PETE 310

Lecture # 15
Properties of Black Oils
Definitions
(pages 224-
224-240)

Phase Diagram of a
Black Oil Reservoir
Initial R eservoir
C onditions

P ath of Production
CP
Pressure

75% 50%
25%

S eparator C onditions

Tem perature

Properties of Black Oils Needed for

Reservoir Engineering Calculations:

Formation Volume Factor of oil Bo

Total Formation Volume Factor of oil Bt

Solution Gas oil Ratio Rs

Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility Co

1
Properties of Black Oils Needed for
Reservoir Engineering Calculations:

Coefficient of isobaric thermal expansion o

Oil Viscosity o

Interfacial Tension

Learning Goals

Understand the behavior of those PVT

properties (Bo,Rs
(Bo,Rs,)
,) vs P and type of
fluid (now)
Evaluate PVT properties from (later)
Field data
Laboratory studies
Correlations

Definitions

Specific gravity of a liquid

o ( P1 , T1 )
o =
w ( P1 , T1 )
API gravity

141.5
o
API = 135
o

2
 Definitions
Formation Volume Factor of Oil

Gas out of
Solution
Surface (Ps,Ts)

Reservoir (P,T)

Definitions

Volume of Oil + Dissolved gas

Bo = at Reservoir Pressure & Temp.
Volume of Oil entering Stock
tank at Tsc,
Tsc, Psc

Units = Reservoir barrels (bbl) /Stock tank barrels (STB)

General Shape of Bo

Reservoir T = constant

Bo

Pb
Reservoir Pressure

3
 Solution Gas Oil Ratio (Rs
(Rs))

How much gas is dissolved in the oil

volume per volume basis
Rs depends upon pressure

Units [= ] SCF gas /STB oil

General Shape of Solution Gas

Oil Ratio (Rs
(Rs))
Reservoir T = constant

Rs

Pb
Reservoir Pressure

Total Formation Volume Factor Bt

Pb

Bg(Rsb-Rs)
Bob Gas
Oil
Oil Bo
Hg Hg

4
 Definition of Bt

Also called Two-

Two-phase formation
volume factor

Bt = Bo + Bg (Rsb Rs )
Units

bbl/STB + bbl/SCF * (SCF/STB)

General Shape of Bt
Reservoir T = constant

Bt
Bo, Bt

Bt=Bo

Bo Pb
Reservoir Pressure

Definition of Oil & Gas PVT Properties

Separator gas
Separator gas

Rv =
Separator gas

Standard
Conditions

Bg =
STB gas

P4 P3 Reservoir
P2 P1
gas gas
oil oil
oil oil

Decreasing Pressure
Separator gas

Separator gas

Standard oil
Conditions
STB Bo= Rs=
STB STB

5
The Coefficient of Isothermal
Compressibility of Oil
Provides Instantaneous change of
volume with P at constant T

V
Co (PA , TA ) =
1
P
V TA
Also with molar volume
and specific volume

Coefficient of Thermal
Expansion
Specific Volume

Temperature

(Use in Steam Injection Processes)

Oil Viscosity

Viscosity is a measure of the resistance

to flow exerted by a fluid
This is called dynamic viscosity and has
units of
centipoise = g mass / 100 sec cm
Kinematic viscosity is viscosity / density,
units are in
centistokes = centipoise /g/cc

6
Needs of Crude Oil Viscosity

Calculation of two-
two-phase flow
Gas-
Gas-lift and pipeline design
Calculate oil recovery either from
natural depletion or from recovery
techniques such as waterflooding
and gas-
gas-injection processes

Separ ation and

Pr oduction Well
Stor age Facilities
HC Gas Injection
Injection Well
from Pipeline
or Recycle

2 1

Oil Bank /
1 Oil Zone 2
Miscible Front

Variation of Oil Viscosity

T = constant
Oil Viscosity

Gas Out of
Solution

Two Phase Flow Single Phase Flow

Pb