnh hc kt cu:
- Chn h n v kN, m, C.
- T th vin mu ca kt cu Menu
File > New Model ...> 2D Frames.
Number of Stories : 1 Story height : 4
Number of Bays :2 Bay Width :5
- Hiu chnh s hnh hc:
Bm p vo li, hin bng Define Grid Data..
Chn [v] Glue to Grid Lines.
Sa gi tr Ordinate ca li x3 (Grid ID: C) thnh 3 (gi tr trc l 5).
Bc 2: nh ngha c trng vt liu v tit din hnh hc:

- nh ngha c trng vt liu:
Menu Define > Materials..> Add New Material
+ Material Name: BETong.
+ Material Type: Concrete.
+ Isotropic Property Data
Weight per unit Volume: 24
Modulus of Elasticity: 2.5e7
Poissons Ratio: 0.2
- nh ngha tit din (c trng hnh hc):
Phn III: Ph lc
36
Menu Define > Section Properties > Frame Sections...> Add New property..
Frame Section Property type: Concrete
Click to add a concrete section: Chn Rectangular
Section Name: DAM (COT)
Ln lt nh ngha dm v ct vi kch thc tng ng v vt liu
l BETONG.
- Gn cc c trng hnh hc cho dm v ct.

Chn cc phn t dm
Menu Assign > Frame > Frame Sections...
Chn loi tit din l DAM OK.
Lm tng t nh vy i vi ct.
Bc 3: Khai bo iu kin bin ca nt:
Chn ba nt di cng - Menu Assign > Joint > Restraints...
Bm vo biu tng:
Bc 4: nh ngha trng hp ti trng v gn ti trng:
- nh ngha trng hp ti trng - Menu Define > Load Patterms...
Khai bo mt trng hp ti trng l TINHTAI vi h s nhn ti trng bn
thn l 1.
- Gn ti trng:
+ Chn cc phn t DAM
Menu Assign > Frame Loads > Distributed...
+ Chn phn t COT bn tri
Menu Assign > Frame Loads > Point...
Bc 5: Khai bo cc thng s cho qu trnh gii v xut kt qu:
Phn III: Ph lc
37
- Menu Analyze > Set Analysis Options...

(Bm XZ Plane)
- Lu v gii bi ton (F5)
- Nu thy kho trn thanh cng c s chm xung l qu trnh gii thnh cng.
Bc 6: Xem kt qu chuyn v, ni lc..:

- Xem trn mn hnh:
Hin th ni lc:
Hin th bin dng:
Hin th phn lc nt:
- Xem kt qu tnh qua File s liu: (*.out, *.txt)
Frame Station OutputCase CaseType StepType StepNum P V2 V3

Text m Text Text Text Unitless KN KN KN
4 0.00000 DEAD LinStatic -49.946 -91.877 0.000

4 0.50000 DEAD LinStatic -49.946 -69.717 0.000
4 1.00000 DEAD LinStatic -49.946 -47.557 0.000
4 1.50000 DEAD LinStatic -49.946 -25.397 0.000
4 2.00000 DEAD LinStatic -49.946 -3.237 0.000
4 2.50000 DEAD LinStatic -49.946 18.923 0.000
4 3.00000 DEAD LinStatic -49.946 41.083 0.000
4 3.50000 DEAD LinStatic -49.946 63.243 0.000
4 4.00000 DEAD LinStatic -49.946 85.403 0.000
4 4.50000 DEAD LinStatic -49.946 107.563 0.000
4 5.00000 DEAD LinStatic -49.946 129.723 0.000
Frame Station OutputCase StepType StepNum T M2 M3

Text m Text Text Unitless KN-m KN-m KN-m
4 0.00000 DEAD 0.0000 0.0000 -16.5713

4 0.50000 DEAD 0.0000 0.0000 23.8274
4 1.00000 DEAD 0.0000 0.0000 53.1461
4 1.50000 DEAD 0.0000 0.0000 71.3848
4 2.00000 DEAD 0.0000 0.0000 78.5435
4 2.50000 DEAD 0.0000 0.0000 74.6222
4 3.00000 DEAD 0.0000 0.0000 59.6209
4 3.50000 DEAD 0.0000 0.0000 33.5396
4 4.00000 DEAD 0.0000 0.0000 -3.6217
4 4.50000 DEAD 0.0000 0.0000 -51.8630
4 5.00000 DEAD 0.0000 0.0000 -111.1843
Lc dc Lc ct M men
Phn III: Ph lc
38
2. V d 2: Cho h kt cu dn nh hnh v. P
- Vt liu l thp c cc ch tiu sau:
E = 2.1 x 108 kN/m2. P
Tng 3
= 0.3.
4x2m
- Din tch cc thanh nh sau: P Tng 2
Tng 1 : A1 = 14 cm2.
Tng 2 : A2 = 12 cm2. P Tng 1
Tng 3 : A3 = 10 cm2.
- Ti trng P = 2,5 kN.
Yu cu: Tnh v v biu ni lc cho h. 4x1m
Phn III: Ph lc
39
3. V d 3: Tnh ton ni lc dm trn nn

