Clinical Handbook of Marriage and Couples Interventions _ Edited by W. Kim Halford School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Nathan, ‘Queensland, Australia and Howard J. Markman Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA Foreword by Kurt Hahiwes, University of Braunschweig, Germany JOHN WILEY & SONS Chichester - New York - Weinheim - Brisbane - Singapore Torontoono aati Se an ty eae eeeraet Tanase ‘Sid ty yo esas le mena orgs ng ‘Sarmogo tert ep uae het Cpr eng a PsA oe ‘intl Easier Ux WP SHE woe hc emo ei oe he Wey rt fs eb We Sn Cnn) a 2 Ware Ra, ia of Cone Cain btn Dat haa a rage ore mei te a kis ed Nee Se, eerste a an mm | rs ay Cantogig Pesos Nera oe ih ie eB Ley “ypt in 39 Tie ene Taper Lis Hoe Ko Pe ante Aron Rae Le Eo ‘To my family fr their ongoing support—HIM ‘To Barbara, my partner in ife—WKH.Contents eee eeeeeeeenes Aout the Batons ist of Contos Foreword Prtace secnion Captor Chapter 3 Chapter 4 THE NATURE OF HEALTHY MARRIAGE ‘The Concept of Healthy Marsage W°Kim Halford. dram Rely and Howard. Markman The sininnce of mariage The nature of reais dress ‘The elects of elton tes ‘The nate of hliyfong-ere elationstips ‘The contents ofthis hack ‘8 Cail Research Overview of Coupes Iterations Rober. Wess and Richard E Heyman Seifeeport assessment approaches Behavioral aeration of mara lteraton “Theory inthe mata servation kd Sumary and eonclaons Cogive and Aectve Proce n Mariage Paria Noll, Sever Beach and Susan Ovgarby Copan ‘Summary affective and cogive process in marrage Sex and Relationships Stour Spence“The reaonstip tween srl nd ger ltonship Comper ataal yoni within mags: stan a ey dna 166 “ype ofa ies i ial Tacs a he develope of eay ‘Drone snl reaponding 8 sxe ‘snob 19 ict n conden m “The scent of stl soning 8 Imcaring pose ay component . SECTION IL DEVELOPMENTAL INFLUENCES ON MARRIAGE aang ih see phen denon 5 Chapter "The Infacse of ater Reaomtipr on Mariage Sony and oct 101 i Attachment Perpecine yndol Furman and ine Smalley Fanon » Chapter Gonder Ise Heeronenoal Gyan Lion Couple anon Ha Dnt ften Charcancs frelon an ve Turgeon 7 aco aes iG Soteldireces nthe Geand wire! parr 1 ee ie Secteltdbehoorliferee snd psiloc Datg and prema raonhips ie scuagiom emotional niet camaceana Implications forthe ciniian 1 ‘females living in same-sex and opposite-sex couples 111. Senay us Lenn odoand und wth eon ‘The Developmental Coun of Couple Relationships “reponse a rentonship confit’ rr ‘ebin Min, Neon Me Malt Demanding sd rng ssl oleae ‘ot Thamar Bray 2 ‘cc ar men nd women uy ‘ca hat pict alu over ine a concason Es ‘Teor modes fhe ou fata » Development mistonss nh fly he le a ees = ‘Any Halen uo, Raa Sty Greed BS ‘ard Bae ond Ea Sonn Tecate 09 Chapter 10 Couple Reliomtin an Chien Frelence hash viene br Mathew R Sanders far Mcoon Dieingcomoqunees ofbutand vows vince HS td Fo Rye zs Pycolopsl sane ibe ‘Thefts of denon maringe aa ScSotecogpi conde oftusbndvlene 36 Macha by wich ites tadcens woeings 288 How mars woiet men sie rom nomen Specie ele of crn atvatousoayce sass 28 atu Pa Eas oc aby or andap on args 283 Subtypes of macy vin men a Role thi oc in the revment of marl drew 233 Bante non ater women is Input feu cetonir on Sen B Wiy tater womens is Intervention reach examining opie Volt none cps ie ‘clu ad chen a Etc of atl venom cen 1s conclu Ba Cae sample ‘0 Sonos st Chapter 11 Aging an Mariage: Understanding the Long term, ier arg (Caper 7 Rai Ethic and Ctrl erin Couples Therapy Froeer Dean 2s (Arta C Joe nd Crsine Me Chao 1s aria scacton among tec coupes = ‘Worl eison ey concep fo traps 1s Cort tle diate fe coos a ‘Common rer ndings to hesiy Communit nda song ter Me ouples 2 "auton 1 Commutation betes iri cope =Exe temo in trie copes 2 Dynamic aseseneat of mata reatonshis Intention porn frre ie 28 Flncoa sat tedegnof eneatons Conin ae Sion sd once SECTION PERSONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL Comte 16 systems Approaches Couple They IRFLUENCES ON MARRIAGE a ‘ater 12 Coals adhe Work amy inet Sem once cup oration fin Thompron a Seclsmen! nd Secon Thera mcf thewik-omiyincrice Ht fascee ASSich ei wt ae i ‘i of chan Concise Et Cape 17 Crna By nual Poyhapathalgy and Maia Distress ‘nny Bat “ne Kim alot th Boar m1 eta ml ire sect of dtl pcp nd “hematin co terectons ‘Stomp pbime a a comics x Pesce Inpeaton of ac or asesmen and cet denapen and stone therapy with couples 306 cence concise Me Chap 18 Reap nero ith Oe Paes Pr Heal and Reais Redrcering te indies Karn B Schad Tomar Sher as Undersea nn atone ‘Reick ade = Imcreng et oo pane ‘ez oro tha = ‘erp ly heyy (OFF) sweet te py bath = The change of werk niu Pole covariate of he smritonBemece Chair 7 Reconstr Marge rth Tema of It ‘rival han ese = Sng Foland omar. Whe Hor ate ramp aft beth behaviors Orercw The plo mal econ = ‘rma eons ely Te ean iy some moe rum than ti? gestae ” Darien waa mal ser Sey Sumi, tetet estom ere Stow sine Manan tle and i interven SECTIONIV” ASSESSMENT AND INTERVENTION Menara aco semen Dovel ota cmmankatin pater ape cmt forthe aa Capt 1S Marl Asesment «Dynan ling th mas oh opi eco raie Apresch ne wdow a Frank Ryd Shoe Hays and Shon Kely 389 Macy of cing ‘ont nd npr of mal seat = the ag ant ner ae ete Sree nent bs = Simo hw oh 3 00" ay ‘mean? =” 0 “1 “si 43 46 4a m a 16 ooIndex ‘ere ate me taking the ation shots? ows of couple terveations [Wastng forthe erfet “phot opportunity the timing of fterveatons ‘what ake fora festive intervention pcre? "The coment of nirentons Poting all the picture oper: bow do we po abot decreaing dior rtes 0 tat erene wants oon? Aer the eo of he ourey: making a diference ‘sts coupes interventions About the Editors Dr, Kin Halfords Profesor of Cll Pycholory and Head of the Schoo of ‘Api Psychology at Grifith Unversity in Nathan, Queens, Australia. He isan imteoationaly known expert on couples research and therapy. al has ‘tes extensively the aren the ince of ogni fates on eouple Interaction and couple therapy atthe prevention of relationship probs, He ‘anti an sete ratio coupes mor, a has prseed he esearch into ‘Coupes work In North Americ, Waster Europe an throughout Austral, Dr Howard J Markman s Protsor of Cini! Peycboly and Dieter ofthe {Cente for Maral ad analy Stas nthe Department of Pseoogy a the ‘aieraty of Denver, in Denver, Colada, USA. Profesor Markman I ah internaconallyreogized expert inthe prevention f couples problems an at ten sponge in he emp vaaon ofthese propre He has plied Widely om the prediction and preveaon of marital and fay ite, and has resented he results his esearch throughout Western Europe North America nd AttalaContributors ‘Arellano, Chaleanco, PRD, Department of Psychology, Colorado State Universi, Fort Collins, CO, USA Baris, Mitchell A., PRD, Private Practice, Suite 501, 1919 14th Siro, Boulder, CO 80302, USA Bates, Leonard, Department of Psychology, Indiana Univesity, ‘Bloomangton, IN 47405-1301, USA ‘Baucom, Donald H, PRD, Depariment of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Davie Hall, C5 43270, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA ‘Beach, Steven, PRD. Department of Psychology, Univesity of Georgia, Alhens, GA 30602-3013, USA Behrens, Brett C, MCP, Deparment of Paychiary, Universi of Queensland, Mental Health Building, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Queensland 429, Ausoatia Bennun, lan, PRD, Deparment of Psychology, University of Exeter Washington Singer Laboratories, Perey Road, Exeter EX4 406, UK Bouma, Ruth, MCP, Schoo! of Applied Psychology, Griffith Universi, iathon, Queensland 411, Australie Bradbury, Thomas N., PAD, Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angels, CA, USA‘Chao, Christine M, PhD, Private Practice: and Department of Pychotogy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 81208, Denver, USA ‘Cordova, Allan D, Department of Psychology, University of Denver, CO 0208, USA Dainto, Anthony, Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hil, NC 27599, USA Davis, Elizabeth, PAD, Oregon Research Insite, 1715 Franklin Bowle- ard, Eugene, OR 97463-1983, USA Dickson, Frances C, PRD, Department of Human Communications, Univers of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA Epstein, Norman H., PAD, Deparment of Family Suuies, University of ‘Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA ‘Flanagan, Anna Smalley, MA, Department of Psychology, Universy of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA Floyd, Frank J, PRD, Depariment of Peychology, Univesity of North Carolina Davie Hall, CS #2270, Chapel Hil, NC 27599-3270, USA Fraenkel, Peter, PRD, Ackerman Insiute for Family Therapy, 149 Bast 8th Sree, New York, NY T0021; and Department of Psychiatry, New ‘York Univers, New York, NY, USA Furman, Wyadol, PAD, Deparoment of Paychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA arty, Carla B, PRD, Privote Pracie, Sule 207, 5290 East Yale Ciee Denver, CO 80232, USA ‘Gas, Shitley P, PAD, Private Procce, Caveswood Lane, Owing Mill, MD 31117, USA Guerney, Berard, PRD, Department of Human Development, Pennayvania State University, College Park, PH: and 1190 Renwood ‘Lane, North Bethesda, MD 20882, USA Halford, W-Kim, PAD, Schoo of Applied Psychology, Grif Universi, ‘Nathan, Queensland 4111, Ausalia Haynes, Stephen Nz PRD, Deparment of Psychology, University of Hawai, Honolulu, Hawai, USA Heyman, Richard E, PhD, Department of Psychology, State Universi of New York at Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794-2500, USA Holtrworth-Munroe, Amy, PAD, Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-1301, USA Hosman, Clemens, Nymachin University, The Netherlands Hops, Hyman, PRD, Oregon Research Inte 1715 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, OR 97403-1983, USA Sones, Arthur C, PRD; Depariment of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA Julien, Daniell, PD, Department of Pyehology. Unversity of Quebec at Moniea! CP. $888, Succ. "A", Monreal PQ H3C 3P8, Canada Kelly, Advan, MCP, Department of Payciay, University of Queensland, ‘Offee 3, It Floor, Edith Cavell Building, Royal Brisbane Hospital Herston, Queensland 406, Ausralia. Kelly Shalonds, MA, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, ast Lansing, Ml, USA Lindahl, Kristin M. PRD, Deparment of Psychology, University of ‘Miami, BO Box 248I85, Miame, FL. 33124-2070, USA ‘Malik, Neena M., MA, Department of Pychology, Univerty of Miami, PO Blox 248185, Miami, Florida 33124-2070, USA Makie-Dadds, Carol, MCP, Department of Poychology, Universiy of ‘Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia Markman, Howand J, PAD, Profesor of Psychology and Director, Center Jor Maitland Family Stadies, Universiy of Denver, Denver, CO 81208, USA ‘Neidig, Peter H., PRD, Department of Paycholog, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794-2500, USANicholson, Jaa M. PhD. School of Public Healt, Queensland University (of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4039, Australia [Noller, Patricia, PRD, Deparment of Psychology, University of, Queensland, 51 Lucia, Queensiand 072, Australia (Fare, Timothy J, PRD, Department of Peehiatry, Harvard University ‘Medical School, and Verran’ Afflrs Medical Centr, 40 Belmont Street MA 02401, USA Osearby, Susan, BA, School of Applied Paychology, Gifih Univers, Nathan, Queensiand S11, Australia Perey, Barbara Anne, PhD, Private Practice, Eugene, OR; and Depariment of Psychology, Universty of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, usa Rotunda, Robert, Harvard Families Addition Program, Department (of Psychiatry, Harvard University Medical School, Veterans” Affairs Medica! Centr, Brockton, MA 02801, USA Sanders, Matthew R., PRD, Deparonent of Psychology, University of Queensland, 5 Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia Sandin, Elizabeth, MA. Department of Psychology, Indiana Universi, Bloomington, IN 47405-1301, USA Schmaling, Karen B., PRD, Deparment of Psychiary and Behavioral Sciences, XD-15, University of Washington Medical School, Suite 306, {225 Roosevelt Woy NE, Seale, WA 98105, USA ‘Sher, Tamara G., PhD, Department of Psychology, Minos Isinte of Technology, Chicago,IL, USA ‘Smutzler, Natalie, Deparonent of Psychology, Indiana Universi, Bloomington, IN 47408-1301, USA Snyder, Douglas K., PRD, Department of Prychology, Texas A & M University, College Station, USA Spence, Susan H., PRD, Deparment of Psychology, Universiy of Queensland, St Luca, Queensland 4072, Australia “Thompson, Briony M.. PAD, Schoo! of Psychology, Grif University, Nathon, Queensland 411, Ausoaia ‘Turgeon, Lyse, Contre de Recherche Femend Seguin, Hospital La Fontaine, Monirea, Quebec, Canada ‘Van Wideneft, Brigit, PAD, Department of Peychology, Universiy of, [North Caroling, Bos 812, Chapel Hl, NC 27519, USA ‘Weiss, Robert L. PAD, Department of Pryehology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97408; 8338 Tall Street, Eugene, OR 97403, USA \Whisman, Mark A., PRD, Deparment of Pychology Yale Univers, PO ‘Box 208208, New Haver, CT 005208208, USA. Wright, Thomas L., PAD, Department of Pychology, Catholic Unversity of America, Washington, DC 20064, USAForeword ee “his isthe most eomprebensie pabliation om research and therapy with Fe onic