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Handbook of Extractive Metallurgy Edited by Fathi Habashi ‘Volume III: Precious Metals Refractory Metals Scattered Metals Radioactive Metals Rare Earth Metals ® WILEY-VCH ‘Wenn Cicer New York Troi Breas Saag Sees seae REF sep et a tne tu te Ba ey pepe SES MEERA Ee ‘a Sin enn rte a Sem Sere ce eee tema Preface stay tte sera tee ‘tha on Urea etere idem engine Tc recat ele ‘shee th try open eae incon sed nner ora Seer al aay me oes ese nies ered yale solr in enced a srg (cio em tne Tes caeteton v ic ty See ee ee See leet is er ‘sera sda a eh psn ete ty atone, at ona te nat he ane ea “Athugh te enc elecy ta in setng cnet mealgy bso he ‘nds pene ic ‘Ne decrpoe of meal sreion pee, {hbo wd Oy ego ate ro ‘hon be etna vlogs of et xe tt paces hye Pre sd ceo tig tei emt ae Espen desspion af iw a era fel betsy em owe Sopot i fr ir me Be “oe lon ip saute cay Cel ees ‘ted at tary Chemie Enger Ital ove yf to Pe ‘espa have an gre (ane TSG Hons Ws bp at he emt ep hs naan "edt ie he haters Sinema Rereeecreectond Speier ss ce he in, oe ceca aces oe Sines ere SLacoreassss Saher ce homens we seep eer Sato ecm cone Sconceceeece Saree SS aE eons = Bons fliniont pc tnpectoe ‘Bitte tee une of ma he [few wo Amite pene! eed ‘igs epson Sac be gest aout of ok cw: Seared ame Tam pot te teat Vag seninka tea opet ‘oct seis cocina eens Max Lal Unity fo "fe ene week shou b we ase ‘Sieay ely le haan te Sein eer ntl chiar fomote doa: tits eos Brbeennere mips Fats abot Table of Contents Part One Part Two Port Tee Part Four Part Fre Port Se Vote 1 ‘The Metal Industry 5 Reetog or ei. 4 by Pu e Ferrous Metals Volume Primary Metals 13 Nek Secondary Metals aes Light Meta Volume tt Precions Metals 33 Rat up 6 Part Seven Port Bight Port Nine Part Tn Port leven Part Twehe Refractory Metals Batya 136 3 Neon ‘403 3 fate 132 Scattered Metals 34 Ini 1st Radioactive Metals 6 Pena, Rare Earth Metals 4 corm a Yome 1? Eerroally Metals Akal Metals 3 Seu 2 4 Cost Bu Pot Trteen © Rompe. 220 sae, pe fe Meee Sth Part Six Precious Metals um] | [i vale a x alta || We ie| 1 |r6) miro a + [ee] re] im] sa a] 15 yt] na] via T 1 [re] e] Jno] afer] |] frm fo] ue 23__Gold Pha oe Apne BE Ntancrtdcompsnds at 35 eed aes oe ieee ‘a an ‘ni Rete et 21 tn storage towered bk ee ieec rate ie eee roe SoS feral Sie eee eet ceeeee ‘esol shat an te mally ata Sees ees Beer iaciere ae en See SEES a ge 108 ea Som cermeec rete ae =e ont sae a Sues ceecuremcts Beko cee ieee ncenae see 2a cee aya to ranean tote, eco Sookie. iy ingore flowing te ependy mee ‘na! pean Pu "ese aaj gl in Fay steered arte Sapo ‘Elemente iomay ee test Pn tt ni mys ve ‘Se ape ihe Eta gel ene eae ‘Se impet f e ‘Sau Pomc Ge ‘loupe the iia gst cecmy et ut TBC, Gola ms 0 ‘Sip ution nother egos ele I, ena Bahama, te Carpe Ma Gao ee pn enn enh ows af lt ‘ih fom tw bor Sat Sew aed pee in (Bld we core pron of Se Foran Tie ome bo {an eis am mer amount ‘Ee ao eed Sono soca muung ie ne ‘Stun af gla San arm ‘Bese Ie, however moe ol meld ‘Stl naa poke an td i ad (be omon emp ia borage so he nf Chit tape athe aa en he ie ian kaos conn ella poe ‘et fer rpg ene pl le