Chin tranh th gii th nht

Chin tranh th gii th nht, cn c gi l i cuc nhng v thng mi v cng nghip h khng
in th gii ln th nht, in th nht hay b tn hi g ln (t ra cn hn hn Php[3] ), v th v
nht th in, din ra t thng 8 nm 1914 n nhng mt ny h chin thng cuc Chin tranh
thng 11 nm 1918, l mt trong nhng cuc chin th gii ln th nht.[19] Khng c mt nc no tht
tranh quyt lit, quy m to ln nht trong lch s nhn s chin thng cuc chin tranh ny. Sau chin tranh,
loi; v quy m v s khc lit n ch ng sau Chin chu u lm vo tnh trng khng hong v nhng cao
tranh th gii th hai. tro dn tc ch ngha tri dy cc nc bi trn.[1]
Cuc chin tranh ny l mt trong nhng s kin lch in hnh l Nh K, bo tp phong tro Cch
s c nh hng ln nht trong lch s th gii.[1] y l mng Gii phng Dn tc rm r, a dn tc ny dn
cuc chin tranh c chin trng chnh bao trm khp dn hi phc, v buc phe Entente phi xa b nhng
chu u v nh hng ra ton th gii, li ko tt c iu khon khc nghit sau[20][21] khi cuc Chin tranh th
cc cng quc chu u v Bc M vo vng chin vi gii ln th nht chm dt.
s ngi cht trn 20 triu ngi vi sc tn ph v nh Trc y cc nc ni ting Anh dng t
hng v vt cht tinh thn cho nhn loi rt su sc v extquotedbli chin (Great War). Vi thp k sau,
lu di. Khc vi cc cuc chin tranh trc , ngi tn gi Chin tranh th gii ln th nht (World War
u chu phi chin u c trn chin trng ln hu I) mi c p dng phn bit vi cuc Chin tranh
phng. Ph n phi lm vic thay nam gii, ng thi th gii th hai.[22] Chnh nhng vn lin quan ti
s pht trin ca k ngh cng c nh hng n tnh Hip nh Versailles (1918) khin cho cuc Chin
cht chin tranh; c th thy s hiu qu ca xe tng tranh th gii ln th hai bng n.[23]
trong chin u k t cuc i chin ny.[2][7] Chin
tranh chin ho gn lin vi cuc i chin th gii ln
th nht trong thi gian u ca n.[8]
1 Mc ch
y l cuc chin gia phe Hip c (ch yu l Anh,
Php, Nga, v sau l Hoa K, Brasil) v phe y l mt cuc chin lp li trt t th gii mi,
Lin Minh (ch yu l c, Ooman, o-Hung v n lm sp bn ch hng mnh ca chu u v
Bulgaria). Cuc i chin m u vi s kin Hong th gii lc l quc Nga, ch c, quc
thi t o-Hung b m st, dn n vic ngi o - o-Hung v quc Ooman, lm thay i su sc b
Hung tuyn chin vi Serbia.[9][10] S kin ny c ni mt ca chu u v th gii. Tuy nhin mc d l cuc
tip bi vic Hong c l Wilhelm II truyn lnh chin m mu v khc lit nh vy nhng cuc chin
cho cc tng xua qun tn cng B, Luxembourg, v ny khng gii quyt c cc mu thun gc r v
Php, theo k hoch schlieen.[11] Hn 70 triu qun th gii mi m n to ra cn t chu u v th gii
nhn c huy ng ra trn tin, trong s c 60 trc cc vn v mu thun khc cn trm trng
triu ngi u chu, trong mt trong nhng cuc chin hn nh pht sinh nh nc theo ch ngha cng sn
tranh ln nht trong s sch.[12][13] Trong cuc chin ti Nga, ch ngha qun phit v ch ngha pht xt ti
tranh kinh hong ny, Php l nc chu tn tht nng , c v Nht, s chia ct, xm phm quyn t quyt
n hn c v hon ton b khnh kit, dn ti i bi ca cc dn tc Nhng vn s dn n bng n
ca bn h trong cc cuc chin tranh v sau.[14][15] Chin tranh th gii th hai. l l do mt s nh
Nhng trn nh khc lit nht trong cuc Chin tranh nghin cu cho rng Chin tranh th gii th hai ch
th gii ln th nht cng din ra trn t Php.[16] l s ni tip ca Chin tranh th gii th nht sau 20
Mt trn nh ng nh ca cuc i chin l ti nm tm ngh ly sc.
Verdun cng nm , khi qun c tn cng thnh c
Verdun ca Php, nhng khng thnh cng.[17] Song, Chin tranh th gii th nht xy ra gia hai khi lin
trn chin m mu nht l ti sng Somme (1916), khi minh qun s c hnh thnh sau th k 19: mt bn
lin qun Anh - Php nh bt phn thng bi vi qun l lin minh ba quc Anh - Php - Nga, hay c
c.[18] gi l khi hip c Entente ba bn (trong ting Php
entente c ngha l s ng thun, hip c) sau ny
Tt c nhng quc qun ch u sp trong cuc cn thm Hoa K v mt s nc khc tham gia; bn
chin tranh ny, n to iu kin cho ng Bolshevik kia l phe Lin minh Trung tm (Central Powers, hay
ln nm quyn ti nc Nga, v m ng cho Adolf cn gi l Lin minh ba nc) gm c, o Hung v
Hitler ln nm quyn ti c.[1] Tuy nc c thua . Tuy nhin sau chin u bn pha Entente ba

1
2 3 NGUYN NHN, BN CHT CHIN TRANH

bn nhng Lin minh Trung tm li c thm ng minh thng, cc hot ng chin s xen k vi ho bnh. Kt
l quc Ooman, Bulgaria. Trong khi vai tr ca cc cc chin tranh khng trit : thua trn th k ho c
ng minh chnh trong Entente ba bn kh ng u nhng b, ch vi nm hi phc tim lc ri li tham
trong vic gnh vc sc nng chin tranh th bn pha chin tip (in hnh nh cc cuc chin thi Napolon
Lin minh Trung tm vai tr cc ng minh chnh l I). Cc cuc chin ph thuc rt nhiu, nu khng
m nht hn, ch c c vai tr tr ct v thc t mu ni l phn ln, vo ti thao lc ca nh cm qun.
thun ch yu gy nn chin tranh l gn lin vi tham Cn t nay, k t chin I, ln u tin nhn loi
vng chnh tr kinh t ca quc c lc . Lc by chng kin mt kiu chin tranh lu di, quy m, hu
gi, hai cng quc qun s hng mnh nht ca chu dit. Chin s dn tri trn khp chin trng, khp
u l c v Anh.[24] c chu lc. Vai tr c nhn ca thng soi trong chin
tranh b hn ch m tim lc kinh t v ch, sc mnh
tinh thn ca quc gia ni ln l yu t quyt nh.
2 Quy m, tnh cht Trn chin trng v kha cnh thun tu qun s y
l mt cuc chin tranh c cc c trng hin i:
qun i l qun i ng o. Ln u tin trn th
gii chin tranh theo chin thut i hnh tn mt
khng cn cc khi qun lc xp hng tn cng v
phng th theo i hnh vung dy c rt c trng
ca mi cuc chin tranh trc y. Cuc chin tranh
ny c trng p o bi hnh thc chin tranh trn
a m in hnh nht l h thng chin ho tr thnh
phng tin phng th chnh yu, thnh quch pho
i khng cn vai tr phng ng quan trng na.
Cc bn phng th trong chin ho vi h thng sng
my, dy thp gai, bi mn v trn a pho dy c
vi chin tuyn ngn i gia hai pha i ch. Chin
tranh trn a hay chin tranh chin ho thi k
thng c tnh cht l rt kh tn cng v rt d phng
th nn chin tranh c din bin chm chp t nng
Cc nc tham chin ti chu u. Hnh dng tiu bang Illinois ng t c cc chin thng qun s dt khot. Kt cc
nm bn tri c th so snh din tch. chin tranh ph thuc vo s chu ng do dai ca cc
bn i khng i vi gnh nng chin tranh tiu hao
Khi Trung tm (Central Powers) tng lc.
Khi Lin minh (Entente Powers)
Trong lc lng Hip c, Anh-Php v Nga chia s
Cc nc trung lp
gnh nng chin tranh tng i ng u trong khi
V kha cnh chnh tr qun s y l ln u tin th phe Lin Minh ch c th trng cy vo nc c l
gii bit n mt kiu chin tranh tng lc, chin tranh ch yu.
ton din. Chin tranh din ra khng nhng c lit trn
b, trn khng, trn bin m cc bn thc hin bao vy
bp nght kinh t ca nhau, nh vo ch v bn lnh 3 Nguyn nhn, bn cht chin
chu ng ca dn tc, th thch tim lc kinh t v
sc mnh tinh thn ca i phng. Cc cng quc
tranh
nh quc Nga v c bit l quc c tht
bi v sp khi qun i ca h cn ang trn t i 3.1 Nguyn nhn trc tip
phng, khi qun ch cn cha xm phm lnh th
ca mnh, m h thua trn v x hi kit sc khng Xem bi chnh: V m st thi t o-Hung.
th kham ni chin tranh mt kiu chin tranh tiu
hao vi cng cc cao. S vic i cng tc (ting c: Erzherzog, ting Anh:
Chin tranh th gii th nht din ra theo mt kiu Archduke) Franz Ferdinand ca o Hung b mt phn
chin lc chin tranh hin i. Trc y chu u t dn tc ch ngha ngi Serbia tn l Gavrilo Princip
tng c cc cuc chin theo lin minh nhiu nc m st ti Sarajevo vo ngy 28 thng 6 nm 1914 c
nh Chin tranh K v Ty Ban Nha, Chin tranh K v coi l khi ngun ca cuc th chin ny, nhng thc
o, Chin tranh By nm, Chin tranh Napolon, v.v ra ch l git nc trn ly. Chin tranh l phi n
Nhng nhng cuc chin c kt qu chin tranh ph ra do mu thun gia cc quc gia ca cc bn chn
thuc vo mt hoc vi trn nh ln c tnh quyt mui v cc bn tham chin t lu chun b chin
nh din ra trong 12 ngy ti mt im quyt chin tranh gii quyt cc mu thun i khng vi nhau
hoc mt vi chin dch trong vi tun hoc mt vi v phn chia li th gii.
3.1 Nguyn nhn trc tip 3

Nguyn nhn v bn cht ca chin tranh ny l rt

phc tp, a din, nhng c th c tng kt nh sau:

3.1.1 Ch ngha quc

Lenin v nhng ngi Bolshevik, cng mt phn ln

nhng ngi x hi ch ngha ca chu u phn tch
c c s v cho rng chin tranh l mu thun ca s
pht trin ca cc nc ch ngha quc cm u
chu u v chin tranh c tnh cht chin tranh
quc: l s phn chia li th gii ca cc quc, l
cuc chin tranh phi ngha i vi tt c cc phe tham Lnh o trn chin trng
chin.
Nguyn nhn theo phn tch ca Lenin: s ln mnh
ca quc c sau Chin tranh Php-Ph y
mnh nhng tham vng chim lnh thuc a v chia
li th trng th gii ca nc ny, nhng tham vng
ny gp phi s phn khng ca cc extquotedbl
quc gi extquotedbl l Anh c, Php v Nga. Cc
extquotedbl quc gi extquotedbl ny v c bn
chim lnh nhng thuc a bao la khp th gii v
mun duy tr quyn thng tr ca mnh, khng mun
chia phn cho nhng th lc mi ni nh c.
quc o Hung v quc Ooman t lu suy
yu khng cn t cch v vai tr c nh hng
trong khu vc Trung u, Balkan v Kavkaz. Cc cng
quc khc can thip vo khu vc tranh ginh
nh hng vi nhau S mu thun mang tnh cht
quc ch ngha i hi mt cuc chm git ln
phn ngi th v lp li trt t th gii c li cho k
thng trn c s chim mt phn ca k thua.
mng trn bin, to nn chy ua v trang quyt
lit gia Anh c v c. Vic cc quc gia chy
ua v trang duy tr v ginh u th qun s
trn b v trn bin dn n s phn ng tng
ng ca pha i ch. Kt qu l c hai phe u
cm thy b e do t pha bn kia v li cng chy
ua v trang v li b e do mc mi cao
hn. y cng l mt nguyn nhn gy nn chin
tranh.
Ch ngha qun phit: ti cc quc gia qun ch
chuyn ch nh quc Nga, ch c,
quc o Hung v quc Ooman v c cc
quc gia khc th tng lp qun nhn, tng lnh
c mt th lc v nh hng rt ln. H khng h
b kim sot bi cc thit ch dn ch, li rt gn
gi Hong v lun c xu hng hiu chin v
tinh thn i quc mnh lit ca ch ngha Svanh
(chauvinism).

3.1.2 Lin minh qun s, chy ua v trang, qun

phit 3.1.3 Ch ngha dn tc

Mt nhm nguyn nhn khc cng c cc nh Sau th k 19 ti chu u khi nhng gi tr t do c

nghin cu ch ra l h thng cc lin minh qun s, nhn v quyn t quyt ca c nhn c nhn thc
s chy ua v trang v ch ngha qun phit ca cc th hin nhin nhn thc v quyn dn tc t quyt ca
ch: cc dn tc ang b iu khin bi cc dn tc cng
quc s tri dy v gp phi s ngn tr ca cc dn tc
khc. S thc tnh tnh cm dn tc thng i km vi
Lin minh qun s theo khi: Trong cc mu
ch ngha x-vanh v trn con ng tm v th ca
thun v tng ng quyn li, cc quc gia tm
mnh cc dn tc nh thng tm s bo tr ca cc
kim li ko thnh lp cc hip c lin minh qun
ng minh ln chng li cc k th cn k. iu
s tng cng th lc, bnh trng nh hng.
dn n cc xung t c tch lu v chin tranh l
Vic ny lm cho tnh hnh th gii cng tr nn
cch gii to cui cng.
cc k cng thng v bt c mt xung t quc gia
Ch ngha dn tc l nguyn nhn chnh ca v m st
no u c th tr thnh xung t quc t, iu
hong t o-Hung ti Bosnia. quc Nga v ch
ny l rt in hnh cho chin I. V thc t
Ooman i n chin tranh ti Balkan nm 1878.
cho thy t mt s kin m st c tnh dn tc
trong mt ch o Hung, mu thun cSau cuc chin, Nga c nh hng ln Balkan. o-
Hung li iu khin chnh ph Bosnia v nm 1908
cng hng, khuch i v tr thnh chin tranh
th gii. th gt Nh K ra khi y, nm ton b nh hng
Bosnia. Nga vn ng cc nc cn li trn bn o
Balkan lp ra Lin minh Balkan hi vng khi ny s
Chy ua v trang: in hnh l trc th y li o-Hung. Nhng do nhng mu thun trc
chin Anh c cho h thu lp chin lit hm kia i vi ch Ooman, khi ny khng chng
Dreadnought vi cc tnh nng chin u cch li o-Hung m gy Chin tranh Balkan ln th nht
4 3
nm 1912-1913 vi Nh K. Song do s phn chia
quyn li khng u, Chin tranh Balkan ln th hai
nm 1913 li bng pht, v Bulgaria l nc bi trn.
n nm 1914, Nh K gn nh ch c mt t nh
hng bn o ny, ch yu Albania. o-Hung
li tr thnh k th ln ca Lin minh Balkan. Serbia,
nc theo ch ngha dn tc mnh m nht ti Balkan
lc ny vn ng ch ngha dn tc Bosnia l nc
c chung ng bin gii vi Serbia nh ui o-
Hung ra khi Balkan. Mt phn t c tr gip bi t
chc dn tc Bn tay en ca Serbia m st hong t
o-Hung vo 28 thng 6 nm 1914. Sau , o-Hung e
da Serbia v mt thng sau, o-Hung tuyn b chin
tranh vi Serbia vo ngy 28 thng 7 nm 1914.
3.1.4 Chin tranh l tt yu?
Trong cc hc gi th gii khi cp nguyn nhn
chin tranh c xut hin cu hi: Liu c th trnh c
cuc chin tranh ny khng? Vi nhng nguyn nhn
khch quan v ch quan nh vy th tm quc t v
lch s nhn loi c th ni: vi trnh gic ng chnh
tr ca nhn loi vo u th k 20, khi t duy chnh tr
vn l t duy nc ln, t duy quc ch ngha, khi
cch tip cn cc vn quc t lun theo nguyn tc
ti a quyn li cho mnh, ti thiu cho i phng
th chin th nht l phi xy ra v khng th
trnh c. Cuc chin ny s cng vi chin th
hai s tp cho nhn loi phi suy ngh theo kiu t duy
mi l cng tn ti ho bnh, cc bn cng c li.
nhn thc c nh vy nhn loi phi tr gi gn trm
triu mng ngi trong hai cuc i chin v cc cuc
chin khc trong th k 20. l bi hc chnh tr qu
gi nht ca i chin m nhiu khi ni ny hay ni
khc bi hc vn cn b lng qun. Ngoi ra cc quc qun ch Nga, c, Ooman, o-
3.2 Cc quan tm quyn li
3.2.1 Cc nc tham chin
Anh: Chn ng tham vng tranh ginh thuc a,
chia li th trng ca ch c. Ngn cn nh
hng ca nc ny, c gng gii hn c trong
phm vi chu u khng nc ny thnh cng
quc i dng e da quyn li thng mi thuc
a ca mnh. H cp quc Ooman v quc
o - Hung xung thnh nhng cng quc hng
hai chim lnh quyn li ti khu vc Trung Cn
ng rt nhiu du m.
Php: Cng ging nh Anh nhng ngoi ra cn
phc th Chin tranh Php Ph (1871) quyt
ginh li hai tnh Alsace v Lorraine t c. H
bc quc c tr mi ho sau ny (sau chin
tranh pha Php ngh trong Hi ngh Versailles
mt hnh thc bi thng chin ph khng khip
c khng bao gi ngc u dy c).
NGUYN NHN, BN CHT CHIN TRANH
Nga: Loi b s can thip v nh hng ca c
ti Ba Lan, Ukraina v vng Baltic, loi b s cn
tr ca quc Ooman khi cc vng Kavkaz
v Balkans v loi b s xut hin ca o-Hung
ti Balkan. Xm chim cc vng nh hng ca
Ooman v o-Hung.
c: ot khi s kim ta ca Anh-Php, i
hi mt th trng, thuc a tng xng vi tim
lc cng quc th gii ca mnh. M rng vng
nh hng ca mnh v pha ng ti Ba Lan,
Ukraina, Baltic, sau l Phn Lan.
o Hung: N lc cui cng chng t mnh cn l
mt cng quc, c gi li nhng g cn gi c
trc s nhm ng ca cc cng quc khc. Hai
ch th trc mt ca o Hung l Nga v .
: Mt cng quc ang ln nhng cha nh
hnh, mun c mt vai tr v ting ni ln hn
chu u v c bit ti Balkans. Tr lc chnh
ca nc ny u tin l Anh sau nh hng
li cha mi nhn u tranh vo o Hung.
Ottoman: y l mt ch lu i v lc hu
Trung Cn ng b Anh, Php, Nga chn p Cn
ng (Anh, Php) v ti Kavkaz v Balkans (Nga).
y l n lc cui cng duy tr ch.
Nht Bn: Cng l mt cng quc ang ln. Sau
chin tranh Nga-Nht, Nht Bn tr thnh cng
quc v c tham vng c xm chim c Trung
c, gy nh hng ng Nam . Sau khi k
kt Hip c Anh-Nht nm 1902, Nht Bn cha
sng vo c v o-Hung.
Hung, Nht Bn mun dng chin thng trong chin
tranh vi tinh thn yu nc dng cao tr hon ci
cch dn ch, x hi trong nc.
3.2.2 Cc nc ng tham chin khc
Hoa K: Ging nh v Nht, Hoa K cng l
mt cng quc ang ni. Hoa K mun c nh
hng ln hn trn th gii, v yu cu cc nc
tn trng quyn li ca Hoa K trn ton cu,
trong c c chu u, chu v chu Phi. c
v Anh khng ng h lm v vic ny.
Brazil: Tng l mt quc, song Brazil vn
khng t b tham vng c gy nh hng trn
th gii. Brazil c nh can thip vo chin
tranh t nm 1914, nhng phi ch khi Hoa K
tuyn chin, th Brazil mi vo cuc.
Romania: L mt quc gia c Nga gii phng
khi ch cai tr ca ngi , Romania c tham
vng c tham chin cng Nga trong chin
tranh. Romania mun c nh hng vng
 5