n hi chu ti trng nh hnh v.
- Vt liu l b tng c cc ch tiu sau: 250 kN M = 100 kNm 15 kN/m 250 kN M = 100 kNm
E = 2.9 x 107 kN/m2.

4m 4m 4m
= 0.2
= 2.45 T/m3.
- Dm rng 1m, cao 0,5m .
- H s nn (ks): 50000 kN/m3.
Hng dn gii bi ton:

- Chia dm lm 24 on, mi on di 0,5m.
- cng l xo (gi thit dm lm vic trong mt phng XZ) theo phng 3 ca
nt c xc nh :
+ Ti hai nt bin:
Klx1 = 0,25m x 1m x 50000 kN/m3 = 12500 kN/m.
+ Ti cc nt bn trong:
Klx2 = 2 x Klx1 = 25000 kN/m.
- Chn hai nt u dm v gn cng:
Menu Assign > Joint > Springs...
Translation 3 : 12500 (kN/m).
- Chn cc nt trong dm v gn cng:
Menu Assign > Joint > Springs...
Translation 3 : 25000 (kN/m).
- Nt u phi ca dm gn thm cng theo phng 1 = 0,5 (kN/m).
( dm khng b bin hnh).
- Thit nh v thc hin tnh ton (Analyze > Set Analysis Options...).
Phn III: Ph lc
40
4. V d 4: B nc hnh ch nht c kch thc

v chu p lc nc nh hnh v:
3m
2
E = 2.65 x 107 kN/m2.
= 0.2.
= 2.45 T/m3.
4m
- Kch thc ca cc b phn nh sau:
Thnh b dy 12 cm.
4m
y b dy 15 cm.
- Gi thit bn gc y b chu lin kt khp.
Yu cu:Phn tch ni lc v bin dng ca kt cu.
Gii bi ton:
Bc 1: M t hnh hc kt cu:
- Chn h n v kN-m.
- T th vin mu ca kt cu Menu
File > New Model... > Wall.
Number of Divisions, X , Z: 4, 3
Division width, X, Z : 1, 1
- To thm li theo chiu vung gc vi trc Y ti ta Y=-2, Y=2.
- Xa b lin kt ti cc nt pha di ca phn t.
- Chn tt c cc phn t v di chuyn ngc chiu trc Y mt on = -2.
- Chia nh cc phn t Shell (2 x 2).
- Chn tt c cc phn t v to ra cc bn sao ca thnh b.
(Menu Edit > Replicate...)
- nh ngha hai nhm THANH, DAY.
(Menu Define > Groups...)
- Chn tt c cc phn t va to v gn cho nhm
THANH.
(Menu Assign > Assign to Group...)
- V y b bng mt phn t Shell.
- Chia y b thnh 8x8 phn t Shell.
- Chn cc phn t y b v gn cho nhm DAY.
Bc 2: nh ngha gn vt liu, kch thc hnh hc cho thnh b v y b:
Bc 3: Khai bo - gn ti trng:
Phn III: Ph lc
41
- Khai bo Joint Pattern.

(Menu Define > Joint Pattern... t tn l: ALNUOC).
+ Chn cc phn t Shell thnh b (Menu Select > Select > Groups..-THANH)
+ Menu Assign > Joint Patterns...
C = -10 D = 20.
- Gn ti trng p lc tc dng ln thnh b v y b:

+ Chn cc phn t thnh b.
Menu Assign > Area Loads > Surface Pressure...
- By Joint Pattern....
- Face: Bottom
+ Chn cc phn t y b v gn ti trng p lc dng phn b
Menu Assign > Area Loads > Surface Pressure...
- By Element - Pressure = -20.
Bc 4: p t iu kin bin cho 4 gc (lin kt khp).
Bc 5: Thc hin giai bi ton.
Bc 6: Xem v biu din kt qu tnh ton:
- Xem kt qu trn mn hnh.
Biu m men M11 thnh b

