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v_ bu
WU; ndF
dU b p  WU; 5 odH
UuD WU; QA
WU; b
WU; s bOH * UH
d_ uKF U WU; W
WHK< WU; uI

WOU bu
WOeO* W UFWOU; W UF*
WOU; dH U*
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WOeO* W UF* bU UOKLF qOK%
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WU; v qb

vK U uJ wGM buK p bF
WU; ndF
dUb p WU; 5 odH
UuD WU; QA vK dF
WU; b bb%
WU; s bOH* UH bb%
d_ uKFU WU; W UO
WHK< WU; uI WdF

WUL v qb

Accounting) WU; ndF


WU;
f_ U* s WuL qLA rK UN vK WU; ndF sJ1
U?E?M? U?N?O? d?E?M? s?J?1
U?N?b? b?M? W?O?U?* U?O?K?L?F? q?O?K?% b?b?% w? q?L?F?? w buI
b?b?% v?K? q?L?F? UuKF
UNBOK UOKLF c nOMB r UN W bM l s UNKO
W?? O? ?U?? * b?? _ q?? O? K? %
s UNHOUJ UNd bb% s dA* WUB bu sJ=9 YO
v UNUB r s UNKO
p?c? W?M?O?F? W?O?U d s U ` s UNUL WO d r
U?? ? ?H? ? W?? O? ?M? ?F? ?* U?? N? '
dH WUN w WUB bu pK wU* ed* UO
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UUA W vK qLA WOKL WU; oU ndF s `C
w WOz
w? W?O?U?* U?OKLFU U?N?b? b?M? W?O?U?* UOKLF qOK% bb%
sJ1 UNOK dU
UOU
d d YO U QAM h w UOKLF
UN fO UOKL w WOU* dO UOKLF S qUI*U uIMU tUO
uIMU UNUO sJ1 QAM* vK dU wU d
WOU* UOKLF vK WK
szUeK WUC lO
5Hu* V l
UdNJ uU l
U d
WOU* dO UOKLF vK WK
db* d
qLF w 5Hu*
ZM* WOu


w? Ubb% - w UOKLF U?N? W??? bM l s dUb w WOU* UOKLF qO
UNOK dFM WLEM WIdD dUb w UNKO V dU wU d UN w _ UAM
WUI bu
b w _ w bM* UOKLF qO wU d WOu bM u
bB* V 5u v rI WOU* UOKLF u U
lO dOu q QAM* q s bB* WOK WOu
dA dOu q dOG l QAM* UF V QAM bB* WOU WOu
UuKF* UB sJ1 YO wU UAM w UNKO - w WOU* UOKLF hOK nOMB
WUM* dI U UN 5LN* v WOU;
Reports) W?O??U?; d?U?I s UN 5LN* v WOU; UuKF* c UB r U U

r?zuI c. Financial Statements W?O?U* rzuI u lzU rU vL w (Accounting
.WOU bu w UNO{u UNd rO
v?K? s?bLF dUI bS uU; uI vMF WOU; dUI WOU; UuKF* qF'
UNLN UNUI sJ1 v UR* qJ bu U
u?B?I?* q?L?:U? W?B??K UuKF w WOU* rzuI w UUN r w WOU; UuKF*
u?L?: U?N? b? WLOI UNFOL& r WMOF d h w ?? U?F?O*U WU) UOKLF cN
WOU* rzuI w b r d

UA
WOU UOKL vK d WK j

dUb p WU; 5 odH


ULNMO odH V pc TU UI c WIOI( UO
] dUb p WU; dOJ bIF
s u dUb p 5 w p s d qLA UN dO dUb p WHO vK qLA WU;U
U?O?K?L?F hOK qO bb% qLA w WU; s e jI uN wUU WOU* UOKLF qO
UN 5LN* v UNUB r s WOU*
UL_ ZzU d WOU* UOKLF qO bM nI WU; u ULNMO d r S cJ
U? U??? U?uKF0 W dI c e? U?L? Z?zU??M? pK dOH .bI v p bF q
dUb pU tbI