Transilvania vn ang b kim sot bi o-Hung
v gy nh hng ln cc nc Balkan khc.
Romania cn mun ginh ly vng Wallachia khi
tay ngi o-Hung.
Bulgaria: L nc mnh nht vng Balkan.
Bulgaria nung nu tham vng phc th sau chin
tranh Balkan ln 2 bng vic i li quyn li
Macedonia v bn o Tiu .
Hy Lp: Mun chim li nhng vng t mt Ph v sau l c, nn tuy tuyn b trung lp,
di tay ngi . Chim o Sp v chim li c song an Mch vn ngm ng h Anh. m na
Constantinople.
B o Nha: eo Anh, khng mun chia th
trng cho c.
B: Ging Anh nhng do t thuc a, nn chp
nhn trung lp. Song sau khi c xm lc B,
nn B tuyn chin. Ngoi ra B cn mun ginh
ly phn cn li ca vng Wallonie khi tay ngi
c.
Serbia: L nc mang nng ch ngha dn tc
nht vng Balkan. Serbia mun gii phng ton
b Balkan, ch yu l Bosnia, Croatia v Slovenia
khi tay o-Hung.
lp, song thi ca y in, cng vi Ty Ban
Nha, li kh ng h c v mt l do: th ch dai
dng vi Nga trong lch s, ch yu v lnh th
Phn Lan. y in cho cc tu chin v tu
ngm c ng qun ti cc cn c hi qun ca
y in.
an M: Khi cn mang tn Ph, Ph a
qun tn cng an Mch v thng ln trong chin
tranh Schleswig. T , an Mch lin tc th hn
l xch mch vi y in cng khin an Mch
thm th ch vi c.
Na Uy: L mt vng quc c lp nhng l thuc
y in, Na Uy t ra ng h y in hn so
vi cc nc khc. Khi xy ra nguy c chin tranh,
Na Uy v y in tuyn b trung lp, nhng
ng h c.
Ba T: Ba T, di s lnh o ca triu i
Pahlavi, lin tc b chu u chn p. Tuy nhin,
triu nh y li b chnh ph y in, mt
nc thn c, khng ch. Ba T mun i li
quyn li chnh ng, song do b y in kim
sot nn lin tc gp kh khn.

3.2.3 Cc nc trung lp c lin quan

Ty Ban Nha: L mt cu quc suy yu v 4 Din bin

khng hong trm trng, thm ch nng hn Nga,
Ty Ban Nha vy cn thua trn trong chin
tranh vi Hoa K. Khi cn k chin tranh, vua
Alfonso XIII quyt nh trung lp. Tuy vy, Ty
Ban Nha dng nh kh ng h c phc th
Anh v Hoa K, nhng nc c mu thun gay gt
vi Ty Ban Nha trong lch s.
Mxico: L quc gia c bin gii chung vi Hoa
K. Sau chin tranh Hoa K-Mxico, Mxico
b Hoa K cp mt mt phn lnh th ln
pha Bc m ngy nay sp nhp vo Hoa K.
Mxico c tham vng tr th Hoa K nn dn
n xung t. Tuy nhin, cuc Cch mng Mexico
khin Mexico lc c, dn n hai phe phi
thn M-Anh v thn c, trong , Pancho Villa,
mt ngi theo ch ngha dn tc, ng h c
chng li Hoa K trong khi phe chnh ph ca Qun c tin cng B nm 1914
Porrio Daz v sau l Victoriano Huerta th
ng h Anh-M. chin th nht din ra ch yu trn 3 chin trng
H Lan: L mt quc gi v m yu, nhng H chnh: Mt trn pha Ty, Mt trn pha ng v Mt
Lan trnh xung t thnh cng vi c v sau trn pha Nam. Trong mt trn pha Ty gia lin
l Anh. Khi gn xy ra xung t gia Anh v qun Php Anh chng li qun c c vai tr chnh
c, H Lan, bt chp c Anh mi cho, vn yu quyt nh s phn chin tranh v y tp trung
tuyn b trung lp. binh lc ln nht c cht lng cao nht ca c hai
pha. Mt trn pha ng l chin trng gia qun
y in: Ging Brazil, y in l mt cu Nga chng c v o Hung, mt trn ny c quy
quc, song li thiu tham vng. Tuy nhin, khi m v tm quan trng khng bng mt trn pha Ty
gn chin tranh, y in cng tuyn b trung v qun Nga thng tht bi trc qun c nhng
6 4 DIN BIN

lun lm qun i c, o phi chin u trn hai mt hng tiu dit Php, v ngi c sp sa ginh c
trn khng th huy ng tng lc lc lng kh d cho chin thng quyt nh chm dt chin tranh. Nhng
mt chin thng quyt nh trong chin tranh. Mt trn khi i su vo t Php, cc v ch huy qun c c
pha Nam c tm quan trng thp ch yu vi mt lc nhiu sai lm. ri, trong trn sng Marne ln th
lng qun i nh b v ch c ngha khu vc. Mt nht vo thng 9 nm 1914 qun c nh bt phn
trn pha Nam li phn nh thnh cc chin trng: thng bi vi lin qun Php - Anh. n c phi
Mt trn -o i chi ca qun o ti vng bin lui binh v c th, qun Php qu kit qu nn khng
gii hai nc; chin trng Balkan: lin qun c, o th truy kch, nn c hai on qun khng bn no c
Hung, Bulgaria chng Serbia v v sau c tr gip ca th ginh th thng phong. Chin tranh trn mt trn
Anh, Php cho Serbia; chin trng Trung Cn ng: pha Ty dn i vo hnh thc chin tranh chin ho
Lin qun Anh, Php ch yu l Anh chng Ooman; (Stellungskrieg), v tnh hnh c th trong sut bn nm
chin trng Kavkaz: Nga chng Ooman. chin tranh.[25][26][27] Trn nh k tip ti Aisne cn
khc lit hn c trn sng Marne, din ra t ngy 13
cho n ngy 28 thng 9 nm 1914. C hai bn u mt
4.1 1914: c phi chin u trn hai mt hng ngn binh s, nhng ri y vn l mt trn chin
trn bt phn thng bi.[28]

K ho nh nhanh thng nhanh ca c b ph

v: 4.1.2 Mt trn pha ng

Ngy 1 thng 8 nm 1914 c tuyn chin vi Nga,

ngy 3 thng 8 vi Php; ngy 4 thng 8 Anh tuyn
chin vi c v b vo lc a. Chin tranh ln
n ra.

