Chng 6

TNH TON NGN MCH

I. KHI NIM V NGN MCH

1. Khi nim
Phn tch ngn mch l mt phn quan trng trong gii tch h thng in. Bi ton
ngn mch bao gm vic xc nh in p ti cc nt v dng in chy trn cc
nhnh trong qu trnh xy ra ngn mch. Ngn mch trong h thng in c chia
thnh ngn mch 3 pha i xng (balanced faults) v ngn mch khng i xng
(unbalanced faults). Ngn mch khng i xng gm ngn mch mt dy chm t,
ngn mch hai dy khng chm t, ngn mch hai dy chm t. Cc thng tin c
c t bi ton ngn mch s phc v cho cng vic chnh nh rle v chn la
thit b bo v .
Bin ca dng in ngn mch ph thuc vo tng tr ca khp kn qua im
xy ra ngn mch v in p ca mng in. Tng tr trong bi ton ngn mch bao
gm c tng tr qu ca cc my pht trong li (bao gm thnh phn siu qu
, qu v trng thi tnh). Chnh v vy mt trong nhng vn kh ca bi
ton ngn mch l thnh lp ma trn tng tr hay tng dan.
Trong cung cp in ngn mch mt pha chm t l ngn mch c xc sut xy ra
i

Hnh 6.1: Dng sng dng in ngn mch

ln nht (khong 65%) v ngn mch ba pha c xc sut thp nht (khong 5%).
Tuy nhin, chng ta cn phn tch hai dng ny bi cc nh hng ca n l ng
k n tnh trng lm vic ca h thng in. Mc khc vic tnh ton ngn mch
mt pha tng i phc tp hn so vi ngn mch ba pha, nn trong thc t thit k
ngi ta hay dng kt qu ca bi ton ngn mch ba pha i xng. Dng sng
dng in ngn mch xy ra trong h thng in c dng nh hnh 3.1.
T dng sng hnh 3.1 chng ta thy rng dng in ngn mch bao gm hai thnh
phn l thnh phn khng chu k c dng hm m gim dn v thnh phn c chu
k khng i (trong tnh ton chng c xem nh c bin khng i).
V tnh ton ngn mch chng ta phi k n c my bin p v my pht trong
li, ngha l chng ta phi tnh ton vi nhiu cp in p khc nhau. iu ny s
phc tp khi tnh trong h n v c tn thng thng, do khi tnh ngn mch
ngi ta thng qui i v cng mt cp in p thng qua vic s dng h n v
tng i (h n v khng tn).
Nguyn nhn ngn mch: Nguyn nhn chung v ch yu ca ngn mch l do cch
in b hng. L do cch in b hng c th l: b gi ci khi lm vic lu ngy,
chu tc ng ca nhit
Hu qu ca ngn mch:
Pht nng cc b rt nhanh, nhit cao, gy chy n.
Gy st p li in, nh hng n nng sut lm vic ca my mc thit b
Gy ra mt n nh h thng in do cc my pht b mt cn bng cng
sut, quay theo nhng vn tc khc nhau.
Mc ch tnh ton ngn mch:
La chn cc trang thit b in ph hp, chu c dng in trong thi
gian tn ti ngn mch
Tnh ton hiu chnh bo v rle
La chn s thch hp lm gim dng ngn mch
La chn thit b hn ch dng ngn mch
Nhng bi ton lin quan n tnh ton dng ngn mch:
La chn s mch cung cp in, nh my in
La chn thit b in v dy dn
Thit k chnh nh bo v rle
Tnh ton qu in p trong h thng in
Tnh ton ni t
Nghin cu n nh h thng in
2. Phn loi ngn mch
Ngn mch gin tip: l ngn mch qua mt in tr trung gian, gm in tr do h
quang in v in tr ca cc phn t khc trn ng i ca dng in t pha ny
n pha khc hoc t pha n t.
in tr h quang in thay i theo thi gian, thng rt phc tp v kh xc nh
chnh xc. Theo thc nghim:
1000.l
R (6.1)
I
trong : I - dng ngn mch [A]
l - chiu di h quang in [m]
Ngn mch trc tip: l ngn mch qua mt in tr trung gian rt b, c th b qua
(cn c gi l ngn mch kim loi).
Ngn mch i xng: l dng ngn mch vn duy tr c h thng dng, p 3 pha
tnh trng i xng.
Ngn mch khng i xng: l dng ngn mch lm cho h thng dng, p 3 pha
mt i xng.
- Khng i xng ngang: khi s c xy ra ti mt im, m tng tr cc pha
ti im nh nhau.
- Khng i xng dc: khi s c xy ra m tng tr cc pha ti mt im
khng nh nhau.
S c phc tp: l hin tng xut hin nhiu dng ngn mch khng i xng
ngang, dc trong h thng in.
V d: t dy km theo chm t, chm t hai pha ti hai im khc nhau trong h
thng c trung tnh cch t.
K hiu v xc xut xy ra cc dng ngn mch