rlaonshie 9 posed. Under the editorship of Kim tng Nbwacd Marke; wo oustanding researchers and cnn the Hater tain books the calective work of suthors from hee contin: Pi a Arata and Europe All he authors share a elt inthe ae are of coupe tlaome inthe Htes and wel-eing of the izns of oar eh andcountesn whic those authors resi, Farthermorall sara ce commitment oa eenst-practioner approach to wndersand: rane riser and developing and evalatingtervetion oo ‘BSc hatin and ore =tsing relatos eats and Howard Maran have guided the fos ofthe Books that ree a coment about what we Eaow about couples relations, sta lr mph on how to nterene To promote more saying re. TEMBR for procttones i iran overview of esearch therapy and prevention ov Cid cl relevant to he ei pacts. The content of he Ca re Joc occ! nstes tes acglected in ober puications on tae ca bcrpy Fee example there aze spe chapters 9 bow to manage Saas eeeyotms when ony ane partes present for therapy, apd HOR fo sane ke impact ofan ext-msrtal afar on the presenting reatinship rare fhe book broad. Seton | provides a lest overview ofthe aa eet cteying and sabe couples fltionshie, Ths ston a a he babar comitve ad ffecve cements of flan ner Co ee scan abo ares the sues of relationship Wleoe, sex aoe aee ference, One ofthe seas ofthe Dok i 8 atetion to a Ee sit impacs upon soup reltnships, ths st seton there ‘MGR fia chapter on this tem, adresing in patel the socio cel a teipice and theatre of rlatoshis which combine partners ftom aren cate. oer remes the dynamic, changing nature of reaionships the ft ‘hapa thirtetin is ceview of the ifunce of ldbod, ade ndoung adult experiences wpon absoqent ape relinsis This flowed Aj eos ow elooreip change oe in, hs prea cone Ingato changing Ife crewmrnese, titre a aie Seton Is cnsdraton ofthe npact of personal and enioneatal Infcnes on couple tlaonhipe Thi seton trees the elect of Work, Indl sdjsaren and phys! heath on marge In each chal pe ‘Se mpstons ofthe research nings fr absent and itervento ae ‘secre “he age pat ft bk Seton Vis om intertion, Capes in is section nde etal desrpons on how to cand eset cope ‘Svs and ystems mrvenos wih marta deromed ep In {Si pracice couples ofen preset with coving relinhip and inden ‘obler, tom book cial qutcinc or manigng these Cmaps ae ‘en ith chops on depression, alcool bur spcse ase and cre froblemn Tht ao ba chapter on Gore median. The Gap on med ‘omundencoe ta staying ger ot ayy the ts option ordre ‘ouples and the competent soups tera ads knowedge abd skis ‘Sudan, Tet alo a cape speiicaly onthe prevention of selaonship Problems wich emphases the eit comment to the ced 10 mess ‘Ehtlonipe prone at nama broader lel tan jot ene cops Who ete for al therpy “The dal wecton ofthe book, Section V Ras wo chapters o eating and Jngrovig interventions to sss coupes. Together these chapters prove an ‘relun ove of the imitabon of what we now Know, and what further ‘scare needed. thik he puetion ofthis new and excing volume wil ‘ip tindge the ap betnesn research and cna prt nope ea ‘Kurt Hades, PRD Unive of Brounchwl, Garay wetelocn ap marine ete pts sly et tom ing omunit,tovng longterm reatonsip. We ao bseve that cen ‘uly Benefit from Being Fase in a amy based around a postive peal Feistionp On snot any index of heath, wel-being ox happiness peop in hippy mariage ae on average beter of than othe roup nsx) Phe major of couples who marry ae satiied withthe relauowsips. to mos Western unt the majority couples who mary say together frie {the an escptontothii the Unite Snes of Americ, awh js over hall tf mariage end in doce: however, even athe USA netball all mar ‘age at feng). And the overeming majority of arid people sy they te pad they sve mari “fhe good nove about mariage is that most people want to be mated and ‘when mariage woe, tsa vey saying expeene. The bad news aboat Tarage that vary linge number of people who ener marae fad the ‘eationship& uasts¥ing. Uabappy marriages have severe negative elects the partners and thes oring. Really unhsppy riage often ate wsciated ti svee peyhologil problems i pariner and offspring Inthe mon severe ‘Shes uahopyy marge: tre sociated with ane, viene and even moder agin Ethrng ogether large cow of hundreds of engage couples, ‘which in fense we have ono though ou research I Ike ts you spent Tundreds ot hous skating and watching these couples, ou would Be hat st "hp imental the coupes sem tobe ia ove. he partes would tl you ‘of thelr commitment to thei prtners and her elaomtips Almost eer) pion woul by hoping hat thet mustage would be long ‘Now wit Wait 9 oF 10 year Then gather opether you xowd of couples, ssi The majority of soups wl til be togebe, wl ile nove, wil i Se commited to he ratios. Bu ute lta coupes wl ot be ogee, they mil ave avored; Other coupes who are together wil every dressed shou hi relatonip. They wl fopor lt of confit and unhappiness. "We are facnated by the sifeentqulcomes in marge. AS people nd 2 chops we are crows about many question about mariage. Can wellwhich of our engaod couples are destined to remsia sted and which are Ustned to bovome doteacd? What predicts mail oxteome: the couple's nau personales thse bebts about marae, thir curl Packground theese of communication or wha? What inoences the characte people thang toe mvs? For cin, where do partes itm aoe! what expect ‘tama, and howto bem parincr? What happes betwee the happiness ‘rng engagement and theses ater on? The awestoese usin and ‘more ef our book Both of usa ial psyehologit. Our interes in mariage goes Beyond cadens carnity. We steiner lating fo Bp people have sting ‘ariape Tha fers lee fo apoter st of questions. Can we prevent ‘url protons? Onc a marrage dstesed cn we elp he couple ein {hei pasteltonsipsatiocton? When mariage and iniuel probe: ‘help. hie thy len do ow should we help with his comple of probes? “Tir bok rewout ofr mata trestn ting to understand ad promote hap, suing narsages In 98D me joi Convenes a meting of arta Fevearcersin thane Asta, That eetig snes or ew that able Fesarch provides inportant answer to at eat some of the qusons we are Interested Were ut to produce i took sv comprehensive to what isknown bout mariage, Our primary gal wa 10 pie practioner on how to Understand ase, pone and change thay mariges We were very fort ne tobe able to gater togethers wonder act of cotriblos who presen the Chet tat of he ars they understand it We thank ther for tet hard work, nd fr coping with ths logis fein» book with over 0 autbors dated ‘ound ie aobe "The Held of macal research as ocupied our tention invidualy and collectively fr welloer deen. Our ong comment is args Pt {ove inti inst of rigs ae Tope. Imation we have Beek 17 {Getunate tosbare oor passionate ners in ung with nny valde ‘ve he years In partular,we want fo thank the lowing for working With US a ening sn Fanta ach se ever taught them: Chaeanea Arlo, ‘Atiansaingur, Brett Behrens, Sean Blumberg. Ruth Bouma, Mati ‘ints Pal Howes, Aden Kel Dogg eter, Ket Lindab Sue Osea, {yin rad and Jenn Sent Ourintr a mareage as ben fit apd renewed ‘a network of val slap nd ends inEsrope, Asai and Noth ‘Ames Over the yet me have wie, ake, steed and detted with hese ropes ond eared much fone them, For ll the fond memarss a unpassioned {Etre next neato, and aed contbution wo knowledge of marrage, ste tank al ur colleagues la prea we thank Don Baucom, Steve Beach, Fran Diekwoo rank Floyd Jo Gottman, Kart Hakives, Rick Heyman, APY HatzortsSienoe Hy Hope Nel Jacuon, Daniele Sle, Jan Nichobon Pat Nolet, Cif Notas, Dan O'Leary, Bstbars ery. Matt Sanders, Sb. Spunce, Seat tiny, Brigit van Wide, Dna Vian, nd ob Webs achat ‘hve peopl bs done mach more than bei cllaue; thank you cach ad ‘lot hem forthe tenis and suppor. ‘We would aso ike to thank the countess couples and amis who have sare ic ven with spartans researc, an cles nou encal pacize, Without their avesment, coownitnent and willingness to share, the ir knowledge annie presented inthis book woul ot have boea pose “Throughout ebook, we preset cn vigetes and eae ios tre some othe mor pallor and adng om coups ecard eoupes thorapy, The Metis ofthe coupes invved have been alered i oder to nnn tony and confit. Often cave history represen compos {sf elements rom vera ifleent ples or amie. Inno, the chal lenges and experoncs of our couples and anus ae fen sila 0 others Indeed wc rening te ete Ror of another stor many es we re Feminded fab stoi om our an esearch or eal practices. These ase Finionte, combined withthe new dings techniques programs for coupes nd fain make Us very optimistic shout the future of mariage We fel ‘ingly that iil be posible for couples to workout the poten they sre facing, at well fr young couples who ae Just etalshing relonships to ‘fete happy, stig wnions. Fil we was otha the people at Wie for taking or vision ad making ininto steak, Ki alors Howird MarkmanSection | The Nature of Healthy MarriageChapter 1 The Concept of a Healthy Marriage |W. kim Halford’, Adrian Kelly** and Howard J. Markman’ + School of Applied Poychology, Criith University, Nathan, and ** Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland, Herston, ‘Queensland, Australia; and " Depariment of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA Ses tt Sa eas a {Reand sy you ow what ant tog ond hy twa et ekg a easiness teri Poco lg rao. eget Saletan sedecytang cement Ove Teed mck nek fees hope, or hye an mtn can ‘Sppene ste at positing Tener mated to happen meas Tanta Shes oe Rett Sociale Marriage i, for mst pple, the most inmate relaoship they voluntary fier. Asthe shove qooe leat, marae sa he othe best ies hd ‘he wort of tines. When elationships work they ean be the mos eanngfl ‘Spex iA ston satisyngrelationstip provides centre of belonging to {he paras fies abd blr sginst es hardships. When Flationsis fal ‘hey proce msery beyond expectation, “Teenie sty of maage hae reveled gest deal shout hw relationships suoeed or fi over Sime Furthermore, eit information has ben ‘roto develop umber a sucessful programs to elp troubled coups ep ‘ren mariage ant baiphapyy couples rman happy. nth HondBook we ring together the work of many contr to ths eae know ed prone resource for profesional who work wth couples ‘THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MARRIAGE ‘Almost all people become involved in intimate couple reatinshpe at some ‘at thee ves, rparlese of county and ele (DeGeber-Lanione & ronnie 192: MeDanal 1985). In Western counts oer 9% ofthe pop ‘om mar by pe ous (MeDonsl 1995) Even among! tow who cose no tomar, the sas majorly engage a "maciage Me™ celtoshipe y Bg ogee in commited coupe reationshipe (McDonald, 185). Regards of tether couples re formally marred or at seital expectations of couple ‘sina are hgh. Coupe relations are portrayed television, lm and prim media os proving ielongcompationsp, romance, soporte a iment, commiinent a indivi well eng "Athough ter aly # down sie o couple relationships, patie ela: tieahipexperencs doit a dnoarae people bout he valve of sommited ‘Soup lationship, About 2% of dsreesremary win 3 yeas the end ‘ofthe fst macinge (Furstenberg Spanier, 1984 Gk, 196; Marin & ‘Bumps 189, Intinate couple elaonsip contin to be viewed the Dest foram for meting individ needs fr aflecon cmpanioshp loyal aba ‘notional snd seul itn, even among those people wha have exper oa prior relations somatic. THE NATURE OF RELATIONSHIP DISTRESS Amos al couples who marry report high levels of relationship stistaction catty {nth slationstip (Markman & Habine, 193) However fr mary couples ‘ha ntl high level of satiation ere overtime. Far many couples the ‘fosion of satsacton es them to sock divre. Abo &5% of Aaurabian ‘marags, 8% of American mariage, 2% of English masags and 37% of German marriages end im divorce (De Gulberc-Lanoine & Monier, 1992; Donal 199) For other couples he erosion of satisfaction ssa with ‘igi relationship ste Du for varios sons the couples op tren toned “Alot Krom about what couples do that associated with sustained rel tinsip station, One well ented chirotrte of marl stsoction is high ates of potty in marl teraction, Happy copies spond more te together, do xe mutually enjoyable thing topether, and behave more pos tly tomard. one another, than do unkappy mania ouples (Wes, ope [CONCEPT OF A HEALTHY MARRAGE 5 ‘Paterson, 197) Frtermore, clave to unhappy coupes, happy couple Ino ikeiy to spond postiy even whan tht partner bung eae to them Gactbso,Foete & Menai 1982). Wes (184) suges the sharing ti pony happy coupes isaalogos to making deposits na bank acount he time level of ret esabsed inthe relationship account. The estab Ted relation cet allows the pariner not to reciprocate nega. In fonts te unhappy coupe, bang engaged st many fewer pose exchanges fave a latonshipsesount nich ha ite of mo rei. Consequently ua Soups end to eirecate act. A Scond wel ented characters of marl dire isneffecive comms nication and manapement of confit When dacs prob ses, maritaly {srewed cupls ets each ther and fit tenacity to cach oth {Hato Haves & Dunse 1980, Jacobson etal, 1985. Weiss & Tleyman, {090}, Distress Couples ao tend to witha tee each ott ahd W010 nga in postive problem-solving Bohavours (Christensen & Shen 991) Foe ‘Rample when ding problem ious, dre coupes lend no ous fst soluiog to problems often reftse to dics es, opal wah fw tom interactions by pom to another room of Ieaving te howe. Tse hcp ptr of communiation often rem n problem ies at being resolved (Halford eta 1982) In dtresed eupls thre olten are repeated ‘Sonics aout the same op, confit which donot produce any postive change iene celaionshin UA vin shart of marital tress is hat unbappy couples think abou tise pris n neqatie ways compared To happy coupes. Marsal sessed rome olen scccvely ated to thelr partner's negntve behaviour, and a Tribe sich note bbatious to Stale, meworthy and slot personally tat (Eideon & Epetin, 198; Floyd & Markman, 983). For example, 4 ‘iret reationsp, a parineramine home late may be peteted as“ [seal slic person who doesn't cae boat the amy In sale rl Tonship he sum Phaviour might be attibuted "someone who struggling ‘esp ups heay load at wor” Inashapy cupl, neatve thou stout ‘he pater predic fue besvour win the sae nieration Bete than pst ‘eto (Uaford & Sanders 1990). In other moe, dened partner ‘pond to her sutetve perceptions of mata Interactions, rcepions which ‘feoften tased "A fourth, and fin, characeriste of mata distress we with to dese neat sationship schemata, Overtime people develop generalized peep tone of heir porns and elasonsis elatestip bet). The reltonship felts or schemata, that partners in bay tuples develop are characterized by ‘hired, ponve peseptions ofthe seiborsip and history (Bsehiman, Gottman & Kat, 198; Ongaby & Halford, 199s). tn uakapyy couples the pric schemata ae characterized by negative sentiment about the relation {ip and fe story. All coupe tend to perceive and reer felauotship ‘rch in ay cote ath hel schemata (Oar & alford. 