Andhra Pradesh AP Monthly Magazine in Telugu PDF July 2017

Downloaded from http://smartprep.
in N +<|<X ed|
Downloaded from http://smartprep.in N +<|<X ed|
qTe, eTqdT nqTd+<q+

n+srjT j> ~He+ d+<s+> s+& nqTd+<q+ |#kjT
$jTy& @ HqH d+sY ]q d+<s+> e{&T #+<uT nHsT.
seT+ eTTKeT+ #+<uT bZHsT. $<sT\T q|{ qT+# + ns>+ bT
jTq y~| j>dH\T yjT> eT+T\T j> k<q #d *+| |\ eTq
$TH lydt, <$H e, =\T sM+< \_kjTHsT. j>, <q+, bDjeT+
~sT\T njTqqT nqTd]+#sT. j> ~s\ b+< @> $q $wsD\
k<q eTqdT, Xs+ n<T| +{jT, uydT+<HsT.
Downloaded from http://smartprep.in
d+...
d+<q (bs\ K\T) 5 |èTq+ 38
30
&]q b\es+! eT<TsyD qH dyVq|sTdTq~ 40
d deTd\qT m #|q \+<T\ dsd <\T 42
nTq ksTT s>d] 43
+s qT+,
n&T>T ]& yT{ q{ cesT Cq 44
esL n+<s |sT\
bDH&... sc n~>~> neTse: lH>sTq $Cq d$T $se+ 47
JeH& b\es+
sD+ |ys, Jeq esZ+: q|<+ C! 48
|sy, L...
27
jTeqT eT>yT
HsT.
>VyT < dsZdeT 6

b]X$T |> s\T qT q+sY eH #k 8
@sTy k>s
|uTs+> d+d\ <>T\ Xuys 10 sH... sH
qy+< => | $|T\ d+<q <+ 12
]|T\ deT> s> k<q f 13
eqeq+ 49
b\es 3,500 T e+& 15
ks $<TY <X+H +<|<X n>>$T 16 <: @& TTTe 50
14
=\bTq \T>T |<\T 56
& ssY 58
e+ 59
Xsy>+ ]>wH dqT d+>T\T: y+T HsdT& |Te#T 60
bC\ sD+
y+&s yqT 61
\T>T d 62
yTTu +<+> sT| 18
=|d+ 64
$XK|+ yT{ s\T bC ^H d> 19
|~ s bC\ bs+uy\T, X+k|q\T 20
66
m&> |q\ @&TsE\T! 22
@| |s z }| 25
>qes+, sT| $eHXj\ n+srjT VA< 26
$\ yH\
b~ VMT neT\T @| 19 CrjT nysT\T 35 ~*bsTT+~
eseq+ 36
d+b<jT+
n$ d+b<q +#*
\T>T, +^w uw |#T]+
d+|{ 62 d+ 1
X*yVq X+ 1939 c&eTT-XeDeTT
$TwqsY
mdt y+fXsY mdt
d+b<&T
+<T\ syTwt uT
| uT <>T n$ = $wjT+ <T. nsTT {e* \+,
n$ s< XK <&T jT|&TTq n$ ksTT #d mesH
u~]by*+<. C> |Cs> XK |#dTq z q~] neT
d+b<q 500 sbjT\T es +&=# @d_ <&T y\&+~.
sV d+b<&T n+eTT+<T, syDXK L& e+<\ sbjT\ |C<H
qTH qswt =\>={q n~] @d_ |T+~. $ |< $T+>\T. sEy>
dV d+b<\T keqT\T syq ~s eeVs eT m+=+ eTTC| > |qT\T
sT=+& |k< eH~ Vs+> sVdyT. $wjT+ MT< eTTKeT+ #+<uT HjTT&T #
Cd >b\ |k< \+> >V+> HsT. <T k+qT |j+#&+ <s,
&;sT seTw |{jT b\HeeVs bs<sqT |+#&+ <s \+#>=&H s*+#\ >
=+ \+> jTq |jTdTHsT.
eTTK+
|sT>T\T |&TTq b\es+ eTTK+> |uT+ # d+eT \_ bs<s+> n+~+#\q< eTTKeT+
<X+. n+<T, $wjT+ m& n$ ]H DyT de#s+ y\
s+&e esY
n+srjT j> ~He+ jTq |\T|#sT. C j|t @| dm+ H b{b+ n$|
de#s+ # neX C> *+#sT. n$ b\&T \+#+
eT&e esY n&>y] $es\qT n+<T qy<T #d |uT+ #s\T bs+_dT+~. j|t
e* <s |\T y>T eeV]d |uT+ #|f d+eT, n_e~ se\T
H\Ze esY e] \_<sT& esL #s dV]+#\H~ eTTKeT+ XjT+. || |dt
#+<q $j\T |sT 1100 H+sY <s q |]cs y~ |&T n$ MT< jTT<
y~> e]+~. |d+ e# y] <>Zs \+#+ rdTq n~sT\ $<
|#TsD H+sT <s |s<T #d+<T neX |uT+ *++~. H\H
de#s, bsd++<\ XK $<q+ b#Ts+ b+~+~. H+sT |{ \ |> bqT e#sTT.
de#s ueH, m.d.>sY
V<su< ` 500 028 |s<T sD+> # eT+~ +~ ksTT <>T\T rdTq \+# yq q
bH: 040 ` 23300258 <+\T eT+ |]DeT+> u$+#*.
s#sTT\T y*Tq n_bj\T n$| bsT eed+> m<Ts=+f |, < n+yTT+~+#&+
|d]> |uT #+~q$ k<+ <T. $wjT+ d]jTdt> q |uT+ |{ @| dw sY
qs<T. _\T #+> #d+~. B |s+, |<e\ n&+ |T= neT d+b<q
b\&y] dT\qT | sT ds $#sD <s kBq+ #dT&
s|\q M\T|&TT+~. Mq+ s>, #{ neT\T #jT&+ <s n$
;dT
jT++#e#T. n&<] L&u{q dT\qT >=S&>{ yq +{sH
b{\T ujT+ +fH \+#>=+&q+ >TZT+~. esZ+ |uT+ rdT+Tq
e lyd s& #s\T |X+djT+.
b{ +&j, $jTy&
eTT<D
H |td{ |y{ *$Tf&
V<su<
www.andhrapradeshmagazine.org +<T\ syTwt uT
Email: apchiefeditor@gmail.com
www.ipr.ap.nic.in
m&sY
Printed and Published by RAMESH BABU KANDULA on behalf of Director/Commissioner, Information and Public Relations
Dept.; Printed at M/s Caxton Offset Pvt. Ltd., 11.5.416/3, Red Hills, Hyderabad - 500 004; Published at Office of Director/
Commissioner , I&PR Dept, Govt of Andhra Pradesh, Samachar Bhavan, AC Guards, Hyderabad - 500028.
Editor: Ramesh Babu Kandula, Ph: 040-23300258.
4 ANDHRAPRADESHMAGAZINE.ORG p 2017
d+<q
+<|<X @&~ #+< 220 sbjT
+<|<X ed| sTHe |+b*:
#+<<sT\T> #s\qT+Tq
ysT y] #+< $T+ 220 n+{ |dsY, de#s,
sbjT\ eTjssYqT |+b*. bsd++<\XK, d+&
bsY` msY n&d{y u,
&e+& &|t (&&) nsTT, |+&{ HVA dt dwH,
n+{ |dsY, de#s, bs w\+, $jTy& ` 520013.
d++<\ XK, $jTy& bH. 9949351557
|] rd |+b*.
eTjssYqT L& <
eT |P] sTHeqT, eTT sTHe |+b*.
+<|<X |qT @ uw
sT+THs L& #+<<sT\T eT sTHe
eTjssT sj*. esT, |\T n+<be&+
>T]+ bH H+sT
&& nsTT, $es\qT && #d $es\T qTe#T:
esY|J <q+ # u>T+~ bT #d mq\|tqT +~ 91`9989662462
+<|<X pH H\ ed| |#T]+q +<e njT
rjT esY|J <q+ <++ n\]++~. m+ $\Tyq s#sTT\ >eT
de#s+ y\Te&TTq MT |qT sw+ |r +<|<X || n_eq+ s#q\qT |+|Tq s#sTT\T
>+<\jT+qT, >eT |+#jTrs\jqT eT+ s#qbT eT u+ n+{ bdt T yTT<{ |J b{ |
>, u+ # =fd |+|H, |#T]yTq s#q\T b]w+
|+& n+<TuT + u>T+T+~. b{ |\ j n+{ eT #jT&+ sT>TT+< n+{ n~]
$<sT\ d+ s+&T, eT&T |J\T {sTTd eT u>T+T+~. *jTCdTHsT. s#sTT\, s#sTTT\T B b<q >V+,
|]o*+#>\sT. e dV]+#e\d+~> sT+TH+.
- >=&e] lydT, |<|, \eTsT eT+&\+,.>.. ` d+b<\T
d+w+ qy+< eTT+<T&+ d+w+ |]#jT+ #jT&+q, sh+ |> |<+ m

<dTbTq<qq $wj\qT bs\ eTqdT\ VTH
@| es V|Hdt +& 72e s+ se&+ d+w+> #|+ +<|<X d+ n>>$T> sb+<T+~.
+~. n> sw+ 13 \ l+ d+w d+b<esZ n_q+<q dTe\T. #H+<|<X #+<uT
d n>kq+ \e&+ VsjT+. sw+H u> |uT eTT+<+qT #> $e]+#sT. lseTDjT+ yeT]
yqT&q d+w+> +&+ n_q+<jT+. sw seTjT qH#Ts+, yue+, #eTT\qT #> #bsT.
$uq s nH ], ke, u>[ c\TH q seHjTT&T $$< uw q de yuy |]#jT+
##yTq b\q sc n_e~|<+ |sT>T|{dTq+<T #jT&+, jTq #\q de_e~ #dq s+s w #>
eTTKeT+ Hs #+<uTHjTT&T n_q+<q\T. nH #bsT. HX\+ qH yV|]+< eTT dTVD+
$eTs\T, deTd\qT n~>$Td #+<uT uVQ*-3> dT\T <s >TsC& y\& #XsT.
nesyTsT. jTq HjT+H eTq sw+ n - &sY euwD+, s\T
s+>\q Xsy>+ n_e~ |<+ q&Tk+~. jTq
ks<+H eTq sc jeY ||+#+H | u>|s+ $eHXjT+ $es\T u>THsTT
>T]+| edT+< H |>& $Xd+. +<|<X pH ed| q u>|s+ $eHXjT+
` ydT seT#+<, s+Jq>sY, H\sT <q+ C $es\T u>THsTT. $esD+> e&+e\
|uT+ m+ |c+> #|&TTq bC C |]d
|]Xu s++> <q+ @+q~ d+|Ps+> nsyT+~. $eHXj m<TseTq
n&+\ =\+|q eTTKeT+ #+<uTHjTT&T>sT #dTq
qy+<|<X $XK|+ q>s |]Xu n+X+ CrjT w n_q+<q\T. $eHXjT+ se&+ e\ u> yqT&
ksTT eT& s+ eq <H +<|<X pH ed q s+< \T nH s+>\ n_e~ #+<TjTq~
| deT>+> q+<T <qy<eTT\T. @@ q>s\ @@ H $Xd+.
s+\T e#j $es+> e&+e\ |]Xu <={
b{b{ |&sTT. ~ eT+ d++ neT+~.
` >+* use, qsdq|, l+
_ $XH<, V<su<
+<|<X (\T>T, +wt) |qT bs\T +s{
bs\ eTqdT VTbTq <H\T www.andhrapradeshmagazine.org L&
deT> de#seT+~+#&+, |uT |<\qT |\ #<Tee#T. www.issuu.com L& \u+.
p 2017 ANDHRAPRADESHMAGAZINE.ORG 5
>VyT < dsZdeT
| C d+e u<> rdTq +<|<X sh

eTTKeT+ Hs #+<uT HjTT&T d+eT |<\
neT\T d+ $seT+ w #dTHsT. +<T u>+>
kseTeTqy, +<|<X sh+ n_e~ eTs
yT\TssTT> >V sD |<+ | sD>
\TdT+<q&+ d+<V+ <T. |<]+ s\q u>+>
sh+ ]+> yqT&q y], eT< s> T+;\ sD\qT #|&TTH+. k+ \T * +f | ]
|<q eT+ ydt jq - msY >V sD |<+ +< u<, n~ *+#&+ |uT u<. shy|+> n<T
|D >V sD se ls+ #T{sT.
V+>T\ ]+#&TTHsTT. $de+yTq >V\T
2017 pH 19e B <jT+ \_<sT\ q+<+ +|sTT. | eTT+<T - y]
shy|+> 38 |D\ $jTy& TeT\|* + q+<yT e lseTs, n nHsT.
1,93,000 sD k |C |<T\T, nXw sD s+>+ nbsyTq nqTue+ *q +|\
se eTTKeT+ |qyV q&TeT shy|+> 38
D\ 1,93,000 sD bC n|+#&+ ]+~. 12 qT+ 15 H\\| sD\T
bs+_+#sT. sD s+>+ se eTTKeT+ |P] njT |D[\T sb+~+#+. | T<ys+ sD
nbsyTq nqTue+ *q bs+_+#sT. M&j <s |>| dMT\T sV+, d F\T & #jT<\#qT.
+|\ bC |ksyTq seT+ n *{ $wjT+ m& sJ |&~ <T. Hds+ |qT\T <w
n|+#sT. 12 qT+ 15 \\ |C |<T\T, n~sT\T |& ]q #s\T rdTe& yq&T>T yd |d <T.
H\\| sD\T |P] |+> M+#sT. ~ qT+ n+<T \_<sT\T & sD deTjT+ ~ H \T n
njT |D[\T +< eT+ m+. y+jT HjTT&T u$+ s+s+ sD |qT\qT |sy+#*+~>
sb+~+#sT. bs+ue seT+ ddTHqT. 2022 H{ +< |<X sh+ | s
M&j qsH <s bZ sh
|\qT<+ |d++#sT. k+ +{ jTeqT\T y\ sT+, ~X> |<+
eTT| n&dwH XK eTTK s<] ]\ e\yH neT\T #d+<T w #d, \_<sT\T >s|& >V
k>|Hd+ #XsT. sD\T +{jT VMT dTHqT, n dw+ #XsT.
qy+< sD+ dTes<jT+ eT] sD\ neX+ - +< eT+
d+<s+> eTTKeT+ #+<uT HjTT&T e{&T, |<y& \_+# n_e~ ss+ nH~ |<q eT+ qs+<
yB n_bjT+ - #q yTs <Xy|+> n+<] >V\T
k+ >&T | ] \. \ Hsy] +& q+<+
]+ y\ |<q eT+ ydt jq |<+ +<
e #|+. |<, eT< s> T+;\ d|+ sD se\qT #|{, e e&, sD nedsyTq
#.n. sD njT KsT +< / sh |uT\ \_<sT& |T&

w+ (s.) >]w+ d_& (s.) < u+ sTD+ (s.)
f|t - 1 300 514000 585000 300000 214000 - 285000
f|t - 2 365 648000 690000 300000 348000 - 390000
f|t - 3 430 740000 790000 300000 440000 - 490000
dsT\T e <s, \_<sT& u+ U HsT> d_& ]+> yqT&q esZ\ n& {sTT+q qT |+>
q><T ~ e+{ nH ssTTr\T *d eT< s> |\T |]o*+q nq+s+, nTe+{ f\J |j+ n++f
k+ ]+#TH+<T uskqT *d, y] yTsT>q ks\ $de+yTq +{ n+<Cj\H \+
eTH<s *+# us |#d, |< #|&+ ]+~, n nHsT. .
es<\T, es\T e+{ | |uT+ >V sD |<+
y|\qT TH $<yTq #|{+~. msY >V\ $w\T
f\J |jd, d eTTKeT+ Hs #+<uT G 3 eT]jT V+>T\ sD+ qTq >V\T
eT* edTq $<TY, HjTT&T #=se n e eT&T s\T> +{sTT.
v {, s+&T |& ><T\ 38 |D\ ]+qTq
>TsT, n+&sY >+& &H deTjT+H |D[\T
yTT<\>T ks\T *dTHsT. sb+~+ >V sD |< b{ \_<sT& |T& u+\ <s sTD d<TbjT+
*+# ~X> sh |uT+ #s\T rdT+T+~.
d+#&q d\+ 30% shy|+> u$T|P
>V sD, 70% #sdTHs eT+ H&T bs+ue+
T, y] H n_q+<q\T.
v es<\T, es\T e+{ | y|\qT TH $<yTq
f\J |jd, d eT* edTq $<TY, >TsT,

eT*edT\T *+#& bs+ue se HqT n+&sY >+& &H yTT<\>T ks\T *+#&TTHsTT.
{sTT+#sT. |+> VsT bsTTH, d+#&q d\+ 30% >V sD, 70%
|s+> M&j deyX+ <s eT*edT\T *+#& {sTT+#sT.
bZ MT q+<+ b\T|+#Te&+ H n<w+> v eT]jT ddt eds\ <TD\ @sT k+>
u$dTHqT. >V sD bV+#&+ <s <X+ dsd =+eT+~ b~ neX\T \_ksTT.
s+>+ n_e~ #jT&+ eTTU<X+> bH|syTq sj\T
v sD b++ / \ Xus\T, deyX\T
rdT y{ neT\T #d, |<+ $jTe++>
sV+#TH+<T eTT{ VqT ]dTHsT.
sV+#+<T $<o |T&T\qT |+> bV+#&+
v dd yTs\ @sT e\ s+s+ | eed <>Zs bdt
]+~, n seT+ bZq +< |D_e~ XK
eT+ m+ y+jT HjTT&T nHsT. +<|<X sh+ dwH nqTd+<+#&+ <s mTe+{ ny+#jT
1,93,000 |D >V sD+ |<q eT+ ydt jq d+|Tq\T ]> neX+ sD, u< e\jT+
- msY >V sD |<+ n+<] \T seT+ sE >V\T +{sTT.
=* n&T>T yd+~. sD\ |> <s+> n<q| v b<$Tq bsX\, n+>Hy& +<+, b<$T y<X\\T
sD+ d+ y~\T deT]d nqTeTe& +< |uT+ b+ydT\ n+<TuT +{sTT.

d<+> +~. u+ sTD\ k++> \T v s>yT eTVu>+ qT <jT+, kjT+ y\ q&,
]+#T<\#T+f y] & +< |uT+ qT+ C+>, d+> M\T> {\ sD+, nV<syTq
s.2,30,000/- \ d_& HsT> y] U\ eT #d+<T yesD+ bsT\T +{sTT.
#s\T rdT+T+~, n L& jTq *bsT. Te+{ nH ks\ >f& eTT{ sV sD+
n<T |<+: &sY |. HsjTD uTq >V\T $T*q sc\ <s+> \TksTT. sh
sE bs+_+q n+<] bs+ue+ seT+ |uT+ neT\T #dTq $$< |<\ |<+ |
dTess\ *+#<q sE. n+{ n<TyTq |<+. sDqT+~.
n+ HD &q sD+ >&Te> |P] - b| sC XKsY
#d+<T w #d \_<sT\ n+~k+. d+>|PsY <X+ &$q bs d++<\ n~], >T+sT.
b]X$T |> s\T qT q+sY eH #k

v zs\T s.200 ejT+
^H| $eHXj X+k|q
v +>&+# yT>|& bsT CH
]>wH |]XeT sD |qT\

X+k|q
v b<T| eTV\T djT+w
@sT #dTq u\us bsX\

bs+u+
s\T n_e~ n\y\+

qT+~. pH 21q nH n_e~
se\ eTTKeT+
#+<uT X+k|q #XsT. zs\T
s.200 ejT+ => @sT
#jTqTq ^H| $eHXj
zs\T $eHXjT sD X+k|q #dTq eTTKeT+.
eTTKeT+ X+k|q #XsT.
+>&+# yT>|& bsT CH #bsT. B <s <Ty\ eT+~ s#>=&T ||\T n_e~
]>wH |]XeT sD |qT\ <>\T \_kjTHsT. nyT] #+~q n&T+THsTT. |eT><e]
X+k|q #XsT. b<T| eTV\T jy $X$<\jT+, H<s+& |]XeT\T s+& #dTHsTT.
djT+w @sT #dTq u\us $X$<\jT+, sw n\sY |{deT <s sjT\deT s+~keT+f
bsX\qT bs+_+#sT. jTe]{ *d yT> d& dsY m k<eT+...n&T $|\ jT+
d+<s+> +>&+#, zs\T, d+sY >dT u$T |P #keT #XsT. sT\ |jH\d+ CH |&
q+<\ ]q Vs+> du jTq *bsT. qT+ ||+# <X\ bdd+> |]XeTqT s\T
|d++#sT. s\T sujT $H\T m>TeT njT n_e~ #keT rdTed B L& n&T+THsT.
s+& CH |& bdd+> jT{ #+<uT *bsT. =*$T>T+& e< n<|> n_e~ n&T XXH
bC bs+_dT+<, Be\ s.4500 ejT+ syT, f |ks.... n #+<uT re
12,500 eT+~ b~ neX\T e+{ dyT+{ |]XeT\T suTqT ksTT $|\ yK]| >VyX\T e+
<qTHjTHsT. CH |& |]XeTe\ |{+#sT. j y{sT |]XeT #XsT.
3,500 eT+~ |+>, 9 y\ eT+~ s+& n&TH+<T $|\T nH
\T #dTHjT, $|\ |&T sq\ d+ @ >H d<+
|s+> b~ \T>TT+<HsT.
|#s | =b eTqyT sw+ sq\ |jH\d+ qT
ysTT yT>y ksY qwbeT y<q e+ #XsT. @>H d<yTHsT. sq\ sTD+
$<TY b+T sjT\deT |]XeT\T sL&<, rsTy\q d+\+H sTDe|
||+#+ n|<<q ysTT yT>y n_e~ s>L&<, + q+ eTe< |< H+~|*eTHsT. + mesH
ksY bsYqT s\T bsT> |#j\, |+< eed sT\ sTDe| n+\ MsT sT+THs+ rdTsy\ |\T|#sT. sw+
n> s.500 ]+#qTq |<q $|+| #+<uT |\T #]>sT. eekj sE @&T>+\bT
&sY&z 2,921ms\T {sTT+qT s< ]+#+& sT\qT $<TYqT ds|s#d d+T u$T L&
m+&b+& s+#>*q |Tq eT |uT <+<HsT. sw+ H\T>Ty\

eT+~ eekjT $dsD~sT\qT jT$T+, sT\ e< n~sT\qT |+|+
| eT+>] >qTq
sT\ d+eT|<\ #sTejT |&+B> #s\T rdT+THeTHsT. <>T\ | s\T
|{ nsTq sq\ sTD e| #k+
|uT+ nH ] +<T\T m<Ts=+Tq|{ @ sw+ #jT $<+> s.24
y\ qT sTDe| #XeTHsT. sT\ sTD+ rsTy\H sjT+
rdTHeTHsT. @ sTH |{ sTDe| n+<< #_ nsT y] e|
e]+|CkeT dw+ #XsT. dbw msTe\qT +> dTHeT, 90X+
ssTTr @ sw+ e $<+> &|t ]>wH |]s\qT |+|D #dTqT
#+<uT $e]+#sT.
s\T 40 y\ ms\ | ejTkjT+
|{deT <s ><e] C\qT c& s*+, y] y*q { lX\+
\ #d, sjT\deT b+ n+~keTHsT. s\T 50 ds 40 y\
q
ms\ $ds+ | eekjT+ #jT& nqTyq #s\T rdT+TqT
#+<uT y\&+#sT. lX\+ 854 y+< |<X y\>|P&
sw+ yqT&q n&T>T\ {\ +& #s\T dy\jT+ |#dTq |uT
sjT\deT s\T qT rdT+{eT, | n~+> #]q { <>T\ kss+ q&T|Tq d+<su<-
bs&b&T qT+ 854 n&T>T, e\ $jTy& | s\T (12795,12796)qT
b]X$T |> q+sY eH #d qT+ V+B-y bC\ 830 n&T>T, <>T\ ]| qT+ eT+>]
esL <bqT. mesT m eTT#TeT] qT+ 790 n&T>T { rdT \|& s usT m\ y~++~.
n&+\T dw+H T{ jTT ds|s #jTqTqT eTTKeT+ yTs <D eT< s n~sT\ sT\T
<dTbqT. #] $e]+#sT. C#d+~. +<|<X dy\j
sksTT> *bjT V<su< qT+ y\>|P& e]q
eTTd+_& $yV s.50 y\T, d+<s+> <>T\T ys++ V<su<
n_e~ bT|&qT. e+< kjT+ y[ se& M\T> | s\TqT
- eTTKeT+ Hs eTTd+ sT|< yTH]{\T ] deTd\e\ nH |yX|{sT.
#+<uTHjTT&T u<\T |&TTHs, &_&\ |[ nsTT s\T |dT+ >T+sT, $jTy&
#jT& nH ned\T |&* edT+< dwq eyT >TT+&+e\ <>T\T
#+<uT y<q e+ #XsT. n+<T eTTd+ _&\ $yV s.50 y\T ] nH +<T\T |&TTHsT. eT+>] L&
dVjT+ n+~keTHsT. @&~ +<Td+ e+< T {sTT+, sy y\ s\T b\+ eTTKeT+
eT+~ eTTd+ &_&\ H= nq> \& y] |[ #d u<qT <>d+|\T $q$+#THsTT. +<T
rdT+{q |{+#sT. |[ eTT+< <T\H |<+ +< s.50 y\ ] eTTKeT+ kqTL\+> d+~+#sT. dm+
dVjT+ y] u+ U\ eT#d #s\T rdT+THeTHsT. s\T <X\ eTTKs<] drwt#+< +<
, q+<\ es{ jsT |uT+ q n~] bsY $+<T eTTKeT+ K sd, | s\TqT eT+>] *|
bZHsT. <X+ @ sw |uT+ #jT $<+> eT&> s+CH b #s\T rdTHsT.
dTHeTHsT. 1150 \\ eT+~ b |+|D #dTHeTHsT. neTse, n> s\T eTV\d+ | u^
&|, s\T eT&T VCVdt\T ]+#qTqT eTTKeT+ #+<uT @sT #j\, |jD deTj L&
|{+#sT. q $<d+ s.10 \\ ] kjT+ #dTHeT, @mdt e+{ 5.20 >+ qT+ 4.30 >+\ Z+#\
n\us ddT\ |\ bZH+<T D e& | +>qT <> d+|\ ]| sw |uT+ +<
|+#qTqT *bsT. yTH]{ $<sT\d+ 25 XeTbsX\\T @sT s usT K sd+~.
v v
#keT #+<uT |{+#sT.
sh |uT <>T\
deq+> sh |uT s+>
d+d\ <>T\ ]fs+{
ej|]$T 58
d+es\ qT+ 60 @
|+#T |uT+ sjT+
rdT+~. B+ yTT+ 99
|uT s+> d+d\
<>T\ \_ #LsqTq~.
|uT s+> d+d\ <>T\ Xuys

< <| |<VsT y\ T &{ q|{
<>T\ \u \+> sh |uT+ nH ssTTr\T
*k+~. ] d+u #jT+& 43 X+ |{yT+{
e&+, ys <T |~H *+#&+, V<su< qT+
9,10 w&\T d+d |#d <>T\+<] ydT\TuT
e]+#qTq~. 9e w&\T 89 +|\T, d+d\T, dVs
d+|\T +&>, 10e w&\T |~ d+d\T HsTT.
yTT+ 99 d+d\ |#dTq <>T\+<] sw |uT
s*e y\>|P& |#dTq+<T <>T\ nH ssTTr\T <>T\ deq+> nsy@ ]fs+{ njT |jq+
*+#&+bT ]fs+{ ej|]$T 58 qT+ 60 @ \T>TT+~. ej|]$T |+| $wjT+ s=swq ]
|+#&+ e+{ nH se\qT eTTKeT+ neT\T #dTHsT. |]dT\T, y{ nedds\qT |]>Dq rdT j
<>T\ jTq |sds s=swq b\eT+& $<q sjT+ rdTH ydT\TuT
dVs+ ~X> |jTd, L& *+#sT.
sw+ CrjT, sw n_e~ s+s+
s s& n_e~d+ bT|&TTHsT. eT+eT+&* y~+q eT]= $<qsj\T
+<|<X s& n_e~ d+d |&T sh+ |#dTq w +<|<X s eT* edT\ n_e~ d+d @sT
V& d+d qT+ s.3 y\ sw |uT s+> d+d\ eT+eT+&* y<+ *|+~.sw+ #|f s bC
T sTD+ rdTH+<T <>T\ eTs= Xuys. |qT\qT ]>q |P] #j\q \+H us sXK
eT+eT+&* n+^]++~. sw |uT<>T\ *d CsTT+{ y+#sY> = d+dqT @sT #j\
eT+eT+&* ssTT++~.
+<|<X s eT* edT\ deq+> y] ]fs+{
w sw+ >\ bsX\\+{q eT* d<Tbj\
n_e~ d+d @sT ej |]$T 58 qT+ 60
d+es\ es |+#\ \qd+ V_& jqT{ $<q+ f+&sT sV+#
y<+ *|+~. |uT+ ssTT++~. |b<q\ y<+ *|+~. +<Td+ s.4,139
eTTKeT+ ejT+ sujT s+& |P] #jTqTHsT. sw+ >\
#+<uTHjTT&T n<q pH 15q ]q sw b<$T, b<$Tq, q bsX\\ nedsyTq
eT+eT+&* deyX+ yTs ssTT+#sT. ]fs+{ |]#sYqT deTLs&+bT |V>&\ sD+, n<q|
ej|]$T nsy @ |+#&+e\ yTT+ 99 |uT s+> s>><T\ sD+, >+<\jT+, eTsT>T<=& sD+
d+d\ \_ #LsqTq~. +<|<X |q]uq #+ #|qTHsT. bsX\\ >TsT, y&T sT, $<TY
~s ks\T L& *+#\ ssTT+#sT.

w sw+ & <] | dd {M | $<q+ neT\T
#jT&+bT < sVDd+ | @C
sT Vs
m+| #jT& f+&s neT\T $T{ rdTq $<q
sj eT+eT+&* y<+ *|+~. s.969
H\b+{ X+k|q
#|f bC mHdd d+d m+|+~.
<bT bC sVDu<\qT d+d
s.3200 |T&
#|qTq~. |dT+ q 5,159 yTs\bT 15y\ eT+~ <>eX\T
n<q+> eTs 14,770 qq yTs\qT =qT>\T #d
sw y|+> | b{b+qT @sT #j\
eT+eT+&* ssTT++~.
w ]jTfyT >esH |sT |+> XKqT @sT
#j\, B nqT+<+> ]jT fyT kd{
|#d #s\T rdTy\ ssTT+#sT.
w >MTD s& sVD d+ C> |b~+q qq
$<H eT+eT+&* y<+ *|+~. s&qT
|uT dT\T> |]>D+, s& n_e~, u<,
|syD #s\T #|qTHsT.