4.1.1 Mt trn pha Ty

Lnh Nga ti Warszawa, nay l th Ba Lan nm 1914

gip ng minh ang kh khn ti mt trn Php

K hoch Schlieen v chin s ti mt trn pha ty 1914
Ngy 2 thng 8 nm 1914 qun c chim Luxembourg
v hai ngy sau trn vo B, vi phm tnh trng trung
lp ca nc ny ly ng tin vo min bc nc tay Nga. cu nguy cho tp on qun s 8 ca mnh
Php. K hoch Schlieen ca b tng ch huy c
tnh ton rng bng cuc tn cng bt ng qua B nh
thng vo Bc Php, l khu vc t b phng, s nhanh
chng loi nc ny ra khi chin tranh trc khi qun
i Nga kp tng ng vin v tp hp; sau khi nh tan
qun Php s quay sang mt trn pha ng gii quyt
qun Nga v kt thc chin tranh. K hoch ny l qu
xa thc t : mc d qun c ginh c li th trong
cc trn nh bin gii v tin nhanh v pha Paris
B, u thng 9 nm 1914 qun i Nga tng tn
cng trn 2 hng: Galicia i u vi o-Hung v
c bit l tn cng rt nhanh, mnh vo ng Ph
thuc c. Vo ngy 17 thng 8 nm 1914, n i
c nh thng qun Nga trong trn nh m u ti
Stallupnen - mt chin thng c tm quan trng v
chin lc.[29] Cc cuc tn cng sau ca qun Nga
thng li nhng thit hi nng v nhn mng: nh
lui qun i c trong trn Gumbinnen v qun i o
Hung ti Galicia,[30] ng Ph c nguy c mt vo
ang phng th ng Ph, c phi iu bt nhng
lc lng xung kch t pha Ty sang ng Ph v kt
qu l trong na cui thng 8, qun c do ngi anh
hng dn tc Paul von Hindenburg ch huy nh tan
nt qun Nga trn Tannenberg,[31] Nga mt 30.000
lnh v b bt 95.000 t binh, pha c ch mt 3.436
ngi cht v 6.800 b thng. Trn thng ny chn
ng tp on qun s 1 v bao vy tiu dit hon ton
tp on qun s 2 ca phng din qun Ty Bc ca
4.2 1915 1916: c ch ng tn cng
Nga, t lnh tp on qun s 2 l tng Aleksandr
Vassilievich Samsonov buc phi t st, qun Nga b
ui khi ng Ph. Nh mt chin thng ln nht ca
qun lc c trong sut cn i chin th nht,[32] i
thng vang di ti Tannenberg c nh hng ln n
truyn thng ho hng ca dn tc c, l trn nh
ng ghi nh trong lng ton dn c thi .[33] n
c cng nh tan nt qun Nga trong trn Lyck vi
ngy sau .[31] Tuy nhin qun oHung li qun
Nga nh tan nt Galicia. n Nga r rng cha
chun b tt cho chin tranh v trnh s quan v binh
lnh lc hu nn khng th chng li cc cuc tn cng
c t chc tt ca c, nhng c li phi chng chn
cho quc o-Hung b coi l bt ti. n i Nga
phi chuyn sang phng ng. n c cng khng
tn cng thm, mt trn pha ng i vo n nh. Ch
trong 1 nm 1915, hn 1 triu qun Nga u hng lin
qun c - o, nhng hn 1 triu lnh o-Hung cng
b Nga gi lm t binh.[34]
Nh vy n i c phi b ng nh nhau trn 4.2.1 Mt trn pha ng 1915 1916
hai mt trn v k hoch nh nhanh thng nhanh ca
nc ny tht bi. Cc bn tham chin i vo chin
tranh chin ho. c cht, y khng phi l ln u
tin ngi c phi chin u trn hai mt trn: trong
cuc Chin tranh By Nm (1756 - 1763), Vng quc
Ph di s lnh o ti tnh ca vua Friedrich II i
(1712 - 1786) cng lm vo tnh trng lng nan
th ch (ngi Ph chin thng cuc chin tranh
ny).[35][36]
4.1.3 Din bin cc chin trng khc trong nm
1914
quc Nht Bn li dng vic cc cng quc ang
tham gia cuc chin tranh Chu u quyt nh
thc hin k hoch bnh trng Vin ng. Ngy
15 thng 8 1914 Nht Bn gi ti hu th cho c
i nc ny chuyn cho Nht Bn vng Giao Chu
(Trung c) v hn cho c phi tr li trong 8 ngy.
c khng tr li ti hu th ca Nht Bn nn ngy
23 thng 8 nm 1914 Nht Bn tuyn chin vi c
v nhanh chng chim Giao Chu v tuyn ng st
anh o-T Nam (Trung c) v mt lot hn o
l thuc a ca ch c ti i Bnh Dng. Ngy ng n cui nm 1915 li i vo n nh ca chin
11 thng 11 1914, anh o, thuc a ca c
Trung c, u hng Nht Bn sau 43 ngy b bao vy.
Sau nhng hot ng qun s ny, Nht Bn khng c
hot ng no khc tham gia Chin tranh th gii ln
th nht.
Ngy 21 thng 9 1914, qun c chim ng New Guinea
l thuc a ca ch c i Bnh Dng. Ngy qun i o Hung, bt c v s binh s o -
5 thng 11 1914, qun c chin thng qun Anh
ng Phi thuc c (nay l Tanzania). Nm y,
Sultan Ooman l Mehmed V phn i lin minh c
- Ooman. Nhng ri, theo li khuyn ca B trng
Chin tranh Ismail Enver, Mehmed V vi t cch l
Sultan kim Khalip pht ng nh chin (Jihad)
7
chng phe Entente.[37]
4.2 1915 1916: c ch ng tn cng
Chin tranh in ho trn cc in trng:
Sau tht bi ca k hoch nm 1914 nhm loi Php
ra khi vng chin, nc c ri vo th b ng:
tim nng kinh t qun s khng bng lin minh Anh
Php Nga m li thc t phi mt mnh i u trn
hai mt trn. Tnh trng ny cng ko di th cng bt
li cho c. thot th kt trn hai mt trn, nm
1915 c tn cng quy m ln pha ng loi Nga
ra khi chin tranh v nm 1916 tng tn cng loi
Php nhng u khng thnh. Trong hai nm ny nh
nhau rt to thng vong ca hai bn l cc ln nht l
nm 1916 ti mt trn pha Ty.
Nm 1915 nc c quyt nh tp trung lc lng loi
Nga ra khi vng chin, xo b mt trn pha ng.
n c trn mt trn pha Ty ch ng chuyn
sang phng ng trc lin qun Anh, Php v t thng
4 n thng 8 nm 1915 dn binh lc sang mt trn
pha ng nh n tiu dit i vi qun i Nga.
Cuc tn cng thng li to ln: trong Chin dch
Gorlice-Tarnw pha nam Ba Lan, lin qun c - o-
Hung xng pha nh v bo, qun Nga thua to phi tho
chy trong hn lon.[38] H thc hin cuc i rt lui:
b Galicia, b Ba Lan v sau phi b c mt phn
vng Baltic. ng tng August von Mackensen ca
c, vi s gip ti tnh ca i t Hans von Seeckt,
lm nn chin cng hin hch, khin ng c
thng hm ng ch.[39] Chin dch GorliceTarnw
tr nn mt trong nhng chin thng v i nht ca
lc lng n i c trong sut cuc i chin th
nht ny.[40] Tuy thng li to ln, chim c mt vng
rng ln t ai ca quc Nga nhng c khng th
buc Nga ra khi chin tranh. Nga hong Nikolai II vn
quyt tm theo ui chin u n thng li cui cng.
V n cui nm 1915 th thc lc ca nc c cng
cn, khng th pht trin thm na. Mt trn pha
tranh chin ho.
T thng 6 n cui thng 8 nm 1916 qun i
Nga (phng din qun Ty Nam, t lnh Aleksei
Alekseevich Brusilov) li mt ln na li dng qun
c ang mi bn nh trn Verdun bn Php tin
hnh tn cng thng li ln ti Galicia, nh tan tc
Hung[41] v thc s lm qun i nc ny mt kh
nng tin hnh cc chin dch ln chng li Entente
ba bn. Chin dch Brusilov c xem l chin thng
v vang nht ca qun Nga, khin Brusilov tr thnh
ngi anh hng ca phe Entente trn Mt trn pha
ng.[41] cu vn tnh hnh mt trn pha ng,
8 4 DIN BIN
S quan c ang chun b np n pho 250 mm Minenwerfer
nc c li phi ko qun t mt trn pha Ty v can nm 1915 Bulgary tham gia vo phe lin minh c, o
thip v nh bp qun Nga, sau trn su vo chim chng Serbia. Mt trn pha Nam tuy quy m nh
c Ukraina ln Belarus, nc Nga trn b sp nhng nhng si ng hn ln.
sau c phi chuyn qun sang pha Ty, Nga c
cu thot, hai bn li i vo cm c trong chin ho
cho n khi Nga ra khi chin tranh cui nm 1917 v
sp trong phong tro cch mng.
4.2.2 Mt trn pha Ty 1915 - 1916
Pht gii lao ca binh s Anh trong chin ho - Chin trng
Sng Somme 1916
Trong cc nm 1915, 1916 mt trn pha Ty nh nhau
cc k quyt lit nhng khng c nhiu t bin: cc
chin dch ti Ypres (bc B), Champagne v Artois
(bc Php) qun hai bn nhiu ln c gng chc thng
phng tuyn ca nhau nhng u tht bi. Ti y u
tin l qun c s dng v kh ho hc sau
qun Entente ba bn p tr gy cht ngt rt nhiu
cho qun s hai bn. Nm 1916 din ra trn Verdun ni
ting nht trong th chin ny, din ra trn t Php
(t 21 thng 2 n 18 thng 12 nm 1916) y l n
lc ca c tn cng nh bi qun Php chim Paris
loi Php ra khi chin tranh: qun c tn cng rt
mnh lit thnh c Verdun hng v Paris v qun
Php c th n cng, hai bn tranh chp chin tuyn
v cng c lit, cht v s nhng chin tuyn ch dch
chuyn ln xung c di 10 km. Sau ny Verdun v
s lng thng vong qu ln c gi l ci xay tht.
n Php kit qu v c hai phe u khng th thng
c trn i chin Verdun ny.[17] phn cng gii
nguy cho Verdun thng 9 nm 1916 qun Anh tn
cng ti trn sng Somme nhng cng khng c kt
qu r rt. Trn ny ln u tin trong lch s qun s
th gii qun Anh s dng xe tng tn cng v
t hiu qu chin thut rt cao. Nhng n lc ca lin
qun Anh - Php coi nh tht bi.[17]
4.2.3 Ti cc mt trn pha Nam 1915 1916
Ngy 23 thng 5 nm 1915 gia nhp khi ng minh
ba bn (Anh- Php- Nga) chng o, 14 thng 10
Chin trng o: thng 5 nm 1915 qun
m chin dch Isonzo chng qun o nhng tht
bi v b o phn cng chim Gorizia sau li th
nh b ny mt trn o i vo n nh cho
n tn cui nm 1917.
Chin trng Balkans: Chin thng v vang ca
qun c trong Chin dch GorliceTarnw trn
Mt trn pha ng to iu kin cho Bulgaria
nhy vo tham chin.[40] Ti Balkans thng 10
nm 1915 lin qun c o Bulgaria nh tan
qun Serbia ti Novo Brdo v qun Serbia phi rt
lui su vo Albania v Hy Lp. cu nguy cho
Serbia v gy p lc ln Hy Lp tham gia chng
Lin minh Trung tm, cui nm 1915 lin qun
Anh, Php tin hnh chin dch b ln Salonica
ca Hy lp nhng nc ny khng tham gia chng
c, o, Bulgaria. Chin s ti mt trn Balkans
ti Salonica n nh, yn tnh l thng v cc bn
dng nh khng mun nh nhau cho n tn
cui chin tranh. Ngi ta gi mt trn Salonica
l tri t binh ln.
Chin trng Trung Cn ng: t thng 2 nm
1915 n tn thng 1 nm 1916 lin qun Anh,
Php m chin dch hi qun b rt ln
trong lch s chin tranh th gii chin dch
Dardanelles b gn 60 vn qun chim hai eo
bin Dardanelles, Bosporus v th Istanbul
buc quc Ooman ra khi chin tranh. Ngi
anh hng dn tc Mustafa Kemal Atatrk xut
binh p tan tc qun Entente, lm tht bi chin
dch ca ch.[42] Nh , quc Ooman vn
ng vng v ging tr hiu qu, Entente ba bn
phi di tn qun v Hy Lp.
Chin trng Kavkaz: Ti Kavkaz qun Nga c lc
lng nh hn nhng i thng qun Ooman
ti trn Sarikamis (t 29 thng 12 nm 1914 n
4.3 1917 Nm bn l 9

4 thng 1 nm 1915) sau trong nm 1915, 1916 Chin trng Trung Cn ng: qun Anh lin
v cho n tn cui nm 1917 khi Nga sp v tip chin thng qun Ooman v chim Baghdad
cch mng, qun Nga ti Kavkaz lin tip nh lui (Iraq) thng 3 nm 1917 v t chc thnh cng
qun Ooman, tin ln chim x nay l Armenia. chin dch Sinai v chin dch Palestine chim
V ngi Armenia theo Chnh thng gio c cm Jerusalem vo thng 12 nm 1917.
tnh vi Nga nn chnh quyn quc Ooman
thi hnh chnh sch dit chng ngi Armenia Chin trng o: ti chin trng ny cui
lm gn 1 triu ngi Armenia cht, c chn ng nm 1917 khi cch mng n ra Nga, khng cn
ln trong d lun chu u v th gii v chin mt trn pha ng, qun c o c tip vin
I. mt lc lng hng hu trong c cc n v
xung kch ca c lm nng ct, t chc chin
dch Caporeo (26 thng 10 nm 1917) v thng
4.3 1917 Nm bn l li vang di tiu dit 6 vn v bt gn 30 vn qun
. n Anh, Php phi cu vin lp phng tuyn
Nm ny l nm bn l ca chin tranh: Ti mt trn c th ti sng Piave. V th trn dng li y
pha ty, lin qun chuyn sang tn cng. Chin tranh cho n ht chin tranh. Tuy thng li ca c,
tu ngm khng hn ch trn bin, Hoa K tham chin o ti Caporeo rt to ln nhng vai tr th yu
chng c. Cch mng ti Nga lm nc ny ri b ca mt trn o khng lm o ln th chin
chin tranh. lc ca chin tranh v thc lc ca phe Trung
tm cng khng cho php pht trin thnh qu.