Bng 6.1 Cc loi ngn mch

II. M HNH THAY TH CC PHN T TRONG TNH TON NGN

MCH
1. Ngn mch ti thanh ci h p MBA
Ngn mch ti thanh ci MBA dng chn CB h p bo v cho TBA. Trong mt
s trng hp, kt qu ngn mch ny dng tnh ton phi hp bo v gia CB
h p v cu ch trung th FCO bo v cho MBA.
Trong qu trinh tnh ton, ch xt tng tr MBA, b qua cc thnh phn khc trong
HT
 U1f

In

Hnh 6.2 S tnh ngn mch ti TC h p

Tng tr MBA
U n U n % .U 1 f 1
Z BA . (6.2)
I1 f 100 I1 f

Dng ngn mch s cp

U1 f 100
I n1 .I 1 f (6.3)
Z BA U n%
Dng ngn mch th cp
U1 f I2 f 100
I n 2 I n1. I n1. .I 2 f (6.4)
U2 f I1 f U n%

V d
Tnh dng ngn mch ti thanh ci th cp ca MBA 400KVA, 242/420V, un% =
4%
2. Ngn mch ti 1 im trn li h th
a. S tnh ton
 Z HT RHT jX HT
H thng hay MF

My bin p Z BA RBA jX BA

Dy dn Z d Rd jX d

CB Z CB jX CB

Thanh ci ZTC jX TC

CB Z CB jX CB

Dy dn Z d Rd jX d

Thanh ci Z TC jX TC

CB Z CB jX CB

Thanh ci Z TC jX TC

CB Z CB jX CB

Hnh 6.2 S tnh ngn mch ti ti mt im trn li h p

b. Cc gi tr tng tr
* Tng tr h thng - quy i v th cp MBA
Tng tr h thng c xc nh da vo cng sut ngn mch 3 pha do nghnh
in xc nh
U 22
Z HT , X HT Z HT , RHT 0.15 X HT (6.5)
Sn
Vi U2 : in p nh mc th cp
Vi Sn : Cng sut ngn mch h thng
* Tng tr my pht - quy i v th cp MBA
Tng tr my pht c xc nh da vo gi tr in khng siu qu ca my
pht
U 22
X MF xd'' (6.6)
S MF
Vi U2 : in p nh mc th cp ca MBA
SMF : Cng sut nh mc my pht
xd : in khng siu qu c trong l lch my
* Tng tr MBA quy v th cp
Pn
RBA (6.7)
3I 22

U n % U 22
Z BA . (6.8)
100 S BA
Pn : Cng sut tn hao ngn mch
Un% : in p ngn mch %
U2, I2 : in p , dng in nh mc th cp
* Tng tr dy dn
Gi tr r0 :

r0 (6.9)
F
Gi tr x0 : c cho theo nh ch to
+ F < 50mm2 : x0 = 0
+ Khng cho s liu : x0 = 0.08m/m
* Tng tr CB, thanh gp
Tng tr CB
xCB 0.15m / CB (6.10)
Tng tr thanh gp
xTG 0.15m / m (6.11)
V d:
Tnh ton ngn mch ti cc im N1, N2, N3 nh hnh v
III. TNH NGN MCH TRONG H N V C TN
1. t vn

Hnh 6.3 S tnh ngn mch ti ti mt im trn li h p

Khi ngn mch ti im trn hnh v, chng ta thy rng:

Cc dng ngn mch tng cp in p th khc nhau
Cc tng tr ca cc phn t tng cp in p khc nhau th khc nhau
Do , tnh ton ngn mch ti mt im trong h thng c nhiu cp in p,
mt trong cc bin php tnh ton l cn quy i cc phn t v 1 cp in p
chung.
2. Quy i cc phn t t cp in p ny sang cp in p khc

Hnh 6.4 S tnh ngn mch ti ti mt im trn li h p

Xt MBA c t s bin p nh mc k, khi :

U1
k (6.12)
U2
Khi , c th quy i cc i lng t th cp sang s cp hoc ngc li theo cc
cng thc sau:
 I 2'
1/ k (6.13)
I2