w sw+ CrjT, s s& n_e~d+ +<|<X
s& n_e~ d+d V& d+d qT+ s.3 y\ T sT E Vs y{sY \T y|qT+~.
sTD+ rdTH+<T eT+eT+&* n+^]++~. dy&T eT+&\+ ld{ d$|+ e<qb+ e< 636
w |+#qT<sT\ +{wH |<+ <s e# &Y ms\ $ds+ ~# yVH\ j jT{qT @sT
>T{, |<M $seTD >T{ |jH\qT sw #jT& d+d eTT+<T=q d+> *d+<. u {sTT+|\T,
|uT<>T\ n+~+#\ eT+eT+&* ssTT++~. ]dwH ~s se\T eTT+#Tq d+d E
w | ]eT+&* (dC) d+ $XK|+, s+_* b+T sD X+k|q #jT& dHV\T #dT+{+~.
eT+&\+, \+&sT >eT+ 22.17 ms\T, eTTKeT+ #+<uT HjTT&T #T\ $<T> seT+
qb+ 7.49 ms\T, |P& >eT+ 48.97 ms\ sV+#& n~sT\T |jTdTHsT. sH X+k|q
e+Tq @|d +> {sTT+#\ eT+eT+&* d++~+ B KssT #jTqTHsT. |{ sh+ j
ssTT++~. +{ u {yTTu |]XeT n&T>T |&+, |&T Vs d+d
w @;| bC\ <T\qT deTLs&+ L& X+k|q d<+ e&+ sh {yTTu s+> <
dV]+#+<T sw|uT+, +< \eqsT\XK, eT+ |]DeT+> |]XeT\XK esZ\T u$dTHsTT.
HusY, Hwq ysY &e\|tyT+{ @C\ eT<
ne>VH |+<+ #dTH+<T eT+eT+&* y<+ |\T..
*|+~. w Vs y{sY <X\y> s.3200 |T& |&TT+~.
w H& bsT |]~ 63.38 ms\ deTT< u$T w 2018H{ d+es 5 \\ y{sT dqT jsT #d
;#Y ]ksY\ sD+ $T+ +<|<X |sXK keTs+ >\ b+TqT ]ksT.
+> n|+#\ eT+eT+&* ssTT++~.
w 2020H{ s+& b+TqT ]ksT. s+&T <X *| s.1600
w sw+ nq+|s+, |qT=+& >eT+ |s |T& |&sT.
bC @sT #jT& 19.75 ms\ u$T
+> {sTT+#\ ssTT+#sT. w s+&T <X\ sD\T |PssTT @{ 10\\ yVH\T
jsesTT.
w sT yTT\\~H >eT+ m+mHm+
b]X$T eq+ @sT #jT& 15.73 ms\ w 2025 @{ 18\\ y{sT dqT #d ~X>
u$T +> {sTT+#\ ssTT+#sT. n_e~ #ksT.
w sT , m]b+ eT+&\+ b]X$T bsT w $&u>\ j jT{ s.1600 @sT.
sD+ d+ @|d 6.37ms\ u$T w yTT+> 15y\ eT+~ <>, b~ neX\T \_ksTT.
{sTT+#& eT+eT+&* y<+ *|+~. w & @sT #jTujT jT{ d+d m$T<~ qT+~.
v
v
qy+<
=>
| $|T\
d+<q <+
w u~T\ D dVjT
#s\T
w eT+>] 6e u{*jTH
<+ skq+
w sT b+\ <
+<\T
s h+|r @{ d+u$+#
$|T\e\ nbsyTq qw+
\T>T+~. |<mTq bD, <q qw+
d+u$dTq~. qc\ qT+ |\qT
<Xy|+> j <\T |]|Ps+>
de\+~+#bTHsTT.
+<<\T $|T b+\ #sT,
TbqT\T se&+e\ dTBs+> q k
rs+| | | |{ $|T\T d+u$d
u~T\ D dVjT #s\T
#|f+<T dejTeTesT. $|T\
dVjT #s\T yTT<\T |f d]
b&\q |<qyTq \+ u~T\ s>*q qw+ ]b+~. deTjT+ bDqw+, d qw+ s>+&
d+|Ps dVjT #s\T n+~+#+<T nqTuy\qT |]>Dq rdT eTT+<TC> #s\T L& rdTqTHsT.
#+<uT |uT+ swksTT | eTTKeT+ <X\ yTs |&T | y|\ bT |e<
$|T\ d+<q <+ (@| d{ &CdsY | < sw ksTT sw|uTyT |TqyH d+u$+q|&T L& <+
skHbsY)qT @sT #d+~. | @sT #dTe&+e\ +<+| n|eTeTeT+~. @<H ueq+
y|\ & >Ts, |< q <s|&*d neds+ +&<T. L*q|&T, VQ n+dT\ ueH\T,
u~T\qT n $< <TH+<T |]XeT n|e<\T d+u$d j
|uT+ Vs s#sD |D[ eT+>] +<+>.. |e<\ sTq u~T\qT
sb+~++~. +<T u>+>H eT+>] se u{*jTH +<+> s+#+<T | <+ #s\T
u~T\ D dVjT #s\T #|{\ | <+ sb\qT yTT<\T rdTqTq~.
eTTKeT+ Hs #+<uTHjTT&T |{sT. <+ |#jT& d
ssTT+#sT. => @sT #dq #| d+~ &|fwH| rdT | sT b+\ n+<TuT
$|T\ d+<q <+ de#s+ n+~q D L& dTHsT. <+ | <\qT sw+ sT
y+H u~T\qT <Te&, y] |#jT& d #| d+~ b+\ |\ n+<TuT +#\
dTs |<X\ #s& #s\T +> e +&\ |uT+ ssTT+#sT. eT+>], H&,
rdTqTq~. +<q |{+~. <+ #s& d$ $XK|+, nq+|s+, y+]
u es\T, TbqT\T, V]q e+{ bdT\T, dsY|m|t bdT\bT (H\sT) b+\ *+>
| y|\ deTjT+ | ;mdtm|t bdT\qT L& &|fwH| <\qT @sT #jTqTHsT.
<\T s+>+ ~ <q u~T\qT jT$TdTHsT. @|md |syD sw +<+ 90 eT+~ < duT\T +{sT.
s+#+<T D #s\T rdT+{sTT. $|T\ d+<q <+ (@|mH&sYm|t) < duT\T XX+> +&+<T
+es +{ d+<s\ u~T\qT |#dT+~. M\T> n& | ed d<TbjT+, y]
<Te& +<|uT |]~>\ |\\ #<Ted+ bsX\\qT L&
CrjT $|T\ d+<q <+ (mH&sYm|t) es\+ n|eT+ @sT #j\ |uT+ ssTT++~.
|H sw |uT+ <s|&TT+&~. +< es\+ | <+ n|eT+>
eeV]dT+~. dH ues\T,
<\T e d+K +&+e\ v
y<eT+f y~ eT+<jT&+ ]|T\ deT> s>

eyT <T, nd\T y~s
>T]+ jT++#&+,
s~+#&+, y~ y]+#&+.
k<q f
eTTK+> y<T\T | ]q
b+ deT> y<$<q+
neT\T #j\ q&T+{+~
#+<uT |uT+. |jT+
u>+> ]qT\ s> d+sD
d+ nH nqT+< XK\
deTqjT+ f ]bsY jsYd
(f) seT+ bs+ueTsTT+~.
s e~]> nsqT y<

|qsyd +<+> n_e~
#keT, ]qT\T XX+>
|<]+ +&& M\T<, y]
yTsT>q Jeq |eD\T *keT
eTTKeT+ #+<uT y\&+#sT. e+ #XsT. k\qT, n~sT\qT nsqT y< |qsyd +<+>
+<T u>+> ]qT\ s> n_q+~+#sT. | T++ d+ n_e~ #keTHsT. y<+ d+
d >TD esT\T H\ s.10 y\T <jT+ b+< s m ys ns L&
rdT=#+<T ]q d+dsD\ $<+> T+ $k n<$<+> e# dT|T\qT
=\eq+ (f ]bsY jsY d{` w#dTHeTHsT. eT< mesdt @sT #d nsqT y< |qsyd
f) se |yX|&TTqT Ks m+ kVd+ eTq b++> (yT& ]V_*fwH
dm+ |{+#sT. B <s ]qT\ |<|\\T n~sV+#sT. Ks d+sY)> esTeT #bsT.
s>+, n_e~, |rsT| n<jTq+ ms+f u$wT @ dy\THH Be\ b+ y< |]X<q
#d |uT y~\T ysT d]+#>\sT. ]q $<sT\T +<\T @s&jT, k\
n+<Cj\ n~sT\qT eT{ eD\T. y] u> #~$d <> b~ neX\T
<+#sT. | eT&T H\\ <HH sTTksT, nHsT. sT|< \_kjTHsT.
]qT\ s> dN\| |\\ q #<Te\ d+, $<X\ < >eTyTq nsjT eT+&\+
dMT+#\, d+ 12.5 X+ y+<T msY $<q |<+ |<\T&T |+#jTr sT>TTq
yTsT>T<\qT =\eq+> rdTy\ <s s.10 \\T e+Tq kjT+ n_e~ se\| n~sT\
d+#sT. <X+H |yTq n+<CdTHeTHsT. ]q dm+ dMT sV+#sT. eT+T\T
yesD |]dT\T ns, $<sT\ eT $<, b~ njTq bT&T, qs|, |se,
\+d+ HjT, n& neX\T n+~+#+<T eT q+<uT ]q u*\
|s n_e~ #dTe& |uT+ b<q+ dT+<HsT . dqT n+<CXsT. ]qT\
m+ neX+ +<HsT
nsjT neTY e+ >dt HqT |+|D #XsT. 86
eTTKeT+. e+<X+ >dt HqT
eT+~ ]q sT\ d_&| {sT,
rdT sh+ =* b>sV sh+ | {&@ |]~ |P] sTT +qT, |esY {\sqT
]q >eT+> q < >eT+ ks\ L&q b+rjT dT\T eT+T\ n+<CsTT+#sT.
|<\T&T \e&+| dm+ Vs+ @sT #keTHsT. s e~]>
v
Xsy>+ ]>wH bC\ sD+

w |qT\ |s>| |&+B> |syD
w |sTceT|+ mb\ >dT 15q bs+u+
w 2018 qe] e+X<s s+&<X |qT\T |P]
w 2018 e]H{ e+X<s-H>e[ q<T\
nqTd+<q+
w bC\ y> d<yTq \|D[
q y+< sw|uT+ m+ |c+> #|&TTq

$$< {bsT<\ bC\ |qT\T Xsy>+ |P]#j\
ssTT+#sT. eTTKeT+ Hs #+<uTHjTT&T djT
|syD sw {bsT<\XK eT+ <$H eeTVXsse
ks<+ XK n~sT\T ssTT+e |#dTHsT. #|{q
bC\ sujT @&~qs|
e+X<s k>T{ C n++ #j\ |uT+
bC s+& < & d +\+ +~.
CrjTbC> #|{q b\es+
u>+ s+&e <X bC |qT\T jTT<b|~|
|qT\T 2018 qe] k>TTHsTT. B eTTKeT+
yTT<{ B H{ |P] ksTT y[, djT+>
#d VseT+&\+ |sydTHsT. eT]= bC
Xj C e# @&~ e] HKsT| |< ]dTHsT. 2.15 \\ ms\ jTT Be\
n++ #j\ eTTKeT+ #T\MT<T> bs+_+| \_ \T>qTq~. $XK|+ b]X$T >T{ neds\
ssTT+#sT. Cd+<T \eqsT\XK n~sT\T sT <V<|&TT+~.
dsT #dTHsT. yTs sw w e+X<s-H>e[ q<T\ nqTd+<q+ bCqT 2018e]
\eqsT\ bC\|s>| XK n~sT\T Vs 24 |P] #j\ \+> s+#sT. VseT+&\+
\eqsT\ s#sD |D[qT sb+~+#sT. XjT+ qT+ HsjTD|s+ q m>Te < {
\|D[qT XK s<] XuwDYesY eTTKeT+ eT[+#qTHsT.
{e\ deT]+#sT. w e+X<s k>T{ bC s+& u>+ s+&e <X
n~sT\T sb+~+q \|D[ @@ bC\T |qT\T 2018 qe] yTT<{ B H{ |P] #d VseT+&\+
m|{> |P]qTHsTT, @jT$ m|{ es bs+_+#e#T Xj C n++ #j\ ssTT+#sT. bC
nq D+ $esD+> |D[ s|+ y~ e\ 45 y\ ms\ = jTT k>Ts+<&+ bT
sb+~+#sT. bC\ y> |D[ |s=q $es\T y~ ms\ jTT dsD neT+~.
eHsTT. w |eT><e] , T{jT>&+ eT+&\+, b>=+&
bC\ $es\T XjT sD |P] #d 2017 nsT 22e Bq
bs+_+#+<T |D[ d<+ #XsT. bC <s
w ><e] q~ qT+ 30 {m+d\ { eT[+#+<T <+q H\T>Ty\ ms\ jTT k>Ts+<qTq~. <
|sTc|+ mb\ |< e# >dT 15e Bq ms\Te <TsD |qT\T L& @&~ nsT 22
eTTKeT+ bs+_+#+<T s+>+ d<+ #dTHsT. H{ |P] #j\ ssTT+#sT. nq+|* e+q qT+
b\es+ bCe\ *> |jH\qT eTT+< b+<+<T q+<eTsT n& < ms\Te $dsD |qT\T #TsT>
b\es 3,500 T e+&:

+< eTTKeT+ $|
k>TTHsTT. |yV keTs
<Ty\ Ld\ qT+ 20,250
Ld\ |+#\q< bC
eTTU<X+.
w |X+ =$T~
eT+&\\ s+~+# >T+&eT
bC d++~+q |+&+>
|qT\qT 2017 d|+sT> |P]
#j\ ssTT+#sT. <
=]Xb&T mb\ |<+ |qT\T
L& @&~ d|+sT H{
|P] #j\ \|D[
ssTT+#sT. Be\ yTT+ 12y\
b
ms\ jTT
& +< \eqsT\ XK eT+ eus *dq eTTKeT+.
k>Ts+<qTq~.
w s< neTse es< {
\es+ bC sD nedsyTq neX\T eHjT, |]XeT\ ]&sY>
eT[+# =+&M{ y>T mb\ <T\qT dsyT $&T<\ #j\, +< |<X sh+ n $<\T> nqTe>
|qT\qT @&~ >dT e] |sesD nqTeTT\T L& eT+psT #j\ eq<, +<T nedsyTq >dt ||t H\qT
H{ |P]j\ sTT+#sT. +< \eqsT\ XK eT+ eus, +< @qsT, w|+, sT|, H\sT qT+
nM, |sesD XK eT+ &.VsesH\qT $jTy& yjT& nedsyTq nqTeT,
w V+By s+&e <X u>+> eTTKeT+ Hs #+<uT HjTT&T ssT. <T\qT eT+psT #j\ |{*jT+ XK
k>TTq $$< |qT\qT ]>q eT+ ]qT #bsT. udH >dt
|P]#j\ ssTT+#sT. Be\ sh| m H$THwH |\ <K\T
seT+ bZH+<T <X s< & \\T $j>+ |]XeT\ @sT
sT |+>qsT, ]\jTH, zmHd, _{wt +|\T eTT+<T
yjT&T, |sT jesZ\ y[q +< |<X sh eTTKeT+ q
|sq +< + XK eT+ sCH< d+>, e#jT #bsT. \ |<+ +< |<
80y\ ms\ jTT |\ dTq >dt Hq &{ b\qT
k>TsT n+<qTq~. \eqsT\ XK eT+ eus, nM,
|sesD XK eT+ &.VsesH, |{*jT+ de]+#\, Be\ w&\T \T, w&\T
w |+ u+ \Te |qT\qT L& XK eT+ <s+< |<H\qT \d +<|<X >\T, |<esZ\ T+u\ yT\T
@&~ d|+sT HKsTH{ sw+ #|{q bC\T, neT\T #dTq #LsTT+< +< eT+ $e]+qT
|P] #j\ |D[ n_e~ se\ nedsyTq nqTeTT\T, *bsT.
sb+~+#sT. Be\ |+, <T\T eT+psT, $&T<\ #j\ $| Bs\+> n|]w+> eq |uT,
|\eTHsT jesZ\ >\ #dqT bjTT\ $e]+#sT. s< |+#jTrsC b<jTT\ @ ddt
m$T~ eT+&\ |\ >T{ sD nedsyTq 12,500 Vs u$T $<H y<+ b+<&+| eTTKeT+
ks+ \T>qTq~. 6300 nqTeTT\T y\, |eT ><e] Vs+ e+ #XsT. @ ddt $<q+
ms\ jTT L& +\|P& |]XeT\ @sT 10,000 k<q 1998 qT+ | X< eV+ #dq
d]+#&TT+~. ms\ nM u$T {sTTd nqTeT w |*+> H&T ss|+ <\&+
w nq+|s+ es\ eT+psT #j\ XK eT+ &.VsesH d+w<jT+ nHsT. +<T dV]+q
XjT+, #s|* XjT+ $| #XsT. sh+ \ eq ms #+<H +< + XK eT+ sCH< d+>, s
|qT\ bT eT&s u+ m|{|&T $sTT+#& nqTeTy\ +< eT+T\ v\T *jT#XsT. *
\Te |qT\T L& e# >dT $| #dqT #bsT. d\ >jT+ u<|&TTq +< eT+
HKsT |P]#j\ \|D[ sh+ >dt <] |]XeT\ @sT mH sCH< d+>qT jTq yd+ eTTKeT+
<s n~sT\T ssTT+#sT.
v \d |seT]+#sT. v
ks $<TY
<X+H +<|<X n>>$T
s jT\deT b++ $<T<q q neX\qT

d~j>+ #dTH y| |uT+ #|{q #s\T
|*\dTHsTT. eT& ks, |eq $<TY <X+H
+<|<X n>>$T> *+~. <Xy|+> |qsT< +<q
ks \ f+&sT
< sTD+ ks $<TYqT \ #d |jT\qT bs+_+ ks
$<TY \ f+&sqT V++~ sh |uT+. |j>+
d|\yT < $d]+#\q d+\+ |uT+ +~. ks
eqsT\qT 175 >y |+#\q +< |uT Xj sh $T & <s m&& k+>H $<TY n+~+#\ |uT
|uT+ n+~|#T+~. n+<T nqT>TD+> sh+ 18 XjT+. yT>y{ ks $<TY jT{ sD dTesT
>yT k~+#\ eTTKeT+ #+<uT \+> s+#sT. <T ms\ u$T neds+ qT+~. udsD wsyTq
|qsT< +<q eqsT\ bV+ u>+>H ks, |eq n+XyTH sh |uT+ +~ n~>$T+ |{ <<|
$<TY $<H\qT sh |uT+ 27 y\ ms\T d]++~. <<| udsD |PssTTq~.
ks, |eq $<TY , |{++~. 2014 d|+sY sh+ ks bsT\ dVs +<, sh |uT\T *d
\e, b<T| d+ nq+|seTT, mH | + ks bsT sh+ ks $<TY d+d\T H\=sTT. B <sH udsD
||+#+ edTq qq s= sD+| CrjT <s |esY bsT\T n_e~ sT>TT+~. nq+|seTT ks bsT 200
swH (m|d) ne>Vq yT>yT, s\T ks bsT 900 yT>yT |{
$wsD\qT $j+ |+<+ ~]+~. n yTT<q ks
|uT+ #|f s+&e s+ bsT\ |]~ u> $d]++~. kseTjsTT. s\T eTs 100 yT>yT s
n+<TuT sqT+~. eTs 1050 yT>y f+&s |jT
$<TY d+dsD\ $<TY 4,000 yT>y bsT\ |H~ |PssTTq~. s\T ks bsT <X+H n|<~. bs <X
#\T >Z+<T |&+~. ks, |eq $<H eT\T||+~. <s >TZ<\ H+~ |*+~. ks |\\ <s
sh|uT+ jTk+~. bV+#&+ @&~ yT H{ >Z&+bT u$T d<+> +&+ y+H bC\T H\=
sh |qsT< +<q eqsT\ neX+ *, y+H |{q |T& <jT+ \_++~. ks,
k| keTs+ 6,152 yT>y |eH bC\T sjT\deTH @sT njsTT. nq+|seTT
#]+~. +<T |eq $<TY mdt.| +, s\T |TXH\ |esY bsT |dT+ sE
keTs+ 3,603 yT>yT > ks $<TY keTs+ 1,980 1000 yT>y ks $<TY neT+~. B $j>
yT>yT, eT& |]q ks keTs+ 1,813.22 yT>yT keTs+ 25 X+ es +T+~. nsTTq $<TY
> |]q |eq keTs+ 2,872.75 yT>yT. |j+#TH+<T {H$TwH eed @sTqT sh |uT+
#=se #|+~. |eH $<TYqT L& sh+ u>
|+#uTHsT. Be\ dTdsqT k~+#e#T. u>TZ <] $<TY

+<\| <s|& neds+ +&<T. <s +TZ
deT~> bsTTq|{, ks, |eq $<TY <s sh neds\
$<TY e>\T>TTq~ |uT+. n+<T qT ks $<TYqT s+&T es f{qT
#+#Tq l+Y
\e#dTH+<T sh |uT+ |jT\T yTT<\T|{+~.
ks keTs+ u$T
(bsT|sT) (yT>y{) (ms)
nq+|s+ 1,000 7,181
(md +)
&|(>*M&T) 500 3,632
s\T (>`XH\) 1,000 5,786
&|(yT\es+) 1,000 5,928
nq+|s+ 500 4,476
(\]#sTe)
yTT+ 4,000 27,003
sh+ |eq, ks $<TY n_e~ rsT

eqsT 2014`15 2015`16 2016`17
(yT>yT) (yT>yT) (yT>yT)
|eq 285.2 400.10 2,187.45
u
ks 73.8 438.84 1,301.18
sT\ 14y\ ks |+|dT &+H \T>T &sT\T

sh+ dTesT 14 y\ ks |+|dqT sT\ #sT. +<+ jT| m>TsydTHsT. C>
# ssTTr s.1.62 \\ &T $<TY |+|D d+d\T =+ >T+sT jTTe&T &+_ l+Y
u]dTHsTT. = sT s.55 y\T #*d d]bT+~. sT\ e< +&Hwj d|sY ddt |$TjTsY u&+H f{,
$T ks $<TYqT =H |jT\T + yTT<\T <T. sh+ y+H d*j z|H f{qT #+#Tq =*
\ |+|d ks $<TY *+#+<T |uT+ |D[\T d<+ usrjTT&> *#&T. bH #+~q &sT&T
#dT+~. Eek djYTqT +&Hwj d|sY ddt
eT{]|+ f{qT ed+ #dTH&T. d*j
@|md&dm CrjT nysT z|H *+| #+|jTH #H+>| >\e&+
ks $<TY s+> bVdTq+<T @|md&dm CrjT $Xw+. >T+sT +<eH >sH msY
ksTT nysT \_++~. ~ ||+# |U Cq, ybs de#s &b+>D+ u&+H D l+Y |kq+
dy d+d <s+ +&j ksY M mH nysT`2017 bs+uyT+~. 2001 u&+H u{ #{q
seT+ ]+~. ks $<TT s+> bV+#&+ <X+H l+Y n+#\+#\T> m~ mH $j\T k~+
yTT<{ kq+ *q @| &d+ CrjT nysT <+~. ||+#ksTT b{ \|&ksTT m~>sT.
V<su< >|#+< n&$ #s l+Y
n+<] $<TT n+srjT sTD+ eT]+ sT<*+~. 2012 ey ]q
n+<] 24 >+\ $<TT n+~+#& +<|<X |uT+ +swq #+C {] f{qT k~+ n+<]
neT\T#dTq bC s.2,584 sTD+ n+~+#& <w ]+q l+Y s mH $j\qT
||+#u+, dj eT*edT\ |T& u+\T (@;) q U ydTHsT. 2013 <jYT+& >+&
eTT+<T=#sTT. s.3,683 #|&TTq bC | > d+ $qsY> l+Y *#sT. 2014
||+#u+ s.1,550 T, @; s.1,033 T sTD+> #H z|H ddt, 2015 +&j z|H ddtqT
n+~+#qTHsTT. +<T d++~+q |+<\| ~ d+\T ed+ #dTHsT. 2016 \+| ssY |q
]>sTT. sTD+ bqT bC neT\TjT $T*q s.1,100 y[q l+Y {e\ ]q d+>|PsY z|H |q
yTT +<|<X |uT+ deTLsT+T+~. |sjT+ bH, y+H byT e#sT.
v v
yTTu +<+> sT|

sh+ jsq dH yTTu bqqT $&T<\ #dTq eTTKeT+.
|*+q eTTKeT+ |jT\T

sT |]XeT\ X+k|q, bs+u+
sT| yTTu bH, VsYysY +<+> es\,
||+#+H yT{ j d+d\T & sy\
eTTKeT+ Hs #+<uTHjTT&T ++#sT. n~sT\T
sT| =* bC |P] #dq +<T >s +> +~. ||+ #+
mes y& $<+> +s{ |t ~+> (y{) y& @
sh+ +<|<X. {, ks|t, m\, dsY u< ~s
~X> w #j \ rdTy\ d+#sT. sT| n+srjT $<H\qT |{ rdTe#+. & Vu $<H s rdT
$eHXjT+ e< qq+> @sT #dq dH +| suTH+. ||+#+ & yTHCyT+{ $<q+ eTqyT
|yT *$Tf& #syD |]XeTqT eTTKeT+ +<+> jse+. sqTq 15 @ 12 X+ qT+ 15
bs+_+#sT. n<sE kjT++ =f+u&T eT+&\+ &| X+ dTdsyTq n_e~ +T+~. +{ $q se\
>eT+ s.284 150 ms ]+#qTq C]j e\ |T&T\T u mTq eksTT. $XK ]q |T&T\
ds$T bsY f |]XeT X+k|q #XsT. d+<s+> d<dT\ <s 1569 m+yjT\T <TsTH+. M{<s
@sT #dq Vs+> du jTq e{&sT. |{ s.2.75 \\ |T&T\T eksTT. 6 \\ eT+~ b~
m\ dsY`1 $$< |]XeT\T e#sTT. m+d`2 neX\T \_ksTT. C |t &sTT+> _Hdt eTq+ <X+
500 ms\qT {sTT+#+. n& eT] |]XeT\T eksTT. |<eT kq+ H+. u$wT ||+#+H {|t`10
#H = q>s\T VsYysY, dbqH |< mTq b~ +& #s\T rdT+{+ n eTTKeT+ #bsT.
*+, ]_e~ k~dTHsTT. ||+#y|+> $jdTq seT+ CrjT j <sT\ d+|T + n< &T |+C,
dbq 82 X+ #H qT+# neTHsTT. | B dH dm+& y.>TsT, eT+T\T Hs wt, neTsYH<s&,
s|t n&dt> sT|, w|+, #H +{sTT. eTs wHCH n#HjTT&T, k$Ts& #+<yVHs&, m+| e|k<, sT
(#H <T d+|q q>s {)qT & dw+#qTH+. sY |mdt |<TeT ~sT\T bZHsT
$jTy& l<TsZ
$XK|+ yT{ s\T bC <y\jT+ b\eT+&*
jeT+
^H d>
X sy>+ n_e~|<+ |jTdTq $XK|+ dT+<sq>s+
<<| 9,500 n+#H ejT+ #|qTq yT{ s\T bC
sD sw|uT+ ^Hd> +~. $XK|+ q>s n_e~|
| <w|{q eTTKeT+ Hs #+<uT HjTT&T |\ syD
ks\qT eT]+ yTsT>T|s#\q d+\+ yT{ s\T bC
deT+#sT.
q>s+ yTT+ eT&T ]&s 42.55 MTs b&eq bCqT
]+#qTHsT. |uT+ n+^]+#&+ $XK|+ eTVq>s b\
d+d (JMm+d) <T|] #s\ |$T+#qTq~. bC d++~+
> =+ \+> $y<d< |]dT\T H\=q H|<+ yTT<
|b~+q s+&T ]&sbT eTs ]&sY L& yT{ bC
#|{\ JMm+d ssTT++~. n& k |C|<T\ & yTs
b]X$T b++> |sTq >Ey es eT& ]&sY +< yT{
s\T bCqT #|f+<T = desD\ JMm+d |uT
|b~+#>, |uT+ B y<+ *|+~. yT{ s\T bC
n
sD+| JMm+d <w|qTq~. n+<TuT +& <T\qT { |qT\
ls+ #Tf M\T+~. + |U>+q l<TsZZeTXs k$Tys
|uT+ y~+q eT&T ]&s $es*y.. <y\jT+ (<TsZ >T&) b\eT+&* |uT+
jT$T++~. yTs eT+&* |<VsT eT+~
w b]X$T b+yTq >Ey qT+ CrjT sV<] MT<T> =e~
L&* (eT<Tsy&) es 30.381 MTs b&eq =* yT{ s\T duT\qT jT$Td sT\T C#XsT. =>
]&sYqT ]+#qTHsT. CrjT sV<]| mH@& L&*, >TsT<s, jT$TTq duT\+ *d duT& #sH>
eT~\b+, VqTeT+y b+\qT \T| ]&sYqT mqTqTHsT. b\eT+&* duT\T>
]+#qTHsT. jT$TTqy] $jTy& #+~q {&| H
jT\eT+* >s+>uT, c #+~q y\>|P&
w CrjT sV<]| q >TsT<s qT+ b bk|dT es 5.255 X+sYuT, &{ <sse, &\ ds\e],
MTs b&Teq s+&e ]&sY> yT{ s\T bCqT #|qTHsT. & k+ese, #qTy\T k+ dTo<$,
]&sY $XK|+ q>s q&u&Tq >\ &u>sH, dsu> bdt beT] $jTXKsY, |< XKsse, $XH<|*
usY MT<T> |Pses{ < +T+~. b|, #+<TsT| \qsd+Vse, |eT><e]
w {#b+ qT+ qysT (dt bsTT+{ >dt Vdt) < 6.914 #+~q ;s |Ps eT*seT |k<, >T+sT
MTs b&eq eT&e yT{ s\T ]&sY +T+~. CrjT sV<] #+~q { |+#\jT HsT. ;C| qT+
qT+ {#b+ MT<T> s dwH, d +|, d+|Y $HjT $jTy& #+~q Mse#H s+>|k<
>T&, d]|s+, +<jTe]{ W{>{ MT<T> qysT < jT$TT\jsT. M]bT \+>D sc
]&sY sD+ sT>qTq~. #+~q <] L& duT\T> b<+ *+#sT.
M] KeT+ eT~s #+~q yds& seTH<+,
yT{ bC +<+ qT+ s.900 T q\>=+& ds| #+~q |~s& sC
<<| s.9,500 n+#H ejT+ #|qTq $XK|+ yT{ s\T HsT. M]bT mn|wj duT> <ekq+
bC +< |uT+ qT+ s.900 T dVjT+ e# neX+ |<q ns\T *+>+u <TsZ|k<
q< bC yTH+> &ssY seTcs& y\&+#sT. $XKq>s jT$T+#sT. yTT+ 16 eT+~ duT\+ *d
yT{b*H n<]{ e+<, VA< nqT>TD+>H q>s yT{ >s+>uT #sH> mqTH neX+ qT
s\T bC e+<HsT. bCqT |_ |y{ bsYqsYw|t (|||) *d+~.
$<q+ #|uTqT jTq $s *bsT.
v v
|~ s bC\ bs+uy\T, X+k|q\T

s #] <= ]sT
q y+<|<X s qq esZ\T, $dsD bC\

bT = s |jD\ ks\T eT]+
yTsT>T|]# ~X> sw eTTKeT+ Hs #+<uTHjTT&T
w &|-u+>SsT bC u>+> ]+q 21.8 MTs
b&yq &|-|+&eT] = s esZ+
w &|-|+&eT] eT< &m+jT s\T
q<q X* +<+| & d <X\y> $j\T q
w s.345 ejT+ #|{q >T+-sjT#sY-y&
k++ #dT+THsT. pH H\ 15q k] |~ s dwq eT< |PssTTq s &_*+>, $<TBsD |qT\T
bC\ bs+uy\T, X+k|q se\T
sV+#&yT +<T <VsD. X+k|q #dq bC\T
$jTy& TeT\|* + qT+ M&j *+ <s w s.53.14 n+#H ejT+ $XK|+ q>s+ &
]y{ +{ se\qT +< s eT+ dTswt w&qT 100 V#Y.V#Y.| +q sVD keTs
|uT $w]+#sT. seT+ +< eT+T\T m+ |+# |qT\T
y+jTHjTT&T, | nX>|sE, eTTKeT+ Hs w s.213.97 ejT+ <Ty& sdwwt e< e&|P&
#+<uTHjTT&T |uT\T bZHsT. y>H |]j& zesY V*+> (|yV#Y) esYc|
bs+ue+ #dq bC\T sD+
w $jTy&-Vs V+d|sY d|sYbdt ys+| m|dt sCH y+H |{+#*: #+<uT
w sT|-eTT$ V+d|sY ys+| m|dt |q]uq #+ <s sc {sTT+q sCHqT
w $jTy& m\ uH f+> +<+ s.13 DyT @sT #jT& #s\T rdTy\ d+<s+>
ejT+ #|{q r|C m\ y{y deTTsY sw eTTKeT+, +< s eT+ dTswt |uT $|
w sT| 2.5 qT\ keTs+>\ j+ +& bC
#XsT. sCH @sT <s sc_e~ dV]+#\
ssT. neTse qT+ V<su<, u+>SsT yTT<q
w >T- <ses+ dH &_+> H |qT\T
q>s\ d& sqT q&|+<T #s\T rdTy\ ssT.

sw+ Xsy>+ n_e~ #+<TTq $XK|+ q>s
s sb\qT eT]+ |+#\ #+<uT ssT. n>
n& qT+ #H, Ks>|PsY yTT<q q>s\ d& sqT
q&b\ jTq ssT. |&T s &{ <T\
{sTT+|\d+ bs&yseT, |&T }V+# $<+>
sc = bC\ eT+pseTHjTHsT. $jTy&
CrjT s u< D +< H\=\, B
nedsyTq u$T {sTT+#+<T d<+> HeT
#+<uT *jTCXsT. sujT sE s n+~+#
$<TY #\qT ZkeT usk #sT.
neTse s {Tq u+: +<eT+
dTswt |uT
seT+ dTswt|uT e{&T neTse q>s+ s yT
{Tq u+#YqT @sT #jTqTqT |{+#sT. sE
sw+ |~ bC\T bs+_+#&+ >+ mq&
s><HsT. <Xy|+> s\ n_e~ d>T |]o*d
qy+< eTT+<+ q<HsT.
d+<su< qT+ X qy+<|<X d
< bC\T eT+psT #dTHeTHsT. sc s bC
$jTy& eT< <>T\ #V+u<>u+< sb+s+
HsT. n+<T sw+
dV @ = bC keT +<+ #|H yqTy+H <
d+ |dT+ q&TdTq s.1.31 \\ nH n_e~ nedsyTq u$T eTTKeT+ {sTTdTHs #bsT. s\
+sYd{ m|dt s\T |qT\T #|&TTqT dTswt |uT n_e~ CrjT d>T 5.52 X+ +&>, @| 7.02
eT+>] V\T #bsT. X+ q<HsT.
dTqT eT+ dTswt|uT sw+ 200.MT b&eq => neTse s qT @sT #s\T : dTswt
|{+#sT. >+ +f sH ]+#qTHeT, 140.MT |uT
qy+< sc b&eq $<TBsD |qT\T qq s< neTse s qT @sT #jT&
166X+ <T\qT #|uTHeTHsT. d+<su< #s\T #s\T rdT+THeT dTswt |uT y\&+#sT.
n<q+> dTHeTHsT. qT+ $jTy& eT< <>T\ >T+sT H* @sT #dq du kY-du
d+ |dT+ q&TdTq +sYd{ $dt nH seT+ jTq eTTKn~> bZ
m|dt s\T eT+>] V\T |d++#sT. $jTy&-neTse->T+sT s ks+
dTqT eT+ dTswt|uT |{+#sT. >+ +f sc *+#+<T +<|uT+ T& q<HsT. q
166 X+ <T\qT n<q+> dTHeTHsT. neTse sD s.2680 T {sTT+#eTHsT. sH s
q>s s q nqTd+<q+ |+#+<T s ds |qT\ q sD nedsyTq ds (nHyT+{) |qT\T L&
|jTqT eT]+ y>e++ #dTHeT +< s eT+ dTswt #|&eTHsT.
|uT #bsT. -]+> qq Vs |jD\
n+~dTHeTHsT. ~ L& +< e+\qT sc sTD|& H..
n+<TuT rdTe#eTHsT. qy+<|<X qT+ sdu duT> mq+<T sc
qT sTD|& Hq, n+<T sw deT>_e~ qT
s\e s+<, sjT\deT n_e~: u>k$TH sTD+ rsT+{qHsT. >+ +>dt H\T
+<eT+ y+jT e\+ m\|& |+#ys, eTT m\|& q+H
s+<, sjT\deT b+\ deT>_e~ => #|{q eTyT+ y\ |< qs+<yB d+#&+H <X
s bC\T m+>H <V<|&qTHjTHsT. +< y|+> du kY-du $dt se H+~
|uT @| |yTq sweTHsT. n+<Te k] nH |*eTHsT.
v
m&> |q\ @&TsE\T!

qesD + qT+
eTVd+\ B esL..
\+ >j* eqTT+~ nq&+ yT y=#T. n~ k<sD+. , < be+& s|, qe#H

|s|+# >j\T +&+ e+ nk<sD+. nTe+{ $XwyTq< eT& $uq >jT+. @&~&~ >&# =B
s+` XjTyT, d+\+` eTVd+\yT, |q]sD+` qe sD eT<eTeTsTT+~.
n qTD+ bs|{eT sc |> uq |sT>T\T

rsTTdTq eTTKeT+ Hs #+<uT HjTT&T
H+ ]q |qs+ yse+ n&T>&T>TH d]
=Dd&+~. pH 2q bs+uyT, 8q eTVd+\+
|:
n$, sj\ e\ sc ]q qc eTq w+
|P]+#& d+d<+> H+. ds+<|<X sD+
n\T|sT> XeT Je\+ eTq+. | d+u neX+>
eTTdq |qXsD, |qs+ yse+ eTTKeT+ dMT eT\#T+<+. <X u, ke u<,eTDeTq
k+~: sh |> d+, XjTdT d+ eTq+<s+ uT+, uT+ *|
pH 2: |> d+ |q |#<+.
eTq \+: pH 3: |qXsD+... |qs++
2022 ` <X+ 3 n>>$T sc { (\d] <jT+ +<|<X $uq #+`VMT\T`neT\T dMT. +<|<X
s.2.95 \\T) $uq rsT`2014 sh+ |]d`#+, VMT\ k~+q$,
2029 ` <X+ nTeT sh+(\d] <jT+ s. 9.65 k~+#*q$? eT& #sTq |> \\ |qXsD+
\\T) ]+~. $uq c\T n~>$T+#T |> |<+ |jTdTq
2050 ` ||+#+ nTq |eD\ sh+ (\d] <jT+ yH eTTKeT+ dMT+#sT:
s.1.67 T) w sh $uq & |\T sTq~ <T. 2014
nXdjT+>, nd+<+> bsyT+T \T|\qT d+
eTdyd $uq #{ \e++> eTq| sT<sT.