4.3.1 Qun Anh-Php-Nga chuyn sang tn cng

Trong nm 1917 li th nghing sang pha Anh-

Php-Nga ba bn, vng vy trn bin sit cht kinh t
c ca Hi qun Hong gia Anh cho thy cc kt
qu. Lin qun Php-Anh lin tc m cc cuc tn cng
ln trn tt c cc mt trn.

Mer
E
D

Blanche
SU

tnie
Bo
de
lfe
Go

nde
Finla
e de
Golf
ESTONIE
altique

LETTONIE RUSSIE
Mer B

LITUANIE

NE
AG
L EM
AL

POLOGNE
UKRAINE
M
er
Ca

'
Mer dv
sp

AUTRICHE- Azo
ie

HONGRIE Lnh c trn mt trn pha ty - Ypres 1917

n
ne

ROUMANIE
Mer Noire
SERBIE BULGARIE Mt trn pha Ty: Lin qun Anh, Php nm
quyn ch ng chin trng, trong nm 1917 ti
ALBAN

Dardanelles mt trn ny ch c h tn cng nhng khng

IE

GRCE TURQUIE th chc thng ni tuyn phng th rn chc ca

M
Me

er

Zone occupe par les puissances

qun c. Cc cuc tn cng ti Verdun, Ypres,

r Io

centrales aprs le trait

g
e

Front l'armistice Frontire

nie

(dcembre 1917) aprs le trait

Cambrai vi s dng t xe tng u tht bi. c
nne

N
CRTE CHYPRE 0 100 200 300 Miles

Mer Mditerrane 100 200 300 400 Km

bit t 9 thng 4 n 5 thng 5 nm ny qun i
Php m chin dch Nivelle (theo tn ca Tng
Lnh th Nga mt theo Hip c Brest-Litovsk t lnh qun i Php Robert Georges Nivelle
ngi son tho k hoch) vi s lng p o gp
10
2 ln qun c, kt qu: vi s thng vong 50 vn
v tht bi v ngy nay trn ny c gi l l tu ngm c p dng chin thut ni ln nh m
m ca Nivelle. n cui nm 1917 phng tuyn
c ti mt trn pha Ty vn cha th ph v ni.
4.3.2 Chin tranh tu ngm khng hn ch, Hoa K
tham chin
Sau ny nhiu nh nghin cu Anh cng nhn Anh
thc t trn nguy c thua trn nu chin tranh tu
ngm ca c hiu qu hn na. Ban u c trng
cy vo hm i tu ni ca mnh nhng hm i c
khng th ua tranh c vi hm i hng hu ca
Hi qun Hong gia Anh nn nhim v bp nght kinh
t Anh c giao cho hm i tu ngm rt ni ting
ca c. c chy ua vi thi gian xy dng lc lng
tu ngm v s dng chng hiu qu nh ph tuyn
vn ti bin quan trng sng cn i vi Anh.
Tu hng Andex ca Anh trng ng li ca tu ngm c ang
chm ch cn li phn mi
tng hiu qu p lc ln Anh thng 2 nm 1917
Tng tham mu trng c Erich Ludendor thuyt
phc c tng c (Chancellor) tuyn b chin
tranh tu ngm khng hn ch chng mi tu ca mi
quc tch chuyn ch tip t cho Anh. Lng trng ti
tu b nh chm tng ln nhanh chng t mc trung
bnh 500.000 tn/thng v t nh trong thng 4 nm
1917 l 860.000 tn. Nc Anh trc nguy c bi trn:
tnh hnh rt nghim trng, c nn i trong nc.
T thng 8 nm 1917 Anh p dng chin thut vn ti
mi l hm i p ti v hiu ho n nh ca tu mnh gip cho Entente v cc mi rng buc chnh tr,
ngm v chin thut ny l cc k hiu qu v nc
4 DIN BIN
Anh thot him ho cht i. Nhng i ph li,
extquotedbl: hm i Anh ch hiu qu chng tu ngm
khi chng b pht hin di mt nc hoc b ni ln
ban ngy. Khi vo ban m tu ngm c ni ln bi
ln vo on tu vn ti th Hi qun Anh khng bit
cch lm th no. y l chin thut rt hiu qu ca
c v nu chin tranh ko di cha bit kt qu s th
no: Cc tu ngm c lun theo st cc on convoy
ca Anh nhng thay v tn cng, chng ch n m
ni ln bi ln vo on tu vn ti, p mn c ly gn
v dng pho ln lt tiu dit tng chic mt. Mt
thm ho cho hnh thc convoy ca Anh.
Qun M tham chin min Bc nc Php trong nm 1918
Hoa K t u th k 20 theo ui chnh sch khng
can thip v gi trung lp trong chin tranh. Nhng
tm l nhn dn v chnh gii Hoa K lun ginh tnh
cm cho ngi Anh nn d vn gi quan h vi c,
Hoa K lun dnh cho Anh nhng thun li duy
tr chin tranh. Vi vic c tuyn b chin tranh tu
ngm khng hn ch nh c vo tu M, li cng thm
s kin bc in Zimmermann lm d lun Hoa K
ht kin nhn, h i chnh ph tham chin chng c.
Ngy 6 thng 4 nm 1917 Hoa K ct mi quan h v
tuyn b chin tranh vi c. Vo cui nm 1918 khi
c u hng, lc lng vin chinh Hoa K ti chu
u cha tht ln v n i Hoa K khng ng vai
tr ch o trong vic nh thng qun c trn chin
trng, nhng r rng vi tim lc kinh t rt ln ca
kinh t nht l cc khon cho vay vi c b dt b th
4.4 1918 Phe Trung tm thua trn 11

s tham chin ca Hoa K l mt yu t cc mnh c

li cho ng Minh.