tc, In Ee, eal eee ie Slaen moulin he Cain nt he Dip we of naan. Oui Ev {Sewer i ape, ‘Shay nC ena barca icin ron eet ae ‘Sethi he indeconsied of s ‘Saou ie soey ote ‘date wars mete eee orl a pean Tae epee ‘Sp em 735 toa "Sesto 15 uc bartern maaon¢ np sale be cen Seperof oe Ur ‘i e850 asd lin Sete teases epost wee iit cm it aoe ‘Seats ron ancy psi ence 18 inated ld dition eat. Te ei ‘Sesh pee mg nk wh fhe wake cme This pe of kine ol wen pl eps mere ul ‘Ets Atal) Neve), Co feo ish Aka (M6) Nw Zed ‘ste mn intelli oeersee sey tog oe Sacovey of be Fle Fas rs mest mS ey shee enn fe SSG tere pe co “he covey of age spss of olin ‘asi 5 stnced pepe (Sts! tr spe Fede of Bost (Conih Mica ened tt Ne ‘tie (OF Ta) cua pened ‘n't geopeple dates of wel eld ctor ‘ai mining in hao Gad Cons nly ‘eps top 0 met ne see cy eg te te mig See ao vencered {Eeovenll pods athe Ae te eno opwocmny Op ae hilt "Roman Bape rtm ye tin of be diconety of Ace so Rees, site Race a seis Recess Sonat See ‘ie ct our of te Soh Aled DS aoe Eee het pln ce eet ote ese il cs we ecient acho ee em foe Secon tac Te hae nin ssn he Spee dase ee see Sree anne Serta Ao on, To Cas oe oe Rien noe a one oe Ses ypc ee et ey SNE cmon eS Ses Azaye of tell fide how at sno he pec fl he ‘mt cas sa ie aie cee Be Se “eg gear ied ion spelsin sake “a Spent Rane Gere te oe sig of sh sng yw ot as ea we epee «becom ‘en stot by tenn A ‘sn pean a te Sea Ee toni be Tne hse Aan ih et ot cupalsten wo Seige oe ‘epee oo cfd {2 pene ene Sm Ello “he ici eden! to manticre ‘etc een of trea’ he ‘hire cnc way Sly rot Fieve tte nderor eo a Seta wwe maniacs “he hacmy se Sony of p= ste by gun es he wpe ot ‘tig indatnseaten tt 190 ontny metas eal olbet soe te ‘Eerhne reamed some impor the ap Petco fal et Dee of (sermtgial enns ee of cepa ea el pet Shae poran le Geeaty Gammel m8, Monae Ine of note waste ‘hi Sie asd aera A tol tn Mats ced rene fv ie Reg aoe Feta gl 93 182598 pu Se cee i period cnmia eon fe neat i woe ew ‘lomo of he gl. See 170 coven: ol jm eat a ew sped {ee ie emi eee pens steal Ses a nga ‘one ing i ein he wa ‘wipe pone, seer xg ite ‘she cone Su Ae en etl Ta pil ‘Bes on wih ew eae, ‘ihe ein posal lor 30000 pe a Svat enon og ineienedane en tnd eth rapid wees a etl pa 23.2 Properties (20,2631) The dstiactn between sob an ise sassy ween ace Sy eemmie ty pu serene cane Gal te cle mle we ‘dcomple wal beet tis sp ‘tam ine hy ‘Sem iaroceu nets Sune inisdlenenay sae 2221 Physeal esd Sn tal ee ‘Sete wile ee fa sEcrenl yoyeaar stale i Sep cee again al Bal arr as ‘feveos ater rision anes ated om nfo ac (Some eet ls Bama nee? at a Searle ete ete edie ete Seen seh ee, ae Wes lage eves oma 1G PS pe omens ue fl tu a cn ache rons evry dt rhea Be Kept actin Top dina ol ten ol al te tbe fu Bes of sts (pide te elt pla tn meer Sh Sree charac nd ela ‘Shy, ve slow lane The nora ‘ny oil vanes ‘Sonal tly cmponion ery tn foi al ntucne mie! I Festino gen ‘The pal ope of olds a loys ht anon veil be ge of ee aes fr me ‘Slog Freed norton et 2322, Chemical 52) Go dost rc wit ate yo lar oon ws ot hap ‘hoe open np, Marae, ace, i tue ier sa 3 practice Sarees Beira commen eae aeae Bement Ramanan