T\, \| n|, s< +& jT e#+.
nsTTH yTTy <s+ <& d+\+ X$T+ eTT+<T
k>TTH+.
w * dy\jT |]b\H ueq sD+ |P]#d
neTse qT+ |]b\q bs+_+#+. $uq #+
VMT\ yTs nH $< d+d\qT H\=+. eTq sc
JeH& nsTTq b\es+ bCqT Xsy>+> ]dTH+.
|{deTqT ]+ c, ><e] q<T\ nqTd+<q+ #X+.
w eTq |]b\q |>Z\T #|f H{ s.16 y\ syq
T, 22.5 $T*jTH jT $<TY T H+. mH
w qc\T m<Ts=+ sT\ sTD$eTT |<, &
eTV\ ] dVj n+~+#>*>+. e\+ eT&
30 |> nysT\qT b+<>*>+. s+&T u>keT d<dT\
<s s.14.5 \\ |& |T&<sT\qT
]+#>*>+. s+&+\ e~ k~+#>*>+.
pH 4: eekjT+.. sq |\kjT+! |uT |<\ HsT> |\ #sTejT #s\T rdTH+.
{ u< sTe sV sh+> +<|<XqT n>>$T> *|, s>+, $<, >TsT, <jT+, ed, >V sD+
sT\+<] s+&+\ <jT+ deTLs ]seT+> ~s+X\| | <w +B]+#+. |, uVD,
sT>TTq w pH 4q ]q se\T dMT+#sTT. yTH]{, ;d d+eT |<\ <s j esZ\ ] #jT.
eekjT+ nqT+< s+>\T`\ d+sD`dTds n_e~ 47\\ eT+~ msY usk |<+ +< d+eT |qqT, 1{
ePV+, TbqT`m<Ts=q $<q+, sT`#T, sT`|>, 39 \\ T+u\ |C|+|D |<+ +< Vs u<,
|{deT`q<T\ nqTd+<q+, b\es+, + b<q eT+ msY y< de |< s.1000 T |> {sTT+|,
bC\ sD+, # &+\ u>s \ |+|, ssTTH eTV k~s d+d s.400 T {sTT+|. &
>qT`|++\T`b\+ |\TdT+~ùks |\T`H |{ d+|\ eT\<q XjB +< s.1,600 T. sh n_e~
d_&`TTD |XeTq+.. e+{ nH n+X\T d+<s+> d d+w dqT #s&yT d+eT+ | |uT q
dMT+#&+ ]+~. < sD+, nHsT eTTKeT+.
<X+ yTTyTT<{ k]> q<T\ nqTd+<q+ #d y\
$\Tyq |+\T b&TH+. eekj f\J pH 6: n <sT\ +<|<X
nqTd+<q+ nsTT+~. #|\T, s=jT\ |+|+, |+& \ k>T $<, y<+, H|D_e~, s+&T u>keT d<dT\ |*+>
y>+ |+EHsTT. n| eTTbsTT,c\ bq sq usT\T r]q |]XeT\T, >TsT, >MTD,|D b+ >V
s.24y\ yTs sTD |XeTq+ *+#+. sTe sV sD+, y*bTq $<TY s+>+, eT* d<Tbj\ \q
sh+ y| e&e&> n&T>T\T ydTH+. |uT+ #|{q eTT+<+` |\T n+X\T... nH s+>\T.. VQeTTU_e~! nB
sT`|>,|+ d+Je,\ d+sD e+{ |<\T sE nC+&! sh+ b]X$T+> n_e~ #+~ b~
d**dTHsTT. 2018`19 H{ >${ b\es+ neX\T, |\ Jeq d>T\T yTsT>T|&sTT. n+<T
b\ b]k+. |+&>T q k>T{ bC\ ]>q |T&T\ sD \+> u>keT d<dT\T sV+#+.
|P]#d | eT>eTj+, nHsT #+<uT. jTTe yTsT>q b~ neX\T n+~+#+<T H|D D
dTH+. eTq qu$T Cqu$T> r]~<+<T $<,
pH 5: d+eT+ \+.. d$T[ n_e~ <jT+ |]X<q\, = $wsD\ ~ bV+ dTH+.
n~ |*\ k<q`n&T>T esZ\ n_e~ |\T`|<qyTq eT* d<Tbj\ \q,yTsT>q y<+ n+~+#+<T w
d+eT, n_e~ |<\| #s`|\ n+<TuT |uT #dTH+, n+ | n+X, s+> &$T, ] $e]+#sT
|<\T`ke s+>+ n_e~` |<H+X\T> ]>sTT dm+ #+<uT.
sE se\.
pH 7: qe s eT++`| eTT+<T! w ||+# \e+> +& eTq |C s< q>s+

|\ eTTKeT+ dV |uT jT++>+ n+ neTse ]+#Ty\H eTV d+ HqT #dTHqT.
nqT+ n+<TuT +& C\ j|t <s @| dm+ w eTq &|&T#T\ b>#sT e+{ deTLs\q >
H, |\ n_bj\T y]# d\V\T,d#q\T HsT> @&~ d+ k~+#>\>&+ eTq |uT s<
eTTKeT+ \TdTH @sT. ]jT fyT >esH <s <sq+> u$dTHqT. n< d] eekjT T+u\
deTd\ |]cs+. |\ deTd\| y+H d+~+ q <jT+ | <T d+es\ s+&+\T |+#&,
#s\T rdTe& 1100 { | q+sY d+sY, eekjT nqT+< s+>q eT, b&, , s=jT\
b\q n$,ne\ |]XeT\ n_e~ bT|&q, |+& \ |+|+ |<
||+#ksTT V|Hdt +& n&T` $ |<H+X\T. mTq #|{ sjT\deT, s+<\ qT+ sTeqT ]$T={
us<X+ 4,315 bsTT+T | eTT+<T (|| |dt) nq |<]+| >\T| k~kq eTV d+\+ #dTHqT.
k~+#>, eTq sh+ 5,368 H<+ d]= seT+yT w sc JeH& +{ b\es+ qT+& 2018 H{ >${
k~++~. s V|Hdt es+~. <s sT b]+#Te&+ eTq \+> d]dTHeTT.
sD+ q e+X<s, |*, V+B`y, >sT`q>],
+& 8 bsTT+T +& ||+#ksTT V|Hdt
us<X+ 4,315 y*>=+&, eTT#TeT], >T+&eT, |sTc|+, +\|P&,
k~+#&+ eTq+ s+#Tq bsTT+T k~+#>, eTq s+< dT\ de+ yTT<{ <X bC\qT e# @&~
\+. sh deT>_e~ 15 sh+ 5,368 k~++~. |P] #dTy\H eTV d+ #dTHqT.
n+X\ T+ $d+, 10 s V|Hdt +& 8 w 20 y\ # &eTT\qT ]+, H\T>T \\ |++\qT
n+X\ de $d+ d+ bsTT+T k~+#&+ eTq+ $ yH\+ eTT+<T 8 MTsT, yq\T |& sTy 3
dwyTq s#sD dseT>_
+#Tq \+. sh
e~ 15 n+X\
MTs u>s \ eT{\T k~+#&+ eTq \+. q<T\
nqTd+<q+bT deTs { sVD #|{ H sc
|PqT+TH+. T+ $d+, 10 n+X\ sTe sV sh+> eT\#T+{qH eTV d+
de $d+ d+ dwyTq #dTHqT.
s#sD |PqT+TH+. dTds b\q bT dTs, w @&~ H e+T> d+ |~ eT+~ ssdT\qT
|X+ de+ |uT b<q, n $e]+#sT sh nsdT\T> #d y] &, | *sd\qT *kqT.
eTTKeT+. 2019 H{ qsT X+ nsdqT k~+#&yT
pH 7: eTV d+\+`2017 sh+ |uT bsX\\T n{ |]#sY qT deTLs&yT
\+> d]dTHqT. 2018 H{ eTq bsX\\T n+{
eTq sh dseTTK $d k<q,13 \ deT> n_e~ |sY & <s & s>T\qT @ss#&+ eTq \+.
sE HqT eTV d+ #dTHqT. z|H d, z|H jTe]{\ <s | e s+s
w @&~ 15 X+ ] e~ k~+#\H |uT <j $< nudd, eTq qu$T, Cqu$T> r]~<&+ eTq
dV]+, \d] <jT+ \ 47 y\ sbjT\T <jT+.
w ks, |eq $<TY , \, b<T|d+, ||+#+
k~+#+<T H e+T w #kqT.
@| |s z }|
edTq qq $wsD\qT eTTKeT+ deT+ 2 |+<\T
$j+, |uT+ #|f s+&e
s+ $<TY d+dsD\ $<TY
#\T >Z+<T ]> w
dV]kqT.
w sh+ @&~ eTs 6y\
MTs dyT+T sV<sT\
sD #|&+, n |+#sTTr
s\j\ ueH\T,bsX\ ueH\
sD |P] #jT&+ eTq \+>
s+#THeTT. eTs H\T>T y\
|+#sTTr\qT Vs+> eT\ $dsq
>e\T> #d d#+<|<X
n
<e dV]kq eTV
d+\+ #dTHqT. eTse q>s eTy& {HbsT |s{+> ddyT n+~+# w u>k$T>
w eTq+èTq+ seT+ | s+ e+&\ eTTKeT+ #+<uTHjTT&T, |eTTK HH {HbswH H{esY +|
|~ yTT\T H{,yTT+ 50 z d+#sT. dy\jT+ eTTKeT+ deT+ z >| @|{&d, @|
yTT\ 2018 H{ 30X+ ]+ &bsTyT+{ ne>Vq |+<\T #dTHsTT. sw+ |<mTq sT>TTq
|#<q+ k~+#+<T X$TkqT. |s s+> n_e~ m+yjT\T \ u$T bw+#>\eq n_bj eTTKeT+
w k+ |]Cq+ $j+#T= d+<s+> e+#XsT.
$\Te\ L&q n$ sV |s\T sy\+f dTsyTq syD eed, deTsTq ]+>, {HbsT |ss
deC k~+#+<T sD X~> neds+ m+ e+< eTTKeT+ nHsT. +&j sdt u |ssY> q z @|
X$TkqT. pH2018 H{ n |{ 6 q>s\ 6 y\ yVH\qT q&T|T+&+ $XweT, sqTq =~\+ 3
>e\ +s{ n+~+ |uT
yT>d{\T, 13 s=swH d{\ d+d H{esY |+#Ty\ d+#sT. n+<T
dT\, s\j\ H H
de\T n+~+# keTs *+#&yT nedsyTq dVjT dVs\T |uT+ n+~dT+< #bsT. |Cs< d*+>,
<jT+> d]dTHqT. m\ {\ bT k<sD esZ\T L& e+{jT, n esZ\ nedsyTq
n<THq yVq eed eTT+<Tsy\ eTTKeT+ z u sV+# @mH
w d+es+ C |t &sTT+> f\Jdt +< $e]+#sT.
_Hdt |<eT kH k~+#&yT
+& CrjTksTT nH |dT+ @| 6 y\T> eq z yVH\T e# @&~ 12 y\, s+& 16 y\,
nysT\T n+<Tq+<T d+| <> 25 y\ |+#TeT @mH jeq+ eTTKeT+ #+<uT $e]++~.
e+ #d 2018 H{ n+X\ Be\ 20 y\ = <>\ \q sT>TT+< #bsT. eTs <sT q>s\ $d]+#&+
eTq |> eT]+ y>e++ <s @| yTT+ 12 q>s\ eTT n+<TuT e+{eT *bsT. ]+
#dTH+<T w #kqH eTV #dTq |+<+ u>+> |s >eT kH\, |+&>\T, y+T, d\e sE\
d+\+ #dTHqT. d]= bJ\T |yX|&eT #bsT.
w deyT <y\jT+, | <e |+<\ yTs z *d |uT+ |de, V& dq | bJ\T rdTedT+~.
n eTq msY q d+<X+. n es{+> |#sq zqT n|wjT {y bsqsY> >T]dT+~. z &es
d+<X+ qT+ d] b+<T ] nedsyTq D n+~+#&+ |uT+ dV]dT+~. |s s+> #+~q |uT
d+dsD\ |\qT |\+<] n~s yu d z @| nqTd+<q+ #ksT. n& qT+# HsT> deTsT z
n+~+, |<]+, ] yVH\qT T #dTH neX+ \T>TT+~. z d+d L& < |< @| ]C
ndeq\T |X+, dTs, |y{ #dT+~. $jTy& msTTsYbsT, s dwH, HVA dwH ~s kH\ qT+
q+<<jTyTq de sDyT y\>|P& dy\jT+, q<TsZ y\, dsY&@ s\j\ | s sTdTeTTH
se+> | #dTq |uT ed\T #dT+~. s+&e <X @| 5 |<q q>s\ m\ dT\T, u ~s
dV]kq eTV d+\+ yVH\qT |yX|&TT+~. @| ]+ *d d*+>, m+bsTTyT+{ qs{+> b{byT
#dTHqT. rdTse& w #dT+~. m+yjT\T #dTq sTy eTTKeT+ #+<uT HjTT&T
dy\jT esDH z = yVH\ |#C+& }| +#q+> bs+_+#sT.
v v
sDjT q>s
neTse kq+ >qes+, sT|
$eHXj\
+<|uT+ C> |{+q sDjT q>s\ C_
qy+<|<X qq s< neTse q>s kq+
<+~. eTTKeT+ Hs #+<uTHjTT&T w,
|T<\bT y+jTHjTT&T #=se, de\ => sD
n+srjT VA<
|jT q neTse neX+ \_++~. n<T w sw| qT+ y<eTT< : >{ $&T<\
k+qT n+~|#Tq q>s\> m+|q y{ n_e~
#d+<T |<+ +~ +<+ dVjTdVs\T n+~dT+~. w >dT 1e B qT+ neT\T
<Xy|+> yTT+ eTT| sDjT q>s\qT |{+#> M{ w k ydT\T >qes+ qT+#
deT>_e~ +<|uT+ s.57,393 T |T&> $<ojq+
|{\ |b~++~. B+ neTse qq q>s sD+
q
+<+ u yTT+ ] dVjT+ n+<#jTqTq~.
|{es qy+< H&, sT|, $XK|+ q>s\qT y+<|<X s< neTse #sTe>\ >qes+
sDjT q>s\ C_ m+|q $wjT+ *d+<. <T\ $eHXj n+srjT VA< *+#+<T
$wjT+ +<+ u>keT+ neT+~>qT , |D[<+> +<|uT+ ^H d> e&+, +< eT+eT+&* rdTq
#|&TTq neTse |s> $wjT+ eTTKeT+ \+ sj us sw| |DueTTK q y<eTT< yXsT.
Hsys deTjT+ ddyT+~. neTse q>s n+srjT >qes+bT |U |DyTq sT| $eHXj L&
|eD\ n<TyTq dT+<s eTVq>s+> r]~<\q n+srjT VA< *+#sT. >qes+, sT| $eHXj\qT
#+<uT |q, d+ +<+ eT]+ }$Tqf+~. n+srjT $eHXj\T> |]>Dd >{ $&T<+~. B+
eTs s+&T eT&T H\ >qes+, sT| $eHXj\ qT+
s< neTse q>s |]~ $es\T $<ojq ks esZ+ dT>eT+ u+~. +es $<o-
neTse q>s $ds+ : 217 #<s| MTsT jq+ #j\+f $XK|+ < V<su< y[ n& qT+
<TujYT MT<T> yHsT. eT]=+<s #H < u+>SsT,
Hu : \ (2011 \ |s+) eTT+sTT q>s\ qT+ yHsT. |&T c\ r]qf.
syq >e\T : 24 s+&T $eHXj\ n+srjT VA< se& eTTKeT+
|+#sTTr\T : 25 Hs #+<uTHjTT&T m+ |T<\ w #d $jT+
eT+&\T :3 k~+#sT. +<+ bs$eqjq eT+> {&| #+~q
|Pdb{ nX>|sE +&+ sjT+ eT]+
dT\usyT+~.
neTse q>s+ sDjT q>s\ dsdd #s+ e\ +<+
qT+ n<q+> nH sb\ <T\T deTLsqTHsTT. >qes+ qT+ <TujYT =* ddT
<bT +<+ qT+ n+<qTq <T\ nH |D[\ sk \ |<q $eHXjTyTq >qes+
q>s_e~ #|& eTTKeT+ #+<uT dsT #dTHsT. $<ojH #sTee+~. >qes+ qT+ =* $<o $eqjq+
neTse q>s+ nH sD\T Xsy>+> k>TTHsTT. <TujYT +&u+~. eT&TH\ <TujYT & qT+ $eq
y\>|P& |{ * dy\jT+bT sw Xdddu, ddT\T q&b\ ssTT+#sT. n+srjT ksTT $eq
eT+&* ueq deTT<j\qT L& ]+#sT. 2020 H{ q>s ddT\T n+~+#+< $eHXjT+ >\ b f]q ueH
Hu d+ 15 \\, 2050 H{ 50\\ Hu s+&Tqs n<T]+#\ ssTT+#sT. p 31H{
#sT+T+< n+#H yddTHsT. ueq+ d<+ #j& s#sD |D[ sb+~+#sT.
y+jT \T #|q #+<uT >qes+ qT+ <TujYT =* $eq ddTqT q&b\ +<
bs$eqjq eT+XK ssTT++~. m$Ts{ msTTsYH
sDjT q>s\ C_ qy+< qq s< neTse d+d yTs #s\T k>TTHsTT. b]X$T, yD d+|\
q>s m+| #dq+<T +< |D_e~XK eT+ |<T\ $|\qT |]>Dq rdT ys+ d+ s+&T
y+jTHjTT&T sw eTTKeT+ Hs #+<uTHjTT&T ddT\qT <TujYT q&b\ u$dTHsT. s nyT], q&,
\T *bsT. sw $uq nq+s+ +< qT+ e# n d*j dV ||+#+ @ <XH <TujYT qT+
|<\q +<|<X deTTyTq kq+ <+<T dTHjd+> y neX+ +~.
y+jTHjTT&T m+ w #dTHs =j&sT.
v v
||+#+H n|< ksbsT s\T @sT #dq |Tq
@sTy k>s |uT<q #bsT. | eP] sT\T ks $<T<T @sT

#dT+f $T>T\T $<TTqT ysT s neds\
sH... sH
$j+#Te#HsT. > @&~ $T] eT+ <s +&+
sT\+ $T] yXsT. B+ ~>T& |], <s Z+~. n>
k] | yd #q me eT+~ sT\T HsT. n< ]
eT +<T\T |e. { ||<H\T, sT<H\T,
qH+\T e+{$ sT\T ydTy\ #+<uT d+#sT. M{
$q ssTTr 33 X+ qT+ 75 X |+#TeT, \T|
rd+<T VsT s.500, eT+<T\T #+<T s.500, eT<T
<s +f n<q+> s.200 #=|q keT eTTKeT+
|{+#sT. |+\ dbw\qT e+< X+ ssTTr
n+<CkeTHsT. +<T s.1,020 T KseT+<HsT.
k>T skjTq msTe\ y&+ Z+#\ dm+ d+#sT.
@sTy sT |+&>
@sTy bs$T nH~ sT\qT >s$+# |+&> n, | B
sh |+&> sVkeT dm+ y\&+#sT. k] qT+ uks
|\ $es\T, eTX+, yesD $es\T n &wtusT
+{jTHsT. esue+ |+\T m+&bT+f, eTT+<T>H
>T]+ sT\qT V#]keT, ssTTH >H n+<Cd |+\T
b&eTHsT. > @&~ |+\T m+&TTHjTH~ >T]+#&+
=+ C|+ ]+<HsT. @<H |+\ >T ed, y{

ksY bH b{ rd, |+| y+H >T\T @$T{? ysD
@ eT+<T\T yj\H~ *| b+{ nH j|tqT
: nq+|s+ jesZ+ sjT<TsZ+ >eT+: &>+ n+<TuT #eT dm+ *bsT. <q |+\T =qT>\T
|+#{, \b> #T{ m&+& MT< eq eTTKeT+ deTjT+ d{ (sT>T) |] <sT\T |& K&sY n+
#+<uT HjTT&T H>* |{, ns<T, $H\T #* @sTy <sT\qT #+<uT V#]+#sT. sh+ m&H d{ |sT
bs+_+#sT. =\] es\, HsT |eH\ >e y&T> sT\qT yk\T #d ]q #s\T rdT+{eT, n+{y]
V+#sT. fsTqT pd |qT, de#s 1100 H+sT bH #d #_ y+H #s\T
@sTy bs$T nH~ m\| \ <|\ m&T <\T, k\T<| rdT+{eT VMT #sT. b\es+ sc JeH& n B
sT\qT >s$+# |+&> b+< ydT, qeTT d]d] \T,
@sTy k>s sH qH n sh
2019 H{ ]+ rsTeTHsT.
n, | B sh s+>+ V+ +|+~. #+<uT yT\T eTse+ : Cd
|+&> sVkeT weT+ rsTqTs, sH sH n <e&T dV]+#bsTTH ds, sh+ | ms ]#+<T
dm+ y\&+#sT. k] usk +~ #+<q H+ eTTKeT+ #+<uT s, |>\T n & +&
qT+ uks |\ ]q =\] d+s+. w|&TTHs nq+|s+ m+| Cd ~ysYs& |s=HsT.
$es\T, eTX+, d+<s+> ]q du k++ rdT=q >+BJ m|{ m eTsby sTe
]q #+<uTq L& mes eTsbs nHsT.
yesD $es\T n e{ &T u$wT $<TY #\T
|+#~ <, |&Tq #\qT + dm+ # *>e<T. me& #=|T+TH&
&wtusT +{jTHsT. ZkeT eTTKeT+ #+<uT @y>, eTq e+ ]dTHsT. uT 2019 L&
|s=HsT. s+T #\T |s>&yT | >TZjT mes n~s+ sy*. +f * #k+ n+<T b\es+, s
ePV+ +&s eTT Z+ #|keT nHsT. sT\ bC\T |PssTT sT sy\+f 2019 L& #+<uT dm+
nedsyTq $<TTqT |P]> |>{|Pf keT VMT #sT. #j\ Cd ~ysY s& nHsT. seT+ eT+T\T k$Ts&
2014 $uq H{ eTq 22.5 $T*jTH jT $<TT #+<yVHs&, <$H eT, \e lydT\T, |]{\ dT,
=s +&<, sT\T s+T m|&=dT+< *jT |+|\ e< eVsY, XdqduT\T, XdqeT+&* duT\T, n~sT\T bZHsT.
|&>|\T j* e#< eTTKeT+ nHsT. nq+|s+ 2016 K|t d++~+q
|]d |P]> esd+<HsT. ks $<TT $T>T\T k<eT, s.1,032 |T& ssTTr eTTKeT+ $&T<\ #XsT.
v
2 3
4 1. sT| $eHXjT+ e+< n&T>T\ CrjT
C+&qT m>Tsydq eTTKeT+ #+<uT
HjTT&T.
2. sh+ | eekj bV+#+<T
s+>+ |DT&q dTuwt bsYqT
d\V<sT> jT$T+q d+<s+> jTq
dHq+.
3. ]jT f+ >esH d+ @seTq e+&
n+& +{ d+sY sD bs+_dTq
eTTKeT+.
4. neTse d+#]jTH jTe]{
X+k|q #dTq eTTKeT+.
2 3
1. nq+|seTT sjT<TsZ+ jesZ+
@sTy seT+ bZq eTTKeT+.
2. sh+ $$< s |<\qT bs+_+q
d+<s+> s XK eT+ dTswt |uT
#+<uT e{eT+r.
3. +<|<X | ]_e~ {{ dt
ne>Vq |+<+ <TsTq dsY. +
eT+ dT, dsY dy wyVH, s
n~sT\T.
4. |X+ us yTsTTH H qT+ c
& |+\ d+ { $&T<\ #dTq
4 eTTKeT+.
q d|+.... H{ d+!
r]q 8 <Xu\ \es+

&]q b\es+!
b\es+ bC n+f e\+ z u
+T &+ <T. y~
ejT+ <T. eekjT+ e
qT#| yTs $d]+, qT\ |+&>> s|~<T+Tq >T&
b+>D+ n&T>T|>H, m+ X+> +<... n+ d+<&>
L& +~. m+ X\+> +<..... n+ $T+ #q+> +~. @ ~
#dH eTVsD <X. eTTdTsdq X+ >*>|s+ n|dTq
<, usrjT, eTTK+> +< C esD+` CrjT VQsk< b\es+ bC! q <T
kseT, Jeq $<qeT m\T> #d \j\+{sT. <Xu\T> < es+ b\es+qT +< He[
#{+| \TyT s|yT b\es+. n+~+q eTTKeT+ Hs #+<uT HjTT& H+ Xsy>+>
|+\ bDH&, C JeH&, d<eTTq |<X+ {~ +<T\ u$e+ =\TeeTq y.
<T +<T\ eT& \` b\es+ +>s&>&+ dT ~, b\es+ bC d #sTH|{
n|&|& \y]+~. n|{ &y]+> |+|dT ]seT+> |#d,
ds+ n+ bC d{ qT+ es+ &dTHsTT. eTTKeT+ >] <X\ yTs n \,
|k< sT=+& | <q+! TTTe\L nqTL\+>H | w& ssTT+#eTT. es\+ L&
|qT\ n+sjT+ @s&+& #XeTT. msY esY, n+f eT{

e+ |qT\ =+ $seT+ H, +T |qT\T
=qkdTHeTT. C es\+ c>\T +T
|qT\ # nqTL\+, n #bsT N|t +sY $mdt syTwt
uT.
pH 13 qT+ pH 19 esL 2.9 \\ L_ MTs eT{
|qT\T eyT ]>jT, $T> ys\ b* ~ #
e d++~ +sT *bsT. bC d\+ m ysT
(eT{ y jT+\T), &+|sT (ydT {|sY yVH\T)
& be&+ e\ 5 \\ L_ MTs, es+ e\ eTs 2
\\ L_ MTsT` yTT+ 7 \\ L_ MTs eT{ |
s><HsT. \ eqsT\ eT+ <$H eeTVXs se,
d++~ XK q~sT\ | keTys+ dMT sV+#
eTTKeT+ #=se e\ pH 19q ]q dMT seT+
& =s deTd |]w]+#&+< +sT #bsT. nsTT, nsTTq|{, T~> u< eV+#e*q uesY +|, m n+&
yq\ e\ eT{|qT\T *bsTT, = { d+d\ |<T\T s+s+ |sydTHsT. &j|yT y
nTq ksTT +s m ysT, &+|s z |q U> d+ bq> eT{ |#d, eT{| |PssTTq bH
HsTT.
qT+, n&T>T ]& |b_f& d\T C ~+#TTHsT H . n+
d y, &j|yT y d+ +{ eTVjT+ ]bT+~. nTq ksTT +s qT+,
esL n+<s |sT\ $TX eT+ jsjT |qT\T eTs | n&T>T ]& esL n+<s |sT\ bDH&.... sc
bDH&... sc =qk>TTHsTT. u+> b+ JeH& b\es+ sD+ |ys, |sy, L...
JeH& b\es+ +{ $TXeT+ jse +~. jTeqT eT>yT HsT.
sD+ |ys, {{ $Ts s=< +ss X+
|sy, L... \>*d |]ds\ sTTHsTT. b\es+ bC |
jTeqT eT>yT |s]s\ qT+ |+q n<T
{` fu. ||+#+H
@ bCH qB |yV esZ+H &yT, d y >T ]ksT.
b\es+ bC |<qyTq msY yT s | &yT
HsT. n |<<q fu <s +T ><e] q~ jTT dV esZ+ ]d d y e+ qB
|qT\T sT>TTHsTT. B <s >+ |yV | eT[+ eT[+| esZ+ ]+#&+ bC
2000 L_ MTs +T |qT\T sT>TjT, n> 200 |. ||+#+H @ { bsT<\ bC n+
n&T>T\ <s+ qT+ fu <s +T |qT\T #jTe# b&yq nb#Y #H mq >T,&j|yT y sD+
$e]+#sT n& |qT\T |sydTq | +sT. bC |\T n #b*. bC &\ sD |~
+{ |qT\T L& ys+ eT+<+#jT, e\+ 8800 \\ qT\ dyT+T neds+ qT+~. <<| 33 \\ L_
L_ MTs +{ |qT\T eyT ]>jT #bsT |sy MTs +T yj* +~. bC sD+ 33 y\ qT\
n~sT\T. es\T |&+ bT, +{+>T e*q \sY qTeTT neds+ qT+~.
b+T L& n+<TuT be&yT |qT\ <&T Z+<
nHsT. C |dT+ jseTq +{ +f 7 qT+ 8
msY yT s | &yT
sT me, n+f sE 8,000 L_ MTs +{ 194.6 {m+d\ \ keTs+ q q 300 MTs y&\T,
nedseTT+~. neds >Z +{qT n+~+#\+f 2454 MTs b&e ]+#qTHsT. &yT n&T>Tq qB\+
n+<T q n<THq jT+ ke y\, n$ s qT+ u>s+ &j|yT y ]dTHsT. n+<T#H, ~
deTLsqTqT +{ d+d {H{jYT d+d |<T\T msY yT s | &yT qT+~. &j |yT y sD+
#bsT. p 15 H{ jT+ke yTT+ se&+, n+ wyTq~. B q~ n&+> dTqT =\+
$j>+ e&+ sT>TT+< eTTKeT+ VMT qT u>s+ ssTT +es 1.5 MTs eT+<+ 1467 MTs
|<T\T *bsT. b&eq 40 qT+ 100 MTs T es y[ &j|yT y
sD+ #|&+ ]+~. B s <X #+~q |U
eTVsD+ +{ &j|yT y <>Zs {+>, {$T+> |qT\T
uesY +|, m n+& { +|\ sD u<\qT
CsT> k>TTHsTT. &j|yT yqT &T+~ {H{jYT
n|+#sT. +T |qT eT+ H|D+ q |P$TsTTdsY
d+d #+~q = $\Tyq jT+ keT =+&* =\++~.