4.3.3 Cch mng ti Nga, Nga ra khi chin tranh

Nn kinh t Nga khng chu ni sc nng chin tranh,

dn chng khn cng, tht nghip, cht i Li cng
nhng tht bi nng n trc qun c trn mt trn,
tt c nhng ci gy bt mn cao trong nhn dn
v qun i. n lnh qu kh v chin tranh li
cm th tng lp s quan qu tc, khng cn lng i
quc ban u khi mi chin u. Mu thun ni b ca
qun i Nga cng l qu ln: thm ch chin dch tn
cng ca tng Brusilov thng 6 nm 1916 chng qun
o Hung ti Galicia cng b cc s quan cao cp khc
ghen ght khng hp tc. n nm 1917 ngi Nga
qu cm gin nh cm quyn v khng th chu ni
hn chin tranh khi qun c ch cch hn 100
km. Mt khc nhng ngi cng sn Nga (Bolshevik)
chng chin tranh quc Bin chin tranh quc
thnh ni chin cch mng, nhn dn v binh s
khng th chu ni v mun theo ng Bolshevik ca
Lenin tin hnh cch mng. n thng 3 nm 1917,
Cch mng thng 2 n ra, Sa hong thoi v. y l
bc chuyn nhng ngi Bolshevik thng li hon
ton trong Cch mng thng Mi Nga. Tuy gia hai
cuc cch mng Nga vn cn trong khi ng minh ba
bn nhng thc t qun i sau cch mng thng 2
tan r, khng cn k lut, qun s t b ng, t rt lui Tng Nga Brusilov nm 1917
v truy lng cc s quan m trc y h cm th
x l. Mt trn pha ng nhanh chng bin mt, qun c kit qu cc ngun lc, ng minh tn cng
c nhn tan r ca qun Nga nhanh chng theo tng lc thng li. Nc c suy kit v cch mng
chn ko su vo lnh th ch ra yu sch. Sau cch n ra. Trong khi , qun o - Hung i bi ti , ngn
mng thng 10, Lenin ngh cc bn tham chin mt la phong tro dn tc ch ngha bng chy nhiu
nn ho bnh ngay lp tc khng c chia ct lnh th, min t trn khp quc o - Hung. Vo thng 10
khng bi thng chin ph, ngh ny khng c ai nm 1918, quc o - Hung sp .[43] Phe Trung
chp nhn. Vi vic k kt ho c Brest-litovsk ring tm u hng.
r vi c vo ngy 3 thng 3 nm 1918, X Vit ra
khi chin tranh vi nhng nhn nhng rt to ln: tr
c lp cho Ba Lan v cc vng Ty Belarus, Ukraina, 4.4.1 Cuc tn cng ma xun ca c
cc tnh Baltic, tr bi thng cho c v ngoi ra nc
Nga X vit khng th lc lng ngn cn phong
tro c lp ca Phn Lan nn d dng trao tr c
lp cho nc ny.
Sau ny khi c thua trn 1918, nc Nga X vit
thu hi li phn ln Ukraina ch cn ty Ukraina, Ty Mt trn pha ng bin mt cho php c c th tng
Belarus b nhp vo thnh phn Ba Lan, Ba Lan v vng mt lc lng qun i ln cho mt trn pha Ty. B
Baltic ginh c c lp. Phi n trc chin Tng tham mu c tr tnh mt trn tng tn cng
II Lin X mi nhn lc c ang tn cng mt trn thng li trc khi qun i Hoa K c th kp trin
pha Ty, tranh th ti chim cc vng Ty Belarus, khai. K hoch l nh vo tuyn phn chia ca qun
Ty Ukraina, Baltic v nhp cc vng ny vo lnh th Anh v Php ti u mi ng st Amiens (chin dch
Lin Bang X vit. Michael) chin dch bt u 21 thng 3 nm 1918. Khc
vi mi chin dch tn cng trc y, ln ny qun
c p dng chin thut b binh xung kch v thnh
4.4 1918 Phe Trung tm thua trn cng ln, tin nhanh mnh v pha trc 60 km.
Paris b uy hip, thm ch vua Wilhelm II cng b
Trong nm 1918 ch c huy ng nhng n lc ngy 24 thng 3 l ngy hi quc gia, nhiu ngi c
tn cng tuyt vng cui cng nhng u tht bi. Khi thy thng li n gn. Tuy nhin sau nhng trn
12
nh c lit v vi vic qun M tham chin, qun c trong cuc i chin th nht, v cng l thng li ln
b chn ng vi thng vong trong khong thng nht ca phe Entente trn Mt trn pha Ty k t sau
ba v thng t l gn 30 vn ngi.
Xe tng Mk IV ca Anh b qun c tch thu v s dng trong
cuc Tng tn cng Ma xun 1918
Cc ch huy ca c Hindenburg v Ludendor
Tip theo chin dch Michael qun c tuyt vng nm
thm qun lin tip vo cc chin dch tip theo nhng
l nhng n lc ngy cng bt lc (cho du h t
c chin thng vang di trong trn sng Aisne ln
th ba[44] ), v cui cng l c gng bao vy Reims vo
ngy 15 thng 7 nm 1918 l trn sng Marne ln
th hai, ti y lin qun Anh, Php phn cng thng
li. n cui thng 7 qun c li tr v v tr ban u.
N lc tuyt vng cui cng ca c tiu tan.
4.4.2 ng minh tn cng tng lc thng li
Khi n c r ri suy kit khng cn d b
pht trin tin cng, lin qun Entente lin huy ng
tng phn cng trn ton mt trn. c khng cn kh
nng chng tr kin cng nh trc y na. Cuc tn
cng ca lin qun pht trin thng li v c gi
l 100 ngy tn cng: bt u t 8 thng 8 bng trn
Amiens, lin qun ng lot phi hp tn cng: vi tp
on qun ca Php bn phi, qun Anh bn tri, cc
qun on Canada v c lm mi nhn tn cng chnh
din vi hng trm xe tng v 12 vn qun nh lui
qun c hng chc km. Chin thng ln ti Amiens
tr thnh cng tch hin hch nht ca n i Anh
4 DIN BIN
trn sng Marne ln th nht.[45] Sau my tun tin
cng thng li ngy 21 thng 8 qun Anh t chc trn
Sng Somme ln th hai nh lui tp on qun s 2
ca c v v tr ca phng tuyn Hindenburg l phng
tuyn bt u chin tranh. n cui thng 9 sau cc c
gng bt thnh lin qun dng li tuyn Hindenburg
v ti y sau cch mng ti c, qun c u
hng.
4.4.3 Cch mng ti c
c hon ton suy kit trong chin tranh. Trong
thng 10 trong nc ri lon chng cn ai cn tin
vo o tng chin thng na ch tr Tng ch huy
Erich Ludendor v mt s tng lnh qun phit.
Ludendor cng c Reinhard Scheer tr tnh dng
ton lc hm i c t chc mt trn hi chin mang
tnh phiu lu xng thng vo hm i i phng
t r vinh quang ca hm i c. Cc tng lnh qun
phit c m mu khng thng bo cho tng v
bit rng hnh ng ny s khng c chp nhn. Tuy
nhin tin tc v cuc tn cng c cc thu binh
ti hi cng Kiel bit, h ni lon v khng mun lm
mt vic t st. No lon v cch mng t y, Hong
Wilhelm II phi cch chc Ludendor. Chnh quyn
c trao t tay gii qun nhn sang cho cc chnh
ng ti c hi c (Reichstag). Ludendor tuyn
b chnh quyn dn s s lm t nc thua trn v l
nht dao m vo sau lng qun i y l lun im
ca cc lc lng phc th mun bo cha cho tht bi
ca c trong c ng Nazi (ng Cng nhn c
quc gia X hi ch ngha hay ng c x) sau ny
ca Adolf Hitler.
Cng tc Max von Baden c ch nh lm th tng
v ngay lp tc bt u m phn ho bnh. Ngy 9
thng 11 nm 1918 von Baden tuyn b nh vua phi
thoi v, quc c sp , vua Wilhelm II c H
Lan cho t nn chnh tr v Cng ho Weimar ra i.
4.4.4 Phe Trung tm u hng
Bt u t cui thng 9 nm 1918 phe Trung tm nhanh
chng u hng: u tin l Bulgaria (29 thng 9), 30
thng 10 quc Ooman u hng, 4 thng 11 hai
nc o, Hungary u hng ring bit do quc o
- Hung ca Vng triu Habsburg sp .
Vo ngy 8 thng 11 nm 1918 phi on c n toa
tu ho ring ca ng ch Ferdinand Foch ti cnh
rng Compiegne (Php). Khi Foch hi h n lm
g, h ni vi ng ta rng h mun nghe nhng li
thnh cu ngng bn ca phe Entente. Foch tr li rng
ng ta khng h c yu cu ngng bn g c. Nhng
5.1 Chin tranh trn b
ri, Mahias Erzberger buc Foch phi c cc iu
khon ca tha thun ngng bn. Vo ngy 11 thng
11 nm 1918, cng chnh ti toa tu ha c nhn ca
Foch, ngng bn c k kt gia hai bn.[46]
Ngy 28 thng 6 nm 1919 cc nc thng trn k
hip nh ho bnh vi c l Hip nh Versailles vi
cc hn ch ngt ngho cho s pht trin sau chin
tranh ca c (phi n thng 10 nm 2010 nc c
mi hon thnh xong khon chin ph nng n cho
cuc chin ny.[47] ) V cc hip nh ho bnh cng
c k kt gia phe thng trn vi tng quc gia thua
trn l o, Hungary v Bulgaria. n nm 1920, phe
Entente k kt Hip nh Sevres vi Sultan Mehmed
VI theo quc Ooman phi chu v cng thit
thi.[48] y l mt n ging nng n vo quc
Ooman.[49] chin th nht kt thc.
5 c im chin tranh trong th
chin th nht
chin th nht ln u tin trong lch s th gii
l mt cuc chin tranh hin i, tng lc, ton din
v c s dng v kh hy dit hng lot, l cuc chin
tranh vi y chin tranh trn b, trn khng v
trn bin. Cc nh nghin cu qun s nh gi cuc
chin trn b ca chin tranh ny l chin tranh vi
cng ngh ca th k 20 v vi t duy chin thut ca
th k 19 vi phng thc tin hnh chin tranh lc
hu nh nhau thng vong cc k to ln m hiu qu
chin u rt thp. Ngc li chin tranh trn bin v
trn khng mang tnh cht rt cch mng vi hnh thc
chin tranh khc rt xa vi cc cuc chin tranh trc
y, v sau ny c chin th hai pht trin ln
mc cao hn.
5.1 Chin tranh trn b
B binh Romania
Nhn mt cch tng th chin tranh trn b ca th
chin th nht l cuc chin tranh chin ho vi cc Qun Nga trong chin ho
13
t duy phng th trn a vi chin thut tn cng lc
hu. Vi hnh thc phng th trong chin ho c chiu
su vi h thng dy thp gai, bi mn v cc ha im
sng my c th, pha sau c pho binh ym tr, th
chin tranh c s mt cn i rt ln gia tn cng
v phng ng extquotedbl: trong khi qun phng ng
vi v kh hin c c th d dng b gy cc cuc
tn cng ca i phng: cc sng my trong cng s,
l ct, pho binh v bi mn dy thp gai gy cht chc
rt ln cho cc cuc tn cng ca k binh v ln sng
ngi ca b binh i phng, v nu mt tuyn phng
ng th cng c thi gian c th nhanh chng ko
qun d b ti lp tuyn mi pha sau. Ngc li qun
tn cng thng rt lng tng v vi hy sinh rt ln
mi c th nh chim c cc tuyn phng th ca
ch v cng khng c phng tin v phng cch
pht trin tn cng. Trong nm 1915 qun c chc
thng phng tuyn Nga v tn cng thng li nhng
l do s qu km ci v x hi, kinh t v t duy
qun s lc hu ca Nga so vi c. Vi cc qun i
c trnh pht trin tng ng nh Anh, Php, c
th s mt cn i tn cng phng th ny dn n
tnh trng chin tranh chin ho lu di n nh khng
ai dt im ni ai m ch p dn i phng tng t mt
(mt cuc tn cng tin ln c 10 20 km c
coi l thng li). Kt qu chin tranh ph thuc vo sc
chu ng do dai ca cc bn i vi sc nng lu di
ca chin tranh.
14 5 C IM CHIN TRANH TRONG TH CHIN TH NHT