1960). tn ‘tier words happy soups sacctivelyperceNe and remember flonstipinteractions as postive. Unhappy couple selectively perce and remember ‘elation teractions separ SNe thetic ehvaccesties of diese marge the cases reff or telatonaip problems anlly that any of these characteris rej ie eles of santa dss, as each characteris as ben shown ‘rompers to psi elatonshipdetrration. Low rates of relationship Tri prospetvely predict derorating relationship sostacton (Karey & Braihury! 055) Amend commanication sil in couples whist dcusing Confetti inte elaonship as pode sueequent elaorsip at {acho and divorce sk (Gottman 1985 Markman &Hahiwe, 193). Negative ‘Santon aboot the pavincr snot relationship distress and prospectively red decine in rshionsip atstaction (Bradbury Fincham, 19% Boctman, Gosiman Kat 192; Markman, 981), Fay relationship eb ‘ed acomate in cegged soups prxpectvly ped relaionsip saison nd avers risk (Oton & Power 1986; Olson & Laren, 199), ‘THE EFFECTS OF RELATIONSHIP DISTRESS tn mately saying, longterm couple relationships cach partner buered rant thc wept elect of stesees I strestodelatonhis each pa TEE vlncrale and sues more ln response tole suesies. For example, ‘mata sted parents sve dsbled cule eport ls depression abd ‘Bate peste fry vltons than ther arta dstestea counterparts (Poy {E-Zmeh, 91), People nating mariage cope hater wth the sess of ‘Seven, unexpected uemployaent han people witout fat elton (Gere i). ‘Marita dress asia with nividal pjehopathology the partners. or examples people prs for mara therapy report fh eel f Sub anc abuse (alford & Onpby. 189), and people presenting for skool {Tpundoney samen cept hiphve of man dsves (ankle & Mai, {80}, Dereon, especaly fo women, and ans) orders, especialy nen ae bth srg sortelaed wth masta stress (Hallord & ours this ‘elu. "Tn sociation of dvds paychopatology and reatonsip dstes spot jane idiysual robes ating marital problems. Marital drs often & [reitant of peblem inking (Mas ct a 988, and increases the chance of ‘Rape in cost eated alcool (Have, 1989), Sim, prolonged marital ‘oats tbe mon frequent reports ven receding the onset of depression imwomen (Peel tay 080) and stance wih poor propos for depre Son (Romane el, 197) Teterspoul vince frequent in dstessed restos, and has serous pigs and pycologcl sequelae, partualy for women (Cascar Tbgschen Vivian, 1972) Thess of physi wiles Is acsentuated “The abo abuses present o ae or both partes (OFarell & Murpy. 1995), Mata dstress and geen pact major way apa lr. te eu crereinerprema coi esocated with igh rate of hk Pt tiem, ead maldstment (Grych © Tacha, 1950, Sanders Nicholson & Fy hs ome) nap marriages alo ae sociated with poor individual physi heath inc pnt wht hay artages ae stoned ith good nial hel Faesrom between lanai ststcion sada heath unlikely Tre dc t a unvectoal cava ink bu probe i de to breton Tepper compechomsve revew, se Burman & Margo, 12). Tere ‘onesrcral methanisns by which marta dstves can impact pon phd Sut anal introton medias cera hss elted behaviour such a rene snd schol consumption, which may impact upon heath, Dsvesed sea trotion abo has det physolgal effects which can impact pon llth. For example dened’ mara iteracion i asscated wih i weetuppreon (ice aera 198, 1988), which ean increase vlner- iy 10 nfctioes and other dress. The quality of marital iteration eitheshe adhtcnc to etme rogmens in pope wih established health rblems ad thu so can isc apo outcome (Sehmaling & Sher ths vo Eee) ial, suppotve sad roving couple eaionshys act a a ules se aucafal Me events and can ree the negate Beal pacts of Etre sess (Burman & Margolin, 1972), ‘THE NATURE OF HEALTHY, LONG-TERM RELATIONSHIPS We note ete tht lost al couples athe beginning of commited relation ‘pee highly ssid wath ht flationstip, but ony some couples estan {Rat high intl sasfaton, We ao Sood that eae 10 he couples who (etme cationship satiation erosion, the couples that remain hap ae hastened by done more mutiny pleasurable stv together, having ‘itr communation and confit management kil thinking more poitvely “Shout her partners and having more psive tlaonship schemata. “The eharetrtsof couples who sustain longer sased lationship are no the Soe characterises which dlemnne nial ataction or comment {orclatioipn a phenomenon ne ferm the shor-trmongtrm disjnetion ‘tema An example of he dancin demas hat assessed communication ‘Xie inenaped couples arc uncatd to toe lationship satstaction o com ‘Atton athe ine, stnoup house ils prospectively pred relationip “histo sons ate (Mtkman & Hablweg 15). A send exampe of he {Tguocton cna ste relatonship hema of engaged couples, Relation Sip schemata do not cole sgncanly with engnged couple’ rtnes of ‘ellionhipsasfation tthe tie, ut these ume sehenata prospectively pe ‘Galompiem eelaonhip station ond rit of ivorce (Olsen & Fowers, Bes Olson & Larson, 1985).‘The disjunction lemma probably de to several ator. Fay, partner ‘ina tiation rated tmp to phys traction and aving highly ples ‘rable actin couple where thee factors our, amex postne Ss partner poeepio develops at negative para behaviour ove Ot ‘nimed I raionstge deel ino lng term comme, the te of ‘hye traction andthe levee together usaly mance (Ths probably fortunate forthe future of he pie. The nese romantic expen sing zly bested with your partner, hihing oie lc and walking ot walls ‘nadeamke seis wondetln hort har inthe longer erm tomate [reosapation makes it hard to attend o mundane bu agcesry tasks sich 2s ‘Sting doing the washing, oldag downs abo drvngsfely) Atmore ease eoepios develop, the man filing four prt este evident ‘A secon aspect ofthe dajuaon dsm that eatonshp beasts whic promot shorter satiation my impede stained long-term atic: tia: Hor exampse, avery ttentine partner may ily bse a oman and ‘Somme, bua the same bhava ay hese a8 possessive a shh ‘rig. Behavior intl seen as ougoing fun at partes becomes drunken Tulfoonry, spontanety bere chaotic dsorgaiation, tnd charming een tes Resome iting habits. 'A ey characters af lone term coupe relationship i ht they adap to cnging fe rammtances, The couple who met inthe 2 ejey tending Pats togter, and share enthuse for ip energy our sport are likely Yo sustain the same este ase married coupe ws your cide 10 year late: The eathonship wl edt ape i the ares ae fo experience ‘Naina ratonship station Tus, whet conan cvs sed peal ‘tration my ving the souple together the aby to commute cect, {Oesale cot and te contaue to develop new shared tis ovr ane ely to determine wheter te coupes satinted withthe relations. ‘On the tans ofthese renerch findings and dsuson, we dle x ety Jongerm coupe relationship wt mn arc ate of mes oct pate To ap oe {Bei ent awh the partes he ‘This ein contains an ip vate slater that lationship longevity is 1m important component fa eathy Felationship. Mest peopl etering lage hope thi relationship wi be Meng, Putas ale to ssa one ‘erm, mutual satstying relationship usual are tetra than those without Sch’ elton. Furthermore, lon astig, satsying relating do confer to porters an intimacy but yon shared story, an inimacy which gh ‘aed bythe coupler who experience if opti (Dison 985. ‘Sometimes changing partes inaccurately sem «solic elaionship Sestinfations second and subsequent mariges have higher tales of res and divore than primary mariages (McDonald, 1985). We have sen many Gens who beleved that changing purner would move thelr rlaonsip ‘roblems, onto ind he same problemen sbsequent relish. For exam le the seand autor saw a dstessed couple in wch one partner had ceived ‘veal promotuas whe the partner eater ha stagnated ove any Jats ‘The spl bepan to find dillernces in cach other role expectations: tet ‘ocal res abd beri geae The paral mobile partner reported having ‘mafia with a wot coleapue, reporting that he shared mc in som ad trated the same thigs oot of hfe. While changing paracs might provise Someone wo more im. hi apascs would ignore tht fet it the st ‘Supe felt sina in intrest gol at oe time, The partner change option ignores the process by whieh he oil coupe ued part nd by gnring thes proce the departing partner mie simply repeat he ame mistake with ‘new prior So, caning partners 1 nial or overcoming lan ship ses. "We aso advocating that it bays desirable for couples to say tgeter {och There ze many examples rom or cic experenes in which coupe ‘ave sayed together in mutl misery when they may have done much beter spare Wis dor otn sso, many people reper fesing mach eter her divorce. We are advocating that salting arage potently 8 very Dowel pose force in many poole iver. Sometimes chinging partners Fp someone to develop apse ong-asing relates sometimes chang ‘gprs rnses existing problems rom ao 163 new rain THE CONTENTS OF THIS BOOK ‘Thi ook it ntended to pude practitioner who work with eationships. The ek consis of escent st sexton ofthe ook (Chapters 1) the uthors describe the mature of heathy up relationship The bhava and ‘Signe cement of elatonship interaction ate evewed, now thon relate tovhe Reh of the cpl eaten. The coverage ins anaes of Sexual aspects of elton stsfaction ‘There so 8 a chpte specie ‘the very ira! topic of rlasonhip von. ses of pender a a tire, and how they infaence the nature of rltonship functor aloo “Thestcond section ofthe book (Chapters 11) isaseviewof the developmen {al procoses uening elaonsip station and salty Iss condor Ire nelae the eet finial pst experiences, lifespan devetopmcntal ‘hangs children and aging onlin In pra, the autoreve ‘how opportunities to share postive couple activites, communication a ontit ‘anaptnent, and cognitions aod schemata abot rlaimsips ae shaped by ‘hese wrous factors Our primary pala dors in working wth he ators ‘ras iocypcate the implications of cxsting nowodge for essessment and er ‘elon with euple laos“Te thi seston ofthe book aroses the fen net individual and nvironmentl acces on eatonsipe Chapersia ds secon ae adaresed {o'he resol relationship fetween couse Telaonships andthe ida Partners work, pil and mental heath “The fourth: and inert section ofthe book (Chapters 18-2) provides de tad dennis of how to condos wide arty nterventions to chang ‘oupeeaonships. Tin ceo bei th achaper on howto aes copes rstening it eatonsip drs A series of ne chapters debribe Bow (0 ‘ct varios forms of couples thrapy an interventions 0 preven elation Stipes The pest to deal i ay ies ns ‘chs coupes work mhon only one pater presents working wth eaples i ‘Met one paras has seroarnuiadual pspeholopcal podem dealing wth ‘Cionshipapeeson. working wih couples who hove sgncat parenting and {etaonstip biome, dealing with afar incoaple relations work, nd ‘Sore medion, Detaled desripdoas and ease examples of snteof thea {Eenoloy for auisng couples erent in ora ak of veloping. sane tonal couple lationship se proved nthe tnt sectional the book (Chapers 26nd) ther isa analysis of how “steve curten coupes intervention ae, and what can be done o make rele tpn ure, Th tna bien of ow ‘Soupot therapy canbe usd an ajunctve eaten for nial roe. nd public bests perspectives how healthy maraages mp be promoted. We ‘Sela the fil Chapter hy suggesting tse dtetons for restate REFERENCES ane Moa 18, (0m, Fem ge IV Adin tem 2 sul hn), Ac rig een nd ee otto Rt, Gomsan IM. & Kats, (182), How x eople ews tee past eds ht tur pitino roms i ay Touma uml lg. 398 18 urea Margin, (198), Ansys of the asocationberwsen mail etn "pan eal pee a nro exe: Pyehone Blan HE, Coteau andes vier of crt Met TS ‘oye AK