$jdTHsT. b\es+ msY + s | &yT ~>Teq ujT
><e] \qT \T| H _& sD+ #|{sT. d y <&T rdTq b\es+
~>Teq 620 MTs <s+ _& sD+ sT>TT+~. d ]w \\qT s+#Te&+ mT nsTT, \
y #H| ]+# _& ||+#+H nTeTyTq~. ee~ y{ k~+#\ <& d+\+, <
|D[<+> |s>$T+#&+ eTs= mT. sTeqT ]$T
d y n+f.. yjT& H \+ \|{q~ b\es+ bC. VQ
XjT+ keTs+ +f q~ {|yV+ |]q|&T, bs |jH\T #LsqTq VQs bC sD+ d+
{ ~>Te |eV+# #jT& @sT #d sDyT d <T +<T\T <T <Xu\ s& m<TsT#dTHsT.
y. ~ msY yT s | &yT =qk+|> &y| 45.77 bCqT H&T eTTKeT+ #+<uTHjTT&T m{ |]dTq
MTs mT, 1128.40 MTs b&eq ]dTHsT. 50 \\ |P]#d 2018 H{ >${ <s sT n+~+ 2019 H{
Ld\ { esL +< |+|+#>\ keTs+ d y |P]ksTT bCqT |P]#j\ |++|{ n|Ps w
]eT+~. qB |yV d y eT[+#& nb#Y #dTHsT. <X+ n|Te $&T<\ #X ] q~ b|~q k>+ dm+ #+<uT |T<\, <,
eT[+#& d #, |{ #H L& @seTHsTT. X~ n<+ |&TT+~. sh+ eekjTyT JeH<s+>
d y sD e*q |H~ e& 165.5 \\ L_ 60X+ |> q >MTD T+u\ ] |]d yTsT>T|]#
MTs eT{ $ rd +T ydTHsT. d y +T |qT Vs \+ b\es+ bC sD y>e++ #XsT.
yTT+ 52 u\T HsTT. M{ sT zesY b njT u\T nbs \s *eq ><e] q~| ]dTq bC
48. d y qT+& { jT e<\& 48 >T @sT |PssTT qy+< u$ +>s+ qT+~.
2014 &d+sY es y>+> sT>TT+&+ m|{|&T ysTT<\ \ 8 <Xu\T

#dTHsT. d y +T |qT\T
b\es+ bC e< m& >T _+#T+ y+<T 1941 n|{ eT<dT b$qT #+~q N|t +sT l y+
w njTsY# 150 {m+d\ \Te keTs+ b\es+
#dH =+&\T, eT{ >T eTT+<T>H > sD+ L& ]+#\ |b~+#sT. sTy b<$T ds\T ]|,
|+#$. H&T bs+uyT+~. d y neTs&
T <X+H n+ u >T. = XjT sD+ d+ d L& m+| #XsT. &yT
\yTq n |<X >>T 16 MTs y&\T, 20.52 MTs sD+ q +<T\qT <w |T= ||+# |U
=+&\T,eT{ >T\T mT ]dTHsT. = >T dTesT >+q C.m.kyC, &sY sY s|T (b<sY |t ksTT
=\+#sT. |{ 450 qT\ qTeTT 48 > yT), mdt.z.VssY, dsY eTT< yT &=H nH q\T>TsT
70X+ |> eT{ 22,000 qT\ qTeTTqT
=\+#&+ |PssTT+~ $jdTHsT. |{ 20 >T L&
jsq$. $T*q$ qe], |e]
H{ |P] qTHsTT. > j | | d+d
sVdT+~.
\\ eed
bC s+&T |<q \Te\T HsTT. { s<
neTse y| e#~ & \Te>, $XK y| y~ m&eT
\Te> |\TdTHsT. & \Te b&e 177 .MT > m&eT
\Te b&e 178 .MT. & \Te |qT\T |P]> m&eT
\Te |qT\T y>e++ #d+~ |uT+. 2014 &d+sY es
b\es+ bC e< m& #dH =+&\T, eT{ >T
|+#$ H&T \yTq n |<X =+&\T, eT{ >T\T
=\+#sT. |{ 70 X+ |> eT{ =\+#&+
|PssTT+~. $<X\ qT+ u jT+\qT =\+ u
=+&\qT d+ |+& #jT&+ ]+~. u =+&\qT =\+
yT+> |qT nqTue+ q yD d+d & n&T> q
{ s*+#&+, n< y<T c { sjT\deT

s*+#&+ e+{ VQ |jH\T #LsqTHsTT.
bC |P] e& |&T +<+ # <T yqT<qT>
\y* +~. <T | bC |P]e& mTe+{
++ <T. CrjT bC> |{+ b\es 100 X+
<T\T +<yT u]dT+< VMT e&+ ksTT <T\T
ekjT sh |uT+ bC sD+ y>+ |++~. 50 \\
Ld\ es< |yV nqTe> ]dTq Te+{ bC
<X+H <T. 194.60 {m+d\ { \ keTs+ dTesT
300 MTs y&\T, 2454 MTs b&e &yT sD+
sT>TT+~. b\es+ bC |<qyTq$ d y +T
sD+, |<q msY + s | &yT sD+, &j |yT y
sD+, > j, |sY &yT sD+ \+ qTHsTT.
2016 &d+sY 30q d y +T |qT\, 2017 |e] 1q
&j|yT y sD, d y >T b_wH |qT\
eTTKeT+ #+<uTHjTT&T bs+u+ #jT>, eTs= \
|TyTq |sY &yT sD jTH bs+_+#sT. 2018
+s |DT\ $T{ yjT+ ]+~. |DT\ +<+ H{ >${ <s sT y\H eTTKeT+ #+<uT
n|{ N|t +sT >$+<sC njT+>sY deyXyT bC d+ Hsys&+ |sY &yT |<q b qT+~. |sY
sD+ d+ m+| #dq d\+ eT+ d\+ n s]+#sT. &yT L& q~ eT< |<q &yT m>Teq ]+#&TT+~.
1941 b<$T ds\T, 1951 deT> ds\ sTy s.129 |<q bC nqTq~ nqTqT> |P]e& eTT+<T
n+#H\ bCqT ]+#\ \|{sT. ] |sY &yT <s k>TsT y\ dm+ #+<uT #q.
+<T\T, bC sD d+w\ <c sD+ eTT+<T &j|yT y sD b+ 600MTs <s+ |sY &yT
k><T. 1953 eq u es<\T, sTy $XK d sD+ sT>TT+~.
b { neds+ e+{ sD\ <c 1970 sh |uT+ |sY &yT sD M\T> eT{,ssTT ><e] b&eq
y~ jsT#d 1976 bC Hd>wH $T+ n&T yjTqTHsT. B 2.5 .MT b&e, 145 MT y&\T
= $T{ @sT #d 1978 T~ ]+#qTHsT. &yT mTqT 31.5 MTs qT+ 41.5 MTs mT
sh+ eekjTyT ~qT KssT #XsT. sTy
y |+ >${ <s sT n+~+#\ |uT+ ssTT++~.
JeH<s+> 60X+ |> 1980 ><e] {Tq b\es+ nsTT |dT+ dH =+yTs, $T*q~ e# dH |P]#d
sD nqTeT e&+ n|{ 2018 H{ >${ <s sT n+~+#\ |D[ d<+ #XsT.
q >MTD T+u\ ] eTTKeT+ {. n+jT bC dH nsY H |qT\T bs+_+ s+sjT+> pH
|]d yTsT>T|]# Vs sD X+k|q ]|H es |qT\T bs+_+ sT n+~+#\ \+> |Tq~
\+ b\es+ bC bC |{<T.
sD y>e++ #XsT. H{ qT+& b\es+ bC
nbs \s *eq m|{ |PseT+<q, B eTq+
><e] q~| ]dTq #ke n, H |+#Tq
bC |PssTT qy+< |\T H&T bC sD+ y>+
u$ +>s+ qT+~. |#PsdeqT+<
sTy bC
e J$ y\T>T\T
ekjT, b& |+\ eT
&jT |\T,sT\T d+s |&TTHsT. bC
|PssTT => 7.20\\ ms\ k>TsT, 23.50 \\
ms\ c`><e] & jTT dsD, 540 >e 28
\\ Hu >TsT, $XK|{ 23.4 {m+d\ {
>T eT]jTT b]X$T neds\ n+~+#&+, \ syD,
#|\ |+|+, 960 yT>y $<T, c & 80 {m+d\
| keTys b\ys+> |uT+. |sY &yTqT 100@ H{ sT. y{ |{es |~ bC\ qj|k L& $&T<\
esT= bC |s> es<qT <w |T= ]dTHsT. #jT<T. b\es+ |]d L& n L&<H eTTKeT+
28 \\ Ld\ es< { bC sD u<qT \THsT, nHsT <$H. b\es+
dMTdTHsT eTTKeT+. q TH keTs+ B +~. |sY bC |P] +& |&j\ ||\ <X+ +<,
|dT qT+# |qT\T #d &yT sD \sY d+d d<yT+~. y] bC\T |P]e+ w+qT+< nHsjTq.
@sT#dT= |H +< \d+|T+ |DT\T ys+ sh |uT+ bC sD+ #|{ y>+> |P]#dT+&+
bCqT d+<]dTHsT. T\ nqTeTT\T q y+H C{ bC |PssTT y] |>T\T +&eq u<H |uT+|
2018 H{ >${ >{+> |< |qT\T #|f+<T |&T s|D\T #dTHsT. sh u$wTH +>s+
(>TsTsD) <s sT @sT #dT+THsT. #jTuTq, <X <H>s+>, +<|<X nq|Ps>
n+~+ sT\ J$ bC +< ujT ><e] esuTq b\es+ sD+| =+<sT sT\ L& y[
u dsD, |qsyk <<| n&Tue&+ $T+ y] <T d++~+ ys
y\T>T\T +b\, s.32,000 T KsT qT+< <VsD\s<T, nHsT.
+{sqT, n~sT\qT n+#H yXsT. bC @~ @yTH <Xu\T> \ |]$TyTq <X+H n|<
|sT>T\T rsTTdTHsT dm+ |P]#jT& 100 X+ <T\T b\es+ bC sD sh |uT+ jTT< b|~q |P]
HusT <s n+~+#& +< #dTq~. bC |P]#d 13 \qT dsZT\+ #j\,
|uT+ nqTeTT\T |++~. n+<T u>+> +< |uT+ | >e |#> es\, | bsT& ] u<
&d+sY 26,2016q s.1981 T $&T<\ #sTT+#&+ ]+~. *+#\q #+<uT |T<\, <, X~ bC
eTT+<T L& bC sD & <T <qT> sD y>+ n<+ |&TT+~. | keTys b\ys+>
\y* +~. esT= bC |s> dMTdTHsT eTTKeT+. q |dT
sD u<\| +<\T qT+# |qT\T #d @sT#dT= |H bC djT+>
|sydTHsT. 2018 H{ >${ (>TsTsD) <s sT
+<+ b\es+ bCqT CrjT bC> |{++<, n+~+ sT\ J$ y\T>T\T +b\, +{sqT,
+<yT B <T\T n+~+ sD+ |P] #j* +&>, sh n~sT\qT |sT>T\T rsTTdTHsT dm+. <&T rdTq b\es+
|uT+ >T<Tqe n sD u<\T m+<T #|{+< sD+ y>+ #dq sTe L& eTs b++ yT+T+~.
||\T #dTq $eTs\qT <$H eT |={sT. b\es+ CrjT bC sD+ |+>H, <
|{es <Xy|+> 6 bC\qT CrjT bC\T> deT\yT |s+>H u>yTq+<T jeY \T>TC
|{+H, y{ <T\T e+ |k $&T<\ #dq <K\T >]+#*q y ~.
e. y{ sD nedsyTq +sT , s d+~
v
b~ VMT neT\T @| 19 CrjT nysT\T

w >MTD b~ neT\T @|
uwt
w 2015-16 d+es 19
nysT\T
w eT > $jTq>s+
s w+ eTV>+B CrjT
b~ VMT |<+, CrjT
u< se\qT $jTe++>
neT\T #jT&+H +& eT >MTD_e~XK $TwqsY _ &| #+~q VeT+
bsde\T n+~dTq+<T>qT +<|<X se+HjTT\T, n<q| $TwqsY >eT|+#jTr nysT <+~. swjT
sc 19 CrjT nysT\T <sTT. u\dTVD+ n+<THsT. eT >sy >eT |sks+ $jTq>s+
2015-16 d+es d++~+ +< nysT\qT $jTq>s+ sY eTT>& <+~. >eT|+#jTr
|uT+ nysT\T |{++~. $yj<y, &e bC |Ps dXsDY >T+sT #+~q
bs<s, yT<q+, >MTD d+#\s\T | |X+ n+<THsT. q+sT, H\sT +\b+,
sT|<\ b~ *+#&+, s $u>\ s|q eq nysT\qT |eT ><e] qnMTs+,
e<|,$+>T\ |+#q |+|D, >MTD j XK\ |<T\T =eT se<$, $XK|+ #+~q |<\T&T,
sV<sT\ sD+, eTTsT>T \\ e#+<s&, bdTedsT mH m+ sT m|, sT><e]
sD+, eT+{ #sTe\T, |++\ VXesY, JmHsY +HjTT\T JyT&b&T >e\T HsTT.
e+ e+{ |\T $u>\ eTq sw+ |uT\T nysT\qT +< eT+T\
nysT\T ed+ #dTq~. M{ #T\ MT<T> n+<THsT. bdXK s+&T nysT\T
eT&T swksTT nysT\T, s+&T b~ VMT |<+ u>+> b~VMT
ksTT$ >, H\T>T eT+&\ksTT
nysT\ $es\T |<+ sVD d++~+ bd
nysT\T, |~ |+#jTr ksTT nysT\T eT $u>+ $jTq>s+, XK s+&T nysT\T \_+#sTT.
HsTT. eT |]wY dXsD $u>+ $XK|+ , eTT<>& u+ ;|m+,
nq+|s+ |]wY, eT+&\ s$eT+ dubk|dt mdt|m+
pH 19q & +< |+#jTrsC, |+#jTr dXsD |eT ><e] \_+#sTT. +<eT+ qs+<d+> #T\
>MTD_e~XK\ eT+ qs+<d+> , q\s, |X+ es|s+, MT<T> nysT\qT $C\T
eTsY, dVjTeT+ s+b j<y\ sT, l+ d+ue*, n+<THsT.
#T\ MT<T> nysT\qT sw eT >eT|+#jTr $u>+ v
kY b<$T $ <,y<s+>+ eqe eqsT\ n_e~ d+ nj> <s+ kY nH HeTsD+

ls+ #TuTq se $jTe++> neT\T#jT& b<$T+> m+| #dq
sc\ +<|<X sc kq+ <+~. ddsTTqT jH |sY {Hb]+> VAeTH |
C_ (kY) |sT bs+_+#uTq seT+ <s $<,y< s+>\ deT\ d+dsD\T
rdTsy\ \+> |THsT. $<,y<s+>\ eT&d sc\qT <X <s+> r]~<\q
qy+< \+ nj> se s yTT<\T |u+~.
+<Td+ d #| sc\qT V+#>, yTT+ 14 sc\T pH 10q eT eT |C+fwqT
kq+ #sTT. y{ {nj> duT&T _u<ujYT, dz n$Tu+Y, d\V<sT\T, $<,y<
eT+XK\ #+~q |<T\T |+fwqqT |]o*+, <T sc\qT b<$T+> m+|
#XsT. sc\ T~> eT&T sc\qT m+| #jTqTHsT. T~ C_\ m+|q sc\T 36
H\ nj> s+# d+dsD\qT $<,y< s+>\ neT\T #j* +T+~.
v
Downloaded from http://smartprep.in +<|<X ed|
eseq+ N
$jTy& |T+k\ eTjT+ |dT+(pH 30e B es) usY dqT\T yT& dddt eT* d<Tbj\ d+d
w $jTy& |T+k\ eTjT+qT * q ys+<s => dqT\ d+ (@|m+mH&dd) sw s\j
@sT #d+<T sh |uT+ y<+ ]w sTdTeTT #*+ HH <sUdT pH18q bs+_+#sT. d+<s+>
*|+~. s.1.5 eTjT+qT #j* +T+~. jTq e{&T sV<sT\ y+
u| eTjT+|q s+& n+dT dT\ s|& | y< |DT\qT
=$T~ \j -|> jT$TkeTHsT. s.242 KsT
@sT #d+<T |s, k+dXK
s<] eTTwtesY MTH w sw+ =$T~ <y\j\ => dT eT* ks\T *+#qTHeT,
|]b\H|syTq sT\qT C #XsT. -|> $<H neT\T #jTuTqT <T\qT HusT u+ n+~dT+<HsT.
sw<y<jT, <s<jTXK $TwqsY msTTyT sD |qT\T p
bC es udsD $T{ nqs< *bsT. |{ sTeT\, yTT<\ejTHsT.
w $XK|+ , s+_* >e
nqes+, d+V#\+, q<TsZ+, lVd,
dMT|+ ]+#qTq qq H$< Db+, lX\+ yTT<q <y\j 450 & s> ><T\T
kesyTq bC es nedsyTq u$T -|> $<q+ neT\e+<HsT. u\ w |yk+<T\ kjT+ sw+ n<q+>
d]+#+<T sw|uT+ udsD eTHuy\T <q+& <y\j\ 450 & s> ><T\qT @sT
deTqjT$T{ jT$T++~. sw |uT n_e~ d+ T~yTq #s\T #jT& |uT+ #s\T rdT+{+~.
|<qs<] #sH> eeV]+#qTq rdT+TqT yT *bsT. pH HKsT H{ s#sD |D[
$T{ yTT+ 14eT+~ duT\T +{sT. d<eTeT+~. $XK|+ > @&~
bC es d+ s+_* dMT|+ 4638
>dT 17 qT+ >|t-1 |\T 302 & s> ><T\qT |j>+>
ms\ u$T neds+ +T+< us w >dT H\ 17e B qT+ >|t-1 |<q H\=sT. & s> ><T\
H$<+ >T]++~. |\T sV+#\ +<|<X |_ seT+| |ydk+<T\ qT+
ddt $TwH (@||md) ssTT++~. nqVyTq d+<q se&+ @&~
|<M \+ b&+| yTs |\ $es\ w&\TqT $&T<\ n \q & s> ><T\qT
w |uT+ ] eeVs\ d\V<sT> #d+~. >dT 17q qs +^wt, 19q @sT #j\ ssTT+#sT. s.6.75
eeV]dTq #s& n+f+{ ||sT-1 qs md, 21q ||sT-2 us n+#H ejT+ sb+~+q
qsd+VeT] |<M eTs s+& #], 23q ||sT-3 +&jTH mqMT, 26 s#sD |D[ eTT| X+ <T\qT
b&d sw |uT+ sT\T C q ||sT-4 us n_e~ dH n+& |yk+<T\T, 70 X+ <T\qT |uT+
#d+~. > @&~ qT+ jTq ]XK f\J b, 28q ||sT-5 &{ deTLsqTq~.
] d\V<sT> |#dTHsT. > yT n|wjTwH | sVksT.
H\ 31e B H{ jTq |<M\+
bdtbsT |]o\q +< |sks+
eTTjT&+ |uT+ eT jTq
yTTCq |]X<H+<+ w bdtbsT\ C d++~+q |]o\q
|<M\+ b&++~. w |eT><e] yTTCq |]X<H +<|<X bdTXK <X+H n>u>q
+< @sT #jTqTqT mHJ s+> * 2016`17 d++~+ +< |uT
@d; &ssY> X+K u^ eekjT $X$<\jT ydt#H\sY |sks <+#T+~. bdtbsT dy
w +<|<X @d; &ssY> X+K u^ &.e\uH <y<sHjTT&T y\&+#sT. ~edt u>+> ~ ]q
jT$TT\jsT. +< ddT l+, eT<\e\d |]X<H seT+ +< $<o eeVs\XK
&|PfwH| |#dq jTq {e @| +<+ d+es+ >>TbT |ds, eT+ dTc dsC #T\T $<T>
e bd+> d+ dTHsT. jTqT $TqTeTT, ysTXq>, +~, \e ~s |sks sh +f*CH n<q| &J
@d; jT$Td |uT |<q s<] |+\| |]X<q\T #|qTqT HjTT&T m._.y+fXsse n+<THsT. |X+k
~HwtesY sT\T C #XsT. $e]+#sT. nq|*, &|, sT| |+bT s.10 y\ q><T VQeT
|]X<H +<\ uks | n+<CXsHsT.
us dH $<q+ KssT +<\qT @sT #dqT *bsT.
w sh+ us dqT\ d++~+q eTV|kq+ bs+u+
$<H @| |uT+ |{++~. s 828 eT+~ y<T\ jeT+ w eT<V\qT |uTdT|T\ qT+
2017`2022 d++~+q $<q+| w sw+ => 828 eT+~ y<T\ bdT\qT +>, >se|<+> +{ rdT[
syq(mC) XK | |<q s<] s u #jTqTqT sw y<s>XK n|+# eTV|kq+ yVH\qT
&.k+ese sT\T C #XsT. eT+ $TH lydt y\&+#sT. M{ eTTKeT+ #+<uT bs+_+#sT.
<qT>TD+> esZ<s\T C njsTT. 327 bdt >&TjT{ y<T\qT @||md HH <s >T+sT dT| qT+
E 1 qT+ = dqT $<q+ neT <s jT$T+#qTqT *bsT. |+< yVH\qT eTTKeT+ bs+_+#s y<,
edT+~. B+ |dT+ neT q 2005 |<| 501 bdT\ jeT ]XK s>XK eT+ &sY $TH lydt
H{ usT, ;sT, yH bss dqT\ $<q+ qT+ nqTeT e+<HsT. >T+sT *bsT. de\qT sh+ 15 |uT
s<T neT+~. C esZ<s\ |s+ eT+>] => @sT #dq @| dT|T |j>+> neT\T
#dTHeT $e]+#sT. 13 yT& X\ k~+#bjsTT. dV#Yd\T |+|q *bsT. sT| |{ 150 eT+~
dT|T\bT @\sT, $jTq>s+\ y~\ <s+> +< s>, T+ <>eX\T *+#eT y\&+#sT.
50 yVH\T n+<TuT +qT eT+ d+eT eT+XK s+\T f*+, m\, b_wH s+>
|s=HsT. s sh+ n |uT y\&++~. C_ s+&T, eT&T ||+#+ |s>q d+d\ dVs+
dT|T\ |< $d]keTHsT. kH >T+sT, nq+|s+ \THsTT. $XK|+ +uwH +<+ @sT
#jTqTqT #bsT.
V#Y{ q |]Vs+| esZ<s\T $jTy&H bdtbsT\ eTT<D
w sT\ b\T, |yT d+ VfqH w <Dk, sjT\deT \ |\ $eHXj\ nqTeTT\T
(V#Y{) $<TY qT yj* eq|&T $jTy&H bdtbsT\T eTT~+# w s\T zs\T, H\sT <><]
#*+#*q |]Vs+ m +&\q jT++>+ @sT #k+~. |jT eT+& +<|<X |uT+ ]+#
n+X+| sh +<q XK esZ<s\T C bs+uyT $XK qT+ b e# \|{q ^H| $eHXj\ +<
#d+~. 66 M < n+$T+q zJ bdtbsT\ d+ m<TsT #d |]d |uT+ |sesD nqTeTT\T eT+psT
*q qT y[q|&T eyT |]Vs+ +&<T. $jTy& 2017 @| #d+~. u>|s+ n+srjT msTTsYbsT
e]dT+~. |+, # ]> qc #*+# b+rjT bdtbsT dy +<+ s=swH *$Tf& H+
|]Vs ~ n<q+. V#Y{ q d+ bs+uyT+~. sjT\deT \ qT+ e# $eHXj\ sD+ sT>TT+~. H\sT
esY yjT&+ e\ re+> qw+ |\ k\u+ d+ sTy sT| <><] eT+&\+ <eTes+,
sT>TT+f.. esY H\T>T eT< bdtbsT dy +< @sT #XsT. > >T+ >e\ |]~ 584 ms
q b+ qsTX+ |]Vs+ s+&Tqs ee~ s\T, &|, s.460 $eHXjT+
#*ksT. u$T <sqT k+> q H\sT b s\jT bdtbsT dy ]+#qTHsT. s\T zs\T
]dwH $\Te <s+> sY < +<\qT bs+_+#sT. $jTy& M{ eT+&\+ qeT&\, |P&#s >e\
jTq jT$T+q n~sT\T ssTTksT. eTT<D nqTeTT*e&+ qT+ |]~ 583 ms ^H|
$<TYqT y esZ+, y{ +<qTq {, s+&T sEH bdtbsT\T C #d $eHXjT+ ]ksT.
b++ (s{ |t y ]&sY) $\Te neX\THsTT.
>TZT+~ { < |]Vs+ #*ksT. E \ |sY H{ HqT
yT> <sY bsY s X+k|q w sh+ E HKsT| \ >V\
$XK ueeVs\| y~ w H\sT eT+&\+ =|+ e< |sY H{ qqT y\ @| |sY H{
w $XK , |]ds u ]sT\ 532 ms @sT#jTuTq yT><sY ssTT++~. eTTKeT+ #+<uT e#
sTesT eeVs\| @sT #dq | bsY s X+k|q s>qT+~. HKsT qT+ |\ s# M&j
$#sD +<+ (d{) s+&T H\ y~ s.281 n+#H ejT+ ]dTq qsH <s eTTUeTT d+uw+#+<T
y\ |uT+ <++~. +< bC +< |uT+ s.125 T M\T> \ >V\ |sY H{ de\T
djTsY |mdt n~] $Y _C >+T> eqT+~. dTesT 15 y\ *+# ~X> n~sT\T e&e&> n&T>T\T
H+ eVksT. |dT+ jTq >V+& eT+~ bsY <s <>eX\T ydTHsT. sh+ | |sY T
&J> HsT. $XK|+ d+jTT sY sqTHsTT. w|+ +swq <sY (zm|td) H{esT <s T {M
.dq, < | ssVD~]> +| |sT @sT#dTq bsT |ks\T, n+s\+, y| |ks\T,
q \+ $jTks~ duT\T> +{sT. @|d 51%, @| *&|t 49% y{ f*bH HH d<Tbj\T *+#\H~
]sT\ sTesT sDyTq n~sT\T, +T+~. + uksTT <X+ |uT \+. seT+ |P] ek+~.
sT\qT >T]+#&+bT eeVs+ @seTq =* <sYbsY> ~ ]sT > E qT+ |sYH{ <s |\
\_ b+~qyqT y*rjT&+ +<+ dw+#qT+~. e{&& eTTKeT+ ssTT+#&+
|<q $~. eTT+<T \ HqqT jTT< b|~|q
$XK &H j +<+ y\ |sY H{ n~sT\T |jT\T
y< de &| =* kq+ w $XK|+ &H j +<+ @sT #dTHsT.
w ke s> +< (dV#Yd) de\T, #jTqTqT +<|<X HywH kd{
ks\ <s+> +< |uT+ dTq eTTK ssVD~] &sY $.ee] $XK e<<y\ | +<+
s+ &| 2016`17 d+es *bsT. 10 y\ #<s| n&T>T\ d w $XK|+ e<<y\ | +<+
=* kq+ *+~. 12 B {sTTdTHeT #bsT. H\ 25 @sT #jTqTqT X+ u<\ $u>+
dV#Yd\T +&>.. n ksY < k~+ &H\qT & jsT #ks $e]+#sT. n<q| &J VXesY>Tb |s=HsT.
qT =* kq+ *bsTT. s\T kd{ |{< #|{q se\T, @C >+CsTT k>eTq esTeT\
e] kq+ d]|T+~. sh+ 196 |s> yT $e]+#sT. $XK|+, >e\ y |]d +<, |>V\
ke s> +<\ >q 159 ksY sT|, H& +usY esYqT kjT+ m&& k>T sT>T+<q
< b+<sTT. 37 dT|T\T <qT @sT#d $wsD\ #T *dTHeT $wj* >TZ \TkeTHsT.
v
|èTq+ N +<|<X ed|
uq+...
sd uq+!
s+q+...
qs+q+!!
H=TjT yjYT nH b |]X<&T bqT e<T\T
e+]>H uq+ #dTHs, T++ *d
rdTbTHs yX&T. k<sD+> +{ y MT<
<s|& J$+# e<T\ eTq T+ eed yTq <sD
e. @< deTj jTq+ uq+ |fd z |qsT-
TbT+< nqTH rsTH eje<T* #&+ sT>T+~.
keTV+> n+<s *d #d uH k~+# >\T>Ts,
n~ e<T\ Jeq |eD\qT |+#TT+< n +&
e+]> +f n~ yTD &|wqT <]rdT+< jTq
n
|s=H&T.
~ <y ue nH d+d eTq~. n~ e&+, jTq *>, +&> mes s q T+u ]
eTT< H{ |TH >VdT uq+ bs+_k&T. es TeT\ >~ s+{H +#+ n~ e<T* <]+qT
+<T $sT<+> +>+&T yTT< >VdT Vs H{ ne< L& Xgy yX&T. yT! +H y
|TH n~ +{&. n~ n& eTs<. eTs< e< XeT+ #s+ eT+. n& n+<s *d J$d
|+#e\d+~ L& @MT <T. n~ X] u +{~. qT w dT U\T |+#TH eed +T+~. n~ T++
=] jT> q |+&TH seTT& |{+~. ~L& n~ <y =se&+ u<s+! w\+<s *d eTT#> uq+ #d
ue +{ eTs<! uq eTs<\T eTq d+d, d+ks eT& q b+<TjT, q~ e+& ~ u>
*jT#ksTT. |]dT+<, e+\T me sTs+> n|kjT |&T
w\+<s *d |]X<q\T s|dTHsTT.
eTT#> uq+ #d T++ V s eTs< \T uq+ #jT{ nqTyq yesD+ +&*. #T X|P]
eTw d+|TJ$> @ n+X\T yes D+ +& eT+>syTq |]dT\T +fH +bs
eT& q |s|+#j n+X eTw
uT+#>\T>T+. B social facilitation of eating n+{sT.
b+<TjT, q~ T+ J$> L& r] ~<sTT. uq$<q+ nH~ ke+> +&\ B ue+. e+&+
e+& ~ u> e+]> J$dTH | eTw H e&+#+ . #eT+~ & nX< #ksT. Vs
|]dT+<, e+\T T+; &! T++ nH ueq+ k~+#+& #dT+<~. & LsT H\T>T yTT\T
me sTs+> eTw ys T & T . T++ * d > j\qTe+ uq $<q+ <T. dteTT & =qT
L sT
n|kjT |&T +{~. uH meu q+ # d n~ $+< T uq+ |q LsT qy&H, <sT eTT>TZsT *d w+>
LsT qy me k~+qT |]\ <s s]+#sT.
|]X<q\T s|dTHsTT. k~+#>\T>TsT. & LsT
+&bT\T, e+]H n\yT |&bsTTq ysT,
+f n~ e+{L&Tq+ +{<! sXy<T\T, &|wH q e\T +{ y q\T>T]
>*CwH sD+> eTw sEsEL e+] y&bTq \ebsT. n+<T n<+ eTT+<T LsT +f =+ |*+
H|<+ nqT+<\T, u+<y\T e~d q#T |dT+< L& |]X<q\T #|HsTT. eTTK+> e<T\
+B]+#Tq e\jT+ e+]> J$+#{ b<q dTq $wjT+ ke D++ $wj |]o*+#*q
H{ \+ e+] uH\ e\q q~ e+<H |]X<q neds+ +~. H=TjT yjYT #dq |]X<q ke
|&T nyT]H eedMT< >=| |uy #|k+~. n+X\T me> +&{ eTq+ >eT+#*.
N +<|<X ed|
+uq eTs<\T $<+> ~ uq du <H #b*.