eee aed Eiiten io tramatedisacomtonne st or =a Eee eee igen fn aka meal ides doa tack ol Rove duces inshns ofl et pie ae pena nn freee oh ongen al an) eat naar oe cele do ot tack pl, roi rand oon epee ut Git eae veut a ‘tes poner fom auae fit (Sea el haps bree sa ‘bem den oun acapeg ges eyemng mie inpuser fom ‘Gal me ey oy one Te ‘mnie oy tr 1 le Misman 2 15-0. Abe 15 "Che ae {fines nening tere °F icc be eee oon eet eon or by chem eo. the oe tual nai Fre, nol a se le ‘Sew Mrs, eet st ae ‘to gemc lcm beta oes weit ji Sahin Sa mmaigauivmeeiars Sear ee eh aSsr Sire eee oak y ‘Cease i my sr Sehsecasieerinees terse hate re eee a Ltrs Scere Secreted ita te a show reesoe aces Sule reat Sere Sale eda kano mts Sos rat = cia oes do Sree oe ans 233° Occurrence (1.262036 i 2331 Abondance old dante very wenn is he ars emt may dye ose pre Sc at hae bes Pe he ne [ivengeeundncsfteyw ade ‘ct Op leh ws “ae gcc anwater ovaier pei peo he mien Ga com (Ease ane mg! pb) hve bent roel 283.2, Gold Deposits (7.1.35) Te wi epi ich vmot ely cotati i an eee Sou staat sales noceey Coulee” Sear kioniis Soave te w pet na Seascape hey Sea pote eae ESR Acie hens ol SoS iemommen nese Sich arenes aoe ‘vorable conditions, placer deposits containing Sine lpanliny Somes iat pr sg pl oe soa ays tla fn ee ‘oc Rae nace Bie ite a nec Se path arieetipicestetene Siete Whig etn a Tete nia sense Stoo titirefecee oa Th Wed ils ise serio eS SGT en a als Sienna irmtnaay tani Ban Rete pi aoe ‘eterno bec ote Lapeer Bo {fetal i rab, ve come Bear Allee a Ss Peet comer. Sie acess sear Sete aot a Sa sales ‘uti coe my vel ity sine nace sone nly Sor raat weabeng Inte ouer ote: SER ete a, ili nde senenan a Per ees Fer ie Se ita bus pono in Ge sas “Coppr mt reyes ty a stl poperton of el pmb fer ay cn be sic gs sue ‘lagamling po song ed ‘Sil aster ors We Se sows 2333. Gold Reserves and Resourcer "The rm tees dents eres wan eae arbi y yo Feu and or mach mane oomealy ile Tn ori ps ee tee ee ‘ened a 90050 comet nes ‘etd anu zn postctn fr 1 [pidvesener we lined oF oh ‘inamcnArbatme eee he entation fmt oath Ae 35% Bal ad {Siciete Sovie neTne we alowed 43 Unt Sen, Cnn Aun, a ‘Shenae ch 234 Production eis) 30.23, 31, 234.1 Ore Treatment Inia ic ld isl mie yn sidan mete no mae secre gu wate Sle il aa ‘Seeaeal psn mc peng (ee Zapato nt min igus eamanees Races oo ‘fasetine Meyer pl pte ses nemeone Seunewes Sse "este ttngrmt iene Soe ee aace behseciereres Scenes ‘id old ae that conus are ite terme cnc ot sy ‘Sree ely lon ya ‘yt a ws ap S00 Be ‘state fe ny the ean aap SeRe a cea Spins cieceieas HeBiaene ems eerie ome Et Sater oe mame cela ace erste eee eerie ets 13 lena? mh wan Soha sier siesta SLhaodatame werent Sere ees Seer Soe es Sinn gtoneemar Srl eurei cnn ola Sasa See Eouncanamarene ie fom aerate Moy en Eh Th sing algo pee oy Seseehsmae SSoae sven ering may emovel yas, tee setter oo Tt nt rian aac ingest ro Sissy zoey Sen boven ne claro process wack acs Smisomt 2342 Cyanldation (2) “The eaten pats as Men wd south Atenas 19 Ins pce oe Fentress, wich ease. Toppan gld teh ater eed th Bc Wynd (C(CNy oman cron Amott Sone ker el el sige get pe i deerme Sees Someta