- Xem kt qu tnh qua File s liu: (*.out, *.txt)
Phn III: Ph lc
42
+ Cc thnh phn lc mng v m men un (tm):
S H E L L E L E M E N T R E S U L T A N T S
SHELL LOAD JOINT F11 F22 F12 M11 M22 M12 V13 V23
13 LOAD1
1 -102.92 -313.51 -91.01 9.735E-01 3.38-6.598E-01 -4.46 5.33
21 -33.25 34.85 -49.33 1.07 5.00 -1.40 -4.46 13.81
23 -54.55 -303.83 -88.78-8.889E-01 -1.38 6.515E-01 4.01 5.33
22 15.12 44.52 -47.10-7.559E-01 1.837E-01-8.763E-02 4.01 13.81
14 LOAD1
23 -16.96 -115.87 -31.31-1.410E-01 6.755E-01-2.964E-02 -4.14 -3.76
22 -1.16 -36.85 -40.36 -1.01 5.787E-01 5.851E-01 -4.14 8.03
4 -14.16 -115.31 -22.52 3.893E-01-3.860E-01 2.854E-02 7.65 -3.76
24 1.64 -36.29 -31.57-4.950E-01-5.001E-01 6.433E-01 7.65 8.03
15 LOAD1
21 18.66 45.23 11.60 7.105E-01 5.35 -1.80 -9.48 3.79
2 15.89 31.41 25.79 1.79 8.15 -1.76 -9.48 18.35
22 -39.35 33.63 -52.03-3.588E-01-1.552E-01 3.163E-01 5.09 3.79
25 -42.11 19.81 -37.85 7.570E-01 2.57 3.611E-01 5.09 18.35
+ Cc thnh phn ng sut mt trn v di phn t:
S H E L L E L E M E N T S T R E S S E S
SHELL LOAD JOINT S11-BOT S22-BOT S12-BOT S11-TOP S22-TOP S12-TOP S13-AVG S23-AVG
13 LOAD1
1 -452.04 -1205.55 -1033.34 -1263.30 -4019.53 -483.50 -37.19 44.46
21 167.85 2375.07 -993.97 -722.00 -1794.21 171.78 -37.19 115.06
23 -824.98 -3108.13 -468.41 -84.26 -1955.73 -1011.30 33.41 44.46
22 -188.99 447.59 -429.04 440.94 294.49 -356.02 33.41 115.06
14 LOAD1
23 -200.08 -684.07 -273.29 -82.61 -1247.02 -248.58 -34.50 -31.31
22 -431.79 -65.93 -92.57 412.50 -548.18 -580.17 -34.50 66.95
4 44.21 -1121.72 -175.74 -280.24 -800.03 -199.53 63.75 -31.31
24 -192.56 -510.77 4.97 219.93 -94.01 -531.11 63.75 66.95
15 LOAD1
21 451.53 2606.11 -653.60 -140.56 -1852.22 847.00 -78.97 31.59
2 879.11 3655.70 -516.77 -614.21 -3132.21 946.54 -78.97 152.94
22 -477.41 215.60 -301.77 -178.37 344.93 -565.39 42.38 31.59
25 -35.53 1235.76 -164.95 -666.33 -905.62 -465.85 42.38 152.94
Phn III: Ph lc
43
25 kN/m
5. V d 5: Cho h khung chu ti trng nh hnh v. P

E = 2.9 x 107 kN/m2.
30 kN/m
Gi tri 0.8 kN/m

= 0.18 P
Gi tri 1kN/m
= 2.4 T/m3.
3x4 m
- Kch thc ca dm v ct nh sau:
40 kN/m
P
Dm: 25x50 cm.
Ct : 25x40 cm.
- Ti trng :
+ Tnh ti : trng lng bn thn,
5m 3m
ti trng phn b trn cc
dm v ti tp trung P = 25 kN.
+ Hot ti : Ti trng gi tri.
Yu cu: Tnh v v biu ni lc cho h
Vi cc t hp ti trng sau:
T hp 1 : 1.2(Tnh ti) + 0.9(Hot ti).
T hp 2 : 1.0(Tnh ti) + 1.0(Hot ti).
Biu m men vi t hp 1 Biu m men vi t hp 2
Phn III: Ph lc
44
6. Bi tp 6: Mt on cng ngm di 14m nm

300 kN/m 2
di thn p c mt ct ngang v
chu tc dng ca ti trng nh hnh v. 0,5 0,5
170 170
0,5
E = 2.65 x 107 kN/m2.
3m
= 0.20.
= 2.45 T/m3.
0,5
- Cng c t trn nn t c 200 kN/m 2 2,5 m
200 kN/m 2
h s nn (ks) = 50000 kN/m3.
Yu cu: Xc nh cc biu ng sut, 350 kN/m 2
ni lc cho cng.
Hng dn gii bi ton:

- M hnh ho cc b phn ca cng bng phn t v (Shell).
- nh ngha cc Joint Pattern v gn ti trng ln thnh cng thng qua cc Join Pattern
- Ti trng tc dng ln trn cng v y cng gn di dng ti trng phn b u.
- Lin kt vi nn c gn bng cc lin kt l xo thng qua cc nt ( y cng).
Kt qu tnh ton:
2
1
Biu m men M22
Phn III: Ph lc
45
7. Bi tp 7: Mt tng chn t c sn chng chu

tc dng ca p lc t nh hnh v. 7m

E = 2.9 x 107 kN/m2.
6m
5m
= 0.22.
= 2.5 T/m3.
- Kch thc ca cc b phn nh hnh v.
- Coi tng lin kt vi t l ngm cng.
50
Yu cu: Xc nh cc biu ng sut, kN
0,15
/m
2
ni lc cho h trn.
0,2 0,2
0,4
Hng dn gii bi ton:
- M hnh ho tng bng cc phn t v (Shell).
- Sn chng c m hnh ho bng cc phn t thanh (Frame).
- nh ngha Joint Pattern v gn ti trng ln tng thng qua Joint Pattern.
Kt qu tnh ton:
Biu m men M22 ca tm
Phn III: Ph lc
46

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Trng i hc thu li

Khoa cng trnh

Bin son: Ths. Hng Tin Thng

Phn I: Kin thc c bn

III. Trnh t gii bi ton kt cu bng phn mn SAP2000:

Ri rc ho kt cu, chn phn t mu thch hp.

Thc hin gii bi ton v

Biu din, xut kt qu:

Phn I: Kin thc c bn

IV. Cc qui c c bn:

1. H thng n v (Unit system):

2. Cc h thng to (Coordinate systems):

Phn I: Kin thc c bn

3. Bc t do ca nt (DOF Degree Of Freedom):

Phn I: Kin thc c bn

- Bc t do ca nt ng vi cc phn t khc nhau c th hin bng sau:

Cc thnh phn chuyn v

0: thnh phn chuyn v khng b khng ch.

1. H thng li to (Grid line system)

Ti y ta c th thm, xo, di chuyn li.

Phn I: Kin thc c bn

Spacing: Hin th li theo khong cch gia cc ng li.

Phn I: Kin thc c bn

a. H dm lin tc: (Beam)

b. H dn phng (2D Trusses)

Phn I: Kin thc c bn

c. H thanh dn khng gian (3D Trusses)

d. H khung phng (2D Frames)

e. H khung khng gian (3D Frames)

f. Vch cng: (Wall)

g. Kt cu sn phng (Flat Slab)

Phn I: Kin thc c bn

Bi 2 : cng c xy dng hnh hc

A. Cng c xy dng m hnh kt cu

Phn I: Kin thc c bn

2. Phn t thanh (Frame):

b. Xem thng tin phn t Frame:

Phn I: Kin thc c bn

Group: Thanh thuc nhm...

b. Xem thng tin phn t Shell:

Phn I: Kin thc c bn

b. quan st v biu din vt th

2. Ch biu din v quan st vt th:

Phn I: Kin thc c bn

Joint: Cc chc nng hin th trn mn hnh ca nt:

Frames/Cables/Tendons: Cc chc nng hin th trn mn hnh ca phn t thanh:

Areas: Cc chc nng hin th trn mn hnh ca phn t tm/v.

Solids: Cc chc nng hin th trn mn hnh ca phn t khi.

Phn I: Kin thc c bn

+ Extrude View: bt/tt hin th cc phn t ch kch thc thc 3D .

e. Phng to Thu nh Di chuyn hnh nh

c.Cng c bin i hnh hc

1. Thm mt khi t th vin mu vo kt cu:

a thm vo kt cu ang c sn mt khi kt cu t th vin mu.

Menu Edit > Add to Model From Template (Ctrl+T)

Phn I: Kin thc c bn

3. Sao chp, ct dn, xo, di chuyn, to bn sao i tng:

Linear : pht sinh tuyn tnh.

Phn I: Kin thc c bn

Phn I: Kin thc c bn

Bi 3 : nh nghi - gn cc c trng vt liu, hnh hc

1. nh ngha loi vt liu:

+ Material Name: Tn loi vt liu.