bD|<yTq nq+ de+ eT& kT. #jT y] #jTT\T e&q Ks y& { cj >dT ksT.
< <T]j>+ #d V <T. n~ n+<] n+<*. n+<s y$ q&T sV e+\T {, |\ q{ nqTe>
< >seue+ d]+#* k~d H*. +{sTT. |\*(#|t d)}|, n |&d &T
<+ q y]qT<+ nq< dTFue...n+{+ eTq+. L&<T. s+&T |\ yssT #T |#TL&<T. |+ | e+
q& e+ #dq ysT dTFue n B$ksT. sjTy#+ Vs H >, H{ <>Zs |+ rdT L&<T. $ #H
>+<+ sjT\ \+H{ s#uq |<T\ esq\THsTT. n$ uq eTs<\T.
bX sV be+ >eTHs+. jTs|jTH bsT m&+ #q, &#q |#T e+k d
k+|<j uH\ \MT< yd d+ 15 n+>T\T ~ q+ +^wy& eTs<. bsT Vs H{ |Te{
+&+, s uH\ =y= y*+#+ +{ <sTT+& y ||&sT. Vs #+# n+<Ty*.
eTTU+X\THsTT. eTqy yH\ uH\ n+ b<q #+#qT H{ d, H q{ jTs|jTqT neTs<>
qT +#<T. yH{ uq+ L& sdv! u$ksT. ksT \T[ e+kVs+ H+<T y& T* &,
n+<s *d deTV+> #d uH\qT +uH\T < nT q{ y&+ #d, qy=dT+~. >sT bjT< >=&*
uq+ n+{sT. e&q+ |Psj, >VdT + nH\T y&+ <!
\T|+& s&T. n+<s *d u>eHeT dsD #ksT. # uH\ \|q |# b&T\, #s, k+usT
e<T\T eTT+<T q+ yTT<\T |&sT. n|&T n+<s $d{ +{ <y\qT me] ys e&+#T H @sT +T+~. y{
#sTT |&sT. ~ \ryTq eTq uq eTs<. =+<sT H #H >]qT |#Te+, +#
d+d eT]bsTT, e&++~ e&+qT q+ H{ H>]> e&+#Te+ #dT+{sT. syT +<T |<q sD+. +
e]+~. &+> fT uH\T e# <sD mesTT+~. uH\ sT\ +~ \>+& e&+#Te+ q+
eTq+ m|&T ke n #d, eTq yq s+& + n<T\T nH$ d eTs<. eTw d+|T J$ { y{ b{+#*. +{
\& +{sT. n+<Te\ eTqMT< Vs e& |sT>TT+~. H|&T n+{ eTs< n\yT #dT+f jT L&
e& uq+ #d Vs ksk eTq+ n+<T qf! b{+# >\T>T+.
uq+ eTT+<T> dT, >s+{ s| u*, sTy ||, dTs+> y nH \T| q+ Hp q+ +~.
Ls, |#& e&+, q |\TdT, #sT, |sT>TM{ #+#&T ><TeT |+& |dqT nH |d qL&<T, q$T* H*!
#=|q e&ksT. e&+q $d] yTqsT +{~. @$ @ Vs |<\T eTd qeT*. #|]+ X+ uqeTs<*
sT#T Hj, \TdT, e\dq$ n& e&+#TH+<T < rdT+~. |+~ #|s+ nH |sT+~, n~ #|&T #d
n~ neX+ +T+~. H|&T eTT+<T> || +{ ]q +T+~ {! eTq uqrsT n~ <T <!
|<s\T, sTy Ls |#& +{ eT<T |<s\T, sTy uq+ #X yTTL& |+ $T>\+& q+ nH~
|\TdT #sT +{ <e |<s\T, |q |sT>T < eT> nq+ nH eTq+ # >se+. bqT y |+ n |P]>
, uH++ dT q+ eTq Vs d+d. |&T eTq+ +f &T| +&<y nqT+{s. &T|+&+<
dT yTT<\T |{, dTeTT eTTdTH+. |sT>q+ H |{+#{ #Hy >dT u]+, bsT\ #+# |+
b\ jsq dTeTT q+ $sT<Vs+ neT+~. |&Tu&s.
keTV+> #d uH L& = +<T\THsTT. yq\ e+ sT m +< < q rsT #|+< +> kyT. me
bdT\T sTeTTTHsqT =+<sT uH\T #dT+{sT. $d < me> e~Xs n~ sT> < ns+. q $d
+ $T>y Ls +&>H uqsjTT qT> +f e+ V+&+> qT !
k+usY |*#dT+{sT. e&q eTT+< k+usT e#d, sT\ uq deTjT+ dbqqT X d +#+, uH\ >~
+~> +T+~. V&$&> >TTL>TTL eT q+ e\q m+eT+~ H mes q+ Xu b{+#+, V&$&
uH k~+# neX+ L& +&<T. n <s u<s> de#s+ +f eTq+> jT y[ e{&+ #j*.
qe<+T+~ Xg+. n> eT <q+>q qL&<T. e+kVs H|&T H{ y|{ meTT eTT* jT
s+&+{e JsX eT+<dT+~. rjT+, H{ $T*q es |+ eTT\T yjT+ e
#+# uq eTs<\T + uH\ |d]> eqTy*q n\yT. uH
eTq+ eTqdyT #dTH eTs<* sT\d+ b{+#*. n~
Vs &# T+#T < \T| qyT eTq eTs<. bsu< {. H w+ nqTe{ <T >< k++
n> Vs |<s\qT s+&T #T\ |j+ q{ n e+~.
<X\ys ndV+>H u$ksT. eTq<X+H m&+ # s{
eT& |#T &# T+#T H n\yTq y HsT. ` & $ |Ps#+<T
(> d+ sTysTT)
eT<TsyD qH dyVq|sTdTq~
+>\T eTTdTVD+ dT\T
VVdt,
}<. 21`5`09.
|jTyTq H dTVD+ |+T\T,
eqTq MT ne, Hq k> \|+ #dTHs *d
q+~+#qT. Hq>] H qeTks\T #|. Hq>] H
|De\T.
H H+ qq+<T d+w+. n_bjT+ H
$\Tyq~. e |+|q bseTT\T (n#T uT\T) #XqT.
<>Zs H # $H<+ *+~. |d+ VsTT> ##
#~$dT+~ nH+<T sTEe+~. s#sTT |d+ #<e&+
$djT+ *> neX+ <T. nsTTH Hds+>, V\+
*d n~ ## #~$dT+< nqTy*. yT` MTH q|&
|T{\T <yTq$ e. nsTT Te+{ y{ HqT
<VsD\T #|>\qT. |<y<VsD` wjTsY \
& fsY w{ (DOLL TEAR SHEET), + &H HH
VAddt (NINE HOSTESS)
HsTT. V IVq, V
yd$qT #d s#q m|& Vq HsTT. dsYCH
HqT<qT MdyTT L& bk|t nsTT +
MTs<>Z<qTe&+ dT <T. #\b? eTs<qT, wqT
+|T+#sTT n.
\+ b<+ |+bqT. |d L& s+&< bT e
dMT #j*+~> sTTHqT.
H DqT, yd$ m|& b D >] |k$kqT. wjTsY b\ >] =+
=+es ds+T. VVdt, |d+ #XqT. nsTT w]jTH Vk bs, EsTT>
+> <s +#yT <eT+&\+, 21`5`09. +q bk|t |<q b<+ eVk&T. <Tss+> y|s+
<jT+> u$+H n|&T H |jTyTq eTTdTVD+ *+# |&T|{+{ yesD+ sT&T&T> n&T
|+T\T, eddT+{&T. & (DOLL)s|+ <+ sV+# b+f
H, yd$ deT- eT<TsyD b m+ |<yTq~. yT|syTq~.
s+ n+<Te+ #
sjT+, keTsd+ bd><T. q+<+ *++~. d+kse+Ts\T.
+^w uw| q |T H C|+ q d] nsTTq< nsTT yqdt|sY& |seT
H # Xs+ *dTq~. ndVyTq s*+# s+>d\ <XeTTq~. >=| VA<, |sTe
|w\Tq sC< sT <ssT >D eTT+<T n+ VjT+>
$eTs $wjT+ L&... $eTs b]uw |<\ >=| |e]+#&+ |T+.
n~s+ +~. HqT => u~+#+~ @eTT+T+<?
n|dTq~. H H+ >] dMT #jTe\d+~. dMT yd$qT #d s#q m|& HqT<qT MdyTT L&
eT<dT ~q|\ <HH |&T #kqT. (|d eTT<D MTs<>Z<qTe&+ dT <T. H DqT, yd$ m|&
|P]>H) |#TsD s>>H H |d $q (yTdsY =+es ds+T+~. +> <s +#yT
$.seTk$T XdT\T n+& .(mdH&)` b|sY $.y+fXs <jT+> u$+H n|&T H, yd$ deTsjT+,
Xd, |d |X\ jTq s|d<T&T. e | jTqqT keTsd+ bd><T. n+ @~ H? @~ nH nH <w
|]#jT+#dTy\ H ]. M] H+ |T\T = eqe due <<+ MT< <s|& +T+~. |e MT<
|+|e\d+~> sTqT. |T\qT e n_q+<q |Ps+> eTeT+~. nH >sD nH~ e #d< { +T+~.
=+<]ee#T. neT L& = |j+#e#T. } VQX =+es MT <j~ e~ (+>\T |{_ seTeT])
|d $\T =+<sT+{sT <, y = |T\T e>\e |s>&+e\ n$ e ndV+#Te+ n\yf+~.
kqT. q \] b\T (DOLL TEAR SHEET), HX <e<d nq>H eTT#eT\T bd+> e u$+#e#T.
H |eD\qT HqT n_q+~kqT. n+<Te\ $wjTyT
b|+ y+{jTXd
n+f @$T{ nd\T *jT<T. |P]> eTq+ eTsbL&<T. >< + =* s<T. |P]<T.
#]+#\qTe&+<T HqT. +^w y $yVeTH~ bs |+<+>H u$ksT. w,
<qT q&|{ jTq nsTT ejTdT $T+q C]*jT{\T B n_\w+#sT. <T d , eqe #]qT ]
$wu\qT XsTTk&T. b +~. H+<T sdT+~. \ kV+ |DjT<e+\ <sD
n$ ^ +<>H\T, d+<V+ <T. $ \+> Z+~.|&T nTe+{ e\T qTeTsT>eTHsTT. d |+
+^w < |Tq e|ses+ s#q eT |e >T]+#q <\T |&T n~s~+> nd+U+>
|jq+ yqT{ m+<T sL&~|&T? kV+ esT\T q|&*.
|]#jT|keq\T > \+> |&T L& eT|e nH eqT >eT+#*. < Xs w, uy+#
+{sTT. <e\+<s { n< +#+ <T. n~ b|~> >V+#*. qe jTTe&=&esH d ejTdT eT[q
|]<<eT\T>, uDTD e]bsTT+~. yTq eH Zq 50 @ d| ]T&e&? e\|#|@$T{?
b>sTuT> <s+ HqT J$D |wyTw #Ls | s\T + +& $Td$Td&T,
#kqT. |<q+> HqT $ddq >T_e+{ d +~jsD sdT+~! n+ #|>
+#&jTq. }&>+#d|{ d+|T+ | #]bsTTq +&, y&bsTTq >T; eTqd]+#e. n{H
L& H u< b<T. { bs&T & |X e- edbsTTq n+<+L&! nTe+{ s=f <Tsdq qeT+~.
He#T. b||e (<TsTZD\qT), bb#sDqT HqT s+ nTe+{ >T; <[b\eT+~ nH $wjT+. n$ qeqe&T
#XH? #jT<H nqT+THqT. yTT<{ eTT<D eT<TsyD C>qT, +{+|>q q <XH q+<|]| @e+
b D mTe+{ n+<#+<\T, sD\T e. s+>T\T nes<+ e. y<+T\T #| J$+ D+, k+<s+ D+ nH
D b |&T yT |Ps D ]+~. (nsTT >+<+ b<q & #\TuT <T. q+<qTue ssDs+ <T.
sTy sTy u>\T e#|{ yT b D, e+ b> JeHq+<qTuy n~ |\deTsq #LsTdTq~.
H ueq\T e]b e#jT | |<T). esTe\ <HH n> b+<+, yTsyT] +#+, nqTu$+#\qTe+
@<H y* e+<y H *jT<T. nsTT ed, b|+ +< edT+~. |*+ y+H nqTue+ edT+~.
nTe+{ Te\ @+ qw+! eqe due+H Te+{ J$+q, kV+q L& +~jTdTU\T deTT+>
TbT mH q|&+ <? eT<TsyD nsTT #b<! qH +&e\d+<! < >T]+ |&< s<++ jT\T<]+~.
dyVq|sTdTq~. n+<Te\ e] n++ yT bqT
d+d]+#qT. { |&T $y<+ <T eTq eT<. s#q { q usqT wH H |sT >TsTse&+ <T +=]
\yTq H<sH |b~dTq~. nsTT n~ s+> <T. u>+> #X&T (n|> #&T). #+<e+X| sE\ <\
J$ *>Z s+> HqT u$+#< y >V+#>\e. J$+ sDT\qT |seT<TssZ+> $|\ s&+ q|&TT+~.
>T]+ HqT >&+>, >+;s+>H rdTHqT. # {\yTq< , +{qT.
$weTyTqB deTd. ke deTdqT Vd |P]+> HqT |e_eH\
s+#qT. .$. nbse.
<e<d L& eqe+ +T+< eTsbe<T. yT VVdt,
dTK<T:U\T, d+w d+b\TL& L HL m<TsjTe+{y. <eT+&\+,
n+>&yTqy. o\+ us, e_#]+# us, +<T MTs 24 yT 1909.
k+|T eed yX |esqqT e m{ +~ke,
||&e? { swesT? k+|T #+ yTqT yX H |jTyTq eTTdTVD+ |+T\T,
n &bdTe&+ m+<T? <+| +< yT @MT $q+ sT <qy<\T. e |+|+q |<\ |{ n+~+~.
#jT<. bH <X| >c\qT >] *d +T+~. yqT |<\ =+{ ns\T |T+Te\ HsTT. |d+ esq
>] yeT+{e? k+|T eqT\T yqT |&s! n+ # $|\yTq |{qT HqT #sTkqT. $TdsY (l) y. HsjTDeT]
^dT<X| nkdj eed u> *d +T+~. #~$ H >+< >] n<TyTq K+&+ nH&T. nsTT |
\TdT. #] s+&T <X\ |> k~+#sTT. 120 e# d] $+ >&|H He. nd\T ddq s n+
$wjTyT$T+f |seqe $CqXd n<jTq+ k+|T eTT+<TeTT+< +~. s e# s+> # s+Cqe H
eekyTq dsTuT nedsyTHsTT. jT<s\| qeT+. y+sjTXd wqT ly+fXsT H= |
eTdT+f @+ |jq+? d |+ \+| |e >] n<< |+|+#&T. b|+ y+{jTXd n+f @$T{ nd\T
|< deTd> nqTe&+ nsyTeTT+~? nsTT k+|T $d *jT<T. <qT q&|{ jTq $wu\qT XsTTk&T. n$
|]DeT #] $yV eedqT HqT e #dTHq nbs+ ^ +<>H\T, +^w < |]#jT|keq\T > +{sTT.
m+e+ #dTe<T. >&q s+&T Xu\\+ eqy[ Cq <e\+<s { |]<<eT\T>, uDTD b>sTuT>
$wjTyT u> |s_e~ k~++~. #q|sTq eqe\T +#&jTq.
b\| uy\qT, <s\qT | |&TTHsT. $yV eed +{qT.
eqe|s> <V<+#dq e ydeyT nsTTH $yV +<+ |e_eH\
n$T+#L&<H ueq <V<+ #d |sekH\ sDyT+< .$. nbse.
(eT] = e# d+)
d deTd\qT m #|q
\+<T\ dsd <\T !!
<++ *jTCd <. * s| $&be&yT eT+ n+THsT.
eTT<> e]q |+& e~*+#TH d+|<jT<+> y<eT+\ eT< ]q
D+ * eqd uqT, ny<qqT $yV\T qs |+> \e&+ <T.
*jTCdT+~. eTw m+ mT m~q \& neX+ <T. >{ bjT deTd
|{ &|\\ | q #| \+bT +<\T, +<T\T
eeTT+~. uDV <s d |q $&bTHsTT.
n+y~dTHsT. C sE &|\ +{ es nH < ~>CsTTq
sTeqTH, KsqTH, e& nqTH, $\Te\T.< e\q *> |sykq+
eT>|\y& MT< KsT L& n+ eTq |dT+~.CdH J$+ m
s{+|eT+~. s =&T <s ~>C]+~. qT =sTq =<q+ m<T-
ysT m+ es dTK|&~ \yT ssTTq $|s |]dT\T < eTq
#TT+~. eTs < eTw J$+ |ksTT. q{ +{ yTs
|T\: *+<T\ dsdr<$ eT <\T, y\ m|&T k|> k><T nq& <sq+> &{+> n eTT<T> |\TdTHeTT.y] ysTT
225/-, Hwq T dt +&j, HVA ueH , *# <. sVD ` nesVD nH $<\T, y*q+ |~y\ $<\T> <
ed+Y +C, q & ` 70, < eTw eTqd n<+ |&TT+~. *jTCdT+~.

sTTs |eTTK |d +<\T < XsTTsyT b yTT< ;<]+
q|{, |T<\ q ksTT eTw y < uk$T <|
<\T <>|&q Jeq \T. n+<T=+{&T. m~q =~ ~ +&\H dseT m \sTT+~? yT =&T
eqe HC |+q <\T. eTqd+ |<]+q|{.... ksTT |]> deq u$wT >T]+ |&q |q, |{q
eTq #T sT>TTq <\T. ydy =~ q >, w+ qT nqTu$+q _&qT b&Te+ d+ |&q s+
#<Te d+< n+ *jT sE q+< eTsb&T. n+ b>=T= < |dT+~. +<T sT eT\q
ks+, yd+, <> nH |<\ ns+ eqd+> +b&T. + MT< @< dseT =&T u$wT d+ #q
*jT<+f nXj <y ! nH~> *jT |+, <w+ |+#T=+{&T. yTTT> m kjT|&+~. s+>jTHjTT&T
\e+T&T \VqT& yd+ < n+ss+ |sT>T $sT>T dseT, eT\qqT, deqqT y{&
#dTHeH&T. ydbH H&T.| =s nH ueq |dTeTT+~. |eT #+b\ |jT+#&+. es
< H|<+ +T+~. dsd #T ] d++<\T n\T+Tq eT\q,dseT n Ls
<$>sT k+d, sjT, kV sE. ~ |yT? nH < usus\ *e&+. deq q XjTk<q
<e q e+T #TsTq bqT eT<|eT +< |& b <s eTq >\T| d+ |sT>T\T rjT&+ eTq
bw+#sT. d\ | sT>TTq \TdT+~. s$T>&T q us |& |dT+~. s+>jTHjTT&T e+
<Ts#s\qT es+#sT, |+#sT, EsTTq+ &T\ d+ y~+#&+. deq d+ yTH +{&T n&
<$T+#sT. ke sT>\ | q eT>y&qH nV+ue+ V+d+#&+ e] Xd es y{&TH +{&T.
sy\+> m|{ s#q\T sT>TT+~. eTs y| usqT <] *+<\ dsd>] < d deTd\T,
#ksT. dsd<$>sT mH |jT |Te\, jTes\T e qT <\ #T #dTq b\ d+|TsD\T
s#q\T #dq|{, yT < |jT rdyjT, us esT sy\ H\T>T eTq + |ksTT. nqT~q+ eTq
n+ wyTq~. n_eqbyTq~. q sE\T |+#+& eTTK+ #fjT&+. m<TsjT d deTd\ qT+& }|]
#dq J$ ysT<\qT, b\ us >T]+ us, us >T]+ us bdTq <\T. <\T #~$ksTT.
<\ <s bD |w #d <\ q |jT|&+. usqT e~*+#T=eT +|CksTT. d+|, eT>eTVsE*
n+s+> $w]+#sT. jeqTs\T dTo\ q# #| |dTHsTT. <\ d+uwD\T eTqdT
eqe deC ejT eT#> $T |jT+... dTo\ * +qT m+ VTH HsTT.
< ` ne! H bD+ |f V e+ $&BjT&+ ue+ <|dT+~.
sT <s $&bsTT, eTs |[ #dT+f < d+\q+ 25 <\T #T
<? HsT\T <e& deq+ n #dTHsTT. *+<T\ dsdr<$>]
n+{eTT. &|\ |TqT e+ deTd |]cseTT+<?! n LT]
qsdeT>sT |+#&+. nB |yT eT <\ d+\H |eTTK <
dV+#eTT. eTs |q | s#sTT eTT~>+{ dTCs&
|sD\ ` +{ B|+ \T n+{sT. n+T+~ yT eTqdT. ydy H&T
d+ks\T #~< |<y sT. zsT d+b<\T> eeV]+#sT.
&|\ +{ eTV\ n+{sT.
&|\ qe& w|& +& +#TH |]cs esZ\T #|ysT - u*eTT+ y+ seTDse
sT. | me]<H... deTd |]cs+
s>d]
Xd <s+> y<T\qT >T]+#e#T! <H neX+ +< esY b*f e]{ |DT\T
#TTHsT. yT<&T = D\T s D\qT kV #d+<T
<$T sDeTeT+< {e\ ysT ]|q |]X<q *+~.
eeT\T> s>+>H H, <$T u<|&TTq m\T\
yT<qT ysT | k+> k|tysY $Xw+#sT. yT<&T eTT+<T
u>+ H& eed\T, D\rsT |]o*+#sT. |+
kd{> eeV]+# D\| <wk~+#sT. B+ <$T u~
m\T D\T jo\+> |#dTqT y\T>T e+~.
yT<&T es\qT Xu+#d D\T H& D\qT [dTqT
|]X<\T >T]+#sT. eTsy| yT<&T 15 X+ esL +&
yTj D\T #qe+eTTqT> >T]+#sT. |]DeT+ re
eTq+ e~ }|] <s+> s> |]d >T]+# dHsqT

n_e~#XsT *HsTTdt e]{ |]X<\T! k] $j+ |&d
n e ejTeTjT dHsY |\ sujT s> deTd\qT
eTT+<T>H >T]+ y< d\V\T rdT& |]Cq+
|j>|&TT+~. eqe Xs+ njj >& esT\qT
|]o*+#&+<s eT|+&\ deTdqT >T]+#e#T. B <s+>
$&# Xd e\+ nyj eyT |d+~+# |<s
m+| #d, eT|+&\ y~ deTdqT >T]+# z dHsYqT y<
|]X<\T sb+~+#sT. dHsY eT\\qT es&+ <s
s y<T\qT L& >T]+#e#Tq |]X<\T #TTHsT.
|]X<q $es\ n&H& |+q yT{]jT s yTq yT<&T sT>\ <]rdT+<, n+<Te\ < $wjT+ nX<
|#T]eTjsTT. #jTL&< y<|]X<\T V#]dTHsT.
qsY eTs qsY! q&TeTT#T =e |] |e<yT!

qsY| bsT s>s< eed kjT|& d]= j+{u& q&TeTT #TT=\ |]b e+f, qsY eTT| L& |]> neX+
_>V yTH Vd |] X<\T >T]+#sT. qsY D $dsDqT +< ||+# s>
eT+<+##d+<T j+{u& &&TT+<. n+<T, qsY d+d #+~q
n+srjT qsY d+d
(@sYd) |DT\T
#TTHsT. n+X+|
]q y< |]X<q
u>+> 43 y\eT+~
de#s 16 y\eT+~
}# d++~ qsY
u~T\ de#s+
ysT d]bsT. B+
| 11 d+{MTs
q&TeTT #TT=\ |]>
=B }jT d++~ qsY eTT| 13 X+ me eqT
D\qT s*+#+<T j+{u& s>s< D\qT Xe++ *d+~. eTTK+> |>T, eT, s=eTT qs eTT| @s&& ks+
#dT+< y< |]X<\T $e]+#sT. dH eTTH\J s +<+THsT. <eTbq+ s uksTT qsY
$es\qT deT>+> |#T]++~. sDeTeTq~ }jTyTq |]X<\T +< #+~q
VsTT+C |d+> *jTCXsT. kCH, fkdsH +{ +
<$T yT<&T V Vs=qT |u$+ e&yT B |<q sDeT jTq $e]+#sT.
< $T e\ n\d, &, \H=| eyT <T, yT<&T L& - fXsse us
bsT>T
s|
\T>T
y\T>T\T
H{ $_q \ HjT
yT{ q{ cesT Cq
H= d+<s+ |eTTKq{ cesT Cq
>ssq bsT sT<. >sk$T
\T>Ty&H jTq $Xwb#Ts rdTe+~
$Tk<sT! n> cesT Cq qH |uqT
\T>Ty]+f, $T u> >T]+ yT _q $_qyTq
b\ q{+# neX\qT *+#sT. yT q&, eT\j
|\L dT|]Ts. q&+ <e, u>#,
d<seT, sTT> >ZeT> e+{ q, eT\j+ d
edsY, dseqd+ yTT<q q{+#sT.
dseqd+ eTTeTT{ <HjT&T! V+B rH
VAsj(u& V+B), <d <Tw |yT^Y \
q{+#sT. yT =* \T>T+ cesT 1950 $&T<+~.
<+H X+seT+ Cq k cesT Cq nsTT+~. {e\
$&T<q +#, uT +>s+ e+{ \ n&b <&b yT
eyT HjT+ #jT >*> neTeT b\ |{ q{dH
HsT. Cq $$< uw dTesT 390 \ q{+, 65
d+es\ |> deT =qk>&+, q 86e jT L&
yT qq n< |sY |<]+#&+ cesT Cq |.
\T >&e q{qjqT
k<sD+> q{qT\T =*sE\ >T]+N, s+> |yX+ >T]+N
#TTq|&T` | m d *+B, eTT s+>+
sT\T> m sD+#\ nqT+TqB #T+{sT.
cesT Cq yTT<{ qT+N q J$+ $$< |T{\T,
w<X\T n +&<\T ={qT Vbd +& #|ysT.
HqT deT s+>+ s<T. b>&e q{qjqT Cq k+d se\| V+ #|d], +&
n #|ysT. eT] nTe+{ |]dT\T yT m+<Te\ m<T- bV+#sT. n yT q 13e jT uq+<+ s&j
sjsTT? ]dt> +{ |uqT m k~+#>*>sT. seT bZq&+ yTT<\T|{sT.s&j yT >=+T $
Cq 1931 &d+sY 12q seT+& |{sT. yT +& eTT#|& |d< <s\T _.mH.s& me nesTT n yT
feT y+Jse s #+~qysT. * XN<$ euw #XsT. n|{ >TDdT+<] < sD dHV\T
\T>T. Cq nqjT, <sT eTT, <sT #. yT # sT>TTHsTT.
sq we] L& |eTTK q{eTD nq~ #eT+~ sE _.mH. s&j dwH e, n& Cq #XsT. e
*dq $wjTyT. <s seT+&H d+&bs+ esL #<Te de z yw+ +~ yky? n n&>sT. e\ m]
HsT. +& ||sY f\J cT&T. , jTq <> >+dq Cq +{ y[ V+> d+> #|+~.
T++ eP esT+ +&~. n+<T e\ Cq #<Te d]>Z d+|<j\T, #s\ $Xw b<q+#| +{y
k><T. e] eT<dT (H{ #H) #sTH #<Te+H e\ u>TZeTHsT. y >V+#d yT c+~! yT
+>H de #]bT+< nqTHs @y` y+H Cq

d++<\T #&&+ yTT<\T|{ |<Vse jTf X+seT+
lydt |[ #dXsT. <+ b\b+>T+{ yT w|
#*qsTT+~!
$yVq+s+, $&> |s+ |{` Cq c\T
yTT<\jsTT. us u<sV+> |e]+#y&T. <sT |\\T
|{q s L& nqT +{ >T]+ |{+#TbjTd]`
yT c\T ~>$T+>T, b~ >T]+ +#k+~.
|{+{ y[ c\T #| dVjT+ n+<T& yT
_eq+ n&=+~. n|& Cq _.mH.>sT >Ts=#sT.
jTqqT \TdT, q |]d $e]+, de q{+#
neX+ *+#eT ]+~.jTq Cq | kqTu
k<sT&T _.Hs& bH#d n& |+|+#sT.
n|{H y cesT dHV\T#d mH{sYqT
Vs>, m.$.|k<qT<s&> m+| #dTHsT.
$j~H\T Hs&`#bD,
T#eT b Cq <s&T |k< yTqT #d,
m+ |s=+<+f &>T*, dHfdt #XsT.
ys+sEH @ Ts
=+\+ + s bjTd]`qqT d
$jTq>s+ >TsC& #jT< nqTHsT Cq.
ks dT ysT >TsC& , s yTqT VssT-
jT+ u> sV+ TH> m+|#dqT #|&+
q|&T Cq eP] qy |+{ c nsTT+~. @<
w+ ks nqTHsT. Cq <]+q dTT\T b n+<] T+~. |&Tq
V+ yT |Tq+> + yT J$H eT s\ me] rdb qH keTs+ q qT |P]>
dHq+ #XsT! e]yd+~! qT VssTTH sTEe #dT+~ Cq n \T>T de nH | +
e&+ +f, q |\\ ]eP sd+~. cesT Cq $jTj n bs+uyT+~.
c\T +&e, yqT qT bw+#>\T>TT+<H #q cesT Cq + ue+<H |s=H, ybs n~
yT qq #H s*++~! $jTe++ <T. <+ \T>TqT, $T+q neX\
q{+#&+ cewj? s&j H{ q{+#&+ |, Cq d+ eT yT |jT\T #jTe\d e+~. nw+ MT<
s qq >T]+ dsq ne>Vq <T. s+>d\ $T+ ej| nH + q{+# neX+ \uyT+~.
qHqTueeT <T. n+<Te\ cesT yT q{dH, qq + Cq $T |\ >T]+| d+b~+#sT. eTT<+ nH
d++~+q yTe\ <s&Tm.$.|k<>] <>ZsT+ $T + Cq <]+q n+<Ts* b yT eT+ |sT
HsTk+~. +~. n< \T>T eT+ eTqdT\T> rdq|&T
|k<>sT |r dyX+ ]dT\ q{+#|ysT. HH n+<T yT n< bqT nH dsdq bw+#sT.
q{dTHH #&T n+, n{> | =.qq keTs+ @ uwqH` yT $_q sV b\T <]+#&+ | me
L& #b* nHysT. d #|ysT. <VsD H<q+(1955) q\|\> |P]
d+uwD uy u> ns+#dT |* #\T. , &>sC b <]+|sT #THsT. $H<y] <e<dT
|<e\T, n |syT q{+#&+ yTT<\T|&sTT nHysT bs b yTT< CqH nqTH, e] $Tw+ k$
n+{ {\ u> [+|#dTHsT Cq. m+| #d, yTqT re sX >T]#XsT s&.m HsjTD!
k] cesT wO{+> X dyX+ yT @&T| d]>Z H jTq HX\+ rdTq|&T T#eT b cesT
s<T. m+ |jT+H! <+ jTq |+ e+~. Cq d+|~+#> >+ ]q#<T nqTuyq |q|{ yT
q{+#&+ n+f eP] b]w+ rdT y[be&+ bqT n+^]+#sT. T#eT b Cq m+
nqTHy? n >{> ><esTT+#sT. <+ yT |s=+<+f =+\+ + $jTq>s+ >TsC& ks dT
|q+ <TK+ e+~. c{ nsTTbsTTq s L& Cq ysT >TsC& jT+ u> sV+ q|&T Cq eP]
@&TdH +~. Cq c{d+ n nHqT , +> V+ yT |Tq+> dHq+ #XsT!
qT u<|&<T n yTqT nqTqsTT+#sT |k<! $T+ .u\#+<sY <s+ Cq sT&T> nH +
|suw neX\T: cesT+ 1950 @| 7q $&T<+~. sYb bw+#sT. eT |Tq$jT+ k~++~. ,
nk<sD e+
cesT Cq q{> ds|&TTq <X yTL usL eT<
n_bjTu< $& bjsT. n|{ jTq <TsdH\
qjsT. <+ q eTT>TZsT |\\(<sT nesTT\T,
nusTT) yT +& njsT.yqT u<> |+ |<#d,
|[ #XsT. eTqe\T, eTqes |< es LTsT yw$
= \T>T de q{+#sT. $yVq+s+ yT de\
>T&u #bsT.
us qT+ $&bsTTq s eTV\ <sD m +T+<
Cq>] <sD Xss+> +&~. us lydt @MT d
dVjT+> Hs \TdT, jTq +Tq +{ sp
eT&T |P uq+ |+|+#ysT. jTq s>|]d
\TdT+ nedsyTq|& y<\T #sTT+#ysT.
\T>T sY Cq> rdq|&T b eTTq
q{+#sT! H J$eTH HD bs+ q{> HqT b+~q $j,
eTs= bs+ d> HqT HsysTbsTTqq q X\T,
$T+ b\TyT |eTTyT, b eT>b, nH, |&jT|sy, n k<sDyTq ]\T. eqd u< qqT &
ue$jT+, jTsYqeTeH, n$ $(|P WsY |sY y+{&TH +~ |sds $sT<yTq J$ $<H HqT
MTHe] b) y{$, sY$T[, m~ # e+{ mH n\yT|&bjqT nHsT cesT Cq d+<s+.
\T Cq qH |u sD\T> *#sTT.
Vs\T m+&ysT? cesT Cq <<| n>XD Vs\T
V+B dTdH q{+q |U + eTeT V\T = n+<]q q{+#sT. y] >T]+ e{&T, =]B
.u\#+<sY <s+ $T+ ey$> djT+> ]+, =X* mH.{.sY~ d, nH>]~ d\T.
LT> ~b_qjT+ #XsT Cq. deqT #d eTD, n+ue+ HsTy\+f, y]e<qT+#
m.$. |k<>sT yT bH#XsT. qTe #dq ey$ HsTy*.y] \ HqT <]+q b\ H
#XqT. qq n<T+ eT<TsdT. d] <jTyTq q{qT\ >T]+ #b\+f,
y+fXs eTV+ u> V +B dTdH+f, qTy uqTeT, mdt.$.s+>se |u >T]+ m+H #|e#T. n>
q{+#e. e+&sY| n
cesT Cq z eTTKyTq jTq n_q+~+#d], Cq>] mdt.es\>] b\H H # w+.
|T+ k<$T> |y+, q d+c ||>\T e. |d< $T qT\T myT..sY>]q HqT q{+#qT.
sT> +f L& keq |* m Ty jTq
qH #Ts+ |T{ ew& HeT V] _sT<T u> \TdT. yJ>DXH>sT eTVAq qT\T. qq
$Xw+> s{ksT. \_++~ H + y*? n jTq ksTT m& y+< me] *jT<T!
de dyX sw| m+>H yT eTT]dbjsT.
ds|* s<wH >sT de\ $T deT yT n+~+q b C|\T
|dTd, $TH&T V+B + |P WsY |sY <s+> $T+ rdq $
|+ yT#Te&+ q |uT+ yTqT eeTD $ myT..sY, cesT Cq, jT\* q{+#sT. +
J$+ z eTs|s |TeT _sT<T d]+ >s$++~. f{ q |sT Cq>] |sT +f eTT+<T sy\ jT\*
n+{sT Cq. $T+H yT me> $_q |T|&+ n|{ |< $y<yT+~. | y<$y<\T ]>$.
sV b\T <]+H, \T>T jT\* eTTKeT+ nj q q{+q eTV
|\eTqdT L& yT s\+<] k] \TdTy\ n|+, eTTKT\+<]
|kq+ d+b~+#T>*>sT. | |\eT, #s|s #&e, VH\T |+bsT. qT |N |Tq cesT Cq, eTTq\
sE\TessTT, @~ +, &sY #e], eT+ T++, L& yT Vq+ |+|+#sT. s\+<s >+
n #\T, <s<, jse`+>sjT, >b\se>] n_bjTu<\ eTs, V<syTq yesD+ s+
nesTT, uy& uT* e+{ k+|T H +& >&|&+ de n_eqT\+<] q+< *++~. n+<s
H>T\#$, >+> > d+y<+ e+{ bsD L& eT dVq{ jT\* n+{ q |<$ n~sV+q+<T
yT bw+q b\T n+<T eT#T Tq\T. |. |\jT eTqd]> yTqT n_q+~+#sT cesT Cq e+{ djTsY
<s+ eV+#>, mH{sY, k$, mdt.es\ |<q b\T q{eTDT\ +{ C| eT<TsqTuT\qT *ksTT.
<]+q y+fXs eTV+ cesT Cq z eTTKyTq |dT+ yT u+>SsT dMT|+ q >T\\ b++
|T+ k<$T> |y+, q qH #Ts+ |T{ we] +{ |H q z \T T +THsT.
$Xw+> s{ksT. de dyX sw| ds|* deTjT+ <=]q|& <s b sE\qT >TsT #dT+
s<wH >sT |+ yT#Te&+ q J$+ z eTs|s +{sT.
|TeT n+{sT Cq.
` _.. XsY
n~>~> neTse
N
|H weT]
7680950863
lH>sTq $Cq d$T $se+
q +~=+& n<jT+ yTT<+~. H>T\es+ >eTdT&T,