Cng trong chin tranh ny xut hin cc hnh thc bo v bn ngoi ca tu chin. Bin php ny ban u
chin thut nh chim chin tuyn ch v pht rt hiu qu v khi tu ngm cn rt th s mang
trin tn cng trn c s v kh hin c v th hin c t ng li v ng li cht lng khng cao hay
sng chi nht l chin thng vang di ca phng bn trt, nn tu ngm thng ch bn ng li vo tu
din qun Ty Nam ca Nga di s ch huy ca tng chin i phng, cn tiu dit tu vn ti th bng
Aleksey Alekseyevich Brusilov ti Galicia thng 6 nm cch ni ln dng pho bn. Vi s bo v ca on
1916 chng qun o Hung: vi mt qun i Nga tu chin trong convoy th vic ny khng thc hin
yu km, lc hu, mt tinh thn sau trn thm bi nm c na. Sau tu ngm c i chin thut: cc
1915, nhng vi s chun b k lng, qun Nga tu ngm i thnh by ln khi pht hin on convoy
chc thng chin tuyn o Hung v tn cng t th thay v tn cng chng bm theo ch tri ti th ni
trn din rng nh bi qun i o Hung. Tuy nhin ln bi ln vo on convoy v ln lt h th cc tu
sau khi rt kinh nghim qun phng th cng khc vn ti, chin thut ny v sau vn p dng cho c
ch c cc chin thut mi ny v hnh thc chin chin II Vic nh vn ti v m bo vn ti din ra
tranh chin ho vn l ch o v bt bin. Ch n quyt lit v rt nng ng t hai pha. tng cng
khi xe tng xut hin v pht trin th hnh thc chin sc p ln nc Anh, c hai ln tuyn b chin
tranh chin ho ny mi bt u lng lo v n tranh tu ngm khng hn ch khng chp nhn trung
chin th hai n t r s bt lc trc sc tn cng lp ca bt k tu ca quc gia no, tu ngm c bn
c ng v cuc chin tranh chin ho cui cng trn c vo tu M ch hng cho Anh l nguyn nhn
th gii l cuc Chin tranh Triu Tin. Hoa K tham gia chin tranh chng c.
Trong chin I ln u tin xut hin mt loi binh
chng mi l khng qun tc chin trn tri. V l loi
5.2 Chin tranh trn bin, trn khng hnh mi trang b cn rt th s nn chin tranh trn
khng cha c ngha ln v cha th gy c tc
Chin tranh trn bin ca th chin th nht din ra rt
ng ln n kt qu chin tranh. Tuy nhin n cng
quyt lit v c gi l trn chin i Ty Dng ln
c cc hnh thc chin u m ngay sau chin tranh
th nht n mang tnh cht hon ton mi so vi cc
c cc bn tch cc pht trin l khng chin ca
cuc chin tranh trn bin trc y: Cuc chin ny
cc my bay cnh c nh nh nhau; tn cng mt t
bo hiu chm dt thi i cc trn hi chin ln ca
ca my bay i vi lc lng mt t; nm bom tm
ca cc armada c in (hm i mt nc). Vic bao
xa vi cc zapperlin, trinh st bi my bay hoc khinh
vy kinh t nh ph giao thng trn bin c thc
kh cu.
hin mt cch hiu qu hn bng phng tin chin
tranh rt mi l tu ngm. V trong cuc chin ny tuy
lc lng Hi qun c cn thua xa Hi qun Hong 5.3 Cc v kh mi
gia Anh nhng lc lng tu ngm c khi vi k
thut hin i lm rt tt cng vic nh ph vn ti chin th nht cho thy cc th v kh mi vi
bin ca Anh, c lc lm pht sinh nn i nc hiu qu hu dit rt mnh.
ny.
V kh ho hc l c sn ca chin I: ln
u tin loi ngi s dng v kh ho hc nhn
to mt cch t v quy m ln vi cc dng ho
cht c khc nhau t loi t nguy him nht l hi
cay hay cht lm chy nc mt n loi kh nguy
him hn nhng khng cht ngi ch loi khi
vng chin nh hi m tc, Yprit (gy l lot da
v ly tn theo a im din ra trn tn cng ho
hc l Ypres) v cao hn na l hi ngt clo v cc
cht gy t vong khc nh phosgene. chng li
v kh ho hc cc bn s dng phng tin rt
hiu qu l mt n phng c. Vo cui k chin
tranh vic s dng v kh ho hc gim hn v cc
bn s leo thang rt nguy him ca loi v kh ny
Qun c Sedan, Php nm 1917 v vic dng chng nhiu khi phn tc dng (gi
i chiu th t hi qun mnh) v thi k vic
i gian u chin tranh cc tu vn ti ca Anh i t pht tn tc nhn ho hc cn th s ch yu da
do khng c bo v nn b tu ngm c nh m rt vo gi.
nhiu di hnh thc sn mi t do. hn ch thit
hi do tu ngm, Anh p dng bin php convoy Sng my: l loi v kh tuy ra i t trc th
(on h tng): cc tu vn ti i theo on ln di s chin nhng trong th chin th hin r uy
5.3 Cc v kh mi
Lnh k binh Anh v nga u phi mang mt n phng dc
lc ca mnh v lm thay i chin thut chin
u. Do trnh k thut khi cn cha cao con
ngi mi ch c th ch to sng my bn nhanh
c kch thc to nn n khng phi l v kh c
nhn m b tr c nh phng th, trong khi
qun b binh tn cng vn dng sng trng
ln quy lt bn pht mt, cng l mt nguyn
nhn gy nn s mt cn i tn cng - phng th.
Sng my t trong cng s d dng v hiu ho
cc cuc tn cng bng b binh ln sng ngi
v cc cuc tn cng ca k binh. Chnh vi s
pht trin ca sng my m k binh ht thi v
ngy cng suy gim.
My bay Anh Sopwith Camel
n pho mnh: chng li ln sng b binh
15
tn cng cc bn p dng n pho mnh tng
tnh st thng, chnh s lng cht trn nhiu
nht ca qun s l do pho binh vi n pho
mnh. Vi s p dng ca pho binh bn nhanh,
n mnh uy lc hu dit ln cng vi ho lc
sng my lm chm dt chin thut i hnh
vung v lm pht sinh i hnh tn mt ca b
binh v ko theo cc thay i khc ca tc chin
trn b.
My bay: y l cuc chin tranh c s tham gia
ng o u tin ca my bay, do my bay ang
giai on u pht trin cn rt th s nhng
n c cc hnh ng chin u rt hiu qu
v sau ny c cc bn nhn thy cc tim nng
pht trin rt ln. Trong i chin my bay lm
cc nhim v khng chin (nh nhau vi my
bay ch), tn cng mt t, trinh st, lin lc.
Tu ngm U16 ca c
Tu ngm: y l v kh c hiu qu nht ca
chin I. Vi tu ngm th mt hm i yu c th
chng li mt hm i mnh mt cch hiu qu.
Mt s u t nh hn (vo tu ngm) mang li
hiu qu ln hn nhiu khi xy dng cc hm tu
mt nc ln. iu gii thch ti sao Hi qun
c dn sc xy dng lc lng tu ngm U boat
ca mnh trong c chin I v chin II. i
gian ny tu ngm cn rt th s hot ng ni
l ch yu, ch ln xung khi gp tu chin i
phng v v kh ng li mang theo cng khng
nhiu, chnh xc km, thng tu ngm ch
16
dng ng li bn tu chin i phng khi ang
ln, cn i vi tu vn ti th n ni ln dng
pho bn chm. Vi s nguy him ca tu ngm
din ra cuc u tranh quyt lit gia ph giao
thng v bo v giao thng trn bin cng nh
gia tu ngm v tu sn ngm vi cc thit b
thu m pht hin tu ngm. Trong th chin ny
lc lng tu ngm ca c nh chm rt ln
s ti trng tu vn ti ca Anh v lm kinh t
Anh lao ao, nhng ng thi n cng b thit hi
rt nng n.
Xe tng i trc, b binh Canada theo sau, mt trn Vimy 1917
Xe tng: y l v kh ra i trong th chin
khc phc s mt cn i gia tn cng v phng
ng tuy xe tng cn rt th s thiu tin cy
nhng chng minh c tim nng pht trin
ca mnh v cc bn ua nhau ch to xe tng.
T trn u tham chin vo thng 9 nm 1916 ti
trn Sng Somme n nm 1917 pha Entente c
trn Cambrai huy ng hn 400 xe tng tn
cng. Tuy nhin xe tng trong th chin I v cc
tnh nng cn yu km ca mnh mi ch c s
dng nh phng tin ym tr b binh nh
chin tuyn ca ch, ch n chin th hai xe
tng mi pht huy ht tnh nng tn cng c ng
thc su ca n.
6 Hu qu ca chin tranh
6.1 nh hng kinh t, a - chnh tr
chin th nht li rt nhiu hu qu trc
mt v lu di. Cuc chin lm hn mi triu
ngi cht v hng chc triu ngi khc b tn
ph, cc thnh ph, lng mc, ng s, cu cng,
nh my b ph hy. S tin cc nc tham chin
chi ph cho chin tranh ln ti khong 85 t la.
Ngoi sc mnh tn ph nhn mng, kinh t, vt
cht, n cn gy hi hng lu di v tm l cho c
6 HU QU CA CHIN TRANH
chu u gy ra mt th h b mt mt ca chu u.
Chnh cuc chin ny lm cho chu u tt hu v
mt i vai tr lnh o vn minh nhn loi m n
m ng trong hn 300 nm qua v dn dn
vai tr chuyn sang bn kia i dng cho Hoa
K.
Lnh xung kch Sturmtruppen (Lc lng Bo t) ca c tham
chin mt trn pha Ty nm 1917
Chin tranh gy ra s thay i rt ln trong bn
chnh tr chu u. Cuc chin dn n s sp
ca bn quc Nga (1917), c (1918), o - Hung
(1918), Ooman (1923) vi cc triu nh qun ch
hng trm nm b suy trong hai cng quc
o - Hung v Ooman b phn r v mt hn vai
tr cng quc. Hai quc c, Nga b ct xn
lnh th v b kim ch vi tnh cm dn tc nc
ln b tn thng su sc v l t ai rt tt
cho t tng phc th dn n mt th chin
mi. Rt nhiu cc nc nh xut hin t s phn
r ca cc quc v t s phn chia mang tnh
ch quan, quan liu ca cc cng quc thng trn
dn n cc mu thun ln xn gy mt n nh
th gii sau ny.
Chin tranh ny cho thy r mu thun gh gm
ca h thng thuc a mt nguyn nhn ca i
chin th gii, tuy rng sau chin tranh n cn
tip tc tn ti theo qun tnh nhng ngay sau
chin II, n b tt c cc nc, c thuc a v
c cc ch thuc a cng d b.
chin th nht cng ngay lp tc em li
nhng thay i v h thng chnh tr ti cc nc
chu u. Ti c, nn qun ch b lt , Cng
ha Weimar ra i. Tuy nhin nn cng ha ny
cng sm i mt lin tc vi nhng kh khn
chng cht v kinh t v x hi, v tn ti c
15 nm trc khi Adolf Hitler ln nm quyn. Mt
trong nhng nh hng lu di nht ca chin
th nht l s ra i ca Lin Bang X Vit. Chin
tranh lm cho ngi dn Nga lm vo tnh
trng v cng kh khn. Hon cnh ny y