Shnk L199) Communication conti and peopl tance We surdanonds haan Shorea capes Jou! of Canning nd Cn rc enamine © & Moony, A. (1980), Lacojonctare demos aope ‘ie py devs ute sr Popo ay Ane pian PC 005 te et oe seach asi mains. ond Pct es: ter ae elo: Of eB rc pe 22-30), ‘owed Oa CX Se Se eae ataee ae REET omrumanerte gee sreayeat raced rere or 7 FS & Zieh, DE. (1961, Marriage aod the parenting puta: preps Peart pagent wth mena rae a py sven a GEER EUS: tng ese ae gh RE Magra, tne Jounal of amy es, Sry amie cece i mare oe ioe rouse n memes Otel haben Poceing! Bt 2, see fcctrmaiatin banes te sera eerie eer caer oom ea naan care eae EEE acters prt Seed eee ar mre amie ety man eag reer ee eemeeaeaees RENE ergs SSE we ea ecrs Beeler Ry tr sucaoon NS. MeDonaly DA, Pale. V.C. & Bercy, RA. (185), Atsiaton Penh pt eae an no ry Karey. BRA Bradbury, TN. (19%) The longa cone of mata quaty Tank na 0 Us as a et ein 2K. Fld LD Ops BS. Sok 1. Sk. CE A eB So Mi it srt ten vi "Sis Mra aed sl icy ae. Mone 38 Magi, SAO rel 1. Conor Jy Mek, & Peco M88), Alesha: "Son ei alti ha ap ens aes re ie ipa cia ne Rune vet The pee a a ee fae ay. ane Hoey (058). he pe an enigma to iota en Cnet Ete eee a Rae EL ty Neca aril ration Demo. catepa (8) Foi Ani Mo: Amii staf Fa fumes TJ, & Marpin, CM, (99), Mi ves Before and ater ate "Stn aw Coming ant Cal pcg 68 28 ‘oun Dit & Foren, (8) eng malts ah PREPARE: pre: nay ny Jou of Mara Fal Thorp, 13. con BIL Tae i a ui tn py PREPARE vga Sa Her (i) eaeiniany imac reed a ‘ony SE Hafod WR. (40, Masons, memo: eminem he ral tay ena my deed om el ap {B92 eeisad presi "seontroled sad. Archives of Geral Pech, Rotini J Weinman MM, Pr, BA. A Here aro, (979). Maal Spt aie st spol wom Compre ay 3 Wane 058), Cape sn sate neve neil mari they Tei eg gi Moa fre tro etn Welt UL Heyaa, RE (10), Obseratoe of mia iteration. Ie FD. Finca A Ein ina eb rc t/a ot Sew a ok “uf ttn for ateray some dite evehating In. Hay & EL Her ce Cheng Nai, Cnr se. 3 Chapter 2 A Clinical-Research Overview of Couples Interactions Robert L. Weiss* and Richard E. Heyman"* * Departments of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, ‘and **Siate University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA ‘Couples therapy offer anigue challenges to those interested in developing theo fieof maiatadjatnent endo those mortal therapist sooking Wo asa coupes Indstrxe Typically, there of marital ajustnnt focus omit the india {Grntnasing personality actors) or on the couple’ teraction (ompbesing {roc lator) In rat, cline fend to ew marital sdantnent the xpression of personals. Tn recent years behavioral approaches to marital uray hove greatly influchoed inking sou marl agjntment. Theory nd esearch wend mith this radon rte esnyonobsetatins of marital Imeracton In this chapter we wil draw pon rtarch wih he boda ‘retain tha help esplin the natare of dstesed and sats intimate ‘laonsis Spescaly, we wil focus on some ofthe fa, epcated acs “uae te ths traditon, ht mara theraps mip Hd Repl Assen {hecs, theory ven sescach dos fol map nesty ont cel pace. In Some ess te rserch ba gencrated ure questions than has newer, 3d “pplication seem ever move distant Our aim inthis review sto Mghght ter ne can that may fe poesia wef cally. while being eves ref no to cla greater cies! wit than warreted, Aadionlly. our Sim ito provide a cone summary of rece developments f thos lincins ‘tho ave coe to sy the ogi report. In or eae revews of marital ‘Bees and behavioral bueration (Wee & Heyman, 190s: 1900) We ex mined the contributions of behavioral theory an research fom a more a emis point of view This chapter an updated and cnc oeated review of the developments this trata. “the format ne he apt so first defn ania of ical elevane and then st whatever research dings say be germane to each ste. he at ‘ingrained Wisection below we dics how some sl report appoacs o marta assessment may cont oa batter eonepal understanding of marl accommodation fd glevnces The sesnd ston reviews res fom stole that ‘tine ‘ehavorl observations Tas ppreu fees Reavy on sing how coupes iter {acts bss rom hich too theory of al ses wel 0 gb ‘ose interventons. The two mujor sections of he chapter ths focus on hat ‘Soups sy and what they do. SELF-REPORT ASSESSMENT APPROACHES Suepot has een masa ofall fora of asesment no doubt beats of ‘Sconomy,fce-sality and ese of making group comparitons, and sl-roport ‘ten proves cents with a woke. Thee advantages have not been It on ‘matal researchers wishing 4 develo cost leant to heaps a this Station we review some of he construct ths approach has generated aod thle implementation n pase Marital Satisaction Although “mat! satifacton” stands a his premier contract inthis aca (cetaiay mhe putative gol of mara therapy) nonetheless sl omong Yariable lected for sent serainy- AS with any haly subjective sate (3 pps") we must ash "Do tral sated people behave in was th iferentaten thm from others?” Whit Behaviors chart: are ste tion? Ia ths approach Wel nul tetimony (ep. "All hing consi. ‘re, am happy marred"). Ae witha forms of sept, we ely on reported Sabjecve comfort or discomfort. Yet, ule other socalled “ta! ees” {ee'DSM1v) there ar ow any, bovis cen by others that ferent ‘hgoe of marital stata, That sul tess docs ot intr it the pubic awareness ar do otter seine forms of pshopatology (eg Baas Imanneisms phobi symos). “Ascsanct hosed on sel report can be compat se-repoet can beat: pons observe and report on theron Seaimentough meat fees Fespose statement fep responding to, “What strengths Jo You 2 in our ‘elton. Or wreport can est eater responce to andere ‘questions (Dp you and your partner diapre about finances Very Ofte Somcimes. Never”). In one Sense slfzeports are Stal samp ofthe ‘ys partners ae presumed to expres emscve a thei relatonhip. In ‘tes sense thew reper presume to be smplonso ndcans of boa ela ionsip (ysfuncuonne I ss apetat whether he respondent atl ‘ngage inthe reported behaviors than it that they choose 10 answer it 1 yariiar mantor. These diferent seamen unc mosey restate the ema smpte sign dation in asesment hey Behavioral approaches to close relasontips tnd to rly on seeps 3 spl what people el and do. The ssumyion that what people ty (on ‘Sleeper meatre) lel eet what they actualy fs and hat they ste ust ely to do in response to thos felings Yo iti general ese a ‘inal work that verbal report apd sbsequet ations are ate the sme 8 theme we develop ater. hina usta selrepornestment devas do i fst ‘ple observable consequent of reltonship interacts For example: non “stressed coupes (as defined by the Lacke-Wallce or Dye Adjustment Seles) behave dierent in aborstory problem-solving interactions fe, Weis {€ Heyman, 19h). Ths, a combination of se eport and behave observe on necessary to estan the ity of ou contuct, ‘Marital theorists and recachors ake tay often noted tha he construct of gota maralsasacton embodies two ferent components Heya ‘Soyes Ballack, 184), namely an evaluative sentiment o ata compo: net anda perfomane tse, djstnet orl tase component The rel fiom been the two majo compas lke tht Between bnowlede 35 ‘roduc ud knowledge as owing Th in he crest fhe bhava tis {Gray Weis & Patterson, 107) the ain wa to defn te asacton between ‘ported diy (alotl) mail satiation (knowledge) andthe reporting of tetavora: relationship events that oceared each day (knowing) Te question ‘as do relationstip events (eafectonl and instrumental exchanges which ‘Spouses econ einer “pesing” or “apeaing af th eva Gen Ie) compooent (ve reported mira sition)? On a vanple sve ‘ode, the mare IrequentY daly easing events osc, he higher the lvl of Feporedstsacton (leis, the more frequent the numberof mega Se ‘Gpeasing events cur, the lower te lvl stsletion Te ative model represents the strong empl vow which assumes tha vets daa, fd that event ar the Masi fr onc knowlege of etnaction. Based on this and many subsoguent tis he man cnnclsons seem tobe 1. Daiy marital events appear only in ited sense to be the bis or repoted mari staction 2. Nepative events (hse experince a iplesing) are mor bighly elated 'o mata dsuttaeton than plesng events ate to satsfocton 5. Satiaction and dsatistacton are not ust oppose of one another. The absence of dantsctin ot aie, 44 Not ony shee relat ite oerap (0 the extent of onl 25% of he Shared vartanse)betwoen knowledge and kawig (ie epost ti ec ote somewhat independent what partners 3) they exper ced) but the amount of wercenent between ting partons ue 5. Attmps to olate dase of events that acento satiation varianoe (Ge more bight pace marl satiation) have show that “ecng sed or postive afecoal event may he more sent conrbotors But cea wk by Johnron& O'Lsary (196) sparta ven who posesuse a estmize st fms to rack diy eventos hey identi 25 parca importnt to Ur relaosp there sol substantial unt of improvement in expaning alia variance. "Tse mings do ot ed rest support to te rong empl mode dca above Why hee acs correspondence betwen spouses Sttomens oto (cls aout on acter (Ihe crave componen) nd what hey report dug wih one nate Ihe skis component? Fe ope ne fal tosampe aque he domain of maria event. Ths etre uly since te til method (te Spouse Oberon Chests ‘ene Per, 1) cover se 80 tems Perhaps coupes ely do at track cents bebo! gcoloit hetey sho. This Sipps ‘itnen een ocsrence ad evalstin fas et the notion af bank Svan model siegsing tat not every witha eee exchanges) ima be cnered wih an mediate depot pte exchange) (Gotan, Tors). Ar the ent ofthe fabs the concept of repro: oo wel tdjed cous repre ther exchanger gud pro qu fon? Muteach epreson ot tecon te espoadedtommedtly and in kind? Research ar shown that marl ui pr quo, temporal ke tort ‘change i sythingcaratrsicof mara dination, That che ‘ecprsit (opp fie tank axount mod) ft wha oe wie 10 {nln coupie seeking reaanhip improvement “Ts apparent diuncon between Hrowletis and knowing le othe scitiment ore” hypothe (Weis, SD} en cared Wo extremes the ben acount model suggests tat hey ponte or hip) negative ‘Shument over sv itwere he cnet tat cual were xchange out tere ton noted above, sper ray not agresin tht prceponot wat eho are actny exchanged) Thay partner A cna manner intended tobe pote tat parte Bis uly of negative seamen ove Fer B woul ot reo the even sppopnatly (lest tcnsed by A). Seniment operates ura fer vata the knowing prove One recat finding concen wih the tesoning of sentiment ove reputed DY ‘owes cra (193) Although oer hve seported high cocaions ‘ete martial sthcon and mal conventonalzaton ithe te ‘ems to endorse unreal postive sacment about ons partner Fromcrr ea ous thatthe crcintion Bld ony fr hse reporting ih levels marta etsacto, Although supporting ol the ponte eof The sentimenonerre ypotes, thc Ry oes ot deel adres the ion Scarnato. One sea pleation a inns from ths Hie of esearch i that smreyinicing parc foPehave postively ton one another i Lay ip fe sctient or evant eof the auton, Sls training that scons coming rr the out epoca the tea tse) may be ctatow th short term, But unless something E'ione to act invove the seatinentcompanet of anstction” the Inapereange pune doubt We adress pone ways or plement chang procedures after we have considered some of he other sel-seport “Al stge of our knowledge seems tht betwen the wo components of mana saisacion Meni shove welnon les about he inet oe ‘illcorponent than we do about the sentiment compet The estas ‘te stgpests aa lop eonctaon marital heh the absence of art. {al dsrese: Tis seems to suggest that nore o be wl ads couples ‘ould mov sy and do what stressed coupe ay and do Since sea ‘ures headaches, we cannot conta that he lack of pin cates head. ‘ches. Maria harmony nt us the absence of wharf shat dat. Fed couples do ‘Some ft mos intresting cases. fom an astesment point of vw, te sen with those couples who make very diferent prsetations betocs| ‘het iil coojn nteriews and thelr witepontasesnents The imerview performance ean be her beter or worse thatthe atria ‘ened trom the selleeprted semen. A soup tay sppeat on ses tment 10 be statically dence yet flo make tat Gece of apse hvu totes Or, acoepo may pote themes ding the Interview as inches avay fom a destuetie vores, et show conse ‘idence of mara stenals on their sxe dv "There area numberof e-eport aesment proaches that bea 08 the aspecs of manta sattaction we have besa dacasng the Dyed ‘Ajstnent (DAS: Spanier, 196) and the Mara SatstctionLnventory (O4SE: Sader, Lachar Wi, 1988) are two atone tone valble Tee instrament have been studied win the Rehavos re and ans co able fae ad itera vay (3) The areas of Change Ovetonnre (ACO: Weis, Hops & Patterson, 1918; Mattia, Taovc & Weinstein, 19K) m8 parts Sten, ‘questionnae, based on the simple theory iat the more 9 spose stom th ter toe deze, the pester he Sst i tat Spouse nis orginal format the ACO i's Seltreport meas ‘hangs one dss the other to make (A second seton records fon’ avarenes of changes the partner nan the respondent to mike) The ACO foeses on what ea mans the other t chang. (0), The arial Sa Inenory MSL: Woe Cera, 1980) oa om | ‘ruc-Falhe questionaire that Gewstes steps along. the Way To vere culating i actualy ig for dior Te more wep one has akc io asate a eationsp the rete the presumed date faction with that relationship. The MSU i ata eet measure of Asaistaction because one may be prevented pherwie from taking Steps toward dnolation) (© The Communication Pern Questionaire (CPO: Salway_& Christensen, 198) ses pater of demand ithraval. The CPO tas been studied extemively by ‘Chrsemeen and aescaes (Ghristemen & Heavy, 190; Heney, Layne & Christensen, 1983)asses Dow pares ity ope with confi (ee by ech ‘Poin ler puri or mtrewng) Couples are sk oa tcter 5 parculr raponse pater (ex Wie Demand-Hushand ‘Wiha ype the per of dung wih confit ‘nus have coated an sociation between magne of deed change and reported mail satsacnagusent tng ano sl report measures (e# Heyman Sayers & Bells. 