b<jTT&T ds|H y+{eTjT nH &|+T\T qy
#bsT. yT&dt ]j\J u<T&T m.V#Y. KTsw nqT| `
q+~=+& b+\ e#sT. nq+s+ b[ uw |]#jT+ *q
yT&dt \T>T $u>| n~| m.s+>k$T dsd, XdH\ qqT
d]+, sH <ojTT&T C.|.V#Y.> |+bsT. &= eTV u
< d|+ +&~ n #bsT. _{wt +&j +< |sedTXK
<D~ d|]+f+&+{ m.V#Y. +>sY{ 1927 qT+ 1937 esL
e\T ]bsT. ny # yT&dt |sedTXK n~]
{.mH.seT#+<H eT]= e\T ]bsT. y\T>T#dq
\d+|<qT q+~=+& jT 27500 sbjT\ KsT *
eTjT+qT ]+ u<|s#sT. |sedTXK 1966 |#T]+q
|d+ H>sTq=+& |s+128 # e\T ]>sTT. j
b+\qT+ 134 |sedTe\qT d]+#sT. \T eTjT+
<T]dTHsTT. deeT.
\ d++~+ jTs|t >=| #q+ +~. dj{ <X\
#], \ | T +~. _{wt eTjT+ neTse sY n]{\ +<eTVdu, +< $X$<\jT+ sV\qT sT
XX | |<sq eT+~s\T @sT #d+~. sY |sjT|<+ rsH\T #ksT.
bH nH ueq +~ <. _{wt +&j \d+|< eT e\T |&TTHsTT. ] zesYdjTsY +<+ eTT+<T H>sTq=+& \qT
\qT <=+*+ H, <sq+ #d H, eT esD s*kq s\T+&qT |+<T us #] =*k]> ss\qT
s>H n$ #<eTejYT n n|{ |sqT dTHsT sV+#sT e#s ydT\T. neTse H>sTq=+& & @$T{?
eTjT+ sV\T. H|<+ _{wt +&j H>sTq=+& neTse \T y\Te&q H{ \T>T deC k+d dV
\T H\bqT+ y\T>T #dTHjYT. bH #]sT&T <T. H>sTq=+& H{ msT\>Hs+_++~ .
&_jT +&j |sq\ <s b]dt eTjT+qT d+|qe++ #]sT&T, sT&T, $eTs&T, s#sTT nsTTq
#ks eT\+|* keTXKsXs V#]+#sT. _{wt +&j, ._.Vy e+{ ysT *+q #q+ +<T sD+. d+d `
n~]+>, bH |eTTKT\T e> VA< \qT \ d++~+ _{wt y]qT+ d#qT b+<+&. y] ud+
s*dTHsT. qT+ jT|&+&. _{wt y] qT+ HsTy*+<MT <T,
yesD+: 1944e d+es+ qe+sY 10e Bq e Hse\d+~ | nq _{wt eTVjTT&T Vy. jTq d]
H>sTq=+& * eTjT+ qT+ \qT s*+# |jT+ X+H @s&+~. Vy $XwD |s+ ne+<H< s>sY
#ksT. k\T n& qT ] zesYdjTsY nHsT. usrjT deTq |~. ne+<H< + # `
yH e#s |s|eTTKT\ k\T *bsT. zesYdjTsY <ej nTeT <T usrjT +. X+ H
|jT $|\+ #ksT. eTsTd{ sE e#s deyX+ ne+<H< | w&T >Ts+ eT\jT. jTq e#s k&T.
@sT #ksT. <<| s+&Te+<\eT+~ |\T VsHsT. + s++\ #+~q H+ eT|* +>dt y~. \eT\
u\jT n<q ]q deyX+ s+> XwjT, s{ nr+> >Ts+ eT\jT e+{ |\Te] <]+ $<T<T\T
seTH<+, >|es| lseTT\T, ds|sE +HjTT\T, w #|+#sT.
eTVu, $<<sD \#sE, >T+& q dTjT, &.mdt. ]jT zesYdjTsY <++ nq+s, ys+ ]^ s> eTT+<
seT#+<se, jT#] y+fXsT, s+> dTsjTT&T, k+{s& qe+sY 19e Bq e#s k\ s+&e deyX+ @sf+~.
_s&,y{ y+dTjT, y# y+jT, k$TX{ eT\jT, s+> deyX+ d+|, d+| sesZ mqT+~.
#+#jT ~s |s|eTTKT\T bZHsT. ~&T>T >b\weT] n<>, \yqT seTfXsse `
lH>sTq=+& \eTT\ u< < deyX+ +<q e{=+& seTjT\T b<\T>, >Ts+ eT\jT |<q s<]>,
y*T+~. n\us |<sqd+ nH sD+ = \qT ds|sE >b\wjT dVjTs<]>, H+ eT|*, +
rdT ys, T<T nd\ |{qT, |Ps|T{ ksH< u\jT, y{ y+dTjT, es+ |<>\jT\T duT\T>
rdTys, <eTsq y =+<sT <=+*dTHs #s\qT sesZ+ @sf+~. d+|T+ |sT lH>sTq $Cq d$T !
v
Jeq esZ+
q|<+ C! HsTy*! <q+, j>+ e+{$ #d

Xd\T> sT>TT+&*! n$ &\T e.
Jeq |jT n$ u>+! n$ #H
|yV, y> jT++, eTqdTqT d+
#djYT. |qsq\T, eTsDq+s J$+
>T]+q $wj\ >T]+ e{&T,
eseH e< #dTL&<T. ||+#+
eTq+, eTq ||+#+ |P]> \dbsTTqjYT.
eTq qT+& eTq+ jT|&, ||+#+ qT+&
eqd+> jT|&+ *! n< sTe
Jeq+. MT $\Tyq eseH, n+<T
qq ]+#THqT. e nysyTq
neds\T! d\e. nq~ ks+X+!
deyX+ \T>T y+ e\+ q\T>Ts+!
1976 H{ ||], seTDXe\ q
kV+ sD+>q, n|{ TTwy
d+d ne>Vq #dTq sD+>q,
jTq e\T dw+> nsyT q+<+
*+~!
80
jTqqT dMT|+, u>yH seTDT#]+q
e <X+! <X s< & u Xs+, H+#\T, X\ eTq $<q+, yUeTT<, #]+q Jeq
q&u&Tq q|< bsT! #j+ b&>{q CeTjT ds|+! $< q+ MT |d+>+ n+sV! deTq
bsT+& |#<q+ |sTd, #\<q+ Md, |]ds\qT nedTq n+s+> H+, || + # MTsT #|dTq~ = <s?
&\ es<q+ #d, n|& yTT* H\| HeT~> uVd e, me] $q&q+ ysT<+ ue de+j? |ssTT <X+
\<= |jT+ =, mH TTTe\ eT+<ksTT e\qT \]dTq~! |\$dTq usrjT u$T? }V,
TTEesZ+ $> * =, n+ *| uy nr+> m+<sT J$+#>\sT?
>TsTkH s+<+> d| H$T J$ m m<Tsy*?
|< e T++ X_\TTq dT+<s ~jk| ueC\+ qT+& qqT H
<X+! |+#qT.
eTT+ #dT, d#esD XsTT+q
+{ *MT< s+s |dT eTTq $_q e @+ #TTHsT? $q&+ <T! jTq, dTBs eTH XsTT+, |, MT
eTTqT\e = |+! ejTdT, >+;s+, m+ X<, <d, @>, U eTqdT+f |X qqT y~+qjYT, H&T. H&T
X\, s\ ]yTw deT++> |, e\T me! m k+& |X\ e yT\ e. n+<]e HqT
eT]=! e #f! |P\T |P, jT\T +&e. n+ eTT+<es #| $wj\T nqT H <, H e n+<s
, |+&q sTe\T! C y{ eTH =, n|{ nq&q y{ q +&\qTHqT. n~ nV+ n msT *q
nqTe~+#>\ mH uc\T, mH $wsD\T, qw\T , #eT\T y>s! s, ue+ qT+& jT |&qT. MT|
nqTuT\T >TsTe, |<X ksueTT #q\qT |<TH+# rDD+! X+ seTDT\ |ue+ q~, H MT<>H! eTq*
uddTq u<\T! yN MT<, n\T+Tq, n\eTT+Tq, eTq+ \TdTH <HH Je+ +T+<
n\<T+Tq uyq+< s+>e\T\T... nqTq H, H HqT *d <V+ +f
<j~ eT qT+& #\ yT|\qT @+? b @+? n+<Te\, +{qT qT+&
N\T+ uq<jT+... HeT~> sD y y eT< $seT+, n~ dTBs+
d+|+! +THqT +&+ HsTHqT. HqT,
|+\T s|~<T+Tq Xu deTjT+... MTsT, n+<s+ j|~\yT. <+
n+<s+ *| 18 eT+~ $T+ q H{~ eTqdT >T]+q nHsT. jTq | >se+ n+<s+
deV+! |u|Hd+... jTq M&\T |*+!
eq+, q+ XeTjT+! eTqdTqT d]#dT+f eTw d] ne&T. eTs= $wjT+! e 18 eT+~ H{ |<
+ <eed<]jT, q&TdTq X+, e q nd, e leT +~s >+B L& sT. yT +
s\ eTqd, $s\ |d >+;s+ |{+#T+& J$+#&+ HsTy*! msT> $qeT sK!
eT+<Vd e<q+ b+>D |yX+ #dq e~*|+, |TeeTH eTHejC\+ - $.jTdt.sY. e],
TTwT\T\T &T we] dTUoqTHsT. qT+&, dV+>, d#> J$+#+ < Xdy, 9440603499
eqeq+ N +<|<X ed|
deTT<+... X+... u$T!

|eT> C\b&TT+~
ne++> q |jT+&
|&T>T\ <T|{ q $< |&+&
n&T> * b&T+{+~
eTw #d n|&|&
~>T\T u+>|{ @&Td LsT+T+~.
2
_& ujT|& s+&T #T
X yTTq|&T
]+ & rdT+{+~
* |eT * |yT <
yq #T\ &
|se+ qe +~ u$T
eTw &+ d+ $b]q <V+
n& >=+T +& >T|&T yTT*
+|&+ d+ q <V
eTw # |{ eTT]dbT+~
deTT<| s* T& mH ><* q <#T
< <>eTsTTq T z<sT eTw e<\+& |T LsT+~
eTs dJe& #dTHsTT q<T\T |#> q d+>]k& q$T+~
q<T\ e{&T L&\T q <V+ $< q<T* |se =k&
deTT<+ X <s dTHsTT y]> \\T> <T\T +~
|eV+N |eV+N deTT<+ & #]
< n<T <V J$ 3
eTwd+ |{q eTVsyTq VQeT q eTT\T eTT\T> #d
qTeTsT>b+& b&TTHsTT n$T nbsTyT+T {
+T nsD+ esTk& e+
X eTw$< nbsyTq |eT b|+ mq&.....
eTT>=&T>T* |{ yT|* |>\>={ \>qqsTTH <T y]~.
eTw es+ \bd ` qT |s<C u>+
n|s @& TTTe

e#q+ ks $+,
$+ & e#q+
+&e] #d, dek
qT #|{q s#H |jT
yTT m+# qes+
eT n< #|&sTT+~.. Bb? <T\T
<T. u+ &sY eTdTq X+.
d|{ |wt sT.
*|& y+H sT+~. .... sd+> eT*
es ] eTT&T#T |&T+~.
e<T] d| yTd*+~. s+T bsTT
\se+ \\+ ` n|s . B| ] u& MT< #] |&T+~. d|sTTqT+~, u+ <T, b
d`|sTw d++<* <|&+ <? N{ e<T] >=+T $ B| u]+#eTT. Bb?
keyTq $Tu<+H, .....
d<+yTq XTysT<+H Bb
+&, byTq dVq- $+TH #|+&,
Tue+, kqTu L& se+&H...
#&yT n|s |]D. nsT- <e..
T, ejTdT $T+ eq m+<T?
|]D nq& |<]+ @ eTq+ sT eTM
s#sTTH es+> +f, eTdT
X|+>H esTT+~. qT yT+&...m+d|?
*+q @ bH dsd+ n+ N{q B| |\Tesd
nsTT, q #|# yT]d+~.
m+e+ +&<T. ... e<T] eT+#+
se+k\, s><c\ ~ B| y| e+~.
>=| dJe B| e<T.
d+]+#T+T+~, #~y
|H <+ b<T.
q, sdq n|sq L& ? d >{> n+~
dV b\T> #d. e<T].
n+<T- <>Z]q+ n+f = B| +d eTT&T#T
qe\T, d , |&T, |<\T _+
|+#TH u<\T, ~+#TH qy|+{+~.
sTe\T, n|&|& |&eTeT+< <]
n\\T, m|&H b\T, \TdT.
V<Ts> |eT\T... eTT<T\T e<T] |eT+{y n+~
eTT]b\T... eT&T \T, u~]dTqT. B| <T|{
sT TTTe\T q|&T, n+#T* n]b<\ +~
m<TsTe*+~ sTs>\ +~.
@& TTTyH?- nq |X eeT+T+f?n]b<\
bs& <T, s#sTT MT< <T|{ #**
L&. |{+~. B| zsT<T.
#Tq LsT || qe \<$ { q >=\TdT... rdT+~. q|\ <. k] e{&

#T\T n&T|T+~. ....n|{ B| eT+~ e<T] |eTT+~? |+ =~> ]+~.
, | |T. B| # meTs eTT+<T. u B| eTq+> m<TsT#dTqT
+|t |{+~ e<T]. MTsT e+ ny V+&\+ &dT\T, LsT+~. e<T] se&yT # |
qe yTTV+ #H y| y[+~ B|. Ns\T...HqT e+ HeT~> JH, |<sY ]| +< L\&+~. #&T B|,
e<T] syT s B| q |< {, *|td\, sTT b\T. es \TdT> H&d #<T. { eTT+<T
|< dfdT\T | ]| u&syT |[,...... @eTH #b\qT+f #|sTT. s @+
qT q u\ &sY ]+~. jT jTTmdt <>+.. |P]#d+~ e<T]. #j e{&T+<+.
H q wH d], yTTu nsTTH HesT eseTHsT ...qTy s H b{&sT.
qwyTq eT \+ H #d {bjYT |[, |&T n+ =Tbje. \Tdq e.
MT< |{, #H y[+~. }....MTsT e+...= <>+ n+ }" ..
n|{ | jssTTbsTT+~. |& ] b<? d| @$T e{&<T <s
= dt rd f yd+~ e<T]. Bb, @+ e{&TTHe...s+&
meTs +|t e~djYT. e $sT#T+~ B|. e +{ y
fH, |+> n+~ e<T]. HH< <>+ #dd d++> KsT
<s u&syT <{ u\ s>H H=f... yTT+&> n+~. H # |T+f <] |beqT e{& |[
sVH |PwH \+ yTT<+~. yTTu nedsyTq deTj MTsT H <>Zs sT. #ksT. |[ #dTH <] |bjHy
b m& qT+& edTqT+~. e s+&T nV <T, MTsT +&<\#T<T. n|dT+~.
LsTHsT.
e<T] e{&<T. e{& u+ <T. qT$w|& y& <?e<T] ys
n_ &? B| | | n+~d H=|{ yT> n+~.
n&+~. B| \&+~. @& n+dT. +< @MT
|+#&+ <T. m& <s+> w+ n+f @+{? n J+ q+~.
&T. e eTT& b$T *d V*& yTTs>&+ $|k+~. B| uTC\T k] #& H |q u>TH&T. <>+
H{ y&T. eTT&T#T+~.. n+<sT e~ksT? n+~ $\Te *dqy&T. HH |] qT+
d| eTq+. @MT es<T nq~ B| |<>. yTTs> X+ HeT~> e#&T { <s+ ns+ #dT
sTd. <syT+~. =#qTH... ... nyT] Cu
}...neH? e<T] m{ #d,qTe e<T] >Z ~*+~. B| # | L& V #k nH&T. ++! |$T+
ese> n+~. |T + # >& n+#TqT |T+~. +{ H\ |+#& |& +<T$T
neqT esqT B| _>Zs> nq~ e<T]|&T <+ #d V+ <T. e.. ey... e Hq q
SssTT, MTsT es<? @$T |qT &u # rdT+~. d++<yT. C +\+ $d+H,
+ H{ n+#T\T dsT+~ e<T]. qTe T&T#T+ yq ]+~ B|. e Hq H d+ J$+ #dq yT\T <
` HqT... eT H n+& m> >=&e. B|, @+{~? e<T] |<T. nqTH... n#+> jTq wsY\T =
m+<T? | n+<T d|t #d+~. qqT eTT+qf. & L& eTT+#k&T
B| | f |fd L\& H MT< #T\T |T+~. e<T] ||
|{ H fdt >TsT+~ n+~ #T\T yTTV+ MT< |+~. e<T]
yT|\T> q$+~.
}|s&qT +~. dt &u f |{
s+& n eT]bjT+ e]b<T #H y| e+~. d| @&e, eTqdT +>+&. J$+ d+HbsTT+~, >&+
+&. *&TT+~. |&T qT +=] _d n+~. |eT+~ e<T]. qTe
<T'U z<sT# |]d <T. e{& u eTT<=ky
sw+ e+ >Z<T, +{ es qT+
#d dq> n+~ e<T]. f #H b{ bs+ MT< |{ &u ns +>H?. jTTmdt <>+. HqT
rdT |& &sY <>Z] e+~. meTs L& f |H HqT. ++
B| d| eTq+> +&, @< nqusTT y*. >+TdT+ bjH |&y
}sT+~. +|t y\TTsT &sY e>{ MT< <s
~q b{! B| e\ m+ u<|&H, |[ sTbjqT. @+{ >\?
#|.. e<T] $++~. eT+#&> n+{sT. |r | e+\T
b{ e+ n&qT+ <|<T.
>TsT+< MT... bsTwyT < MT sE Hdt s& qT+ T<T& $>V+ es |&yT... |r | @< yT+T. |r
q+~.. d&u{ e#sT... |tC{ ydT < &TyT+T.
neqT. |\$, u +&<$. yTT<{ ~q d. q |{qsE B| q |& HqT q+{ <H>... q> |{,
_+ & yd?..#T L& |qT\T e>{> e] +~. b{ B| #~M, , |]^... e] ]^, d ]
|f<$ <.... m|{ H dV+> y\T>TTHsTT. |t #&, #& ]^... nu lle#k&T>
neqqT q$+~ B|. + HsTT s|sY MT< T yT |t C{ n H. B| k] >seT nXjTeT
eT]bjsT. +eT uT, eTT |&, sd+<|&T. k] Bs+> }|] *| #d+~ e<T] y|. ds yTT
m|&T #dH <=TH +{&T. nd\T

Hs+ <T` y&T HqT eTwqT+{& u\ dq> B| b& b $|k+~. HqT + +{> #|dTH B| e\
y& nes+ d|sY |esY q +^wt L+> n+{sy...q b e<T] eTqdT +<{ d+XjT+ r]+~,
|qejYT nqT+{& n? |<\+&e, s>+, ds+ @MT <T...+< nd$T+> ~*+~.
<sD k>TH +~ B|. e<T] |\ sTTyT kBdqT H+ #b *jTf<T Bb...{ {
qe $+{+~...m kjT+\T dVC\ n\yT|& k]> dt Vd, q e{&T.
sT\ y*++B |\..._T +#T y[b?. Ts<>T+ eTs\ m+ e{&*? | e b{
_T eT+ |* |\ |+q |\ d+` m&& yT+~ qT! e]bT+~. jT\T<s|&T L&
s+& yHeTT de]+#T b&T>Z k $#Y |dt n n&+~ qT. nqT m+ b{f. d L& qsY +&<T
<s+> q eTqdT, +{, q ds<> k&T yT{ _ H ~ |&, e\ d| d +&bsTT
deTjT+` |r #T #+#T+~. &+{ H? >Tq e<T] y| ]+~. nd\T
# |\, yTT<{ +<T\T sy. qTe | | bd nqT+~. yT, eTT+<T MT | #b*. mksT yTsTT
e+ H m +&<$. sE \TdTe\dq nedsyT+{? B| m|&H #kqT. | ]| {>H edT+~. |> @$T
b yH q+<T qqT m Te+{ |X\T n&+<...s=eH ydq +fdt qT.
#ke...eT s\ HH qT ydT * #kj.. {| e~jYT.
se\k+~. B| yTTV+ #|q y*+~. Bb.. s> |\T rdT u\ y| m+<T?
<, sE m+ m+CjYT #kH. y[+~. B| <T. |\ u+ qT+& |wt m+<T? HqT &qT qT. |]
e<T] |eT> \ $T]+~. B| d| #|&T $|++~. *$\T #|+# H. m|&T yTsTT
e{& bsTT+~. sE MTsT H ks+{ B.b.. y\H k>Bd #Xe? |[ MT< ueT\T
bjTT+f @eTjT<? nu m+ |*+~. @yTH $Xwe? e~*bTq|&... < eTT+<T nd\T
V&$& #kH. MT MT< y+ L& e.dT...H kywH |]>&TTqT >TsT L& qT. yTTq jTTmdt qT+
#dTH...j e+~. { wsY, { b+{ d]>Z edTHq bH, n+ eTT+<T ksH
> #d, MTsT d+ H d]bsTT+~. |\ kH{ @e+ |\]+#y..?
$wjT+ #|<T L&! MTsT.. &d+> , >Z<T. n<MT <T. u> >TsTHsT. e jTq
{Hdt, &d &|wH +{ MTMT<, |t, N{ @+{ \T...ds, |&T nq& y&T, H |+& eT]bjT+<T
MTsT +> >b\+& uT. |jTyT+{? L\&+~ ns\ T\ |j+#&T. y&
*, +> H >=|q+ @+ @eTT+~, |[, < bf eq HqT H #<Te <>+ |, H |t
#ke...qTe sTy qqT s\T yTT>T&T M{ e~*+#T+, ys # +< >TsT+#Te&yT w+ <T.y&T
$T+#eT $d+#y...n~ |&q+<T <> d+b~+#Te&+. e<T] e+ &#T. ETb*>&T.
>=|<qqT, |+{qT. n|&T +< L\&+~ B|. zesY H #jT. n nMT<
bC # | +&+~ f djT\qT+THyy...H <>Zs
u]+#qT.. jTTmdtHH? e<T] |+>.
n&, eT] |\ |&+~ n& d{ ||\T &e. nyT] b>H s+&T
n+f bC dyT ueHsq e. =eTT\T yTT*#sTT.
qT> n+~. e&>, k &ysY n+f d+
eH jTsY +&\>. n~ L& neqT yTT*d..dt yTT*q+<T yTsTT
neqT, qTe <>+ bT+<y n qqT |PssTT+~. |&T Cu s>H +{ u+u es..? >=|\T #|&H |+&
e*qT..#Ts yd+~ e<T]. yd #k.. y*>. >=+T e] jTT H, $f&
+ | y?>Tq n&+~ B|. n|&H? Bb...+=+\+ ~ >{ kT n|t *u]...jTT H $ y+{
yT? +#s<T? eT #|dTHe ne{ |sY $T+> H ~
nsTT |T s+&. >wjTsY?..yTTV+ e+s> |{
+|&T. s+&ek+~ |sTT. = |Tq j+{ n+~.
HqT yqT nseTsTT #e<T |&|dT+~. |[
eyT < nsTT+~. < + |q+ e\T u> #by. $ n MT<
|C, >{ $T m |t n|t |.|...C!! #sTT |j+#T, H MT< <T.
k >&+ |T >s+> n+~. @+{? @ Ls qwy, m e+&,
HH+ ydTy, m jsy, nj.. |j>\ nrT\T eT>. z
jTT sY d#Y @ |sTTH H ~ s+> |dt. ysH\ &+|t #d |&j\+?
~>TZq +~ e<T]. @+{...++ |q+? e Hq
|s&T, e neT |H <T. |&+~. MT+<] u J > +T+<, #>
$#Y |dt qT>=&T >sd+~ B|. nyT] k|tysY +sY L& < n+~.
e<T] de<q+ #|+& y[+~. $#Y u m...eT @ mywq usTT J >H...k] e }sT s+&. H |[
|dt &+{ H.. #d, z es| s &T| #d w+.k, |]d + me] @+ *jT<T. e }
#T q \+<] ]e\+f #e eTq+ m+<T +=] keTT? eq |rk >Z +T+~.

