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int button = 8;
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int irsensor = 12;
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void loop()
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int Lmot = 6; int Rmot = 5;
void setup()
{
pinMode(LSensor,INPUT);
pinMode(MSensor,INPUT);
pinMode(RSensor,INPUT);
pinMode(Lmot,OUTPUT);
pinMode(Rmot,OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
int Lval=digitalRead(LSensor);
int Mval=digitalRead(MSensor);
int Rval=digitalRead(RSensor);
if(Lval==0&&Mval==0&&Rval==0)
{digitalWrite(Rmot,LOW); digitalWrite(Lmot,LOW);}
if(Lval==0&&Mval==0&&Rval==1)
{digitalWrite(Rmot,HIGH); digitalWrite(Lmot,LOW);}
if(Lval==0&&Mval==1&&Rval==1)
{digitalWrite(Rmot,HIGH); digitalWrite(Lmot,LOW);}
if(Lval==1&&Mval==0&&Rval==0)
{digitalWrite(Rmot,LOW); digitalWrite(Lmot,HIGH);}
if(Lval==1&&Mval==0&&Rval==1)
{digitalWrite(Rmot,HIGH); digitalWrite(Lmot,HIGH);}
if(Lval==1&&Mval==1&&Rval==0)
{digitalWrite(Rmot,LOW); digitalWrite(Lmot,HIGH);}
if(Lval==1&&Mval==1&&Rval==1)
{digitalWrite(Rmot,LOW); digitalWrite(Lmot,LOW); }
}

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int pb2 = 6;

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delay(2000);
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