1984) Ingenta women Seek more change rom thst husbands han mon seek tom thr tnd dinesed, compared to nondsrewel. couples inte ding Sinicany moe ching o cach of he 34 tems ofthe ACO (Marl aloe & Wein, 193). The mapiude of dered change, responsive ober maa hrapy efter heap ewer changes ime deted), . 7 ia “The sept ivr (MSF) mesure hasbeen sown oped subsequent sara eran arts oped depeaeyaptomalg sone {months ater intial testing (Beach & Forehand, 66% se ao Cane Soderqus Garde, 1985: Heyman, Leary & Jun 195). ‘Overall demanc-vihrawal pters of coping are cpanel cated sh reported marital sasfcton:Althogh there Ba sppeted to be an Sreiing sender fect poreaying women in te acmaner” role sili te etl pcm oder Wy ne ise ht sake: when i'w the mais tue the gender ele rel ‘laced: mae witha a eal demand are beh es Ins she ‘Sad Kinet ot al (183) ound complete reveal ofthe pate when itwas the macy nc un coupe were lode preter cole nse isos. Aditonal work by Kit, Smith & Howe (98) xg ‘month onto desin. closed tat poor mata tan at {eco he demand nih pt ahs tha he the ay Each of th the seltepotdevos reviewed ths fa re eiicaly use frases the at elaonship Te ACO ante CPO map {sity it onto what dns coupes don ter tempt ange {he oer person Many intervention tks have been develops based on stat rscrch hs showa to be tps of dre tang Tse five been applied simon wiformly to coupes seeking help. However, ator, Saners& Bebres (198,194) have Been etal of what WS woul lhe chicken sou racy ofimerventon Chk soup ees tomate peopl fs ster, nd in some tances may ven facil hea. ing Can we se tat whatever he map ingedia in chicken soup wit work forall other conditions? Hafod et at arpte tat ay be ‘easonable 0 each communication raining to cup wo hve deste {ive commzaton pater. but in pint of fact these communcaton “Skt probably ae Ao sdb hese oopesin rea i encores Even ‘reel, thn ous who arena expesing maria dese do ot use thesis we each ao, se below our queong ofthe standard ake T tial context) In a word, the absence of paraphrasing skis does at ead Ina move 16 further customize marl asctment and intervention, Halford mode the nstacons or he ACO away tat fosses on sl Fepation ce Wess & Halford, 199) (aft hs aproach serves os {emplate for modibang other sclrepon forms ae wel) In adden 80 ‘sting desed hana inthe parte cach pon asked to ao the ‘Shane hy aesiein hero Behar (se smon the M tems presented {nthe ACO). In aon to asking fr desed change fom one's partie (Gag want my paricr to expr her emotions mor let) the ‘esponicnt woul also rate the amount of ange dese i his or helt (ep "T want io expres my emotions more sea”). ‘Simi, the damand-withdrwal patter assed bythe CPO could focus on what each person docs to keup the Waluntionl coping see tv. Each panna nied ames theirown ection o (0 ae og {desired est and (being pusted Tus what ba eon 3 foc o he Storcomingy ofthe other somes a oss on one's ow fection 4d itis o sop leroatie respons. "sl apater approach to the role of cognition in marge, Fncan (198) notes th robust (eplcte) assdation btweon various measures ‘of (esa and responsi) attributions and marl sas. Simpy Ia thre ee, rene pry, ana eae (aon ‘Sirosed relationship. At ft bush we nay sak whether this socio Ista since dsatsfactin lls datacom (ecass the ame tl ‘report methodology i imvlved, the semantic asoiaon is even moce ‘key. Ficham est apd spsomataly addvesed these aerate ‘planations and concuded that the asian tv more thn arta. {Candia studies have indated i indeed, the presence of ozaine| Seaton (ime 1) presi decreased ral satiation st ime 2 uy isting son causal lak {Coptne coments, specially cul and responsibil atbutons, ave boon tlt to measures of marl stsfacion Potent third variables five been considered and their fet are lags mimal Despite what Id been «promising line of reset (the etary of compe va thie) there 0 convincing evidence that ading# cognitive module to behavioral coupler therapy actualy prove cusome (st Hallo, Sander Bebrem, 193,198 Weis & Halford, 196), "The take-home message fom thi slcine review’ of sel-eport suse wens ad hei ltl tus that maria herap can ad oul we ‘Swematic ancient before Inenching info couples therapy, We have ‘Meni! diferent aspects of mara atataton, tng partly how Seltrport spd acon are not Homorphie Discrepancies fetween hd tmong various fess and interview avors ae important no fe ‘Moray pinning. The postive impacto prtner belavoe may be moreVint than previosty thous suggesting that a fcus om sl xeulation| ‘may fe far more important to efoctng chang than erly prowiding ks ‘raining We reach simirconcson when we consider the findings fos ‘huerson ste, BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATION OF MARITAL INTERACTIONS In thi section we review highlights of recarch on behavior! observations of ‘mail nero, Because tee Isa heavy emphasis on technique in thi area tre ml dso more ally the role context pay ath seo esearch Standard Marital Observation Paradigih Amos ofthe stadt this etn follow standard procedres: coupes por o the laboratory, lly ile of fon in univers psicholory ‘epurtmeat They complete an eatery Ising common ares of Jagrement inmarioges (eg money, se, ints) at a means of ening User mosh fenlittopics Some sties follow Gottman's (979) procedure, whereby the fesercer careful interviews the couple as 1o what te exact con about (Gr be sponds to much money hie mother i ntsive sow acpi he ‘hidren) herby enkspcng thereat ofthe upcoming caf interaction he ‘object observation). Other researcher spy mst he couple to sce the problem tp and ave up toe couple Meneses to defn he pecics Imether css, the researcher lls the ou tha hey are to dicts the problem for et smount of ine (usual 10-18 minutes) and aempt to reach esol ‘on Pally fe istrtion sally eke sapgewton that tbe couple 10 ‘xt mich as hey would at home. The researcher leaves the couple lon o Bein thse dcuson andthe ieotaing hep "The following i 2 tanscrp excerpt ofa rexel videotaped nbortory ‘bscration of oseph, age #8 year and Aa, 50 yeas, ho presented ae Sony Brook Maral Trap Cline for marital therapy. They slo pareiated ina observationa stu, seh lemmas ee See wae 1 Ae arp miei some an aya ay The to ead for money fom fu form ahd pe Sees ine Zappa sol wk nt Pitt png oh nd oo A. Nivalowed hit apes and okt way ou tea me How mucho voy Ser lomud ch cen) doe aking nave 0 pal 1 Tigi up bec im on etre td te by on ve apes ogee atc hve neta eh poe hearing about this procedure forthe fest me, most people’ ist, rescon “Since se partpante ae teing videotaped, here 0 ay that thoy woul at ike they would at home’ For several eeasons this laboratory prover des indeed pros naira interaction. Fir, he eupls then {She tepor thatthe trations re eminent hee type iterations (Ge, Margolis Joke & Gleberman, 1988). Second, watching the videotapes ‘yucky cabs epic fee that people wl ot behave in thee peal fis ways wie tea viectpodInterstons range fom em even psy Ciocusons (eg Okay the cunt othe teach ay bom any chien tte want) o biter steaming matches Furthermore, spouses seem o babe {gucly tothe video camera nasil vn fe except sve, itractons trone ofthe author abe (RET nsaurn Lon sand. New Yor. nue ile cling ber stand “Why would | wan fo hve sex with you? You're not ‘ny fend, you are more Ike my enemy yet anther woman exposed he bare ens for several sounds porto nsing thir infant ring thei onli Iteration. Americas typically do aot say or Jo such things except behind ‘Sond door But ss the ans abve inate, spouses simply are ot ass ‘Somcous whe being tape ar outsiders might gues (Empatcl support fr his [rit con be fund in Christensen & azar, 19K Jacob tL, 1988). Ta, a8 Invguing study by Vincents (197) sncates that even when couples are Instructs by the researcher to “ake good” of “ake bad obverver can sill {lb sce happy from unhappy couples. Unhsppy couples leak negative ‘itt sven when hey ave ying fo shaves i hey sre apy. Th ven ‘ypc iteration samples researchers hae cocoa ae ot que a negative as they area homo, hey ae sl ong enough to delet portant dlerencs. Fn suis tat ane compared home an aeraory obervations of coupes hie found stant snare, with lsboratory discussions octal Being ess sepa (Gottman 197), Thus anything laboratory observations dese the dileonces between coupesEstablished Findings 1. Distressed Couples’ Behavior is More Hostile ‘By far the most robust nding of marital observation work that distressed ‘Coupes are more Rotem notre coupe, Although batty abv ‘Sus months esearch hasbeen normative n several way Fis as bon ‘Shown that couple ave demonstrable diferencs in th may they at overt the arging: marl dstess not beable to eons pbring lop prota slaonsip history or eer commonsense theories of aia amooy, Second rexeteh ha elaborated on which ind of nate eka ame", “confon > onion, “content defen, *ompai => defend, “Complain = compli “ahplemre > dplesue™ (ee Wes & Heyean, 1950). Ato rxprocton of postive betas bas ben ound for Both Aisvemel and no-dsresed couple, Flinger & Thoma (198) reported at Dene reproct was predic of fltioshipdesauto at 2515 and 5 Jar toln-ape. Tesearchers (€. Gotan, 179, 194) have inerpeted these Rings 1 indicate tat responses dstressod couples ate more locke to one sother tone dese spe heaves wth ose he ponds Hd. ‘znrating op of neat that ey ie fo ek, Negaty e ‘Nts or ated supe slong tee nes, ota (194) a red {0 cgay a an "aboring sae” for dntened couples, hie matches ncsy the eer fated coupes whe hy say ta ty an pe vee tying. large o smal and that ther hs exalt fro dkagrocmet 0 ban ry Ga, Now reed up ot pnd spr anc they aa to beak ou of epativy every uy Ronit" basi» sept copy» construc bios Scan) Disreed couple’ ifort pattem appears to be preeofreltnsip fare eve when pote havo te exchanged. Tom dosage temporal om of interaction appro be ey import ini! ipications ‘Asa standard procedure of nial sessment. me wale for he patterns en ‘ied ove 8 soups acu at est one prob for 10 mite without our Intervention (i. ne merely serve thelr Cmnuniction). Does te level af fngresaat? What happees whe does? Do they ener rpciive netic Toop? Do they acknowledge aflerwads tit what cued i eso what amayshappeas"whea they dae probes? Do they inl the other eran ot the communication proce the podem? Since me! fori aril therapy include taining communication kl, being fai sith he se comm ation pronase very unl fone st reco comuniation flan, Inport, beable Yost appropiate teatment goals (econ spouses how to monitor and est negative loops rather than admonshing them not to tehave with ety),4, Satisfied Couples “Edit” Their Thoughts daring Conflict, Thus Avoiding Negative Escalation Loops ‘wo sues have aterpted to examine “editing™the ability to recognize 8 Teptve pune tehare yt aot respond nk (8 spond with a Rox epatve fecha). Gotan, Markman & Nour (1077) defied eit a tener dopleying negate afc at hen folowing tat state non-negative the next speaker tum. Tey found that pon dstested wives wee the only ones ‘tho eae. Nas etl (989) sed» more complicated methodology tat Comino spose" on raligs ot thl atnt nd impact th vag (om ‘Shores Tey doed eng more preset fb servers ad thelist Ingspoue vowed theirs behaviors negative, editing oscared whenecr that {tscnng) sponse ext sep ns non-eptve manne. Nat surprising wes ‘Sin tha wi, ow spomes ted. However, wheres non-dstesed spouses And isvesed habunde ced 1% ofthe ine, dstvesscd wives etd aly 1% tthe tine, Those noed ser, wives appear to play hey role affect, ‘equlito,akough degpte much theorizing tle research has been doe to tinea impations ing is rater high evel Debi. 1 equtesslfcontl an ee toward Toner gous (2. fltonshipharmoay) eather tap shorter retltion, find the conniive Rent to come op with aleraauve atabutons (ia ‘Seiive behav therapy), exeiene the other’ undedying emotions (vit tmnt ocoed therapy) aby fo understand te store serps ues ing the pains Rory (sa isight ented therapies). On the ober hand, "SplyHoting up set wil typically rs in abit of eiting followed by a8 anloson ont the salting threxol hs Boon erossd Eling somewhat. but {eting he other eran know se of your pec may Be etal oeaionship ‘eelling ar te fining above), Some heirs hve pee sorte, bat {Stimentlog term, effects on marital ajuinent (ee below). ing al ‘lon cel be the presto some of the above-mentioned required ‘Abas rather an tatet in and of se 4. Nomdistressed Couples Echibit More Positive Behaviors during Conflicts Sted couples us att of constracve Behaviors during videotaped dis reoment Thos incl sipicnlhihe eve of apprvatarig. empathy mor, problem solitons, smiling, avavement an postive nomvetbal ‘eh, When they do empl, the compli tends 10 be focused on the fares behavior rather tan his ober personality Gee Wels & Heyman {ou for amore complete review, Gottman (1984 Bas desea the bi now-dsresed coupler oe metaconumunsation epa ran features of ce communication (eg, W: “Your inerupting me He “Pm sory. Go fheud")Distesed copies appear 1 urn sch posable rept moment it free nepaisy fp W: “You interrupting We” Hs Look who's aking ‘you laterite constantly.) Ciniealimpiains Although the fndig that aon-dstresed couples diplay more putve tehnvors appear to be yet anther instanceof sovetig the chou has iaeicless many snc inplicaows. Fst and forest, couples wh ate ‘hopin negate lops see above) only monitor incoming neste, wheres ‘Scecesful eoupes wil moe accurately moar the proces of heir teration, 1X large part of making sre tht the process cosvcive 10 we ‘motacommancation fo get the conversation tack oa tack. Furthermore hes the problem nt You pariner or hier peronaliy, the robe t's pose to we humor, empathy and other portne tehivio 19 sime up ih an Spec solion Suess iterentons skort always result inthe coupes Secon ore ere he ge sd pontine vrs hy aay {o monlor the communication proce, coret it whch neglve lop bein to oweun, and tepn breaking agate lope with demonstrations of alae (eompaty. tng et). 