#=dT+~. e neT Hq HqT y|t @y m+<T#H. #b> T<+<. + s<$T? |\T<eTqTq|&T
jTTmdt b{\T H\T>T |+| >=| +&. >Ts=+~. qT yT @ |sT |{
bsT. H J+ L& +{& #| {\ <T. qTe q<$. <T. d+u~+#<T. q >T]+ e{&|&T
y~ deTd> L& n|+#<T. f+> qT qqT e~* y[bsTT |{ @&. e+ |sT #TT+~, e<T]
d+sT, kH +^wt dT\, H{ +]> +\+ q< @eTHs+f?. n n|{ bH #d, HqT,
&{\T #d` &< e+~ +& HyTT+~? ]+~. s+{ e B|.. n yTT<f~. |\T|\T <f
H &T e&. eT>y |yTH k] @d eT s=< yTT<\T|{+~. |e? nu...#|jyT.
b$&+{ |+& @+{? nsTTH n+<] MT m&THs? nqT+ #H y|
n+ z| +&<+& uT! MTs+ d{ |< |&T+<+ |\ f
n+<T+ +~. u&syT y[+~.
u& y&sH |e\T.
njeTjT+> q&+~ B|. e<T] | |sTsY _d +~.
u<\T |+#Ts Bb?
bH #d, s+&T >++~. = yTdCdt s @<< n+THsT. =+|Bd
u<? < <D+. <#dT u< @MT e. e<T] #H qT+~. H\T sVd+> |[#ddTHs?
n |sT @+{ uT ? H &T\T H <>Zs H #dTq #|&T $|dT+~. &d|H
+#Te&+ L& b|yT m? #dq n+ |Ts+ s><T. s>eqT,
H m|{H edT+<? nqT+ B| q> q$H e<T] >+;s+>H n+~.
u& |[ s+&T y| n|...me& >=| | MT< y*+~.
d+ #ks...yT$T<syT rs* eT! n |[ |TsyTq+{sT.. { e&+J,
n| nqT, H~ HqT rsTe#T>...<T, k, s| b>+ @+{?B| e<T] n+ &+{> #|+&. s|eTeT+<
qT &d& #k&T H &T HH+ $q& u&syT qT+ n]+~. me] \TdT. MTH q\u s+&? B|
#j? uT |[ L& #jT& edTH b{bs+ m LsT+~..
n e\T. nd\T +{ |X H sqT e<T] u& syT e md d ejTdT deTd <T, ]>$ sT>TH
L& <T. |++~. s| @+#<eT n&>y? qTe HsTT. B| |<ejsTT. wt
Bb @< $TeTs*qqT #|+~ #| #ky? e<T] >~++~.
e<T] u>H >TsT+~. |[ d+ H MT |s<? B| ]q H{H \ n&+> }|+~.
d+b<q, n& |t d d+ nyT] &|+& H y{ jTT d.. . + +| H{ e{&y...
y+< e<T] \TdT. nd\T q eTT+<[ wt #dT s.
+|y |+|syq s+& m<TsT seT+ b<+, b<Tq udt, s
#d+~. + |[d++<+ e+~. bssY, s MT w+. H C{> B| HsT ] |<>H |{ y\
d++<+ ~s, |[ d+ B| L& e~*+#Ty*. eT]bjqT, #Tq }bTqT q&Td u+ y[+~.
q>\, Ns\ u>H c|+> #d+~. V+& u>C rd+~. ~>=, MTd+ B| wt #dT= &+> fT eTT+<T
b]dt |syT d{. +H d{ nsTT+~. |&T #|+&
Bb, $wj e<T\T. qTe H =qbjqT, n+ V&$& >=D+~.
e{&be& nqT sDeT e+ qTe #|, s |{+<?
nq, H ` uw #b\+f, <+ jTT e<T] n+<T+~, MT jTq X|Hs\T |&T
s>TT+~. |&T. yT\THy?
d| eTq+. B| f |\T dsT B| eT eT+#+ MT< #]+~. Xb, @+ e{&TTHsT. nd\T MT
n+~. ={ sD\T #|eTT. < bH #|&T +& sT>TT+~. #\&q $wjT+ *jT&+ <T. yT$T<s+ ysys
nq& H <>Zs |P|t <T. >~ B| HeT~> <|&T+~. e<T] eTqTw\+ <T, H=&! HqT |[ #dT
deTjT+ HeTeT+< H nsyT \T|\ yd |&T eT >Ts= n *dby\?.\Tk...=
#e<T. n+|& yc\T ykeTT. <T|{ #T+~. L& y.. sE\T, |eT |sT |q+ u>H
+< s&T MT< bdt b{*+> yH ? u]+#qT. H s>H nsyT+~ .
s+ q q e+ #jT<
* * *
#|&T #d s+&T s+&T ] B| <T|{ | q <bsTT+~ e<T].
y[bsTT+~. k~+#&+ >Ts=+~.
e<T] eTqdT B| e\T + B| #TsT>Z yT]XsTT. MT d+>
sT>TTHsTT. yT Bb. =dej \Tk? HqT z sE $wj\T #T
b<TH+~. Bb fyT #d+~. |~ <& d] qqT, jTT, |$Tdt! n
m& sT+{y nsyT <T. e<T] >+\T y=k+~. e<T] u\
eTTU s+&T #T\ T&T#T+~. m+ {&T
yTT\ bdTqX+ $|k+~. {&?! e<T] \|T Bb y|
>Z +T+<...nd\T eTq MT< +{
eT u+ y[+~. u+ y[

#d+~. s>jTT+>, #|+&, #|+& eT H d>TZ|&+~ B|.H L]jd{ n+q+&

De |q qy]<sT. V&$& |{+~. uT...ds, e~jT+&.
, {&T. + eTT+<T m+<] Bb...MT >Z < H MT<? n|&|& n|dT+~ H+ eTs+>
|&THy \+C, n. *jT+&H <. H+ n|+#f<T. n~ MT w+ HH n. bs\T #| HqT. y
>=+T Js. <? &dZd+>..H+ M> e\sT>
| d|t #d+~. ue+~! B| eT n+ eTT+<T qTe e. eTq jse&+ @+{? n_ d+>
yTT<\T|{+~. |eT, |$T+#&. y& |dT mH &q$T +&$? + \TdT>...y&T`y& #<Te, Vd.
eTT|<{sTT. HH |<y&T. HH|&H |+ e#~? |[ #dTq sy $T*+~ HH. e neT L& eTT& <>Zs
n&>H? m|&H d eT&= #sTT nTe+{$ | n qTe m ksT +~. @+{, |#bsTT+~. | &
ykqqT, y& wyT z, b m+ nq<T H? eTq n+> q&T|jT <T. |>
d&k&. #by\|dT+~. H+<T eTq <X+ n{ ys & +T+~.
B| }|] _>|{+~. n |+<? . T. <
>\! e+ | |[ #dT nyT] nsTT+~, e<T] u& {dt n+~d B|
y! H #dTe& n H MT< |eT
]jH d+ m<TsT#d+~. nH ueT >{> ]+~. H
MT $wjT+ \Tk.....H HH B| d| eTq+> +~. @+ +~ nqT <T. H HH. H neds+
e+~. m& nsyT+~ <...n+<T HqT n|+#f<T. VQX, H MT MT< H~. H |++ L& H<. +<T
|< |< u+ yH... HH qeTyTy @< k+> H +& nsTTH HqT d CsTTr> +&s<.
$wjT+ #|& HqT |&q bT, +T+~. b MTsT.. m+<T \Tk, nqT |eT |sT eTu|{q+<T
s eTw |X\T...q HH|&H |+{sT? <T. H+ Ts < q$Tq+<T me
n+{ |X\T yjT>\H? ss{ Cu
d| mes e{&<T. + me] neeq+ n|dT+~. nqT y&T+{&T
#j*, be T.# |+&
#q y |&bjsT. MT $wjT+ HqT y&T&qT. H +#&T.
neT\T #keTH qeTy*. jTq
\Tk...|[ n ueqTH u\+ #! =H nsyT+~. HqT L&
e+ |[ eTT+<T s+&T eT&TksT
yd+ +~. |eT |sT #] nH #Xq. n~ s>u{ m+<T
u+ bsTT e#&T.
m+<T+&...|$yTq |[` |e*q #sTT+#Te&+, k~+#&+, edTe +#bjqT. HqT L&
e\T, | qe q$+~ B|. =|+#Te&+, uyTsTT #jT&+?n y&TH>...n m+<T
]wH \T+{sTT B| nqTbj...d+ |X++> nH
ds, < |{ ne<T. +{[ e{&T bsTT+~. q #|q+<T +&>*><. \#T+f #+>
e{&, m+ >\ neT+<...MT e<T] +~ |&b #\T. n|dT+~ Bb! <#Te& |{
d+>T\T #|+&. s+{, @< ddH n+<T d+ y| y[+~.
de e{&sT. +<y +d eTqeP?. q s b{&e. \
+>sT |{sT.. B| >=+T eTTqT|{ y| e+ y]dTqT n+~ e<T] m{...|[ L& + <T? B|
ksY ]e+~. ~>...nB B fH..MT <? ds, yqT qT+& e\ e<T] |&+~.
e<T] {dt MT< sY X<> sd n+~. #|+&. n+ V{ n|sY...m+<T n$ $ s+& ysT ysT.
HqT Cu e~jT&+, |[ s+&{ e {& nsTTbsTT+~. <T f...y&& yyT>..
eTT&d s H <&e. m|&H n|sY?.yT...n+H >=|eTT+~ y&&y+! e<T] | |T=+~.
HL& +{ ddt +&< |t? +<qTHs? mesT e eTq yT<&T m++~?
e? |<\T k>Bd q$qT> yTTV+ |{+~ u;, qTe f&wq ~++> |T y&,
| & nqT.. e<T], @+ #|qT?.<{ edt n |P*wt y&sH> +#* n+f m
|C. k>TT+~? qTy b keTqyTy& =T
@+{..? y b keH <=sTsTT. |>
y H{? e<T] >sd+~. qTy[q s+&T H\\ nqT+{, Cu
esqT <. sy eTq b |dTH qTe use& eT =qTHe. k?
B| #|q eTT+<T e+ jTT H, ~dt sT. |sT n&. #|qT. VQ.. K] e n|dt T MT ..eTq ]{
dt y m{+>. #|+&. & e n+Tq|&T >=+T e]H, d q|&T m+<T >=&e\T.
e#y&?? yT]|d n&+~. HjT+> q$+~. &+f k, &dsY {. n|&T #|
mdt? Bb @ ueeT qT LsT+~. nyT] yE |<T. yT
njTuujYT +>H.. B| #sTT H{ <?.n d|t |H>H #kqT
@+{ \ |dT n+<] b{\ kH bsqsY m +& H ne>Vq <T.
MT< |T+~. m+{ HsCDy?. n+~ neTHj? e<T]. kb =qTe&+ +{~ <T> ~,
B| s>Z n|++~. s>*>< <T. eH + VsTT> eT+#&q|&T us> #&y&

n< usY <.. q# b zm m >&#~ L& <T. m|& @y \T. nj&T? { n+~d n&+~.
+T+~. &eTT+~? H dT zm e<T] nqT+~. #&y&T <T.. qd |&TT+~.
m L& |#jT<T. q]|t q|&T H]{ y[ +jT] f #d T n+~ B| @{#d.
++ e{&eTT. #$ +< >{> # CdTHsT. |[ q $<+> @ qd?
sdT+~. u @&Tb#~ Bb....bH #d *s{ #d+~ nqT+~ B|. + eTT+<T B| { >T? + { n&T>T<e?
T |#qT+&~.. n+ ns+ +<+ m+ C nsTTq Te+{ +{eTd <T
* * *
de |q+...n q ns+{, <]eT<. e<T] #jYT nusTT eT d+~.
H+ \Vq @+{?.H MT< n+ bssY s+&T >+\T >&bsT. nu,
n&swH <>Zsqy&T, s|&T qqT <+ n& $Tdt njTq+& u>?
e~*+#TH&T. q$+~ e<T]. @+{ bssYH, qH s bdt|& CsTT+{ H yS]
B| >=+T u& <T\T eTT KsT dT m+ e+~ e<T]. dt
bssY d>+ dT, yTTV
>T#Tqf+~. <>Zs <s me e{&<T. e<T]
eddTq $TeT*! B| qT={+~.
k]...HH|& +#<T. s, |t #sTT *|, q> <>Zs rdT e~* dt
qyd+~ e<T].
m+ u< <...HqT+&T+f d+ m+~ B|. eT m|&=dT+<...u+>
HqT d+w+> >&| mHsTT+~. =|{ yq ]+~ e<T].
#|e&H ue+&~, e<T] #sTT eT kjT++ B| y[bT+<
n+~ B|. e<T] +{=#d] es+ yTT<+~.
n|{qT+# u+> yTT<+~ e<T].
qTe+& +fH..e<T] dTqT> >>u |* y[ u\ sdq e
m& ~] n& ywtsyT y[edH #T+~ > n~ n|{ d>+
, nd\T <+ ]>< <T! +~ B|. sE s |jD+
>=+T |P&TbsTT+~. &bsTT+~. u& | d& fT MT< Bb
+~ |&yy, sE >Ty? qsY e~d+~. B| dT @+
B| VXs+~. >Tq e<T] e<T] n&+~. k+<..! bH # rdT+~.
* * *
<>Z] b<e+~. + >qT +& $Tdt jTT, s B| yTdC |{ eT+#+
kjT++ HdT s& u+N MT< MT< y*bsTT+~.
LsTHsT. ue+<+& +&&+. <jT+ e>H eT&T yTdJ\T.
ye? e<T] V+&u> bT sT |[ e+ m+<T+&eTT? +{eTd, |<yT u\+ ns+.
\T n+<T=+~. =+#+d| VsTT> m+<T TsT sE HqT MT | njqT.
Bb e<T] |qT+ +< k] #| bjeTT. Hw+ \T eTq q eT>yse] < $\Te
#d+~. MT ujYT |+& m|&H #b&, ydT=eT qqT $d+...H n+< *dqT <T. b|+ y Hs<y!
JH MTsT |# V{> HsT. yT+{ #d, n+<] b*... e+ d nd\T MTs eT>y&sTT +f HqT
e<T] T>Zs&sTT. #b&T, eTT+<T +~ n >=|\TbsTT.... |t, qT eyT e~<H...y&+ |P <! b|+, +
m& y+, seTe? |< <T, HqT L&! > J$++ n+<yTq eTw >T]+# bj&T. $Tdt
+&..sd+ e#dT+~, d jTT ..
sT B| keqT eTT+< m+#XsT.
C{> < *q \e++>
sTq|&T n&+~ e<T]. +{ 12:05 m.m+.
mT n+~..
qTy=dTqT \Tk, k] y[ k], ney @$T #|L&H &d&
+>sT|&y? ne qTe |jT+#s<..? yTT<{ @
#dTHqT. MTsqT H d ]{ s,
|[ nsTTH +{sTT.
#b+&, |{ ~ &s> dk, n|&T e{&=#T 1:20 m.m+.
nHqT. q eqT <T.d MT n |[\ +&y+&. eT H +{
eT& yTdC #~$+~. #]bjqT.
+&\|+ qe n+f jTsY +|{ m+<T? n H MT< #T\q
\Tk..H =+f #q edT+~.qy=<T
V++> +> }>sTT. +~, H n MT< #T\q +~, <]
eT]! k] $TeT*
]MT< ] >se+ <T. @$T{
sE kjT+ < <sT u> ]>sT. eTT<T|T+{?dsH? #<+ MTH
d+ks+? < e\q >=+T u+>TsT-
seT+ eT+ {|t, Ee\ =q~ +&be#y!) \y jTT 5:00 m.m+.
bsTTqT+~. bdt |T sT>T #jYT
e<T] B|. B|qT \T#T+ w+> q$+~ e<T].
nyT nusTT |+~ e<T].
B| \+#Y eT+ {{ +~. d |sTq
MT]<s |[ sTbjsT. d ` n|s
sks+{ y[ \+#Y bT <s ;sY
jT|& >* |\T #&+&. n+<s 9985427122
ssY #XsT. , HH|{ n
*qT& N
eTT$ sM+<H<
=\bTq \T>T |<\T
n]+#T C$T useTT nXyT< |seTT ~r-
n]+#&+ n+f =+#|s#&+, jXd+ +~ e#q+ |\\eTi
n<']+#&+, +<T|s#&+ n ns\T. |qMsu<$ |< y|+ nq
ns+ |j+#&T. #&+&.
ms|>& V] e+XeTT |Psu>+
H\Ze Xd+ +~ |<+ e. n+> eTT+ q$T*q eTTjT+|
|< |j+#&T. s+>e\T\ MT<
^. n~\>T |dT\H\ q]+ & n$T\T |< y|+#T, $d]+#T
n ns\T. <TD\ eTT+
q\ ~|+T H=+< $d]+q eTT\ eTT>TZ\MT< n B
n#s ue+.
n#s yT$T n+f yT LeT+ eT$ n# qT>T sejT-
eTs. BH d\ |~ n L& DeTT u\+&eTT +~ |<+
n+{sT. eTq b+\ k<sD+> { ysD |#ksTT. n$T\T |< XjT+#T (|sT+&T)
<|\ +& yTs ueTT\ yT nH ns+ y&&T.
ned
eTs yTT* eTq+ #&e#T. +> d. |qTu|qTqTuqT|q $TsTT+{
uw B +&jTH c{ (Indian Shot) ned nH~ eT+<T yTT. BH n =jT* jT+> q$T*q yqTq
n Canna Lily n |\TksT. Hd $w nL& n+{sT. B +>+
Great Sweet Flag n+{sT. sq+d |qT b| n+f b| s&T (Xw H>T
(Cannaceae) T+u #+~q yTT nq& ~Xw&T). ~Xw& qTqT bqT|
XdjT HeT+ Canna indica. yTeTs (Ranunculaceae) T+u #+~q
eT+<TyTT XdjT HeT+ Aconitum het- n+f yT{ Xw\+. l eTV $we
yTT\ H\ |< <T+|\T |sT>TsTT. Xw\XsTT < ! =jT* n+f d.
erophyllum. B sV]D> |sT+~.
>MTDT\T M{ |$>q,
&uT +{sT. &+q B y cjT+ eTs s>, >=+T
yTeTs <T+|\T bs<s+>, jT> T\ |#dT+~. cjT+ &T|
+{sTT. H=| ZdT+~. w>sY y~ L& ~
~yw<+> |#dT+~.
n\
ny\eTT
n\ n+f $T* \eTT *q~ n
ns+. sejTDyT $X$T eTV] ny\eTT n+f |\T, n~eTT.
seT\DT\ |<+q eTVsyTq n$T\T
X *q eT+ n n+{sT. n$T\T n+f nd$T+#T, i>T,
< |C| LT n nH y|+#T, XjT+#T nH ns\THsTT.
|sT>\ yT +~. n |] $TsTT+{ =jT* n+f \<$. n\T
eT+<T yTT L& +~. = b+\ lH<T&T oK+&eTT e+
|<eXd+ z |<+ ` n+f b<\T. yqT&T n+f $we.
< dV<$ n n+{sT. \T>T \<$ q b<\T T +&>
yTTqT eTTe|\>eTT n |\TksT. d. bjT sD_++T y\ui
yT{ Xw\+ MT< XjT+q $we
ed (Malvaceae) T+u #+~q jk#\+T| q$T\
n B ue+.
yTT XdjT HeT+ Sida rhombifolia. n |< |j+#&T. bjTeTT
eT+<TyTT dysTT, jT y<T\ nH VseTT nH, VeTeTT nH n\eTT / neTT
y]D> |sT+~. | dsTTH eT+#T. bjT sD _+eTT n+f n\eTT nH neTT nH f,
eT<>\ q Be\ yTT \ #+<_+eTT. #+<_+eTT y\y\bsTT eTT +eTT n ns+.
{ #T >TsT. yTT +&+ nk~ (|&eT{ =+&) | nd$TdTq<
qT+ d$+# >TsT s y]D> ue+.(#+<T& VeTsT&T n |sT+~ n
|sT+~. yTT y L& dysTT < !) n n+f yT& <T+seTT. <<|>
<$& uw\{ n X+ yT& #TH n< sD+>H nsT<bjsTT. |sesD+

ddT+~. yT&sT (yT& G }sT) > n< n+f b #|, n] d+u$dTq |\T esT\T +<T sD+
nsT (n G }sT) \ #H HsTT. b&bsTTq b<s. e#y ! |\+ sb& #+~q ssY
<D us<X+ nsY, eTsTesY, =*j|s +|]& (Lampyridae)
sY, #sTe nsY e+{ n<T T+u #+~q *$. Lamprocera
>eTHe\ n MT<T> @s&qy. n<T n+f >seTT, eT<eTT n ns\T. selas nH~ $TDT>TsT\ XdjT HeT+.
W<T+s jTb ue n jTEs<+ *jT+& m+ |sTw+> $TDT>TsT\ eT> \T eT &
#|T+~. jT+ * # jT|XeqT e{&+~? < + n<T L&<T \qT ]+#& eT b +~
fjT& jTd* d+u n+{+. u>+ qT+ j| ^H s+>T +
bTsT. < jT|d+u+ n+{sT. y\Te]ksTT. \d|sdt (Luciferace) nH
jT|d+u <T+s e+ XwyTq< n<qT m+CeTT (enzyme) eT> \ b
u$+, #T =eTH jT|d+u+> n<qT n+f nqTL\yTq, d]jTq +~ u>\ >\ \d|]H (Luciferin)
bTsT. n yT& #T nH nH |>+{ | #| |ue+ sD+>
= b+\ u& #T n, |& #T + |&TT+~.
n L& |\TksT. ysd (Moraceae)
T+u #+~q e+ XdjT n<e<
HeT+ Ficus glomerata. BH Ficus n<e< n+f \. n<e< |&&+ n+f
racemosa n L& eeV]ksT. B \ |&&+. seuT<jTeTT
+&+ us&T cjT+ | &T>TsT. e+ <e Xd+ +~
* b&> #d H *| d |<+ njT\TsE seTu< $
nsT>T<\ deTd\ =\bsTT. n n<e< nq |< m+ #>
| +f n$ &T| >dt |j+#& #&+&.
y&*+|CksTT. #T qT+ s b\T ^. * >[+ j $T#* $T+
yTT\\ y~ (|) y]ksTT. XS* ><*+ jTT>>V[ H=+
deTjTeTT. BH V<qT n L&
ndsT n+{sT. n<qT> yq\T sy* `
jT+<TqTqqT <T +<Te<q
ndsT (nT G mdsT). nq+ |<qT> |+\T |+&* n |&T q<q qqT"p&T eT<e< e<* jT~|.
e+&|&T >+ ys |+& |\\T |b\T b&THysT. |dT+ sC ! * (n) $T+, $T#*
nq+ $T&bjTT |f e n<qT H n<TqT n |<qT H |<TqT (V) L& $T+, XS* ><*+
mdsTqT ndsT n+{+. |< n n+TH+. (e& yT|+), >yTq ( qe) >V\qT
|dT+ nd\T ns+ mes y&&+ + (kBq |s#T)
<T. ns=s esT\ | rsT&q n<sT
m& H +<Te<qqT rdT=kqT.
e >T]+ n&T ndsT esT\ n<sT n+f #\qeTT, #*+#T. n<sT n<qT (d]jTq deTjT+)
bdj&T n+TH+. u<sTqT n&~jTTqT .. m>s* ..
m>s* .. eTq ms C+& n+ HqT ekqT #&T. | n<e<\T
X$T\T b&TH ^+ n<sT n+f e~d +> +&T.
ys|, ujTeTT n ns+. |dT+ n~jT
n<sT H n<TsT n, u<sT H u<TsT
n~jT n+f n<, u&T> ueTT.
n n+TH+.
n<sT n+f $T&T>TsT\T n<sT&T
$TDT>TsT\T nH ns+ L& +~. n<sT&T n+f u&T, +&bT
~es |sp dsdeTjT (glutton).
deTj\ me> |+# $TDT>TsT\T
(fireflies or lightning bugs) |dT+ @
v
|&T>T de#s+ &d|{

|\\! es\+ e#d+~. XesZ+ nsTqT&T y>+> s<+MT< yTq|&T e#
#|& sTeTT\, s<#\ N\ }&yT |&T>T n, n+<T |&T>T\T |&TTq|&T (yT-
sT|\T yTsTdTq|&T L&) nsTH, |\TZD, bs... n \T#TeT #TsT <
neTeT\T, HqeT\. dH |s+ sTeTT\T, yTsT|\T, |&T>T\T n+f @$T{ m|&
\TdTH+ , |&T>T* eTT+< |d>&+ \TdTbj+ <. |&T>T\ e\
nbsyTq bD qw+ sT>TTH @MT #jT bjTys+. , |&T, |&T>T* 30 qT+
45 $Tc\ eTT+< |d>{, |* V#]+# k+ eTq +<|<X sh+ k~++~.
<+&s yd, dbq d+<X\T |+| bD qc |dTHsT. k, msY H{esY @| |+<+ <TsTq |*$T~. yesD +>
n+#H yd+<T eTq |uT+ k |+<+ #dT+~. kbT nyT] #+~q msY H{esY d+d L& |+<+ <TsT+~.
yTs |&T>T\qT |d>f+<T shy|+> nH +<\T @sT #d+~. y{ <s |&T>T|& neX+ q b+\qT >T]+, n&Tq d
es |]~ q n yTTu bq mdtmyTmdt \T ysTT. eTT+dt yT|\T @s&q|&T y{ $<T |yV+ @s& yTsT|\T
eksTT. #s sT>TTq|&T s&j | s+>\T k]> \+ yTT<\eT+~. de#s+ <s+> |&T>TbTqT eTT+<
}V+#>\T>TsT.
H] +
=+& uqT|wt
<] qT+& .mH.+&>, $dt d, sT ,
+<|<X
HsT\ |sTT+{+>qT apchiefeditor@gmail.com

yTsTT #d |#T]k+.
s+>T\T yjT+&
#T\T \|+&
e+ N
|eTq |eT e#TqT

eTTK+>qT, sT\T L& eTH eTTKT\T> |]>D+#\
|> dT+{sT. yde+ @$T+f, y] ysT
eTTKT\T> |]>D+#T=+{sT. >jT |sTTq sTy
ny]+{ |s e+~. us b<TH <> y[
s> +{ s&T. yT n+<sT n|]T\ eT<
\+>&b\+f # +~> e+&~. n+<s eTTue+>
e+{sT. qes rjT+> |\T]+#sT |> q
|]>Dq rdT+& y] ys @yy $wj\T
n
#|=+ qe=++{sT. HeTsTTH#dH n+<T m&
~X+ eT+~ eT J$+ @ n+X+ >T]+ e+\T |e# n y<TT+{sT. m>[ #jT&
me> eT<q|&TT+{sT? eTT +]yeT eT |jTdT+{sT. +]> q >~ qT+f me]q
n deTj && rjTT\T mes s, eT +<Te\T, \e+& +]> \+ >&T|+< yUksT. y[H
dVT\T mes eT n+s+> |+#Te& qysT yeT<q LsTH @MT e{&+& eTq+> e+T+~ n
< ybT+{sT. ||+#+ |{q~ \>sTTT, | #|=+{sT. + sE yT n w yTqT #&&
s eTe+{ e\ eT< J$eT+ >&b* e+T+~. e+~ wqT >*+#T= >jT usTeT $\|++~. &
n neds\ sT\|H <s|&* +T+~.nsTTH y q qs+> e+{+<, q|#T+<, +]>
rjT m+<T H\=q&+ <T? y[b<eT+f us n+^]+#&+<, n+ dsTbT+<
eTq de+ | s sT\T eTqT |$T+#\, eTqT #TTH&, m dsTbT+< q ns+e&+ < q
n_q+~+#\, eT deTd\ kjT|&\ sT+T+{sT. u<q+ $&eTs #|+~.
n< deTjT+ eT #T eq ysT L& > w #|+~..& eq ys+ + eTT+<T
sT+T+{sq \ n+X MsT >T]+# s]ksT. n|]T\T. y] >T]+ Te+{ ne>VH <T.
m+eT+~ eTq+ eTqd]> n_e+ |$T+ ysTe+{ys \TdT, ysT eT+> e+{s,
n+eT+~ |eT eyT eTq \_dT+~.eTq+ {y] | $s<ue+ e+{s >T]+#, y] dV+ e&
|$T+#q|&T y] qT+& |e_eH\T, rjT eTq d+<VdTHe. K+> ys+ L& nTe+{ eTHuy\H
\_+#e. sT\qT eTqd]> |$T+#& +~ @$T{? | #]dTHsT. y]| d+<V\T eHj, |
me] y] eT eT neds\T |jH\T eyT n+ y+<] K+> ny d+<V\T e+{sTT. qTe <s+>
|<qyTq$> |dT+{sTT. y{ >T]+ eyT s+s+ e+&&+ +& | ] dV+ e& |jT+#T.
eT<q|&TT+&y], sT\ neds\T |{+#T>\ r], | ] dT+> >eT +#T. y] |esq
deTjT+ \_+#e. |> sT\T nH +<T\ n_q+~+#<q n+XyT<sTTH e+f, d+XsTT+#+& DyT
deTeTeT+f, n+<T yT+<T \<s\, n+<Te\q n_q+~+#T. n> ys+ sE\T >&b H bH #sTT.
eT mTe+{ |jq+ b> eTT, j deTd\ ys+ sE\ sTy >jT q n bH #d
+{ yTyqq ueq | s <s+> ] #|+~..qTe #|qf e n>] |H sE >&bqT.
be& |jTksT. sD+>H, y] deTd\qT, + yT #dTq | kjT|&u, XeT|&bq+ yT
<T\qT |+#Te& sTes d+d<+ sT |*+> ysT $\$&+~. yT n+{ |ed<Tsq e H+esL
+]> $T>\e\d +T+~. eTq+ |$T+qys ] eTq* d|&<T. yT $wjTyT #_, yT d+w+ +
|$TksT. eTq+ kjT |&q|&, sT\T ] eTq kjT+ sT |T =+~. |&T |]d dT\u+> +{ n+<]q
n+~ksT. eTq+ sT\ n+&> eq|& ] ysT eTq *dbjqT. n+<s H $wj\T #TTHsT. n+<s
n+&> \TksT. | s eTT d+b~+q< =+ H d\V\T rdT=+THsT. qqT T++ e>
<H b<T|> <#T+T+{sT. m+<T? eT neds +&, n |<qyTqe> |]>DdTHsT. H
|]d @<sTTH m<Ts, b<T| #dTq yTT+ eTqT \db>\T>Tq mq& }V+#<T. e\+ d\Ve\H H
<T=+T+< y] \TdT. n> sT\qT |$T+#&, J$+ |< eT\T| ]+~.
y] | yTq d, n_eq+ dV+ e& =+ >jT <++ *jTC| yde+ f.. MTsT me]H
deTj {sTT+# >*, ] ysT eTq | n< |$Tks, ] ys $TeT* n++f me |$TksT. #T
|eTueqqT e+ #jT& s+>+ d<+#dTqf! eq ys+<]q |eqTs>\T y|+|Cd, eTq d++<\T
\yTq, dT n+X #eT+~ [+| rjT+>, V<s+> essTT. |*+> eTq| eTq
#dTbe&+e\q, eT #T eqy], eT s+s+ n_eq+ dT+~. +]q+ $&H&TT+~. n+<T. eTq
*dy] r jTT\T> esT, <s+>H #T eTqe+{ ys e+Tq|&T y] nqT+<+
n{|&TT+{sT. |*+> y] eTT <s+> @ss#Te&++f dT\uyTq n+X+ ys={ e+&<T.
$T*bT+{sT. eTq+ sT\qT >T]+ m dTHy,
eTq #T eqysT L& eTq* >T]+ n< e - d qsd+Vse
dT+{sq d #eT+~ >T]+#sT. eT yT eTHyC $Xw\T
dqT d+>T\T
N
y+T HsdT& |Te#T

sC
y+T\qT { eTqTw V+k |e >T]+# neX+ +<
|]X<q\T #TTHsT. y+T b{H jssTTH n+<T n
s\ V\T, KC\T +{sTT.
y+T +& V\T, KC\ w{ e Xs+ V\T,
KC\ w d\+> n+#H yjTe#T. B{ yT<&T ]>
y
skjTq#s\T, y{ |#s\qT{ j e\ |esq L&
+Tyd eTTeqT |+#Te&+ < eTTeb\e&+ >T]+#e#Tq u$dTHsT.
| J$+ dqT |De n k<+e#T. n+f nHeT+~ HsdT\qT y] ueq jT<s \TdTH+<T |]X<q\T
y+T\ <s+> +~T\qT <w\T> s]+#&+> sw\T> #XsT. HsdT\ equ+>+, V, <|&, |TsD\ \
$& |&+ M\eT+~. <\T=Tq e+{ Hs\T #dqysT HsT. n< deTjT+ @ Hs
|&T sY edt dk|t dVjT+ sY sD\qT #] eT]=+eT+~ y+T\qT, y] y+T\bT |]X<q
$j+#T y+T = yTqqT |]o*+#&+ rdTHsT.
k<eTe+~. sY sD+ y+TMT< |&&+ = y sC\ +& #eT, eTT] =\+# sC\qT sZH bk
njqT $&T< \esTT. M{ dk|t >eT+#e#T. eTT+#sT. |*+> sC\ V, KC\ eT s+>TqT
+es bsdqT |sTT+{, >dt, T{ qT+& $&T<\jTjT jT|{sTT.
dd+, Xs+ qT+& $&T<\jT $$< <y\T, $c\T e+{ y{H HsdT\ sC yT^wjT+, d*H, b{wjT+, k&jT+, |sY,
<s+> rdTHysT. *~jT+, sH, +, $TjT+ e+{y{ d+ fH #
M{+f sY edt dk| $<q+ m+ yT\sTTq< Xdy\T me>H, e>H qT ++~.
$e]dTHsT. |< $XwD\T ]|, sT>T] n<X sDeTsTTq Hb*jTH eTsD+
e |T HsssD #XsT bH. sT |< |yX|{q
k\qT n+^]++~. jTs|tqT sTT+q Hb*jTH 1821 yT H\ dsTT+{ VH B$
eTsD+#&T. &T| qsY sD+> n&T eTsD+#& n|&T
|< $XwD VQC>> sb* $$< e\ \\MT< n~]+> |{+#sT.
y+T\ ek\H = d+<s\ e \MT~
y+T\ &\T n~+> +{sTT nH $wjT+ <w +#Ty\ 1960 d&wt Xdy dHbsY w |P& Hb*jTH eTsD deTjT+
|DT\ +<+ V#]k+~. n&T <<| 30 ] bsTT+> \D\ u<|&qT n #]
#<Te >T]+#&T. Hb*jTHqT #+| u>+> n ]
y+T\T #|$: $w+ yT* yT*> +& *| qT Xdy }V+#&T.
| Hs Hsd\+ e< y+T\T <=sTsTT. HsdT ssTT+#&+ me]H ] $w+ d n~ e s+ |ydT+~. sTy n~
y+T\T m+>H |j>|&sTT. y+T\qT bs e \ MT< y+T\ <T #] n# |eTT #+<TT+~.
s |+|sT. n& |DT\T y+T\T eTw y+T, y+T\T m<T>TT+f ] y+T < ] $wjT+
+Te\ y+T ssTT+#&+ eyT>, n$ \ y+T, >&+ XX ]sT> +&bT+~.
y+T, MTd+ < Xs sVdu>\ #+~q y+T ssTTksT. Te+{ ]sTqT >T]+#+<T 1950 ssY C.]dt nH Xdy
y+TqT{ HsdT ejTdT, d ~s e> $wj\T >+ = |< sb+~+#&T. |< |sT q{H jywH
ssTT+#bjTysT. e d (& eT>) |&T mH*ddt. ]jsY qT+& me X>\ q{H\qT y+T
ssTT+#>\TZTHsT. y+T <TsT u>+ L& y+T +f d MT< eTT&+# $<+> |+| n+<T ] |seDTe\ s&j
sjT+ eT]+ dT\u+ neT+~. <] edT+~. y+T |yT q eT\+ @$T{, n~ m+
y+f <TsT u>+ dsTT& jsT#d n+<T d =e{H +f >& y+T q< L& |<e\ \TdT+~.
n~ d #+~q<, n~ b |sTw #+~q< ssTTksT. d&wt Xdy dH b]dt |+ eTjT+ qT+& Hb*jTH
=+eT+~ | \D\T>\ e d =e{H nd\T +#<T. y+T\qT =+{ |+#T y{ MT< q{H\qT |+|+
eT]=+eT+~ $wjT+ eT>y] y+T\ | L& d $XwD #X&T. Hb*jTH y+T +&*q ksTT+f e+< sT
=e{H\T +{sTT. | \D\T>\ e\ |esq =+#+ me ] qT >T]+#&T. n+f Hb*jTH ] $w
$+> +T+~. nqTeT dVT\, +<Te\T < |j>+e\ eTsD+qT s& nsTT+~. y+T HsdT\qT
sT>TbsT>Ty] dVjT+ n < yT |esq $wjT+ |Te#T nH $wjT+ *d Hs> ujT|&sT. |*+> =
\TdTe#T. Hs\T s>be#T.
|dT+ neT\T eq f <s y+T <s+> & >|t L& - dH #e d.$. dsXs Xs
\TdTe#T.
<d] s+&e + d+ks+ k>s+ <>Z] TbjsTT. |d]> |#s +
e#d] &> $wjT+H |eH q{+#* e+~. n|{ qT+N H=
mdt.$.s+>se &=H* e+~. m b|+ #dqT> |\ u<|&k>&T. b|
n+f.. sE #H $yT dT&j |]Vs+ d+ @+ #j? n +#&T.
d+ks+`k>s+ d{ eTTKyTq ]dT\T z y*+~. y+H b\+ =
<=+>\T |& M~! #eT+~ HsT. mdt.$.s+>se>sT bZH d<+#jT&+, yTT\TH&+ yTT<\T|{&T.
dH jTq jT+ <e> n_e]d s |eH eTqX+ *+~.
#| &>T\T HsTT. y{ #<Teq deq, sjq |eH m+ _J>
mdsY <+ m+<T yT >T]+ + H, jTq |syD eekjT
#b*q neds+ <T. ~ #\T n <T q se\M =qk>TH +{sTT!
d+uwD s+&T qT rdXsT. s+&T q nd\T de s+& +f, |eH DY
rdd, e dqT <+T+< <d] u+>SsT z qs k|+, $Xw+>
n_bjT+. d+> mdsY #|, yTT\T |+#T +&ysT. d]>Z n+<T
|+#& |jT+#sT. <+, jTq dHV\T #dTq deTjT+H yTT<{k]>
|+ e+~. #|q e $q+& q n& nesTT`& nusTT +
mH{sY s+>+ y*q|&T, y>< ~q+<T >Vd yT|t q{+#* e+~! s |]dT\T
sjTs+>+ sD+q|&, deTj u>+> # q sqT, \ |Tq e]bjsTT!!
e< #jT+& s+s+ ]seT+> m sHqT H\d ={, d{+ u{ y[bjsT.
|]X$TksHB n+<] *dq $wjTyT. #H ]q< d{ q n+<s ~>+ *jH <s<w!
mH{sY +{ m<TsT> +& <s\T <d] >TsjjTsT s .s|Te s y[bTq
HsjTDseB n< rsT! <s&> <d] =* mdsYqT |& H= s jT\T<ssT.
+ 1973 $&T<, s 44 =+<s+ y mdsY sT yq ] eT
d+es 151 \ <s+ eV+ dT&j #sT+~. jTq V&e&> d{
]sT k|+#sT. deTj sD+> e dH ||sY rdT &> Z+#+&
$j+#ys+f mH{sY | n_eq+. n #|& s& njsT. <d] qT
n+<T X~Hedu mH{sY`<d] nqTqT>H dyX r]+#sT.
|X+dd nHsT. eT<dT H~, <sY n|&T mdsY nHsT &ssY n+f >
<d] HsjTDse>]~ m<Ts<TsT . H +&*. mes+ #|H sJ|&L&<T.
q>s+ m&H <=+>\T |&sy e qT #d >s|&TTHqj n <d]
M~ e+ <=+>\T ssT, ssT. |X+dd +f, jTq <sD
m+<T+f, jTq \ysTCeTTq eT&T n&Tqys+<s XsbjsT.
b] |yT *jH e{& @
>+\esL |#d, <bsT. HqT eT&T |eHqT y+{&q b|+! $wjT+q >+&s>+ +&<T. <VsD
>+\ | bs+_kqT nq>H |\T |eH DY | $Xw+> s~+# qT&T.
Vs<H\T #XsT. |[ $wjT+ n&, HqT |eT $yVyT
yTT\ L& Je+ +<, n{ n$ #dT+{qT. m+<T+f e neT, Hq\~ \y
e+f ef! d+~kjT, y{ kV+ |+#T+{sT. yTsC < n+T+~! *jTH * dMTs,
s+>+ n+{ |U b+~q |eH b\+ >y VA yTHsY> |#d~. +&
= d<+ ~>&, eq d+|<qT sVH <* |sT s=H *j. jTq
|+#& yq z q < +~! n&{. *jH me]HH |$Td, n
k] z |eTTK o\bj\ d+d eT \bT \Vq\qT L&
n&ssTTCyT+{ |*yT |eH q{d, w|&TT+<! + @ e |sY| <T.
~+> b]w+ e& eTT+<T=+~. n+|&T n $< nTeT >TD\Tq
jTq ds nH&T. s |eH DY esT&T <=s&eTH~ nk<+. , H |$T&T
n+s<q+ yTT<+~. eTq+ bjT+ m+ >=| leT+T&H, n usH
>+<. eTq+ >+& eTs=] >eT e>+> HH$T |+#T+{qT.
<d] HsjTDse >] <s&> =* dbsT #jT&+ | < n n|++~. m+<T+f, H~ ] MT< <s& eTqd+
yTq èTqe&T &ssY>H &> n|{ |+<\T, d+\M nsT- <T. H MT< \&&yT Hw+ n+T+~
ssY> L& eT+ |s=+~. n+<T jTq *jH.
mdt.$.s+>se z &> sXsT. #bj n+<THy de sY nH~ >s+{~.
ydTbe& q\T>TsT y*. n+<T B|+ +&>H \T #uTy\qT> yT
q|&T q\T>T] eT+> +&T edybs+ n&T>T|{+~. V<u<
n+{sy n! e\T $q s, #s H]{ c|+>e *jH |sT
jT>] m+ d+w+ *+<+f, jTq &CqsY ed <TD+ sVk+~. u{>
<d] \TdT uT+ { +{ &> L& |#d bdtqT q&|&+ *jH
sd, HH sj\qTHyD. , H s * dMTs, #* |s &T> +{sT!
T u neT+~ nH usk #e n - _..XsY
yT#THsT.
\T>T d Downloaded from http://smartprep.in N +<|<X ed|
@ &T <Xu\bT n$q+>,