Z 2'
k2 (6.14)
Z2
Vi I2, Z2 dng in v tng tr th cp ca MBA
Vi I2, Z2 dng in v tng tr th cp ca MBA c quy i v s cp
3. Tnh ton ngn mch
Gi s cn tnh ngn mch trong h thng c nhiu cp in p
Bc 1 Chn 1 cp in p trong cc cp in p- Ecb
Bc 2 Thnh lp s thay th cp in p chn

MBA 1 MBA 2

Ecb Z1-cb Z2-cb Z3-cb Z4-cb Z5-cb

Ecb Inm-cb Ztd-cb

Hnh 6.4 S tnh ngn mch ti ti mt im trn li h p

Bc 3 Tnh tng tr tng ng ti v tr ngn mch

Bc 4 Tnh dng ngn mch c bn
Ecb
I nm (6.15)
Z td cb
Ch : Ecb, Inm-cb : gi tr pha
Bc 5 Quy i dng ngn mch c bn v dng ngn mch ti tng cp in p

MBA 1 MBA 2
Inm1 Inm2 Inm3

Hnh 6.5 S tnh ngn mch tng ng

V d :
Tnh dng ngn mch 3 pha ti im N1 v N2 nh hnh v

115/10.5 kV
AC-95, l=70km AC-50, l=5.3km
~
Pn= 950MVA Sdm = 6.3MVA

Uk%= 10.5 %

Chn cp in p c bn l 10.5kV
AC-95 c r0 = 0.33, x0 = 0.415. AC-50 c r0 =0.64, x0 =0.392

III. Tnh ngn mch trong h n v tng i

1. Khi nim
Khi tnh ton qui i v h n v tng i chng ta phi chn cc i lng c
bn nh in p c bn Ucb, cng sut c bn Scb. T hai gi tr c bn ny chng
ta tnh cc gi tr dng in v in khng c bn nh sau:
S cb
I cb
3U cb
S cb
X cb
3I cb

Trong tnh ton chng ta thng chn gi tr ca cng sut c bn l cc gi tr n

gin cho vic tnh ton (10MVA, 100MVA, 1000MVA,), cn in p c bn
thng c chn bng gi tr in p nh mc trung bnh ca mng c cp in
p ph bin. T y chng ta qui i cc i lng v h n v tng i nh sau:
(trong gio trnh ny chng ta qui c cc i lng trong h n v tng i u
c du * trn gc phi ca k hiu i lng)
U E I S X S
U* ; E* ; I* ; S* ; X* cb2 X
U cb U cb I cb S cb X cb U cb

Trong mt s trng hp c th cc gi tr in khng trong h n v tng i

c tnh nh sau:
H thng
S cb
X ht*
S n HT
My pht in:

" S cb
X MF * X d
S MF
Trong Xd l in khng siu qu dc trc
My bin p:

U N % S cb
Z BA*
100 S BA
PN S cb
RBA* 2
S BA
UN% l in p ngn mch phn trm ca my bin p ba pha hai cun dy.
ng dy:
S cb
Rdd * r0 .l
U d2
S cb
X dd * x0 .l
U d2
Khng in:
* X K % I cb
XK
100 I dmK

trong , XK% v IdmK l in khng % v dng in nh mc ca khng in.

b. Cc bc tnh ton ngn mch trong h n v tng i
Bc 1 : Chn h n v c bn
Bc 2 : Tnh ton gi tr in p h thng hay my pht trong h n v tng i
Bc 3 : Tnh ton cc gi tr tng tr trong h n v tng i
Bc 4 : Tnh gi tr tng tr tng i t v tr ngn mch ti ngun ( h thng hay
my pht)
Bc 5 : Dng ngn mch tng i
E*
I n*
Z*
Bc 5 : Dng ngn mch mt h n v c bn
 I n cb I n* .I cb

V d :
Tnh dng ngn mch 3 pha ti im N2 nh hnh v

Chn cp in p c bn l 10.5kV, Scb = 1000MVA

AC-95 c r0 = 0.33, x0 = 0.415. AC-50 c r0 =0.64, x0 =0.392
c. Tnh ngn mch khi c 2 ngun
Khi tnh ngn mch trong h thng c 2 ngun, ta dng php bin i tng ng.
Xt h thng c 2 ngun E1* v E2* nh hnh v

C th bin i s trn thnh s mt ngun

Vi cc cng thc sau:
1
Y1*
Z 1*
1
Y2*
Z 2*
Y12* Y1* Y2*
1
Z12*
Y 12*
E1* .Y1* 2* .Y2*
E12*
Y1* Y2*
V d :
Tnh dng ngn mch 3 pha ti im N nh hnh v

Chn cp in p c bn l 10.5kV, Scb = 100MVA