,

1883. 1914.
82 km ,
. ,
,
,
.
91,5 m, 350 m. 13,7 m.

. 10. 1913. .
,

. ,
,
. [1][2]

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8.1
9

16. . 19. ,
, :
.
1850. (-)
.
,
.

19. . -
1900. 1901. .
,
1888. .

. 1901. . 1903.
 , .
,
.

3. 1914. ,
7 500 . ,
10 5
, 3 .
, , , ,
.
.
.

. .

50- . 1967. 1974.

. 1977. ,
( ) .
1979. .

,
. 31.
1999. , , ,
, .
.

2000. ,
. 31. 1999.
, .

.
.
, ,
, .

.
,
. []]
9.500 (6.000 ) 22.500 (14.000 ) .
16. , 1880.
. 22.000 ,

1900-, 1914.

77 km (48 ) , (
) . , 27.500
. ,
.
14.000 , 205 .

.
Panamax[3];
,
- .
. 2005.
14.011 , 278,8
, 40
.

,
1907.
.
, (
), .
28,5 . 1908.

36 . 33 .
300 15
3 .

,
, . ,
TEU (Twenty-foot
equivalent unit), 6.1 2.4 2.6 ).
,
100 (2,8 ).

30. 2006. Maersk

Dellys, 250.000 . 36
1928. .
54.000 .

- 1977.
, , ,
.[4] Canal Waters Time (CWT),
, , ;
ACP, 2000, 20 30 .
, 10 30
14.000 .[5][6][7] .

, ,
.[8] 11.725
2003. 13.233 2007, 12,855 2009. . (
.)[9]
, 227,9 PC/UMS
1999. 312,9 2007. ,
299,1 2009. .[10][9] 2013, 2014 2015 320,6, 326,8
340,8 PC/UMS 13.660, 13.481 13.874 .[11]
340,8 PC/UMS 13.660, 13.481 13.874 .[11]
(ACP) US$1 ,
20%.[12] ACP ,
,

, . ,
, 20%. ,
,
, 16 km (10 mi) ,
.
.[13]

2010, 17 .
1989.[14][15]
.[16][17][18][19]

, .
,
, ,
.

2011. 37%
. , ,
330 340 ,
2009. 2012. . 50% .