n$X++> \T>T kVrd<+ #dq
we\T&T #s d.HsjTD s&. jTq
\T>T n~s ucd+| n<\T>
eq|&T b\q \T>T |yX|&+ d+
jTq $Xw w #XsT. HsjTDs&
\+#jT&+ \T>Ty] rs T. s, eT<TeT<TsyTq # \T>T e{&ysT.
|]j, V+B, \T>T, +^w uw eT+ m& +>|<\T <=s$ e. b#] n+f
|yX+ eq HsjTDs& euw \T>+f d+^>w nH\ d]~<ysT. #] n+f
nbsyTq |. \T>T kV+ nH |+#sTTr n+ ns$esD sTT#ysT. y\
|jT\qT #|{ dTd+|q+ #XsT. d+K deb\T sXsT. bNq e\T
\T>TkV+`k+|<jT+ jTq y&q |<\qT => <T+> b
|]X<H+X+. b<jTT>, #sT>, |*+#ysT. eT+e, $<y, \T>T*
$X$<\jT \|> HsjTDs& eTT<T_& ` m Ks\T e. #& n+#T\T
de\+~+#sT. _.@, m+.@ $<sT\ jTq e. \T>T\yD, uD, \T>T<H
\T>Tbs\T #TT+f $qk+|> e+&~. \TyT |r dHs. y] nX y[.
dH $<sT\T L& e#sysT.
` d+b<&T
euc_eq+ CsTT + e\d eq = jT<T

T+u\THsTT. &u T+u\, |<\T
n dT+
#<Te=H |\\T L& eHsT. H&T eT
\ ujT|&, s, sH MT<T>
eTosY |y+#sT. s T
sTed+ +<|<X e#sT. \+>D,
sjT\deT b+\ #], es &
ds|&sT. e+<\ d+es\T>
k+H\qT e~* eH, y] euw
V e<\<T. nd\T |$>+<+ u_
V uwH #|&+~.
= \T>T e\, V e\ <>Zs
b*\THjT ysT #TsT. & jT<T\
eTq n_bjT+ #||&T n~
|\\T k bsX\ \T>T
m+{<Hds dT+>, >T;seT
eTqy |ssTT<X+ y[, k+ uw |q HsT+{sT.X, ~ys |+ y]
={qT #|#T. s|* nq+Xs d+^
|fks y&T $T, eTj V #<eqT, sjTq H]ksT. +{ m
kV\ n+<ydq #sTT. eT+ $eT-
k<sT\q duc_eq+ \T>Ty] < VjT { |\\ e#dT+~.X<> eT
s&> |U#+<sT. sE
z n||< e+~. nsTT, m|& e+<\ uw b&T+edTHsT. m{H eT
bqT>+{y] k yk\T # b#Ts+
d+es\ H&T e\d eq $<ojTT\T <X+ eTT y[by\ y] ].
e#sTT. yk\ +|\Xd~ |eTTK
=+<sT eT eT euw\qT eT]be&+ = b*\T : b. yk\qT dMTd s|*`
<T. s qT+ e, sTT& ds|&bsT- neT ` eTT XjTq ` XjTq +|\Xd HsT | eTs nejTeeT
TqysT #H nHeT+~ |ksT. ys+ < bs\T nqTe+H | <T n
sTT|{ \> @s& $$< eT\ njT ` nj H] ` H] #eT]+#sT. ny>T&T dT+>
Jeq+ kdTHsT.y] ysT m|& dt n ` nu (+&) b ` b d+#sT. |q+ $wj @qT>+
uwH e{&T+{sT. <T ` <T nsT>T ` nsT>T s|+ n ll k yk\| dMT+#sT.
>T+sT , #u\T <>Zs =s&b+
>eT+ e+~. #u\T b> # |d~.
$ = eT#T. + sT CysT
+>\T, V<su<T\ |\>
n||j>+
y<q, y<H|{eT n+ e+{+. y<q
<X+ m& n~+> |+# eqT#TsT. @ <XyTH, m+<T *&H n+f y<T nH ns+ <T. MDy<q,
V<y\jT+ n& e+~. =s&b+ euw eTsTe sT eTqTw\ eT<+> y<q n+{+. n+f y<\qT
dTesT> s+&Tqsy\ d+es\H&T qeTd]+#*. y] <s+> rdTy*. |*+#&+. y~+#* nH ue+ sy\+f
y<+ nH* +T+~. neT\T e+~. n+{ | njT

|X|+ ysD |. |X |+ n L*` n+#L* nsTT+~. XeT sTT#~
eyT e+&*. d+d+ |X |< L*, # |qT\#~ eTp]. +>sT
es Bs+ <T. & e+&<T. edTe\ #, <TdT\T f < #y{
|+, CrjT+ |+` sTT $d+> eTp] n+{sT. TL*, H L* nH
y&T e+{+. | X+ d+d+ e\ eHsTT.
ns+ d *+>+. \T>T eH | \{ : @$T{ \{\T ` nH e #
neT+~> |+ ne<T. |<y y& ysT. ]qy] CT #syd
eTsT>Tq|& e\T + d+N \{ nHysT bdesT
# \T>T y&T e. eTq+ # b
+\ |+&> $ds~ # s>*,
+\qT ||\T> #d~ || s>*.
=\T $: dTses+ ||s& +<T\
k+|T #] sT e >T]+
|\T s>d` \{ |X\T n+
ybs |q\T |ksTT. n+f eTq H>* |<+
|k$+#sT. yTT<{k] d+êTTqT $|+ deTd\ >T]+ n& Cw|+&T\T eekjT+ |+&> @sTy |q$T
du He&TqT =\T$ jT+<TsT n de<H\T |+|sT.nsTT, n y[bsTT+~. \T>TH\ eekjT |qT\T
$e]+#sT. =\T, =*, =\ sT eT&T d+<V\L e #d |]cs\T L& CsT> k>sTT. u>n+<+~ yq\T
e\T yTT< < yTT<{ nH nsksTT. dksT. sT \{\qT ysT d+q |&TTHsTT sq ed+> eV+>
=\] n+fyTT<{yq. =*, ==*n+f &T #*+ $&T<\ #dTy* e+&~. eH&T. qT qT & y sT
yTT<{ nH<. $T+ sT d+<s $.|.bdt |+|ksT. me sTyq esT Cq|<+ `
s+>+n eeV]ksT. eTq+ L& eq|&T L& \{ e+~ nHysT. |&eT =sTyd, |<TqT yq >T]d
eH y&TTH+.
= eed qTeTsT>q|& eed b bsTT s|TTseTT&T |<TqT Ck#
n+# L*: e e+<H{ \T>T |\T d++~+q |<C\+ eTsT>T
s>d <=sTT+~. bd sTdT+ nH ns+ |&TT+~.|&T bd XK + >|eTqT |+&, >=sT |P+|
y&ysT. nd\T b\T 
bXK nHysT. |&T +T\T,
_{wt\+ n+# n eeV]+#ysT. +ys\T e. n|{ f*>+ eed lseTT&T >=sT, d $Hd
syDks\T sE eTqTw\T u&T |]uw e+&~. = d+<s\ s|TTseTT&T ejTq, s+u e e~q
d+K e+ #_ #\T, ne\y] |P] eT&T qT\ssTT eTT\ssTT.
y+ y[ #s~. |>Vde\T n+<TuT (eT&T qT\ ssTT n+f e&T)
e# de#s $|e+ $#T+~. e\+
=~D ysqT u$T H\T>T b&T| - $&T|
#s>T\L |+|e#T. |&T B = b&T|: +{d+u+ yT&|
|]uw e#d+~. eTTqT|{, mdt.{.&, |>T #\Te |+~]
.mdt.& +> , H & ddt +{ #\Te|+~] &
e\ |H <T. #\{ +&\T.
yT+&T kyT\T - lseTD
w #jTqeT #w\T yT+&T. e+&qeT
e>|\T yT+&T. $&T|: =]u+&\T
w e+& n e>|\T yT+&T. nq
+& yT+&T.
w <sb \| yT+&T. eTq$
*q& CT\T #sydysT. #+ w #y& #w\T yT+&T. H&T n+<]H $+ HqT
sT, n&+ eTs=sT, |q +=sT w se yq s+ yT+&T. e+& kyT\T, Crj\T,
#syd >eT+ #sysT. L& H\T>T
eP|\+N e# K\qT ysT#dT y{ $dTsT ssTT Cq|<\T H&T C&+&
bTHsTT. y{ >TsT #dTH
me]<]q ysT rdTyysT. n+#\+#\T> BH s>* n L& n+{sT. <H o] sTT~.MTs = >TsT#jT+&.
q&# sT |jTqT n+# nHsT. eTq _jT+ #jT& # s>* y&sT. - d+b<&T, +<|<X ed |
d++ e#< n+# nH e +\| bT b& s>*,
=|d+
N
e\dJe\ T bs{ <sD+ k> + J$+# HsT nHsT qe s#sTT &sY. $.sY.
ed Je\ jT<s, e<s sk eT H e.
Jeq D e\d qe\. e\d &T>TesZ\ T bs{+{$ nsy\H <T eTq
sT qT q <X+ # >e H{ =qk>TH HsTT. eTq+ sp
| se sD+> ~q| #~y sT\ V\ >D+ n+<T k+.
<yTq VQq sT +{ e\qT m+|#dTq|&T k<sD+> s#sTT\T <qT
T+u\ >< ~. \u< s{+#& n&& yT&e | <s|&sT. n+&
nH |< sT q k+ } &sY sk J$ d+|TsD\qT, yd$ <sD &yT+ n<+
, eTs <sb+ |{sT. <sD qe\ |. , me> bwtu <qT
y[ n& HH c\T q&|+#&+ keq bs\ d nks *+#e#T.
nqTu$+, eTs = eTT+<Te $, kV $eTs\T .\qsdjT #|qT m+
|<X y[, n& |<]+ H _d\T jTd\+f |qTHeTqTH y] eqdd
u<ds<w& + |<X s#sTT s=Ve+> |{e&+ & >eT+#e#T. #qyT
eT+ esk&T. e] ndeq+, XD d+d + \+> ySqTbsTTq eed,
k+ eP] |jTqeTe&T! eT& |jH\T <H d+<s+ eT *jT+&H n+<s
qe\ # n+X\T *d +> \&q d+<s\qT L& s#sTT qe\ #|+#sT.
jT<s. 1964 b++ n+<T.. m c\T, $c<\T m<TssTTH y{ m<Ts=& s+>
e\d, s#q : &sY $.sY. sk sT b++ e k~+#\H Xy< &sY $.sY.sk deTs+> #bsT.
|J\T : 212, y\ : s.180/` +<Te\T =+<sT & se s#sTT +#ysT, +|CdysT n s+&T s\T>
|T\ : n |eTTK |d +<\
\_dT+~. T, s u<e +{s z $eTs&HsT. \|wq sk +|Cd s#q
e\d\T ysT. y n& #ks e\d qe\ s|dT+~.
ds|&q s n u<e y[q u<ejTq =&T . |s+<yT ]<sY >] f{ &CH qe\ eTTK| | sD>
HuT ePH #<Te _.f #~$, msTTsYbsY >=| *+~.
|dsY nj&T. y] T+yT n& ] e # - _.. XsY
c\qTu$++~. u<ejTq qe\ # d+|Tq\
H>sTq k>sY d+dsD+

<T e#q$> dT|]T&q d]=+& qsd+VsE
H>sTqk>sY ww |P] d+<s+> qu$T MT< eTeTs+
k>sY &yT qT $_q D $#e dT+<s dTeTHVs
<X\qT <]+ s+q >jT $d+|{ X+k>s+. <X+
dTq nuT<jT sD\ fq H>sTqk>sY q
dJe \+. #&>*q Hs] \jTyTq <T <y\jT+.
]\T, weT *, |Ps $<sT\T, <>T\T, |# #T,
sT y<q, sdT\T, eseq k>s+ e+{ nH n+X\qT
d]=+& $ edTe\T> d]+#sT. wq~ z $ d+|{
n\ $\+ n*q rsT V<+> +~. @ H\ T<T
<Te |seT |$yT+<, @ H\ H>sTqT& u<q\
|]&$*+<, @ H\ \+>D, +< sc\ k>T >T
s+~d.. nq|Ps *> |P\+<T+T+<, l|s Ks\T
|# jT\T eT weT n\\ |<dT+{j..
H\ * k> $\T bs* T+{sTT.
X+k>s+, d]=+& qsd+VsE, y\: s.50/`, |J\T : 76, |T\: s#sTT

- &. |.$. dTuse.
+.H+.m`116, |H \, H>sTq k>sY` 508 203. 94413 64022
ds+
d+~jT, | eekjT $<H\ deT> sB| s+&T |\... J$+
HTsq sT #eTf eseq s y+fXsT
y\ : s.100/-
de |s> +<q+. n sT |J\T : 90
<\H&T + * \ |T\ : _ d+w,
<<]*bT+~. n+<] nq+ |+ Vdt q+.2-10-
* rs u<qT 1524/10, b{ q+.403,
HTq+<T jTq e+ y+fXs
esY,Cq>sY,
us + H]\TTH&T. +q>sY, \+>D.
sT< s+ <H |<\ e 505 001
b\\+<s |&T |<+>
|<|< e*d H n
<TH+<T eTT+<T=q
H<T&e& &T.
<<| nsX+ +< yTT<q u_ H\T
eekjTs+> d+u+ H{ C syTwt
y\ : s.40/-
|J\T : 348, y\ : s. 300/. |\T eTT+# |< dT&>T+&yT |J\T : 64
|T\: sTHd+ |_wH sT\qT [k+~.
62959, <D us V+B |#sdu +|, |T\ :C syTwt,
Usu<, V<su< 500 004. |]d m<Ts= && {#sY d{
bH: 040-23395979, 9676797777, 9490 55 s+>+ eT eTT>H |PqTq sq>sY bdt, $qT=+&,
99 99 >T+sT. 522 647
H|<+ d+~jT, | eekjT d q+.9440111105
$<H\T #sD e#sTT. &sY qeTsY, udsY ky, lb< <u\sY,
|<l dTuwt bsY ~sT\T esZ<s+> *#sT. H\ |qsTJe+ qT+
k\T |q k>T yTT<\T|{\ dw+ #XsT.
\T>T sc <Xu |& d+~jT, | eekjT #sD
e+<~eT+~ sT\T u>keTT\jsT. y] $j\T, nqTuy\
H|<+ nH dH $<H\T #sD e#sTT. nsTTq|{
d+~jT, | eeksTT #sD n&T>T|&TTq y] yqy\ n+s <e\T
d+<V\T TH HsTT. H|<+ d+~jT, | eekjT &.XyT |dTeT] +>qe\
#sD s+>+ *d q&TdTq sTHd+ b+&wH qe+T u<> d#qTdsD
d+~jT, | eekjT #sD eTT+<T eq nHH dH ~uw+ sCXsse
$<H\qT @]L] d<y<+ |sT |ejT eekjT $<H\ y\ : s.200/-
|J\T : 272
sB|> eTT~++~. #sDjT nqTuy\ dTd+|qyTq d<y<+ jT- |T\ : $X+< TV
TesT esZ<seTjT ~L> |j>|&TT+< +#e#T. dt, n |eTTK |d
|{ +<|<X |uT+ |ejT eekjT $<H\T +<\
bV+#+<T <T\T {sTT++~. |uT+ eTTK || s<]>
|#dq $jYTesY HjT+ d+dqT @sT#d, < u<\T
n|+#&+ L& ]+~. eTsy| #s mH..s+> eekjT
$X$<\jT b*f X\\T, < nqT+<+> q |y{ b*f
X\ L& d+~jT eekjT+ >T]+ s+&T d+es\ &be |s>u$T...<\T
sTqT L& |yX|{sT L&. ys+<] |d+ u> \Te=\qT d<q+<
|j>|&TT+< #|e#T. y\ : s.150/-
d<y<+ <X $<X #sD eq H\ |qeq $<H\T, $$< |s |J\T : 220
|T\ : |\eTHsT
k>T |<T\T, ddsD d++~ cj\T, <eD\ j, $j> $TkV,
$<H\+{ deT>+> n+~++~. sT\ #sD sB|> d<y<+ 6-219,>T&j+ s&T,
|j>|&TT+< #|e#T. sT\ #sD, $j\T, y] dH |\eTHsT-517 408
$<H\ >T]+ eekjT Xdy\T L& eT |]X<q\T mC+&> #d sT, d
eTT+<T k + eT+ |*\T +{sTT. q+.9440995010
n |eTTK |d
- e{ >|#+< +<\
$\ yH\ ~*bsTT+~
d+|{< eTs o] | $>V+. B&T |<$ ~| eTT\T
|DsTT. +<T #T\ k] s*q+ k>dT> $\T! HsD
d+TqT.. n s+ueTjT $ $|+. <H >eTsY nHsT. jTq
jT<<+> @Ms bf eTq* n\]++~. $dyTq+ e+f +&T. du\T,
|keq <+f` HsjTDs& |]| deyX\T, >w\T jTq #TH ]>$.
\yTD #e\T s<T. |e |>H ss V<su<T sE eT&T
|]eT[++~. >TsT=yTq #e> ud*+< duL& sT yuwDT&T bZq
k<VsD+> #|&. d+<s\THsTT. du @ d+<s
HsjTDs& $\, y jTq #+~q<H dHs HsT #dT s{+#ysT.
<e|\T, Cq|{\T> *#sTT. ss me] H=|+#+& yT|d sV+#ysT.
ed+sjT\T, seT|, $XH<HjT&T, <= | . dHs ]ssT.
H>sTqk>s+ +{ ^y\T, d+^ n+<T & sdu + > T*du <
sDsT. 1988 jTq s+q $X+us
|
s| sd s\+#sTT. me
eTV$ n+ qTueT\T m>sdTHsT. y nTq CH|sY nysY <+~. ~
<uwDY, CH|sY nysY >V, sdu #~$q #<TeqT ks+ #dT+ \T>TC jTq k~+ deT]+q qT.
duT\T, #s &sY d. HsjTDs& b<jT e#|{sT. sTy #s|s+ nsTTH jTq d+||& nsd<+ eq<T.
sTTsT. sT<e\+{ |\]+#&+ n~sV+#sT. >TsT|P]eTH&T +q ns m<T. &Xd<, } u$+,
jTq sTTw+. V+>T\ jTq k]\T. HsjTDs& >TsTe> nTqksTT m~>sT. neT+ #~ #~ eTq n+~dH eHsT.
VqTeJ| nH q >eT+ sT _&> $T+ w|w>D\qT r]~<sT. H&T m de\ m b\T sdH, @Ms
|{, #<Te+f | *<+&T\ n;c &^, | &^ u<H+X\T> e+& |+< jTq L]q e\T, b\T $\DyTq$.
es+> ns\T HssT d+s& kV+, X+>s Hw<+, $jT$d+, s|Te =* CH|sY $XH< s+q qe\ @Ms.
HsjTDs&. n$ C+ @\T& k>TTq b+&MjT+ +{ y\qT $qk+|> |\\ jTsY, +se <HjT\T. e+
sE\T. q& #<Te\T k+ eP |<& bs+ #|ysT. s>T\ dH $<sT\T H\T>Td+u\ eT+&|+. +<T <q+ H
#<Te\T V<su<T k+#sT. &^ < L& e #sysT. HsjTDs&~ # >=+T. eT<q+ $Tq. dHs d+uwD\T |P]>
s e<eT+H #<TeHsT. m+.@. VsTT> X \jT #<e>\ HsT jTq $eTjT+> k>sTT. +<T eT&Tb\T
kj $X$<\jT+ #d, \T>TkV k++. k+eP q|&T $q Cq|< <e\|*, sTb\T HsjTDs& deTLssT.
k+|<jT |j>\qT eT~+, &s{ sb\ uD\T ud\T jTq eTqdT +, #eT+~ MsT sdq b\T y]e,
n+<THsT. HsjTDs& |]X<H >+<+ |~\+> eHsTT. n<TyTq bNq y\T y]$ M]e nqTHsT. dHs ePV*
H{ n+ beDyT+~. VsTT> #~$+# @s& bs+ #|q nqTue+ e #]+~. >=| n_q+<q> rdTHsT.
>TD+ \~. e*q+ |< d+|T|&+~.deT qe n$ e qeb]C\T
q& sEH $\T, |<\T sjT& jTqqT |*#H{ e >, ~*+# se+ d& sdseT ^\T ` nq|&,
HsjTDs& ls+ #T{sT. @ neT|T&jT H|T eHsjTq. jTsY rjT+>
=* ns+ |{s> jTq kVrd<+ &u #T> b<]+{ eT> eHqT
~*+#>H $>sT k] e&> e]+#sT.
=\sT\bT n$q+> k+~. ] n|{ qT+ mHH yTsT|\ yT|T+ b<s s> ueq\T HqT ` n
|w\, <q qedT yVH\qT eT<T<s\T eTq n+~dH e+~. nsTTH $q|&, eT<Tsu u]+> `
|k~++~. HsjTDs& 1953`55 jTq #s+ MT< eTeTs+ n~+. = |sT \H #\T ` eT~ b+>T X{
eT<\+ >j\qT d+|{> |#T]+#sT. d+es\T <<| sy@ \T jTeTH s+>\T
|sT$|q #q\ HeT/ |+#\ +& eT<dT, \T V<su< nqT @$T eTTs[ n~ @~ se[s b $q> bD\T
|\ se\T n+{sT. >&bsT. s+&T eT\q $&$&> ksTT <\Ts eTTs<s! ds\VsT\ eTsDyTH
$ e+ dsT/ +> b\e#T/ >s$+#sT. @ eq eTD u+>+ eT<TseTTs ` n b&q|& bNq
@&TeH\T J]+#T=/ @es+ eTT&T ` se<T. bs+ n+f bsyT. b+f bf!! d+|<jT $sE\T dT]+#&+ dV+.
n qyT HsjTDs& $X+us $Xd+ dHs s+q y~ b e+<~ b\T dTBs|jD+ dHs $TT | XTe\T
eqy&T. k|&T. d+|{ eq DeTT\T. sT. Ks+ n~sV+#\ q|&
jTeq+ K+& sT |+\T ` de b\ e>se+ +B, e\ s+#T, B> n<| eHsT.
|eTT+<T #T/ b]+TqT &k]> >eTsY +B HsjTDs&q *dq n~sV+#&+ <T es jTH KsyT
ys+<s n+{sT. ms+#T \T>T |+#T *#sT. #s <e& ns y[.
H seTD <T\T> / s+ <]sTT+#\. ` MT< d\T , yT& H>usD+{ ||+#,
s m|& @Ms+ b sTT. eT+ e+>s\ ET, $> +&T> e+&
- oseTD
e*
3 4
#j+ 1 jTjTH |_ ddt $TwH 2016 | nTeT s+\T k~+q sc #+~q
nusT\qT n_q+~dTq eTTKeT+.
#j+ 2 mesdT |s $jTe++> n~sV+q $<sT\qT n_q+~dTq #+<uT. nD>]q
esZ\ #+~q +< |uTyT D |+|+~.
#j+ 3 \T>T uw d+dT\ n_e~ $T{ sb+~+q y~qT d]dTq eTTKeT+. +
eT+ n\ |jT, $T{ duT\T eT+&* T<|k<, |s\ |usY.
#j+ 4 @&~ eTTd+ T+u\ s+CH bqT n+~+# se bs+_+q eTTKeT+.
Regd. No.HD - 962/2015-17 Downloaded from http://smartprep.in RNI No. 10926/1957
Published on 01-07-2017 Posting: 4th & 5th

Andhra Pradesh AP Monthly Magazine in Telugu PDF July 2017

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Andhra Pradesh AP Monthly Magazine in Telugu PDF July 2017

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Downloaded from http://smartprep.

qTe, eTqdT nqTd+<q+

>VyT < dsZdeT 6

d+w+ qy+< eTT+<T&+ d+w+ |]#jT+ #jT&+q, sh+ |> |<+ m

>VyT < dsZdeT

| C d+e u<> rdTq +<|<X sh

#.n. sD njT KsT +< / sh |uT\ \_<sT& |T&

f\J |jd, d eT* edTq $<TY, >TsT,

sD+ d+ y~\T deT]d nqTeTe& +< |uT+ b+ydT\ n+<TuT +{sTT.

b]X$T |> s\T qT q+sY eH #k

]>wH |]XeT sD |qT\

@sT #dTq u\us bsX\

s\T n_e~ n\y\+

m+&b+& s+#>*q |Tq eT |uT <+<HsT. sw+ H\T>Ty\

|uT s+> d+d\ <>T\ Xuys

~s ks\T L& *+#\ ssTT+#sT.

y<eT+f y~ eT+<jT&+ ]|T\ deT> s>

s e~]> nsqT y<

Xsy>+ ]>wH bC\ sD+

q y+< sw|uT+ m+ |c+> #|&TTq

b\es 3,500 T e+&:

s jT\deT b++ $<T<q q neX\qT

|+#uTHsT. Be\ dTdsqT k~+#e#T. u>TZ <] $<TY

sh+ |eq, ks $<TY n_e~ rsT

sT\ 14y\ ks |+|dT &+H \T>T &sT\T

yTTu +<+> sT|

|*+q eTTKeT+ |jT\T

|~ s bC\ bs+uy\T, X+k|q\T

q y+<|<X s qq esZ\T, $dsD bC\

q>s\ d& sqT q&|+<T #s\T rdTy\ ssT.

m&> |q\ @&TsE\T!

\+ >j* eqTT+~ nq&+ yT y=#T. n~ k<sD+. , < be+& s|, qe#H

n qTD+ bs|{eT sc |> uq |sT>T\T

eTdyd $uq #{ \e++> eTq| sT<sT.

pH 7: qe s eT++`| eTT+<T! w ||+# \e+> +& eTq |C s< q>s+

||+#+H n|< ksbsT s\T @sT #dq |Tq

@sTy k>s |uT<q #bsT. | eP] sT\T ks $<T<T @sT

r]q 8 <Xu\ \es+

|qT\ n+sjT+ @s&+& #XeTT. msY esY, n+f eT{

d+d #+~q = $\Tyq jT+ keT =+&* =\++~.

2014 &d+sY es y>+> sT>TT+&+ m|{|&T ysTT<\ \ 8 <Xu\T

{ s*+#&+, n< y<T c { sjT\deT

b~ VMT neT\T @| 19 CrjT nysT\T

kY b<$T $ <,y<s+>+ eqe eqsT\ n_e~ d+ nj> <s+ kY nH HeTsD+

+uq eTs<\T $<+> ~ uq du <H #b*.

eTq+ e~ }|] <s+> s> |]d >T]+# dHsqT

qsY eTs qsY! q&TeTT#T =e |] |e<yT!

+>H de #]bT+< nqTHs @y` y+H Cq

q +~=+& n<jT+ yTT<+~. H>T\es+ >eTdT&T,

q|<+ C! HsTy*! <q+, j>+ e+{$ #d

deTT<+... X+... u$T!

n|s @& TTTe

#Tq LsT || qe \<$ { q >=\TdT... rdT+~. q|\ <. k] e{&

#T q \+<] ]e\+f #e eTq+ m+<T +=] keTT? eq |rk >Z +T+~.

#d+~. s>jTT+>, #|+&, #|+& eT H d>TZ|&+~ B|.H L]jd{ n+q+&

B| s>Z n|++~. s>*>< <T. eH + VsTT> eT+#&q|&T us> #&y&

<$& uw\{ n X+ yT& #TH n< sD+>H nsT<bjsTT. |sesD+

|&T>T de#s+ &d|{

HsT\ |sTT+{+>qT apchiefeditor@gmail.com

|eTq |eT e#TqT

y+T HsdT& |Te#T

@ &T <Xu\bT n$q+>,

euc_eq+ CsTT + e\d eq = jT<T