5. Abrasive Marital Interaction Is Linked to [Negative Health Outcomes ttn ring ci wh ee sce nee See hea Sey, hae reenter eWay ae Cetin dt ance caer Me ‘SEERST eat ees at mere ete ternr e t THOUS ates re onigeereerce enter epee ase dS eB de a TEES ng ei eo, iO md on Societe Sate ae Sates ps ar a at fp Seven ne nae le utr s PTye coer“Thelneratons wee soda the snp wa vein thos with ih and low lvls of fontty daring he sone. na sein of papers (Rico ners, no 0) dso he rer sty, hy Feat he fallow () ona vat way of orks copes igh mesa ed ‘Sian more compromic mne esjones ha thx ow On ea {Gh tghnerane coup dipayd sigue cleat Nod press tat {emaned cease ng ater conf dco) wives munch) Was ‘noe evel mpeced th waa usbndr andthe cect were more peste {ernives (ame boty "shashndwihdro soquns wm socal ih the nf insomed peaion of as hones (orepncpvine cro) {6 ter phe tebe nee smal wih dese ees of ‘Stoepine st peta (hasan Heiner wax not ase wit ‘Fhpihgt canes. inn tov ita infomation sl he rycen immunological paineoys Hong marl cnc and conpromed. heal iGecot Glers" work has sbsantalheoreteal pet Covtman (19 Corman & Levenson, 98 hu pt feth a borate theory ht hl hat then are more poly mpd y soni and thereto at Iolulte te pnsolpldatre Ne ransom eons tere el tsealhdta td pyslopn respons sch sx eat ate, during laboratory {itusions Women Gstmane model ae no acted much cot Su fr they are mesa oan hgh cl entity ons nfo. Kisco Gur nna ety reat Goma theory feos 10 fer lets nomen wo dey se one eal by coi ha thc As wil fe deeuncd wb irenrs im mens nihaval and Wom {showy posebly more rated in power and oe igus hen fe Dyoigy (Vivian Heyman 198). Unfortunatly, Gotan’ (194 recent fomprchenive tease on marriage slcvely peas only one pce of Pe imran sper for hte Te as petote mobos Cnet mpicaons In cla practic, iti tempting wo cally oth spouses round the Hea that "Al of ts hotty at ome fe aking sp serail tll on each of You: Anything would be Reale than ths" Dat inden the conser Piya tht marital sess ease em be ll in regard For poss xpeeocing heath problem Gacuding mental helt fe) the therapist nematic with them an epi the neces fo he rls Bly father than birm, the well Dang. For those who are not experiencing [ysl heath pens this fing cam be wed an example of what ay Fappen i things do nt try around. While obviwsy not a tai to se wt all upc, te spuct of tariage om psa! Real can be wet vera at 6. Physically Aggressive Couples are Even More Hostile than Other Distressed Couples _Aburgeoing aca fresach conpre th herve neocons of psy fgrenive couples snd nonagpenive cop Cacling non diteed Shep) Agrniv poses gy se oneal hx than or agree toupee (Burman, Margolin & John 19%; Burman, Jo Marpln 192 indore e a. 985 Heyman, 192; Marg Jobn & Gleam, 188 Narain, fn & O'Brien 198) Aarne coupe emote to sow nena estltion pater Barman, ihn & Martin, 19% Barman, Marga ‘Con 9: Coda tal 8 Hey, 198 Moret eur & Muy 19 Van & Heyman 158; Vn tal 1987). Primer shed wes lari ensas in gh cee of wast an rcpt, tray othe Sina desertion of tattered women eg Wake. 179 Alou compas ‘ein rom nempowerment appears cen contr auch za iy ee he ducoton of Var mort below tees comerge ona pte tig ees mat verbal cm (thew stomp pct inthe Images of modcrtl to svesy soe opis ‘Of tre lor fuer caption ic mv rsnforement effect a tsi, Barman. Margo & ot (95) and Heyman (19) loud gree ota hy ene te Meno hr ny ee upton: aft (upitrn fund ln some Sopcast sc ow ‘Heyman (192) ao found cides ors H: wis 9 Ws sapyee Sonefectand» Ws host» watrawal spp efx nla ht hustans witha tet ure of thar veri a ea Becaune bh thcoca (eg Par 82) actin eosin ht ‘ula inreatie wae to ten off he neg the pata, sch fates are of pret intern. Conve a. (098) fond no eid aft Songresion tle prays cane the severly abe coups mee sco Stet intr contngenty owe sxpnnce Forte studs ve nec {efore wean ca Sl conclsone about pte erent in agree coon. tical implications Although abuse in couples i deans in ote chapters inthis volume, it is seul to ote hee thatthe majority of datrewed coupes report some Py aggreson during the as year Although there ae rata dierent ‘broups of aparesine coupes. Vivian & LanghircnenRhling, 195). most saprenive coupes presenting fr aa therapy report communication, ot agaeson, sb ther main problem (O'Leary. Vivian & Mone, 199). Alinough traps should routaaly serena coupes for aperenuon, this especially important couples with high degrees ifort hy Fora dscusson about how to eat aggressive couples sal the hvu volein eating them, see Heyman & Neil, thi volume; Vivian & Heyman 1996. 7. Behaviors in Depressed Couples Do Not Difer from Other Distressed Couples Soppresion effects, ir 0 those ant dca, were inital found fr cou ‘swith a depressed wile (Blane al 198) Specialy, W yep aflet VHC hasiliy and HE hos» W: dsr aet supresion ett: were found. This toa rent del of eaccment tata negative reinforement cele {for oat and depen had been tueved, gan etl di ot nchde 8 on-dopresedistresed grou thu, one cold nt wribte the fading 12 ‘lpeetonandnot mere anal dare Two tepicatons (Nskon & Beach, 1980; Sehmaling& Jocsuon, 1990) that ned a ress bata depressed ‘goup aed ond any unibe eles for depression. Neon & Beach concnded ‘hat suppression of Hoty by spo lst wa corel wih he length of ‘maal discord, no othe iognoss of depression. Thus, hosity «> spore AMfectroqucnoee may be of intrest n sting denied couple, But ese Sequences remot unique to depressed couples. Perry (199) as ied to ind Sent eller laa sample of depesed mon (as compared wih a sample of fon-doresed me) ineracting with tei wives, tina impitins Given the high degree of overaphetmeen marital dstes and depresion (ex ‘Beach Sindsen O'Leary, 19), clair should eouily aes nd Manor Aepression and depressive smptomatoloy, It depression isu concer, unde ‘Handing whether procoded or followed the suring of the mariage cit, Ferien understanding (and stervng) how depresive havior may he ein fowced (for example by shuting down the partrs hostility) can be ul ‘annig interventions {8 Male Withdrawal from Conflict fs Detrimental to Marital Health ‘Schaap (184) reported that among dstresied Duch couples there were in ‘veined ve ofW: blame > Haequnsee Ts was neo the es observational ‘des to conirm a widepre ara se that women pres for change and ‘men wihdras. A recent explosion of observational tubes on this tpi has ‘demonstrated sompeling evidence tht thi pattern i anointed with tent {(Ghsensen & Heavy, 199, Gociman 4 Rrokol, 18, Harvey, Heavy & ‘Christen, 1995), Unlstunsily, rst rescarcher ave adapted Chisenscn’s (Gi Ibe “demand withdrawal" whieh (onintenioal implies shrews (rie Uoeanding chaagen inated Of the move tyeal cverwicinod td “Ssempowered wife asking (with accompanying negative wok fone) for change in an equate drection (Chrstnsen, 1986 Vivian & Heyman, 199), fh Rosers & Krokot (990), wile nding that, overall aletive tone secant fori ofthe variance in marta safoction dacovered that he Hit "SW ost pattern added an aditonal 30% Note thatthe key pater at ie hus’ inttion of withdawal ao ahaa a expo wish mas sb ested), Thus it appean soe appropri to al he uence “witha “ost.” or perhaps the bidectinal "ahdrawal + boty” nal inecomtea of withdrawal proba arti albeit underexplne, ‘actor: Sh, Vivan & O'Leary (1991) found that premarital withiawal corre Ise epaly with marital json tI and 0 monte of marisge These empkudinal npatieeffes were similar othe controversial (oe blow) rele tf Got de Krokot (198), who reported that withdrawal had shorten apts bt long-term detente However, Sith, Vivian O'Leary (991) Feported that the effect of withdrawal were not al native igh ve of bath pity and witkrawal were asacted wih glns a maa sjstnent 30 ‘ons Ths withdrawal may ony be asosted with mara Scored a ato {tn overal paler of nepainty and alma (ee the dass of Gotan the types of table mariage, belo fr sma conan} toil impcavons \Withdcale behavior tat ics oats in the therapy fc than nthe ‘hservtional laboratory. Atahingrecnding wie o spose sting thet ‘room and ntracing them oak fends dacourage tee pal witha ‘chavo in aaural tings withdeawal havior nla ling the rom, ‘etching TV. or osspying thems some oer way Ths, mu for ‘Gon about wihrawal wl ocr the verbal modal, Bu no moter observe ‘onal mode that may he better a aessng yp ptr Saling wih foblems. As mentioned above, undestandig the anteedent and cone {uence withdrawal (eg do they comeback othe prob oxhop ht vl {oaway ons own ierical Withrawalcan be form of eng ors pote, ‘Sealaton-miing Une ou I can ako prevet resolution of aly a i fay, and can Be a powefal provocation tothe spouse Understanding the lina contest and meaning a he Benin ri isputed Findings 1. It Doesn't Matter What You Argue About, Ws the Way You Argue Marka (eg. Notrias Markman, 1985) has ben a prime advocate fr the Psion tht not what coupler are abt, te way they aye at iseriminates dressed and powdstessed couples In rc Markmsn marshals ‘he following evidence to apport his poston: (al couples rperprolams ominventories: (0) coupes tind in commniction sis a premariage have ioe eatying mortage an vas lowe eves voce than contol couples (Cor arman cal 5 (the tas erature, Uacsed above, documenting {force in communkaton chavs bewecn dened and tom ese Gupte (ce ho Maran Staney & Blumbere. 185) ‘Firm (eg Vian, Henan & Langhircisen-Rohlng, 1985) as ried such guess blag “penne In shor, Vv ages that Behavior ‘onl beundersood in conexant tadtonal cui stems gnore te fat that al arta Wehr csc in goer cote. Thun, couig ems ttatony code the frm of te behavior (8 4 me coed with hen, he hostand ea neta prolem statements) wibout understanding the cote! (Co the wife does 99% of the housework and wants a mere equi ara fren th asad saying hat he understands te problem bumpy hash ie {Dip} Ava maral oles rtcarcer, Viv (991 has argued tha ince power Icquie ad contol (play slong patra eerie) ae be eve ote the it actors gresive mariage. coding hal enre star couples ar aking aout ste sing the compet 00, "in a (95) nave compared reals rm tonal Debaviora od Ing stem and anew thematic ing ptm. They fund that onthe beara ‘Ere eics more more hele, feed more negate ators forthe par ‘evs bebo and emi es acepane codes tan thr esands Hower ‘ten cold themataly, the pte of he chon ne" changed ring he ‘Datice, ives were soe Ih than hisandso develop theme of ene. frre atccontogeteres, ety about responses aad publ support Tom ihe paroer Hashands were moe ikely 0 dpa thes rented oes ine chone an ncding to prevall reo Furthermore, when the tho ‘amined te interactions abe on group stat commu onl coupes tc eoup)tcy found that cle wits sought more reopestempowerment ‘hand usbndsor ern spouse. These diferenees mee scoring (0 ther hypotheses cspcunlyprovonced cic whes who reported being it rng Sons ht Jor Tatobuon (191) has atpoed tat behavioral maria tery & nt aly eho bene i's aot Based on fanctoal analyte mod). Vivian and Tymanhae become coon sana pot ih bhava ber atonal {Suing tems a gnove contexts tote Seely uabehavior Wht couples Ste taking aout in es cometalvaril i unertanding the may they ink To ow what pop te doing bt st hnow how they dase totam very to know eps are dosing something (the wis ‘ryote th band meta ft not know wh they ae dscns abo {ola very le (ete me ding al he uscd work and seeing ‘ty, he tnd fsing change) Vin and Heyaan hve combined tet ‘Shogtpcl end tematic ding stom ofr bth vantage pons. Rep. tote ding aoe rr tt et eee nove beyond the waa tse of traonal coun ystems This da e flved ins ext omoneny dace bow tinea impiains We do ao recommend a sion appro to mata herapy is iportant tolnow how people re, of eure, tt so aesesary to know wha they Sree abou abd To undeestand at ofen there ae onde Ae eons wy ‘hey are arguing abou i 2. Negativity May Not Be All Negative (nly in seni dcipine cold debates crap over whether negative behavior