Cardenas & Carrillo

Expert Paper

Key people, events, and developments between 1950- 1975.

Effects of Jim Crow laws and practices.

Jim Crow (1950s-1977)

Statutes and ordinances that were formed to create "separate but equal" facilities for the

black and white races of the south.

KKK (Ku Klux Klan) targeted Blacks

The Black Codes laws were approved by southern states after the civil war

African Americans were burned alive or lynched

Louisiana Law

required separate accommodations on railroads

This law distinguished between white, black, and colored people and positioned

the colored people separate from the whites as well.

Plessy vs. Ferguson gave higher judicial support to segregation

Plessy vs. Ferguson was a landmark constitutional law case. Plessy refused to sit

in the train car for colored people and was arrested instantly. The Citizens

Committee of New Orleans fought the case to the Supreme Court and lost. The

Supreme Court governed separate but equal facilities to be constitutional. This

ruling underwrote fifty-eight additional years of legalized discrimination.

African Americans were not considered and/or treated as United States Citizens

Jim Crow Laws were legislated

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Fisk University Protests began

W.E.B. DuBois gave a speech and urged the Fisk President to change his views.

This started a protest led by black male students and resulted in riots.

Executive Order 9981 desegregating the armed services

President Truman took action to end the poll tax, where Citizens had to pay to vote in

elections.

Poll taxes restricted many African Americans from voting in local and national elections

Truman enforced fair voting processes, and ended Jim Crow Laws

NAACP challenged Separate but Equal

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is an organization

that works To ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of

rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination."

Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man.

She was a civil rights activist

Rosa led a group of African-American students to the Freedom train

Rosa was charged for breaking the law

City busses got boycotted because of Rosa leading to the Montgomery Bus

Boycott.

The Civil Rights Act helped to end legally mandated segregation

The act outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national

origin.
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Swann vs. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education : racial integration in public

schools

the Supreme Court of the United States unanimously upheld busing programs that

aimed to speed up the racial integration of public schools in the United States.

Key events and people of the Civil Rights movement: Brown v. Board of Education (1954),

Montgomery Bus Boycott, the March on Washington, Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act,

and civil rights activities of Thurgood Marshall, Lyndon B. Johnson, Cesar Chavez, Rosa

Parks, and Martin Luther King, Jr.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

The court case started because of Linda Brown, an African American student who had to

walk six blocks away from her home to catch a bus in which would take her to Monroe

elementary school. Her school was an all black school and there was a closer school to

her house that was for all whites.

Arguing the case before the Court were, for the plaintiffs, Thurgood Marshall, general

counsel of the Legal Defense Fund, and for the defense, John W. Davis, a former solicitor

general.

The court decided to get rid of segregation in schools but it was a choice and the schools

did not integrate it even after the law was passed.

Early civil rights law

14th Amendment is ratified

Court upholds separate but equal

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School Segregation Cases combined

Cases from Delaware, Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia and the District of

Columbia are bundled together under Brown v. Board of Education.

Segregation ruled unconstitutional

States are required to comply with its rulings and court orders based on the Supreme

Courts interpretation of the Constitution.

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)

The Women's Political Council (WPC) meets with Montgomery mayor W. A. Gayle to

outline their recommended changes for the Montgomery bus system.

Claudette Colvin arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white woman.

Black leaders in Montgomery, including E. D. Nixon, Rosa Parks, and Martin Luther

King Jr., meet with city officials to discuss bus seating requirements.

Mary Louise Smith arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white woman.

Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger.

The WPC calls for a one-day bus boycott on December 5.

Black leaders meet to discuss the possibility of extending the boycott. The Montgomery

Improvement Association is created at this meeting

Dr. King elected its president

MIA votes to extend the boycott and issues a formal list of demands.

City refuses to comply.

MIA implements a carpool system to support citizens taking part in the boycott.

Dr. King's home is bombed but King calls for peaceful protest rather than violent action.
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E. D. Nixon's home is bombed.

Boycott leaders are indicted by the city under Alabama's anti-conspiracy laws.

Dr. King is indicted as a leader of the boycott and ordered to pay $500 or serve 386 days

in jail.

A federal district court rules that bus segregation is unconstitutional.