UuD WU; QA
qd* d rKF c s WuKD* WU( v WU; rK uD QA ld
w uM vK UNUL sJ1 w WHK< WOMe
UAM U YO WCUI* UE vK bL c _ U WKd
UN WULK WK WU( sJ r b
UDO U
dU UNb bF wNM XU WCUI* UE w UOKLF _
w? u?I?M? X? YO WCUI* UE UH uIM uN WKd
w q qUF U?C? b UL UM 5 qUFK WOU_ WKOu
tMJ1 wU UE v WU tH dU b YO WU UO(
UL_ ZzU d UOKLF hOK qOK% qO s
s uKOAU U u WOU* UOKLF qO s sJ=L UE l{ w qCH uF UM
o?? ?O? ? U?? ?E? ? l?? { c U: c w U VU uKOAU U u v RH WIO WIdD
U??O? K?L?F? q?O???? WM WO bM WMb w dA
b?? O? I?  U??E? W??O? U??* rO c e* bOI UE vL tU w uKOAU td c UEM
.e* WUI bu oLF tF qUF
u vK Vd YO Wb( Ud uN WUMB u/ WKd
W?L?U??* U?dA uN WdH UdA* w dO u/ WOUMB
q?UF vK U wU UE uu WK WU( X wUU
dOG* c l

WU; b
WO UIMU WU; b iF hOK sJ1
q?J vK UNHOMB wU* d_ WU UOKLF lOL qO
UUG dA* w UNM UH UNO ud qN UU
dI U jOD
W? d?O? W WOU dUI qJ vK WK* UOKLF hOK
UB dOH qJ vK
U ` s 
WM WMOF dH dA* qL WO d


ld s UO WIU uMU tUI dH WUN w dALK wU* ed* bb%
u s tOK U UJK2 s dA* b U WdF
`?d? s? sJ2 b d oOI% q s UNOK Wb d td dA* UdB W d
dALK d b U vK uJ U 5F c_ l
Ub) .bI bu lO UF bb% bu U WHKJ bb% q d b

WU; s bOH* UH


. UL_ WG UNOK oKD iF S WOU* UuKF*U W F U be uI WU; U0
v?K? W?O?U; UUO b s UNOK uKB w bzuHWU; s sbOH* UO sJ1
w uM
UOb vDu UOKF be WU; uI YO W Uu * lOL dA*
WKB UNO w WLOJ( dI U w UNbU UNQ s w W UuKF* UUOU
j?O?D?? s? WOU_ UNUN0 UOI vK UbU  WbI* WOU; UuKF* QAM*
WFU d rOEM
U?L? W??O?? 5?? w?? U?u?K?F*U dA* U be WU; uI d?A?* U
vK dF w rbU UL U U dA* oI q WO{U* dH dA*
w WUM* dI U qC WIdD UNLOOI rNMJ1 wUU rNUL wU* l{u
p u{
c?zb?M?d?A?L?K? wU* l{u qOK% w su* 5Mzb WU; bUu?* uMzb
t?U?I? t?C?O?H?? t?U? d?A?L?K? d? W?O?U?J?S oKF d U rNMJ1
WOU; UUO pK s UHU
qUF QA d U dALK wU* l{u WdF vK dA* szU WU; bU szUe
qUF s n u qUF w dL tF
lCO c qb bb% vK qb Wd{ wHu WOU; UUO bU VzdC WKB
b( dbIK u{u* d s b WdCK
tUL ZzU dALK wU* l{u vK u u w R WU; bU dA* w uKUF
v?K U?L?? d?_ V?UD* Vd l uB dA* l UH rNMJ1 YO
pK UuKF*


s? U?N?M?O?J?9 ? s? W?H c WU; bU u?O?U?* uKK;
Q?A? s?d?L????L?K? U? `?B?M? .b?I? WOU* UUO qOK%
dA* s t UL U UL
U?U?O?? v?K? W?O?u?J?( d?zb? i?F? b?LF W?O?u?J?( d?zb
w?? W?O?u?I? U?U?O dAM UB dz q uAM* WOU;
UdA* nK s cR
U?u?K?F?*U? r?b?e? ? s? 5?M?u?* WU; bU u?M?u*
WU WUI rNu d U WdF s rNMJ9 w WOU;
w? w?? WU; jd d_ uKFU WU; W
u?K?F?U? w?U?L?? rK
e? w?? WUN qzUu s WU; dF U? WU; W
UIO
UU d_
jOD vK UbU w WUB WOL d UuKF*U
U?u?K?F?* v?K? b?L??F? W?U? d? tOu rOEM
U??J? _ U??N? ? v??K? f?O? d?I? U?? W?O??U?;
WOBA
Y c rKF tQ UB rK ndF sJ1 UBU WU; W
w? W??U?M??* l?U?A?* 5? U?? q?u? W?U* u* lu w
u* pK s WFHM* s sJ2 b d oOI% sJ1 YO tH dA*
w? Y??? U?B? S WOK b qC UNb od s
`?C?? U?M? n?O?U?J?? V?K?D? dF UF_ q u
a? U?F?_ n?O?U?J??U WIKF* UuKF*U be w WU;
o?O?I??? W??U?M?* dI U UNKOK% w 5UB bU w
UB b
W?O?U?* r?zu?I? b? v? W?U; bN u?U?I?U? W??U; W
s d?O?? _ b?K w bzU UEM uUI l WIH uJ b w5LNLK UNUB
VULK b U* qO vKFWOuJ( 5uI uBM lC WOU; 5uI d
. t qL vK tLN U1 lOD v UdA uUI rK= Wd w