Nga vo cuc Cch mng thng Mi vi s thng
li ca ch ngha cng sn. iu khin cho cc
nc phng Ty v cng lo s v phng s lan
rng ca ch ngha cng sn, lm ny sinh nhng
mi nghi ng lin tc ln nhau gia cc nc ny
v Lin X gn nh sut c th k 20. chin I
kt thc cng l s m mn cho th lc pht xt
ln ngi ti nhiu nc trong bi cnh x hi bt
n nh ti v c. Nh vy chu u sau cuc
chin c s chia r r rt v mt chnh tr gia
cc th lc cng sn, pht xt v phng Ty, to
b phng cho mt cuc th chin mi.
6.2 nh hng tm l - x hi
Chin tranh ng thi gy ra cc xu hng tm l - x
hi i nghch:
Mt mt trc y rt nhiu tng lp ngi chu
u b cun theo tnh cm dn tc ch ngha v sau
chin tranh h nhn thc ra c kt qu m ch
ngha dn tc qu ng c th mang li nn h
bt u nh hng li theo mt tinh thn mi vi
tinh thn ch ngha quc t v xu hng ho bnh
ch ngha, nhn o ch ngha. Sau chin tranh,
th gii t chc ra Hi c Lin v phong tro
ho bnh ny n mnh ra trn khp ton cu l
cc th hin ca xu th ny.
Mt khc c mt xu hng hon ton i nghch
hn li: l s tht vng vo cc gi tr nhn
vn ca loi ngi v pht sinh tm l tn sng
sc mnh, tn sng bo lc vi s tin tng rng
ch c sc mnh v s cng rn mi l ch da
ng tin cy trong thi i bt n ny. y l c
s ny n tm l th bo v ch ngha h v,
hoi nghi, tm l ny l t ai rt ti tt cho
ch ngha qun phit v ch ngha pht xt v cc
xu hng cc oan ny n v bm r trong x
hi sau chin tranh. Sau khi Triu nh Ooman
phi k Hip nh Sevres, ngn la dn tc ch
ngha bng chy, vi cuc Chin tranh Gii
phng Dn tc Nh K do Chnh ph i lp
cu lnh t Mustafa Kemal Atatrk pht ng ti
Ankara, nhm phn i vic Sultan Mehmed VI k
kt Hip nh Sevres v nh ui qun Entente
(ln ny bao gm Anh, Php, , Hy Lp). Li dng
qun Entente cn qu mi mt vi cuc i chin
va qua, phe dn tc ch ngha Nh K t chc
tin cng nh tan tc qun Entente, buc ch
phi k Hip nh Lausanne (1923). Vi Hip nh
ny, quc Ooman sp , Sultan Mehmed VI
thai v, v nc Cng ha Nh K ra i vo
thng 10 nm 1923.[49][50][51][52]
Chin tranh cng ng thi gy ra cm gic y
l kt thc ca th gii c extquotedbl l kt thc
ca ch ngha t bn v ch ngha quc. Trn
17
nn tng cc phong tro cng sn v phong
tro ch ngha x hi ny n v pht trin rt
mnh m chu u v trn th gii.
7 Nhng bi hc chnh tr ca Th
chin th nht
Mustafa Kemal Atatrk - ngi anh hng dn tc Th Nh K
trong cuc Chin tranh th gii ln th nht v Chin tranh Gii
phng Dn tc Th Nh K.
Chin tranh th gii cho thy, trong iu kin
ca cc mi quan h cht ch ca th gii, ca
cng ngh cao, quy m ton cu, vi tn ph
khng khip ca chin tranh th khng ai c th
c li trong chin tranh nu n n ra, thm ch
l chin tranh khu vc. i vi quc Anh,
cuc Chin tranh th gii ln th nht l mt chin
thng kiu Pyrros ca h. H gp kh khn trong
vic duy tr ch rng ln ca h k t sau
cuc chin kinh hong ny.[53] Php cn th hin
chin thng kiu Pyrros r rng hn Anh c.
Nh c cao tro Cch mng Nga nm 1917, Php
khng th lin minh vi nc Nga c na.[54]
Ngi c p ph tan tnh nhng trung tm
cng nghip ca Php v chinh pht c t
ai c th thc hin phn ln chin lc v
cui cuc i chin.[55] C Anh c v Php
u ch c th chm dt cuc chin nh s
b ca qun M.[56] Cuc chin tranh chng t
rng nc c mnh hn Php, do Php khng
th no mt mnh thng c.[57] B khnh kit,
nhiu ngi Php sau cuc i chin thng cho
rng chng ta khng th lm nn mt trn Verdun
na.[58] tng Php Clemenceau cng tha
nhn rng trong vi nm ti, nc c s b xa
Php v cng nghip, thng mi v ti chnh.[59]
Vi nhng li th ny, sau chin tranh nc c
pht trin b xa Php v to iu kin cho c
mt ln na ln tranh hng tranh b.[3][60] Gia
thp nin nm 1920, nhiu ngi Php tin chc
18 9 CH THCH

rng nc ny s mt ln na b ngi c tin ln v cc quyn li chnh ng ca n phi c

cng.[15] Cho n nm 1939, mi vic chng t tn trng. Tnh hnh quc t khng th yn nu
chin thng kiu Pyrros ca cc nc Entente dn da trn c s khng tn trng tnh cm, quyn
n s suy yu ca bn h.[61] Chin thng kiu li chnh ng ca quc gia, dn tc. Mt dn tc
Pyrros ca Php trong cuc Chin tranh th gii b dn vo th cng ng s phn ng rt mnh
ln th nht k tip i bi th thm ca Php lit gy hu ho cho ho bnh th gii. Mt v d
trong cuc chin tranh chng Ph (1870 - 1871), rt in hnh: s kim ch km hm cng cht ch
v c k tip bi i bi t ti ca qun Php i vi c sau chin I ch cng thc y ch
trc cc chin binh tinh nhu c vo nm 1940 ngha phc th vi s tm kim cc phng sch
v trc nhng cao tro u tranh ginh c lp cng quyt lit, cc oan hn ca Hitler v cui
ca cc dn tc thuc a (nh vo nm 1954 ti cng l vi cc kt qu thm khc i vi ngi
Vit Nam v 1962 ti Algrie). V, nh ni, km hm. Sau chin II Hoa K nh mt th lc
khng lu sau cuc i chin, vo nm 1923, cc lnh o th gii nhn thc c vn ny
nc Anh, Php, , Hy Lp u phi chu tht bi nn trong chng trnh ti thit sau chin tranh
trong cuc Chin tranh Gii phng Dn tc gip c cc nc k th thua trn: c, ,
Nh K.[62][63] Nhng chin bi th thm y cng Nht cc nc ny vn ln khng v th buc
l v s nh n v tn hi khng khip ca Php phi lao tip vo ch ngha phc th.
trong cuc i chin 1914 - 1918 ny.[15][64]
V mt bi hc cui c rt t cc bi hc trn
gii i vo giai on pht trin kinh t, vn Vn chin tranh v ho bnh l vn chung
ho, chnh tr c trnh cao, mc trnh ca c th gii. Mt khi chin tranh n ra n d
th gii khng th cn ch cho ch ngha quc dng ko c th gii vo cuc. Vi hu qu qu
v cc loi ch ngha nc ln trng trn. Vi cc khc lit ca chin tranh loi ngi phi nhn
quan h quc t cht ch v quyn li an xen thc c s cn thit cn ngn chn n trc
th ch ngha ch k phm vi quc gia v quc khi qu mun phi l n lc chung ca tt c
t tt yu dn n xung t i khng, v chin cc nc.
tranh th u thit hi cho tt c cc bn. T duy
quc ch ngha phi b loi tr ra khi cc quan Hin nay, tuy c rt nhiu cuc chin tranh khu
h quc t, ny sinh loi t duy mi l cng tn vc n ra v c lc th gii bn b vc chin tranh,
ti ho bnh, tho hip cc li ch trn c s cc nhng v c bn ho bnh th gii vn c gi vng
bn cng c li. Chnh v vy ngay sau chin v cha thy c triu chng ca mt i chin mi iu
I cc nc ng lng t chc ra Hi c Lin cho thy t nhiu th nhn loi cng rt c cc
vi mc tiu iu ho cc quan h quc t trn bi hc chnh tr ca hai cuc i chin, bit ho gii
c s cc bn cng chp nhn c. cc mu thun bng ho bnh, v ch t th cng l
H thng thuc a nh nguyn nhn ca mu mt ng gp ca chin th nht (v th hai) vo
thun phi b loi b, bt u t chin I h tri thc nhn loi.
thng thuc a th gii bt u lng lo v n
sau chin II th din ra qu trnh phi thc dn
ho t vi s c v v chp nhn ca nhiu cng 8 Xem thm
quc th gii.
Chin tranh th gii th hai

Cc trn nh trong th chin th nht

Mt Ha bnh Kt thc Mi Ha bnh

9 Ch thch
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21
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23
Mosier, John (2001), Germany and the
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Silkin, Jon bin tp (1996), e Penguin Book of
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 25

11 Lin kt ngoi
Cc loi s liu ti ca chin th nht
Cc hnh nh v chin th nht bng ting
Nga
nh lu tr ca n c v Mt trn pha ng
26 12 NGUN, NGI NG GP, V GIY PHP CHO VN BN V HNH NH

12 Ngun, ngi ng gp, v giy php cho vn bn v hnh nh

12.1 Vn bn
Chin tranh th gii th nht Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_tranh_th_gii_th_nht?oldid=19848171 Ngi ng gp:
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12.2 Hnh nh 27

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Empire.svg Giy php: Public domain Ngi ng gp:
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org/wiki/User:Dsmurat' title='User:Dsmurat'>DsMurat</a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Dsmurat' title='User
talk:Dsmurat'>talk </a>
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horse.jpeg Giy php: Public domain Ngi ng gp: Tp tin phng tin ny c ng gp bi C quan n tr K lc v Vn kh
c gia Hoa K, tc phm c Nhn dng ARC (National Archives Identier) 516483. Ngh s u tin: Bureau of Medicine and
Surgery, Department of the Navy
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28 12 NGUN, NGI NG GP, V GIY PHP CHO VN BN V HNH NH

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Public domain Ngi ng gp: ? Ngh s u tin: ?
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domain Ngi ng gp:
--- <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_badly_shelled_main_road_to_Bapaume.jpg' class='image'><img alt=''
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_badly_shelled_main_road_to_Bapaume.jpg/253px-The_
badly_shelled_main_road_to_Bapaume.jpg' width='169' height='120' data-le-width='800' data-le-height='570' /></a>

Trenches on the Western Front

--- <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AlbatDIII.jpg' class='image'><img alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/0/0e/AlbatDIII.jpg/237px-AlbatDIII.jpg' width='158' height='120' data-le-width='506' data-le-height='385'
/></a>

German Albatros D.III biplane ghters of Jasta 11 at Douai, France

--- <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vickers_machine_gun_crew_with_gas_masks.jpg' class='image'><img
alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Vickers_machine_gun_crew_with_gas_masks.jpg/
290px-Vickers_machine_gun_crew_with_gas_masks.jpg' width='194' height='120' data-le-width='1243' data-le-height='773'
/></a>

Vickers machine gun crew with gas masks

--- <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:British_Mark_V_Tanks_With_Crib_Fascines_1918.jpg' class='image'><img
alt='' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/British_Mark_V_Tanks_With_Crib_Fascines_1918.
jpg/241px-British_Mark_V_Tanks_With_Crib_Fascines_1918.jpg' width='161' height='120' data-le-width='800' data-le-
height='599' /></a>

British Mark V tanks

--- <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Irresistible_abandoned_18_March_1915.jpg' class='image'><img alt=''
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/HMS_Irresistible_abandoned_18_March_1915.jpg/262px-HMS_
Irresistible_abandoned_18_March_1915.jpg' width='175' height='120' data-le-width='3696' data-le-height='2544' /></a>

British baleship HMS Irresistible

Ngh s u tin: User:Hohum
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12.3 Giy php ni dung 29

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ng gp: is is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Ngh s u tin: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006
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ng gp: ? Ngh s u tin: ?
Tp_tin:WorldMap-MiddleEast.svg Ngun: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/WorldMap-MiddleEast.svg Giy
php: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi ng gp: File:BlankMap-World6.svg, File:Worldmapmiddleeast.jpg Ngh s u tin: Reubot

12.3 Giy php ni dung

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