Seneaine Commons xls: wold couse copa tates behavior negative frcep of cous wen hese teaver war nt ewe tna the t wou’ be!) By free thc to pean nc) what behaviors mou be considered tobe nepsine scons o 1 NG {eliza of agpery coniersease denon. Thus “street ‘a be cider a nogrtve Schwa Never sid that no it mid ‘Sian would seck to out a Gapecient Te empl pape a Sone te notion hat porbap agniy i args “mismo” Gee ‘pes ue of Behavioral Atsewmen, Webs & Sher, 19) found tt une Sie eumsancn,doggrcment sad witha sie priv of postive tcomex The problem may te thatthe tronal modes of observational ing! ach behavior a ening aru csfolleaples unr A eoadions.Furtbermore bes ke “negate fen lamp bers ‘ tdowns with now duagiesnent Further wot’ must te doe Satsang neti anserng what Bid of pay or nat Kn Supls under nia reumsines negate: Gottman (980) te wre load Below atemps to adres uch questions. tinea impitins “This somewhat sly but important controversy points ou the gap beteen re search and lncal practice Wha sa obviowy, commonsense fo Sniis isnot as clear-cut o researcher Defining negativity fb ike the US Sapreme Cours detnion of pornography: "I kaow when see les (e Tenoring context snd tbe shader of meting) ad to defeats that te ‘workable Of peste impcton therefor, the scl consraction of the ‘meunagofallbehavio but expel negative Bevis, Some bloke ipsa agreson)areclincaly definable asst awaye native: not oes ehavion reguzepenraing mata undertanding betwen he nia and ‘he spouts a 0 what ong tobe comedred negative 3. Some Behaviors Have Positive Short-term, but Detrimental Long-term, Effects on Marital Adjustment Although he statistic ses are far teyond the soope ofthis review, Gttnan ‘© Krofol (199) published igh influent pope that purportedly showedthat some tev ik men’s withdrawal ad sort-erm payor masta ‘dstment, bat reed in deeroaion in marital justine ores tine ‘Gouna (199,194 se this ndings acetal component in his thor Ting Cries (Mese, 198% Sh, Vivian & O'Leary. 19K; Woody & (star, 1990 Mave apued that Gotan & Krokols design capitalized on egresion oth mean” in part the steal pil that pean wi treme sores tend to sore less etcme on subsequent est amiistatons. “Although Gottman & Krokt (198) tv cogently dofended heir amas we fod he appning segments oe compeling Repications wing atu desi ‘fren fom that of Gotan & Krokol are oeded to sete this controversy tinea impiations “The finding hat shorter, costv conflict may eto long ter area fra commonseme appeal Whe swe it acrmalzing coat shell te mpiea backing for ths belle stil somewhat shaky. New Findings 1. There Are Ditferent Types of Stably Married Couples, But Only One Kind of Unhappy Couple Gottman (1995, 1988) has used very complicated statistic methods to derive {our typologies of coupes in his qu to pet divorce. His conchsions ate relative singe however. On the sabe sie: “Marries come bn he dcrete ‘aprons and there ae no i eter adaption that are sabe ove ine {Gevtman, 984, p18). These tee types are nel vain (high eel of heute problem dicumione postive hehavior, active listen Youth ibys nepatnes and igh eel of ontvs intensely motional spc. inimizing (ow lvl of bath negatives and posites an hse ves of emo tonal tans) All fre types maintain postive npatie eso aioe fa. teat Si On the dnoce pone side: “Wha sda the responce 1 tnc'sprter ith cnt, sou contr. dfonivens and sonal {Gotuman 984-15). Gottman presente fining that pot foward hese! teach an prey hose apes Soe Gta (193) fra compote descr tim ofthe group the vantages and disadvantages ofeach ane abd he ia ‘pcos Frcparick (988) has ao presented «three goup typology of functioning smariages Gottman pesos nk the sbstantlovrap of is eoups and Fiupatick'spology of tactonals (saat), independents (vbten) snd ‘Spates (cofletminiizers). Although farther work xing these pages essary tis heartening that oth welbdecloped theories appear to converge ‘beat Critique of Standard Marital Observational Paradigm 1, Distressed Couples Discuss “Hotter” Problems than Non-distressed Couples. Is Observed Behavior a Function of Distess or Simply ‘Anger Level Elicited During the Discussion? Altough it has ccasonly ben raked (6. Cordova eta, 1983), thee i ‘jr fw inthe gio he standard oberationa pari. The kc pot {lmetig ike his f dts and non dtrued coupes suc abot hei op ‘problem andi here ae observed iterenesn chavo then thee der ‘Excercan be write othr group stat Besa conan doc ot eat {Geant ecarchers cannot hum wheter he dstes ested the commun ‘Sto problems or whether the communication problems ence dress {tough rtm’ tis of commansto ala pedting aed pred ‘eaomhip deine peraunste evidence forthe ati id ara annot be led oot. That the top problems fr dred coupes eta ter than the tp problems fr nonstessecoupes Whea noted couples ae at ther agree often sow th sane Lids of behavior Stressed couples (eli otty lop, name cali) They doa ow: ‘rer, tnd wo show these Beavis the brats In ter wordy dtd ‘opis equ and pub bow ter mors (But peta oe the wor a ther wort), wheres nn-iteed coupies sey show thelr mors he iborton Tha point becomes ese tling in msi therapy. Docs anyone {ak th way that marital therapist fo make dts couple ak? Wike “tt ta aod concerned cn you stayed oul phi 1 ald pyre ‘cal 0 et me Kho hat you ave safe" stand understand that Jou fecihureand contrac Why ont ne rainstorm lof he possible slsens™ ‘And even if they diy aren't ne comping people who ae dicing 9 mild (he wnt en withthe Ota» re ie? Ans Problem seery and communion skies are probutiy Doel ‘Delonte one smut itr al communion studs wl 9 Fin of Sa The ral question, tou Tn what wap do soe Couples nage ie’ eats so at they mine andrei daage de ow Latest observations of volunteer oun provide portant, though tiny not Exhausts int ti goesto, Exerpay rece poems ‘worthy readers farther investigation on th lop ae (3) the Copve ‘chair investigations of Bradbury Fncham (191; (9) the behaviors hvala (196) fhe longa sie Moran (eg. Markman el, 193) and (te Socal information procesing stad ort Manros (992) The theresa he it wo each teams al be bei blo2, Too Little Attention Is Paid to Whose Problem Is Being Discussed Marin, Tali & Weinstein (183) fund tht women pated more aes tere they td change inter maciges anda seater deve of AMEE Tejusted a those sree the acted wom, Doh tom cman td 1 TolSiie hare ite the Souometer” of te rcaorstip (Floyd & Sinton 13) Why then do eeechers py 0 ie tenon wb aking Teeth ching nthe pobienbing dcused? “hr socame the fre wen Casensen& Heavey (95 eve Lae «& Cisse, 199) compared spose behavior when dscosing» wile room ad's hushend poem They reported ta demand oho iferedsimicany depending whone fo ima Ths y Ping heart bots researcher muy ot gt 2 represematve sample of conti Chai: Tas 2 nsence vane that should be sonlled fori ure ous alcool daca wif'tope all eps cs sb’ op Uralleupes dnt one of ec) 3. Stability of Findings-—Is 10 Minutes Enough? 1 sir peoblem is tha the eg ime obser 10-15 minutes, as een ‘Asti eaonely red el my sai sas (eg. Paterson, {seh aration ee ely dove ently oge doe te sare cera wees The pobthadconsteny ata ee Hayes Find {2a Wer Wes, 198m prod sopot or score Sur sbacrtns ba ot ves conan Xyaposom tr SeSomenton fhe Nancaon forthe Advansenct of Behar Thro Se) heard esearch om» ty of ata eral ‘Seotines empty ar hee How much te enough” Whe scien wee fll apcd ht 0 mst woud ot {eno dt fo stl vote We (span, Ey & ens, 9) rem ol nt yc et ee a eo ‘pl ad emp ely ndings re epiats tewcen he to Pinched en an agen ove) er doped th woul eatin te clk fur fener sampler Alou ths mit be Eau nc ssn woud prety erence cones nth igs reported ‘Theory-building in the Marital Observation Field Bradbury & Finca’ (191) contextuat model describes the basi ogi enol ml of mariage Spovses ring to an iteration touts and eslings (pre traction appaisas) ad personales (ital conte), Whoo oe fone thane the oer person proses the agrmation(proina context) sd responds Whilst having emendous ave aa designe ewe mode, iis eee ore fan apne arn ve Gortman as recent pesca ins model but one that sore integra tye td ln, Whe ha tenho thas me Shang of being rome ana mode ike the one radar & Pista popaed. ‘Gotan’ (91 recent mel hotows fom pis and stp te ae zac chophnibgy. afer. behor cognition, couple elope and ‘hang over tne Whi cxcling reading and understanding ts forthe a ‘ot heart) Readers ate encourage to fea and srugle th te theory for thamsevs, since i the most well developed theory of mariage yor and ommarig it wo xy “Gotan describes tw levels of processing havior: payce and pce p= Sone he net thal eel mney vpeced Ope a Drove to negative behaviors using aco ime) Space the sages {set welding athe rasp (hs tino Pewee te sre ‘havior andthe uneryng thet conent sar To Vivan's wor, de seb teow, which was part eved fom Cottman caer work on en "gen, When the ao of postive to ncgnve behaviors ips below’ ess oioc eras raletimem ine tos tennessee abe ting stan"). Obvoany. negate space Coptons, when held song ough, wil bein to aft over behvio Hf this patern Conn e Ieasin!meractons betwees te spss willcontinu to detronte When spac remains nega ora log tine ean econ papa (eps over tc ‘lsh motivation ofthe prac, ching the prtcrselsines) spac then jmp oa ihe veo abstraction “He aslah person’) The proces an tert several times (eventual tise tre Ging hse Ship unsevageble). Gotan ao ingrtes couple typolopes (eating. “oli, avon rbot). Overall eso nga pace) and perch {ions (@space) ae embeded within content of etl behavioral proses (Ging Hoded by the spouse's hsp) and cognitions (evant ten) These in tur may rel in inrened stance sn ctn, ually Imotated ya dese woredace uplessnt pyslop arousal nd pycolo ‘2th These pocenen intro! with eighty ofthe we ‘arse and evn to eat the eae soy ofthe marrage (ew "Maybe me ‘orent happy before) Left unchecked, spies ncrese hl eps ford “olution se event vores SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ‘oo points standout rom or review (a the road conta of marital interac tion rvides the cia! thers and esac with window through whieh develop an empirically based peo o rehabilitation of coaple Gem tad {@) although we Scem to have made many tke start, thete now ample‘videos to encour cca toicorporat ngs rom this erate nto Ahr pactes:Athough the loo he chpter ha ben onal esearch fring rested to bai aes of sessment ican bse tional chien ‘hima ntcracons, cur hope tha hou hi ey funcional ma peach we hve ad tothe cmc wdetanding of couples. We bre hinted Ate atergerar and few betmce!—t0 comet teary nth aes. The ‘ogreson in the,buldng sums to hive moved twly fom estblshing, Some try bas, lowtevelémpincl genrauations, (0 exer more compen ‘sia of ad imimacy, sucess and fares Tour net obs cver-hanst we ave evewed Boh separ and the _nore corpo forms of behaval observation ss metho of assessment. Pe mon sur he crept err ee incon ‘etecen eprted satiation and undoing (sporting) beavis Yet, ther SSmurcr csued by eso sco hate remosble concent abd free ay. Thane ort promising refs ay dy same of couple ‘vial observation of couple infractions his besa the lina of current cha empl serch the mara rea, We summarize roedes nd discuss in Seta how ldngs ae dependcat onthe methods themes ‘Amon th promising ets nt aah inks ose endosine fnction- ine and Cottmars propos or typology of marigs sed on & numerous ‘Sal sn Pay ne 2 era by at mt be Sah preter appreciation forthe texture of Telnship, by elaing fhe typopspy of eration 1 important (bt hertofore overlooked) con fest fcr, What maker the coe extrpse pela eserng of ‘cr attenion i at iformaton abou couple ition presented in tte ropostions, and thse ein ible ony unl they ae apt by newer endows REFERENCES "ogni & Gin (8). ering einen etn Sa ‘Bean SICAL Forehand (B69) Maral catnip varias pet psoas et Aaenen a eee Therapy, Wuapon Be Novem seg SR, Shen, FR Osa, Ri. HN Dat Mana Sow gota Hope H, Sheman,L, Frctman, LS. Artur J & Osteen, Vi 88). "Speco reno Speed win th hn Heer sige is we 7 adits se trsy "TA en FB yA sete mode for advancing th stay of ti mere GLO, Peet 8 FD: Paha (es) Cognon on Close ‘Road pp. 21 0) ane Na a Se etanes aoe iaeeeeereoa aoe eee eerste aes ‘Buran Bs Mupila, Ga John RS. (195) Amctery toete heme video: ‘chavo coatgstces observed in home eencmens of matt conics foro oe a ee npn pach Penpecves om Maria racion (pp 312) Pde Mat eee ere eae ae Sar ance oy Pir roan ot “eam emnion nsw wi "lent hand outa Absa See ee (Crane, DR, Soderqust IN. & Garde MID. (199). Gender differences ia copitive SRats at Soe BO stern Be a eee eee Soe eatyneniecnns eemanea eaes ae a ae eee PERCE an sw pu ‘Beverly Hills Supe. Communion Mari, ee ere ees es tl rm ren Fasaly Pechotogy, 98-10, _ a sR Ts hn once pa Ten no re cm emt nin pana tes er a a cet nmi eG Pers ah re Tp ei ero 5" an et ey vm NE ee is ant Stem 67a Re si ra ‘TrNaler& MA. Flepti e),Penpectnes an Marl rato (30, SSns ete a dic eal th Deed o Mera and ‘Gomtnan IN & Roy, A. (90, Sequendal Analysis, New York: Cambridge Unversity alors W., Sander MR & Behrens, B.C. (195) A compari othe eneaon eee fod, WK Sond, MRC Beem, BC, (994, Selena havi SRC Sennen Meet rd nea, Sper secon coales cope ey. Raahedemrere: wart a RIDES oa nmcin Scent de oe cee oe wine eked mah Se eat te oe Se ree arora ant ym ay SM We L190) he iy of masta ear ae des nena ‘Si Chak Pr Ct ble Syeperan sae ae te Ja Sa m,n on co etl ie a ae ne et ‘Heyman RE; O ear Kd Juries E198), Akl and agri psosty pes a afew noe. A (1982) Socials dees natal okt men: interpreting sein ama rs Eman mr fe tn een Zhe opiates mee harabee ETUC waregpe nono nae er ae etn Sea ra na a cA mo 1 ot ech 8 isoteiac TK, Kenedy, S- Mit, S. Fe. Sper CE & Glues, sho na coe ey et ie at Sr ond Ioan pp. 34-291. Sm Ds CA Kicertimer FR: Malay: WI Che, MA. Newton, Casiopp. 