rireoel eee gt octet eli wh we preset na a Sanmons Ramee orgie Soret Eetace Seite mictesic sae rn roaereae Bewaacccam aaa 2343 Recovery of Gold with Carton (0-1 ol Beda tod the Fant bier ie sieaselece Scot aces Sees ioe Sooo ies Sebo Pea Fal acter Sans Sams Inthe 140 tet oer avi a pene the fesse mer eee om ra pp in 19a pce (betty oe of nh fi eye the camo spe pect) Sis Snlep fe et ag eat ‘serch nade ent es rca Seapepas set fe ‘toed cme ws in te Se ‘iments 173 ot 2000, aj devenpment i CP conned ‘il pulp By 176 al pope wa Spot 27 ap seg 28 elena mtd weeds se i fn nn pT oi oe Wha the esp pos a. Te fy af ee me eg oe ek redo + Oraingeotentowee Tae ty of cron ow gal i Mee yy of comes cats ‘lech er orn i add ety oe ait pnd three ot eg INE faon el cioston sage old The ne seu ay oer nine ae ceneaation ese Ort conics ‘Scone ait tp he Me tht ae tlt her or 2343.1 Adsorption of Gla by Carbon Aer cto ba 4 pooessran “netobwing ewer bn pope the mcm) whch sce eon drier = Ciaple olacton'o met 4 hemi pcpttion mesa ine quite se cae mole 1 Piyelabasbe of eam yon ay so epon oft diy eosin ‘mesenger of the enon. scien «bmp ea cope: 8 ‘tcp Senta 4 Beceowate mares ttre Ge dg out ens pstvcl pd 2 Aptysirtin proces {Atwoste pocs a wish an jon pie tat dlc aden eed “eesti! eo erally ood eaten i event Thn og "i cat ttn id a wi so ‘epee ot cate ao tach ‘teat of ols aoc hse [Sn en no Epp faom ee ently eS See tet == — <= Huey aC a a etninplp tes min Fa) 7 fort sire Cas etn oe ‘inte prr apd ay cb remowty se Ore ‘perspec Some, ‘Esme men sb pm ct me eee, bee renal sung testi {eer sist licens we tae BERLE Geeta ceeded tier ie prs Cops an dee ‘ery of spice omc 9 al Sere pi ow Sr 23432 Carbomin-Pulp Process coped se neg tra 0 TOP pertont The Sey ofthe pap vse fg w 4S pom cpendng oni co, ‘Abenaic of iP plant atownin Fig oT tp ree Sow vi esac ge, sof mi er ck he sn in te COP et. The {hp nn owe rouse er it ict jdbc sue ks ae ‘intend satin sd oe ‘pain. The eater shel ine aay ‘neetan io CP eats 1-30 peti {erp Th tre pip esa te ea "handed atom hh caine 200- 2000 gt gol pres pa ‘hy in te age co Shaya ea ego vey dete ‘Senigallia be ES de tee tage een So pes of sen eee (0) rng sano (ences th aig Soom ee oe Saas eae Pete bebe Seer nercegecen Jagremves: eee ees earns a aoe ee seoedeuie ees Soe SSicnee ee: Seer Saas aoe Era sia ary on See anen Sbateemiec mec Seeumata tuneurreeas Scope oe aware ‘Sater pur eras page Fo ‘ert te ce pune Init, cen wave and ope sone tos it cf’ ator crt tea at yao Be ed one (Si Te atlowing ode etd ns aw ett Soper eetepemee gateieeteenes spa eaten eter, Shae: sree eae ‘ad bie cd peel ats ae Shesorwre toes tne eee ot nee Dowco tecaonioresie Settee on eer egesase ea and 1-29: roid dough kof ao emeierens ce ee ee Sees ae ae Soros Eater nt alt ge tia Here Sacco Seca Serene ft soy cease {hse he el fr tisha wae moe ‘Ses eqment hs at od by ‘EE psc tl er ge os Tint es aie er a to, wc ws, hat ere See cee eae a ‘ied tao 160 "C an ato 3908 iSeetteeewtwreer se Se soon iret Diavanops 2 Sete inet eed hore, te Stem ees Sxeiidee tale eee be ch ‘ns lo ool wa mw te cae, tes noeeees Seok ‘orton tet _ ee etaeees eerie ipeeecenin ates =a ear da