WHK< WU; uI
c? QA b U?M?O?F? v?M UNM d q ZUF WBB d v WU; rOI w uU; c
WHK sUO w wU; qLF VFA UB uD WO rOI
wQ U WU; d s
c? nOMB r UNKO UNb bM WOU* UOKLF qOK% bb vMF WOU* WU;
v? U?N?U?B? W?O?U?* r?zuI dOC% s WUB bu sJ=L Y?O?? U?N?B?OK UOKLF
w UJ c w UNbM w WU; S wUU WUB bu U UNM sbOH*
WOU WU
UN1bI UOzUB UUO UU( bS WU; s dH c rN W WU;
WUM* dI U s sJL v
r??I? W?F?K?? W?H?K?J WHKJ bb WU; s uM c rN n?O?U?J WU
WUM* dI U UN be r YO UN d UNUO UNU WOdG' WIDM*
q?b? b?b??? W WOU; UUO dF WU; s dH c rN W?OdC WU;
v c d_ WOdC 5uI bF b VzdC uU UJ o WdCK l{U)
w? d?E?M? U?N? V?dI q s .bI dH c l qUFK 5U; iF hOB
UNK dA* l WdC dz UNOK nK b w WOdC UUCI
YO u q WOuJ( bu ZzU UOI dH c h WOuJ( WU;
u? U?N??zU?? s? UNM Wb dUI .bI WOuJ( UdB* u* qO v?K uI
WU WHB VFAK WOFdA WcOHM WOuJ( eN
s bQ UUO WOU; d W s oIU dH c rNUU ( oOb
c? o?d? s? Q?A?M?L?K? `?O??B? wU* l{u s dF dH WUN w bF w WOU* rzuI
h UMO


WK_
uD nO `{ WU; =d
WK j WOU* dO UOKLF WOU* UOKLF 5 =d
UNu U WOu _U uBI* U
dUb p WU; 5 =d
WU; b U
s q WU; 5 W F sLJ s

uUI
UB
s q uNH `{
WOdC WU;
WOuJ( WU;
oO b
. WHK< WU; uI b
W WU; WOU* WU; 5 dH U
s rK WU; q
QD `B V
. WOU* dH WUN w WOU; d W s oIU rN c dH u UU( oO b -
v t1bI WOzUB UUO UU( bS rN c dH w WOU* WU; -
b s b u W dO W WOU dUI qJ vK WK* UOKLF hOK -
.WU;
. WOU* UOKLF vK U u UdNJ uU l -


bu

WOeO* WUF
WOU; WUF*

vK U uJ wGM buK p bF
WOU; dH U* bb%
. WOd WUB bu u WdF
UNUuJ ndF WOeO* WUF rN
`d WUF UI
U b QAM* WU UOKLF qOK% w WOeO* WUF b
UNKO UOKLF qOK% bF WOU* rzuI dOC%
WO uLF WOeO* U* WLzU qb WLzU


WOUL WUFL

WOU; dH U*
r?K?F? c? q?L? r?E?M? r?J?% w?? f?_ buI s rEM U rK _ uJ dC s
UM XO U: c w WU; dH U* s WuL qLA YO
w U* pO p jO
S? wUU UN b U d U vK d* hO A w bLF U?Cd ZUF c VOD
5ULK WOMU pc d _rNKL rEM YO dH U* s WuL0 UNK e VD WMN
WOU* U uKFLK rdOC% bM d U vK bLF b sc
W? U?I? bu w dFM YO WOU; dH U* pK s U?CF wU e' w pO
UNM d b vK

WOU; U*
U?J?K??2 qO V t vK b* c hM (Cost Principle ) W?O?U WHKJ b
WOu UNLO V fO UNHKJ V WOU;  dUb w QAM*
[ mK UNO XF WFD dA QAM X U aU b* c vK U
QAM* rI r UM [ rO]I X _ WLO XFH aU UM
dUb w UNKO Vu UNLO UL _ lO
U?M? [ ? d?U?b? w? _ q??? V?? WO U WHKJ b* oOD w WU
U?O??U?? u?? dA WHKJ q9 w WLOI pK dUb w WK vI V UNzd WHKJ
UM [ WOu WHKJ v UM [ s dA WHKJ dOOG
bU WIdD tM oI UNUO sJ1 WObB d WHKJ _ b* c WU; bL U*
d v d s nK w WOu WLOI UOKF Xb UN_