The Supreme Court upholds the district court ruling, and strikes down laws requiring

racial segregation on buses. The MIA resolves to end the boycott only when the order to

desegregate is officially implemented.

The Supreme Court's orders of injunction against segregation on city buses are delivered

to the Montgomery City Hall.

Montgomery's buses are desegregated.

MIA ends the boycott.

Vietnam War(1955-1975)

The United States sent support to the Republic of vietnam against the north communists.

President Kennedy increased the number of military advisors in South Vietnam

Southern revolutionaries, backed by the North Vietnamese Communist Party, form the

National Liberation Front

Viet Cong or The National Liberation Front was designed to replicate the success

of the Viet Minh, the umbrella nationalist organization that successfully liberated

Vietnam from French colonial rule.

Vietnam's president Diem and his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu are murdered during a coup by

dissident generals of the South Vietnamese army.

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Kennedy is assassinated and Johnson is sworn in as president.

Two supposed incidents in the Gulf of Tonkin lead Johnson to seek congressional

approval for direct U.S. involvement in Vietnam.

U.S. Sends the first Marines troops to vietnam.

North Vietnamese and Viet Cong troops launch surprise attacks against targets

throughout South Vietnam.

American soldiers kill more than 500 unarmed civilians in and around the hamlet of My

Lai.

Nixon is elected president and promises to end the war in Vietnam.

Nixon goes on television to call for national solidarity on the Vietnam War effort

Cease-fire agreement is reached between U.S. and North Vietnam and troops begin to

return home.

Cuban Missile crisis (1962)

President Kennedy denounces Soviet Union for secretly installing missile bases in Cuba

He initiates a naval blockade

Kennedy addressed the American people about the issue in Cuba.

People thought the world was on the brink of nuclear war.

Soviets agreed to remove the missiles if the U.S. promised that they wouldn't invade

Cuba.

March on Washington (1963)

The march was a protest for segregation and job discrimination against blacks in the

nation.
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Also called March for Freedom and Jobs

Organized and led by a number of civil rights and religious groups including Martin

Luther King Jr.

200,000 Americans gathered in Washington, DC for the march

Assassination of President Kennedy (November 22, 1963)

President Kennedy was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, Texas

Oswald was arrested by local police

Jack Ruby killed Oswald with a revolver

Some saw Ruby as a hero

Many Americans mourned the death of President Kennedy

Civil Rights Act (1964)

civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on

race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

The bill was presented by Kennedy before his assassination

President Johnson signed the bill into law in 1964

The law was divided up into 11 sections called titles

Tittle l - The voting requirements must be the same for all people.

Title II - Outlawed discrimination in all public places such as hotels, restaurants, and

theatres.

Title III - Access to public facilities could not be denied based on race, religion, or

national origin.
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Title IV - Required that public schools no longer be segregated.

Title V - Gave more powers to the Civil Rights Commission.

Title VI - Outlawed discrimination by government agencies.

Title VII - Outlawed discrimination by employers based on race, gender, religion, or

national origin.

Title VIII - Required that voter data and registration information be provided to the

government.

Title IX - Allowed civil rights lawsuits to be moved from local courts to federal courts.

Title X - Established the Community Relations Service.

Title XI - Miscellaneous.

Martin Luther King, Jr. attended the official signing-in of the law by President Johnson.

Voting Rights Act (1965)

The law was to ensure that the right to vote was not denied any person "on account of

race or color.

It was signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson to safeguard the right to vote of

Black Americans and ban the use of literacy tests.

Important people during the 1950-1975 period

Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993)

was responsible for Brown v. Board of Education

First African American ever to serve on the Supreme Court

Graduated from Lincoln University in 1930

Marshall opened a law office in Baltimore

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Represented the local chapter of (NAACP) in a lawsuit challenging the University of

Maryland Law School's policy of segregation.

Lyndon B. Johnson(1908-1973)

36th President of the United States

Democrat

Started in the U.S. Congress for 12 years and then the Senate

Served in the war during WWll

Earned a Silver Star

Lost the run for President in 1960 but become Vice President

Took presidency after the assassination of John F. Kennedy

Used his popularity to pass legislation to help fight crime, prevent poverty, protect the

voting rights of minorities, improve education, and conserve the environment.

Pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Signed the Voting Rights Act

Engaged in the Vietnam War

Appointed the first African American to the Supreme Court

Rosa Parks (1913-1977)

Civil rights activist

Rosa and husband joined (NAACP)

Rosa led a group of African-American students to the Freedom train

Rosa got arrested for not giving up her seat to a white male passenger.

Rosa was charged for breaking the law

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City busses got boycotted because of Rosa leading to the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Cesar Chavez (1927-1993)

Civil rights leader

Went through the Great Depression as a child.

From a migrant worker background

Cesar worked at the fields from a young age

Attended 35 different schools

Ridiculed by teachers for speaking Spanish

Working conditions at the farms were horrible

Joined the navy at 19

Started working for Civil rights of Latinos (CSO)

Helped voters register to vote and work for equal rights

Along with Dolores Huerta, they formed the National Farm Workers Association Union

Led the Grape Workers March along with the Filipino farmworkers in Delano, California

Fasted to bring attention along with celebrities

Met with Robert F. Kennedy, who was a champion of social justice

Robert Kennedy showed interest in minorities

He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom after his death.

Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968)

Baptist minister and social activist who played a key role in the American civil rights

movement
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Led nonviolent protests

Led the Montgomery Bus Boycott that lasted a year

Led Selma March with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), who

organized the Lunch counter sit ins.

He was arrested and his house was bombed.

Pressured to kill himself by FBI

FBI recorded the life of MLK because he disrupted peace

MLK was surveillance under the CointelPro program, where domestic groups were

surveilled, and infiltrated

Helped to organize the famous "March on Washington"

Gave his "I have a dream" speech in Washington

Shot by James Earl Ray while standing on the balcony of his hotel, Lorraine Motel

Impact of Martin Luther King Jr.s Assassination (April 4, 1968)

Many Americans were upset and riots erupted

Many were disillusioned with the extreme violence in the US

LBJ signs Civil Rights Act of 1968

Growth of Black Power Movement and Black Panthers

Drift expands between whites and blacks

MLK continues to affect social movements and people

Impact of President Kennedys Assassination

Lyndon Johnson becomes President of United States

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Assassination resulted in a more liberal Democratic Party

Americans lost confidence in the nation and its institution

Americans linked the death to Violent Extremism

Secret Service expanded after the assassination

End of open cars and Presidential Stroll

25th amendment ratified

Robert Kennedy ( 1925-1968)

Robert Kennedy was the brother of President Kennedy

RFK served as the Attorney General and a US Senator

RFK was a champion of social justice because he fought for the poor and minorities

He ran for president of United States in the Election of 1968

He was assassinated while campaigning in Los Angeles at the age of 42

Impact of Robert Kennedys Assassination (June 5, 1968)

Demonstrated a divided nation

For many, Robert Kennedy represented hope

RFK was very liberal for his time and some despised him

Shattered dream for many people of color in the US

Secret Service would accompany Presidential candidates

President Nixon became president

Robert Kennedy continues to affect social movements

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Technologies of television and space exploration.

Space Race (1957-1969)

Russians launched Sputnik (1957)

US launched the satellite, Explorer I

President Eisenhower created NASA (1958)

Soviet Space Program launched Luna 2

Soviets sent first person, Yuri Gagarin, to orbit the Earth, in Vostok 1

US sent Alan Shepard to space

US sent John Glenn to orbit Earth

Three astronauts were killed in Apollo

Apollo 11 landed on the moon (July 20,1969)

Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins were the astronauts on Apollo 11

Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon

Astronauts left American Flag on the moon

The mission took 8 years to accomplish after President Kennedys national goal to put a

man on the moon

United States wins the Space Race

Television (1950-1975)

The biggest selling periodical was TV Guide

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Truman is the first president to be televised

Television newscast was established

I LOVE LUCY topped the rating charts

Show breaks new ground for Cuban actor Desi Arnaz

TV dinners were created during the 1950s

Western shows gave hope to Americans

Variety Shows became more present and many Americans watched the,

Commercials started to increase in the 1950s

Television news started to rise during the 1960s

Television was crucial for Kennedys victory (1960)

TV coverage started to rise especially during Kennedys death

Television transformed the conscience Americans regarding social problems

Social problems were addressed in the media through comedies and tv dramas

Viewers watched shows to escape reality

TV started to show more violence, and high tech wizardry

Cable television started to pop up in the United States

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