1. Mao... Sian Maou cee Tt Ss See Se "Silay, (oh) Man on ol fc tt: en ely ote logit tee than nomen? funa of Conan ea Coal Pst abs ov bat soft, Set 94 toa Vr en Noe ea ay Mas i ee nerupy. Atlanta, GA, November. aaa "Cnt ee i eae rene {no he Asccion for Athnsmet sé Ber They, Sn Do CA, lB ran § 4 wire i se ei emg Amen my eco rae Bina ¢ ome my seme esta Poet tte a opie Stee BE fhe ae eh come Si fons ral eer seasek wipe et So eo tare Paychogy, 4, 54-567. on EE SEE cate ete nD rat fentte had feed amare fet haga mE TRAN “HEE er commen tum tn cue ea ct Steccrean eames weit ONEgertS OE om, cn ene Neon CE each SRA Sua merce ts of Sen eucane sata te orang i enya ten ote. ED wun 4 Ne) Aeon phoma ari spi see ceson. cogs te Pr tm TER eats ag EASE AES ara ay mt Satins saRe an Nee SA Cet ncn ‘Spiel nesizaton, ln K Hate & NS. Jcbsan eh, Mail foro soe fi Voor ht op a a | Paycholony, 9, 229-236, ron uratesuing Yr ot ps te tm oh at th gd ta Sit BA. Van, D.& O'Leay, KD, (19H) The minomer prope: tt ac pe amie oo Seer ane SORE EET ES scm crpenecpimpn ss rn Gate en Sm ccm Spamer, 8 (1. Messurie da slime: new sae frases he quali of sulmny't & Contest 90, ene ef nna eon ptr ops ural of Marae one Fam 820 nT Ee CERES NG iy emt ssa ones ae hane aan ivan, ‘Heyman, RE in res) sherpa fo cnn rate of mail olnrmuerlcolog sue foe peenatihelnaans ney cer sft il re Voce Tree po Respecacs blomiogon 18 ‘vv’ Heyman R198. Arson aun wes: muta vlc “in ‘Shc ne hal Caen the Anite ore Aden Kivi Tasup, Ss Digs A None ‘Dyan RE & Lapin ing, (198). Topographic nd co ils th mal mention of agente, nner, ho viv, By smi BA. Suneen, EE & Oey. DI (87), Polen sling sie SOSTREAAI Goethe osc are Aucamest Bhan water 2: (9) The ard Women. New Yon: Harpe & Row ERS dy meg thee a dy rd el meme ‘ney yc) el aro Re ‘wen, RL Cen ML (i) The Mn Sts exo: lomo 9 ‘wenn RL Hod We (100) ansgng ne therapy nV an fec M Wy eh Prd Pe Ma a ren wom a Heyman RF (19 Maria dren to A. Bele & M. Hes (6, Leet Rom) Cneson ol meron FB. a “SEN. rudy (ee), The Prchogs of Mariage Ban sues and Applications Salih tew ge Go vic RT pe Pat OR 007, Lament cnc one “Scag ft B Ray be Mas eh) Beata Chg Modo woe eT pany BTID, Te Spee Omron Choi, fo EE Fase "edy-A Sours Book of Marge and Family Asesmen (pp 84 Bere se wan 1, Wel RL Pac (197), & heb tay of ete ‘ht of mai sian, wl of Coming and Ca Phy. Want), BZ Cosuzo, (190), Does marl any pee mal eas? A “Seinen on tas grat ntraon el Saidcion Lane ‘Sel View” our of Conn an ln Poy sh ShChapter 3 Cognitive and Affective Processes in Mart age Patricia Noller’, Steven Beach** and Susan Osgarby! Departments of Psychology, * University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; ** University of Georgi, Athens, GA, USA: ‘and Grifith Univesity, Nathan, Queensland, Australia Rachael and Pete ike may ote couples todoy ate contin arguing vet the howshold chores Although Peter willing fo hep round the hse by ‘equal dong the ironing and running the vcsm cleaner over the ape, he thks hat Rachael could be ore grateful that he dso mich oe. and cee letdown For Race! part, however, ny sepgesion that Pte s "helping er teings withthe mpintion tat he housework actualy slags to he, ti she fees ery angry. “Afterall she argue, "ges the Bowser Belo obo ff, andsboulde't we be workiog together ya Team, wth equal esposty to get the housework done” ‘This situation iltstates how cognitive ani afeiveproeses workin ever: ‘nk quite diferent. To ptt another way thet cogntive posessngaeund Their of however very diferent From Peters perspec, he hosowork ie really Rachels responsibty and is wilingnes o help ow sgh of is Ioarework belongs fo oth of them and when Petr bei xt hes merely ulti spt a espoastle meme of te housek To thank in wok imp thts real hero, ‘Given the very diferent cogiions about te sue of housework, Rachue and Peter alo have ey ferent emotional eacsons, Petr else down when ‘Rehuc! pratt and Rachao fe any when he supe that she sould te Peter and Rachel may, through talking sou ths ous comet erase Ut Iowrework i in way ta wl be stiacory aba o hem. Alera,Rachael may come to se Peter's approach 1 the Housework as his way of "atng her dow of “Keeping her ber place” and may sc this Dhavior 3s xcerng more and ore tho latoashi, Pte on theses hand, may el ‘Msundeioed and unappreciated and cme 1o se hs ack of appreciation os Pervasive in heir slaionship. Ether way. this example state the power of $ecive and cogative process marge alo states te waysin Which ‘Mfc and cognitive proses are closely rete. Bradbary& inca (1987) pont out that reser o lose eaonship hs eneray focus on eer afer ogni nolo, encouraging an art Sal dict between these io proce m mail uncsonng To countret ths srl separation, they have developed a detalled model a whch aft Sind cognition iterst i datened coupes o produce sletiveallenion tad ‘esl of pave ehtonship events. mich i arn are acited thigh reptve rows and reduced epost for eecve problem sling (Bradbury & cum, 1987, 199, 199]. The argue hatte fequeney of weave aft hd Tehrvior found in dressed couples din part odlrencesin the copaie Pprostulag of spouse bsbavor. i ditessed couples. native spouse Pehavor ‘Rvjened pla enduring and intentional spd hereorenepatve Boation & ‘ade highly meaning and relevant tothe all Axselrelevan information Proceed velit bes re memorable Bradbury & inca 987) Th tis way, dstesed couples ate likely to develop elaborate ad nopative ‘ogre representations othe pros, ngeera and also are il to a0 tthe parincr with neptve events, ad wo have negative memories abot the ‘loan ones, tom-datessed couples wil count megane partner Iehnvorbyatribting tt spot atonal an uabefactor an ar ths Tee tely to spend lot of tne on this typeof cognitive processing. ior 31, slapd form Braabary & Pincha (199) provides an example of how the process ivoved in Bradbury & Finch’ (1987) model work The fore shows wht happen when th we ends mesg to eran (pale 'S). Note that his igre present the mol ony trates tothe me. There ‘mode, the husbands Rehr I flowed by primary processing on the pat of {he ie teshown by path She may ab enpane ma snr proce er Ov bene (path C) that inally gave is oer sands response via path, Daring primary procening, she alten 10 and execs information tom het uta’ int Two alternative pte are pone ter primary procs "To the extent tthe wile perceives Her husbupd’s behave to Below i opty expected and not selslevan sh key t respond behaviorally ‘tot ay ater peossing (ath) Her cognive processing ky to be ‘utide her inodisteswarene In contrat, she perceives her hisbnd's uta o be igh in cpa unexpected and sefelevant, se kel Engen seconrypeocesing ad to make an abut or her husband's ‘ako (pth D (We se this prose at work nthe llastraton aboot Rachael find Peter She may then Bhat i a way tal need y ai tbo (path) The outome of primary processing od the nature of attibwons made wie Musbone om 2 ae Le pres Peis aT scent poe) ‘ SSE ST erg om Eaton Fire 3.1.4 formwork lang ations, hive and marl sition om ‘yhoo wt pr rom of secondary procesng are expect to feta be alle bythe Couples’ ovrall mal satsacton Path F provies the ink Between pay rossing and marta stacton, nd pth E provide th nk betwoea vesond 2 processing apd marital satisacon ‘Bradbury & Fincham' model doe away wih the dition betmec afer and cognition secing tem both spt intern metal prosssng Piary ‘rocsing invlies paying tention tothe recva sma aad fing 2 ‘presentation of 1. especial in toes of whether Hi native oF posit, apeted or unexpected and selclvan or not Thie proces sn to wht Tazars Smith (1985) call appraisal. coving to Lavan & Sih, ap ‘all ofa stuation ha det smpeation for ons welt, emotin Fest Fr example besause Racal and Peer have had rumerou arguments ‘Shout is conttution to Rowsholé chores, Rachasl now bocmes stanly ‘nay ifshe detects any indian that Peer 0 ens and happy we ‘Secondary procesingis thn key to occur when he stimulus considered to ‘enepitiv, unexpected and selelevant, ands ikely fo involve an athutionl Search to dont aes ofthe havior or stile an osu espns fori Imagine a acond mail station where Rachels band Peter lite Eeming home from work and hasnt clled tos that he wl be nt, Hepat ‘tthe primary processing o appeal process, Racl deci tht hit sitet jus another example fms ack of concern and conieration for Mer, hea hetsecondary procesing wil protatytvose her thinking abou th ter times ‘thon he bar been ncondrne in his way an wl moter evidence fo i TEX of concer Her view of et pater and tit reaonsip wl become props) meine il ber ero to eter when he aries ome fom Tava, Smith an hr colleges (Sith a 1983) showed hat apr arc more oly wlted io cmon thn stn, and acount for moe of the suince nent thn tuto, fc, hese researchers ound that he sppals neve taken ino account atrbutoo ned ver ile he tian of ermotn, In adion ty und tat appa sited between Semon nl emotins Thy sp so rary & cha wi Sites primary an secondary procenang, hat apraas precede ate ‘maou hy tet sheesh por wh mod ‘Siu. Peas staying sews nthe cote fel ltnships and aca snhtons mayne ur sdertunding the orem ich hse aos Pade &Fncar (1987) incde two context varies in hi sont the al conte and he proxi cote. The da cote fof marl Tncractonsicads ach spouses sable personaly character (ach Pater tendency to pet noted in wok acts ad forget ot Race no Thor hoprong tnd Rachels cndeny opt he wast posible ostracton Ts bone id the cup’ vation Oe gut of tc relationship ‘hes conest may a me spt of hr roi ty a ‘hat happened hm (othe may tie) he so deal with isis, Sere ven sch a pment ey hd carer he day a wel the overl evel of ssacion with hei fetonsip The posal context Incucs what rately Rapping i the cent niacin, suchas th {Comice tugs and elng nig the emotional estos and tb {im ote partners tnt othe surent teraction. These tro conta at aect he meracton an or ated by : radary Finca’ ramcwork provides ful way of iterating te imal care date It fer» estate explanation fo the ink between the various cemens (ich partes bhai tah arte Fespos 1 that enon thoup acne and copatve pocsing at tat the primary and ‘tony Teva) and the context (Oth tal and proximal) in wh they AFFECT Structure of Affect isan fac n mariage, whster feud on expressed emotion or sl Fepor of expeinced emotion, shuld be guided y the son ikenod that ‘Mleane caperenne n marriage charaterzed by to primary dimensions. Beach & cham, 194) though ther some dsgrement abou what hese dimension should be. Some researchers would argu tr tng Pesan pleat dimension alan wth ronal Smenson (Resi, wheres bers would argue or separate mensions of pontine adept alle (hark {€ Waton, 198). Decor shout which se of imersons to we shOUM be {ded by thir uty in gen cote In either case, however, woud scm tobe mre informative for esearchers ad cans oa poco exes their elngs about tt pro longa east to primary Gerson rhe {tan jst aesing 4 onidmensoalsstacion oe adjusnent dimension, By ‘ing two dimensions, researchers may move cro cptring cal por taniferncesBetwesncoupls and provide an enpral snd ayo de Sting poly of dicraat couple ‘Dus tos herate vale too wide range of potent aplication we would sigs adoption inthe mal aen of Watson & Telos (83) made, tore postive fet nd pate fet die apart imenson of aestne SRI errant wc ht ne ot ang Sh the arousal dnesion fen relevant, Todd, fx Some pry oc ‘nthe wo dimers of eroual and dere of petantnesvunpcaanne may {emore wef Relaonsi can he dered oth hy spt that gh ‘rows high vel of anger conf and even vnen) an by net a tow in arousal (ack of earing imres dane) or this reason, Wray be {tel 6 const emotion i erm of arousal n some context Fer expe tte know that some relatostign are hgh on oth posty and cpa (Fig, 985, bu where sponses a ao high on rows te lows Isiey oe olatican even unstable The emsina nena the vlan shi ikl to depen on what Keizy (198) els intrdpendonce or eel invent in he lato, what Rbk (187) eats eset he "ours an ind as put nthe reatonat (ech eat dre re it, ine). These wha ae sone noted i th elatonshpe a6 ‘moe tiey to vo thi cones and ght fr tone laos. "The primary wap tht als hasbeen explored in mariage through the study of} setreperted ae, so terbalconmuncton. and (0) Bye ‘lope responses ring cote, Selé-reported Affect Seleteprtedafot has generally been studied inthe contest of parca eter Acton orn dary sts acl, Bodenbausen Wyer (88) and Note & Ruzzene (981) videotaped couples during dacsson of conti and Ye had Spouses report on the alle they were eapeicncing during tht interaction relic, Hodenhausen & Wyer showed tat spousrcipected the emotion (hove or hoy they thought ee priner was conveying ands hl pt ners reiprocting tee om fect Beeae spouse were att ance a

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