UA
d WK Q WOu WLOI WHKJ 5 dH t l b* gUM


t? v?K? b??* c? h?M (Revenue Recognition Principle) d? o?I?% b??
.b?I? bM q d b?I? t?C?? s? f?O tb tII% bM d qO V
bIM iI XOu s dEM dB szUe v WUC lO W b)

m?K?? W? b?) p?K? s UN o szUe b_ W b .bI QAM X U aU


d p qO V v U u bF tOK o* mK* lb b UDS ue U UM
r V QAM dU w qO S d qO b* UIOD QAM dU w UM
u bF iI bM fO W b) .bI u w

WOU; dH
v WO{dH c dOA (Monetary Unit Assumption) WbIM bu WO{d
W?O??U?; ? dUb w tKO r V bIMU WUO sJ1 UB b q
5Hu* ??L dUb w tKO V bIMU WUO sJ1 b S wUU
bIMU WUO sJ1 t_ tKO V qLF w
WM q UMbK WOzdA bI dF* sL s e d0 WU vI WKLF bIM WLO
UUC WM q UM dF UOU UMS p l uO UMbK WOzdA bI s vK w
UF_ r C V q UOKF ULN l sUM vK qBM uO UM v

c hM (Economic Entity Assumption) WUB bu I WO{d


PAM* UUA s pU* UUA s WuBH vI V QAM* UUA vK WO{dH
d_

u?J? V?? Q?A?M?* U?U?? w? q u QAM pU eM0 WU) UdNJ dOu
QAM* s WuBH

u* c w u{u* c l q UF WuFB bb UBU d _ c UC - bI


u W v `dK WUN WUB bu rOI sJ1
UNUIH bI UNLOEM UN vK uI b h UNJK1 WUB b w WdH QAM*
bu U e WU s WOR* qL UNUL Wd
W?U?J UdA uI UO_ VK w d 5B 5 bIF w w U_ U d
dzU) U_ rOI WOHO pd q uI U q WOU_ UIM rEF rEM WOUH
a UdA 5
b uJ UNFO Ud UNb sJ1 rN v UNUL rI w w WLU* U d
UNzdA U w rN_ WLO l vK rN pU rU* WOR dBI UO
dO
UNOJU
UNJK1 w rN_ b w WdA u sR uJ
.UbK WOUF UOFL' q WO dO UR UM UL

UA
.wK; u s WUB bu u s u q vK WK j

u{u* c l q UF WuN dE WdH PAM* vK WU; u qBH c tbM U


Wb

Basic Acounting Equation WOU; WUF* WOeO* WUF


UL sbO sbB s vQ u* c UNUL dOO WOU u v WU QAM W
wU bB dOG s ub
dA* U VU
u* wL UM dA* VU o ub uL U V u* uL S wUU
dOGK U e dOGK ub vK oKD u_ w bb WOL WOU*
WOU WUF* UI sJ1 p vK UM

WOJK* uI dOGK U e u_

wU U* cQM WUB bu u qJ WO ULz


w WOeO* WUF w WUF* c
UM U pu uLL u UNOL w w UM pO w dHM


u _ pK UB U R
dOGK U e u w wUU p Vd s WHK w UM  uJ qL WU
pUL s d e' UM UNM e uJ pKL s t UL w UM  uJ
pUL dCU u wU _ p Vd s UM XHK p dHM
WOJK* uI U e u_

d qOBH WOeO* WUF UuJ dFM
WFHM UN w QAM* q s UNOK dDO* WuKL* WUB u* w Assets u _
uIMU UNUO sJ1 WFu WOKI
u _ vK WK
.WbIM
wU*
w{_
eN_ bF*
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WOM_ ld*

1- Horngren, C., Harrison, W. and Bamber, L. (2005), Accounting, 6th edition, New Jersey,

USA: Pearson Prentice Hall,

2- Weygandt J., Kieso D., and Kimmel P. (2002), Accounting Principles, 6th edition. U.S.A:

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

3-Kieso E., Donaldand Jerry Weygandt and Jerry Warfield (2004), Intermediate Accounting.

USA: John Wiley and Sons Inc.

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