arcs Sead sephaigta ois oa sche mera a, Sons ian ae SRere ss vileernig detapne Peart eorercsmasun tear Hees alse ting at pra Seo Soegheneeeas Saves eter Spaces. SReressener eeteetmatromna eames Zaye Seema 2.23 Cahn Pree ae gene ftigs Senta SS eae peat epee eeeens iy nntacomamrnt Seaeotieer inn te mun diffrence biog the wince ne Se SEsoees ‘onl nema CL Het rete rcivacd Cetentpren be pepe ashe 2383 Chemical 2.6) ‘The ite met fr sig eld sean ed ease (reo el ser nse (igure) oF nan na ion). eye mera en Rais Sead a pa ee Seca Smmiecmy etree Rd ih toes are of opie ptineencaim ae shineltece sc ioe scree stn Seeing ESuckatermes Sees Sheer Sevcnarseeress Ext roe pe aa Sec eenawmec Sistas a ee Sy aac Ive nt been elie, eter bese Eioeee ee Saco cua ere Seca eos Peco ae SiS Seiteruatet ‘Starred = SoSe ene Socescatire SSoetrelaleeas © cia ooaenansl te fant Reinert Gen, Sou A eee Sates Saher Seeding est sxc Seca old cles news stove 400 nd ceetrreacees Since sea ioane Songs area eles tte ‘gp hihi emia ss ‘le te mites id The el fe ‘hr ed let erection per tum ecpl, PCh 954°C). Fh, ip a0, Tet hp 39h, 290 op 132°, a Catt p65"). Ae ns ve man ot aight ces of fhlrte bw the emmut f CACT aad ech fed a of CHC od Re, ‘Then i dened Redefine ‘sie oa scary f 001 a he ean sd je fr gold ae. Te felch Ta old (Set fhe ws ole determined Se aye omc nw aon ana inches of 50) by tnd el ft nme st at Faceted (Gigue 259) wane dee ie ‘ges Fly lt sl oper cee fom ge 23 Tee on st ee fen peste also an sh nat o te en olBoe ir we! alge Teeot poe eran tenes by he spr ofr ‘reap ae oaimed yg “mpl lerumiya, The erst ‘atm oy Xa Dror sna ig hg pone in es a, “ie ce sa i on an eran. Eni oldie ted ron Copper oe oxo ap Ferd tba ning solo eo ‘onetime el and ak {no sluon The on ered et op ‘Wien gunn ee ‘evtetmy essip ce i i i peered recep ecm hierar Siu Sentence Eebiecnccmanges Eshtmieceesat lac fe Fev ae a epi eee Sry ivaas “cacerr ence ae ps Sigrene wr ec Sesame Soe s Samia pebyioems ogi inca aaa alae So cee Sa es sscedcy ser 2352 Healy 05,65) gcd wn Svcd a HN a seubete Aastra rene ort int det of in fol of qui 29999 Gn pratcewly Si9ss ans 9999%) cooling Smo of ecueead Fs eee ‘te pi anid scans ae ‘Say wh pe pal ld close 0.25 mT be tow fey ep shot iy a ‘or ie ace oe af ie ld ‘Sine peil of laetypeal decal ew, pldeote cop and ‘sd ‘Oppose hen ae cdot cone ‘ad de pac, mang to ee Semper ral Oo cl weal cone fic ori ae ne nd owe ie ‘xT asm cl aap 3 Vand ein sce ey EO) sever sinctrie ‘heh he tae es fed oop dye About 10% of le piesa ars end Se he Scab meted en nn ‘Temode ine hota ns Woush ae {eh inna oc owas ‘cium taht soar, ‘han te memento wn pl: See Se emo ee T Hie (FTAA AHS Pemba "The mama fetal part n ‘aceite sete how nea, semen nati eee ae shee ee eas Soecnautere Eokanens Sipenearo Segeiteiianrs Saaiceramase Sacre eae Sei omen em sees ‘Sy planseup sen ae ao es Berm ress a cosmic eco souveneimeteneae incl ables ree oe aac Sor aeeene le setae ateneae erect eee eeen See Seecinuae Soc ny, teil fee Brio eae pe, ‘Staci eee a ge fg eo ican seas ES Sraian 23.6 Recovery of Gold from Secondary Materials (3.2, Besio.el or 23.6.1 Recovery from Gol Alloys barrideietra: pes te mt canna th. Ti {Eppes he swe of ie es ‘ome eet ta fe pro fies csp oem en Formal quis of sold ale, ‘oe ean elon {Beet meee td oy 2 ‘ic craig aan cope po cide Sere! pn se ‘Sher cele hdtv pt go eee: (uit len sce rice ‘Rempeediodine at psn te (honest me ine or rie fpcrene meee pom ae i ecm of gl cppr ion, which sel cena ver en ke tates estefan oe ‘hide’ pet os be als ‘Sey ihe pd om yt Ics au 88a ena as een iy me orpoera “Tho tly import pcs or eng pl tell ey ted {by The ser may eda a ts 1th rcey ahr rain re Bidaioas | Gegtct became {itl nt aid Sn te se (tes ‘Sieger ps alow sa comer Seppe le pce cae io, whlh sinks cersa 0 tl ot tale en Wt re sve sm aoe odo erg pat head se 2362 Recovery from Sweeps ‘Tae sleet cenit indy po cage sn fe, [war secpeea anes re {hepa con foe sant met ibe 05-0, Canlyhy tet Sea eee nce, ct, gee pe pat oe migomnaiagats 2 winches ete wi ser centing seer ned ‘Sica Sets Sa Seco Sate neat eS Soi ietae seal cas fet cht ‘Sofsmer ind od clara sizsmay sures Saiaececies Sipncrmectceaate Saececeec deste Sromugecimee ‘Engen oa ve be pen. foro Suigcketncmee Sikucacncee Aico nbn eich oes See ai eos EpUtas cancer a actecate nirheemo Sioteenfac aot Saeco Promenlugearejelingmchods fr aver Berea Race hm 23.63 Recovery from Surface- ‘Coated Materials Suficecosings contin gold crow ry fom comes sy, r= Sects enpecae Te ce nel ‘senate he eld coving ae hsp ny ow mrs tc by tnt ares sp eg spastic ieee es mare seas Stace eat ‘hag ose Neste emt a tees tine Geta Seer eas Bonieomrerenrane seeraeteecarcceat fee ee Siicieaaeate ee Sis ceers te cant Seceaerecas eee Sat couiecuets Bane oetorce epi tncte cco Pree ‘crv low eof dwlaton. asta | Seat Shacks Sores esos SSeeres Eeieeeeciaines eee eee ava aes Soncotrneeraa cece chicas sSeees ace Seer Sopa oe ee cea ae See eee Pesismee ee Sale Saf ta anon) Some an Spiga ey wal nc ee neyo gi om gee oa Gees Sa eat Sareea nnlongetrenes’ mealies taeda Sa {sui coicre we cee mest een Siocoienees iA Sosa es Spee ‘wed ie oe ante ol sean, 8 ae oe oe ont qe aS Seaceee os Zeivanret we EE ets rg sere rung foe attenast Sitecioeesaete See Siete 23.7 Compounds (1.12.20. Rano ‘Also al plenum ccarintooxe sis sate a 7 Toate its 0G ae an Kame Binet som pea i we iy ae "Teeny vey ow uy fy Si capa et tf ro else shel: Teen ‘ea ahead single este he ee er ony ig a ary ‘That inzaon fhe! ec iomea ss)" wlnastl a, erence Iss At erste oo pay (ora ety sma eS ‘shoe el sence Wea ths be seers ft ‘espa, Teams poton ‘Sovereign ep 1s shancenne of he tomton ea, ‘har ele oink miss ee copes, ee, Nome tee. ‘a sie emon od he betietempenue nee 8 heen front i rate op se Preparation 6,78) Peas daa ‘pep es Hing om toi byte eas ‘rom Fabian Gol Ftminatg gs ie raped et non fact SEG yin ce one ce gh expla fa ae sed wil doled ye remove le ‘ie tare beds nr miciee Se no rled ies st ‘Sum cynte mun Tur oboned ty ‘eeroe. Wien» sid ade it sie tno tsi een, fiom gta) foro ‘fdngen ting toe se To el deere Son bie Erceoreed theca ni epost (Bits dopa ed. Fosapiymce Sots leehehnge membns we or ‘re Te tr ey or tt err Tis era ‘aru preity mal oon ym plcos, Gate tl ce be at

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