1. Panama Canal TrafficYears 19142010 (http://ww 4. Cullen, Bob (2004).Panama Rises (http://www.smit
w.pancanal.com/eng/maritime/routes.html). Panama hsonianmag.com/travel/panama.html). Smithsonian
Canal Authority. 25. 01. 2011. Magazine. Smithsonian Institution.
2. Seven Wonders (http://www.asce.org/content.aspx?id 30. 04. 2012.
=2147487305). American Society of Civil Engineers. 5. ACP 2005 Annual Report(http://www.pancanal.co
21. 02. 2011. m/common/general/reports/informe-anual-2005.pdf)
3. Zamorano, Juan; Martinez, Kathia (26. 6. 2016). (PDF). Panama Canal Authority. 2005.
Panama Canal opens $5B locks, bullish despite 09. 07. 2010.
shipping woes (http://bigstory.ap.org/article/b8495e0d 6. NewsPanCanal.com; Panama Canal Authority
ad974d39bf4147f647d2f831/panama-canal-opens-5b-l Announces Fiscal Year 2008 Metrics (http://www.pan
ocks-bullish-despite-shipping-woes). The Big Story. canal.com/eng/pr/press-releases/2008/10/24/pr300.htm
Associated Press. 6. 3. 2017. l). Panama Canal Authority. 24. 10. 2008.
09. 07. 2010.
 7. NewsPanCanal.com; Panama Canal Authority 14. BBC NewsPanama Canal reopens after temporary
Announces Fiscal Year 2009 Metrics (http://www.pan closure (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-ameri
canal.com/eng/pr/press-releases/2009/10/30/pr366.htm ca-11953800). 13. 12. 2010.
l). Panama Canal Authority. 30. 10. 2009. 13. 12. 2010.
09. 07. 2010. 15. The Press Association: Panama flooding displaces
8. Lipton, Eric (22. 11. 2004). New York Port Hums thousands (https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpr
Again, With Asian Trade (http://www.nytimes.com/20 ess/article/ALeqM5izSSaRRPlqlKrEgImAAMgZtqhsd
04/11/22/nyregion/new-york-port-hums-again-with-asi w?docId=N0087151292030740345A). 12. 12. 2010.
an-trade.html). New York Times. 12. 12. 2010.
9. ACP 2009 Annual Report(http://www.pancanal.co 16. NOTICIAS PANAMPERIODICO LA
m/eng/general/reporte-anual/2009/pdf/InformePDFingl ESTRELLA ONLINE: Gobierno abrir parcialmente
es.pdf) (PDF). Panama Canal Authority. 2009. Puente Centenario; Corredores sern gratis [Al
09. 07. 2010. Minuto] (https://web.archive.org/web/2010121606303
10. Panama Canal TrafficFiscal Years 20022004 (htt 3/http://www.laestrella.com.pa/mensual/2010/12/12/co
ps://web.archive.org/web/20051201144112/http://ww ntenido/18225705.asp). 13. 12. 2010.
w.pancanal.com/eng/maritime/reports/table01.pdf) (http://laestrella.com.pa/mensual/2010/12/1
(PDF). Panama Canal Authority. 2/contenido/18225705.asp) 16. 12. 2010.
(http://www.pancanal.com/eng/maritime/re 13. 12. 2010.
ports/table01.pdf) (PDF) 01. 12. 2005. 17. Rain Causes Panama Canal Bridge To Collapse (htt
03. 09. 2007. p://www.digtriad.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=1
11. Panama Canal TrafficFiscal Years 2013 through 51684). digtriad.com. 12. 12. 2010.
2015 (http://www.pancanal.com/eng/op/transit-stats/2 08. 07. 2012.
015/Table01.pdf) (PDF). Panama Canal Authority. 18. Entrance to Panama Canal Bridge Closed due to Rain
12. Nettleton, Steve (1999).Transfer heavy on Damage (http://english.cri.cn/6966/2010/12/11/2021s
symbolism, light on change(https://web.archive.org/ 609648.htm). 13. 12. 2010.
web/20081218155312/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIAL 13. 12. 2010.
S/1999/panama.canal/stories/operation/). CNN 19. Aftermath of Panama flooding hits transport and
Interactive. (http://www.cn financesrain continues(https://web.archive.org/we
n.com/SPECIALS/1999/panama.canal/stories/operatio b/20101216060538/http://www.newsroompanama.co
n/) 18. 12. 2008. m/panama/2073-aftermath-of-panama-flooding-hits-tra
13. 9 Facts about the Panama Canal Expansion nsport-and-finances-rain-continues.html). 13. 12. 2010.
Infographic (https://web.archive.org/web/2014102008 (http://www.newsroompan
3517/http://www.mercatrade.com/blog/9-facts-about-th ama.com/panama/2073-aftermath-of-panama-flooding-
e-panama-canal-expansion/). Mercatrade. hits-transport-and-finances-rain-continues.html)
(http://www.mercatrade.com/blog/9-fact 16. 12. 2010. 13. 12. 2010.
s-about-the-panama-canal-expansion/) 20.
10. 2014. 28. 10. 2014.

Brodhead, Michael J. 2012."The Panama Canal:
Writings of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
Officers Who Conceived and Built It."US Army Corps
of Engineers History Office, Alexandria, VA.
Hoffman, Jon T.; Brodhead, Michael J; Byerly, Carol
R.; Williams, Glenn F. (2009). The Panama Canal: An
Army's Enterprise. Washington, D.C.: United States
Army Center of Military History. 701151.
Jaen, Omar. (2005). Las Negociaciones de los Tratados
Torrijos-Carter, 1970-1979 (Tomos 1 y 2). Panama:
Autoridad del Canal de Panama.ISBN 9962-607-32-9
(Obra completa)
Jorden, William J. (1984). Panama Odyssey. Austin:
University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-76469-3.
McCullough, David. (1977).The Path Between the
Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870-1914.
New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-22563-4.
Mills, J. Saxon. (1913).The Panama CanalA history
and description of the enterpriseA Project Gutenberg
free ebook.
Parker, Matthew (2007). Panama Fever: The Epic
Story of One of the Greatest Human Achievements of
All TimeThe Building of the Panama Canal. New
York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-51534-4.
Sherman, Gary. "Conquering the Landscape (Gary
Sherman explores the life of the great American
trailblazer, John Frank Stevens)," History Magazine,
July 2008.
Gilboa, Eytan. "The Panama Invasion Revisited:
Lessons for the Use of Force in the Post Cold W
ar
Era." Political Science Quarterly(1995): 539-562. in
JSTOR
Greene, Julie, The Canal Builders: Making America's
Empire at the Panama Canal(New York: Penguin
Press,) 2009
LaFeber, Walter. The Panama Canal: the crisis in
historical perspective(Oxford University Press,) 1978
 Major, John. Prize Possession: The United States and
the Panama Canal, 1903-1979(1993)
Maurer, Noel; Yu, Carlos (2010). The Big Ditch: How
America Took, Ran, and Ultimately Gave Away the
Panama Canal. Princeton University Press.ISBN 978-
0-691-14738-3.
Mellander, Gustavo A.(1971)The United States in
Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative eYars.
Daville,Ill.:Interstate Publishers. OCLC 138568.}-
Mellander, Gustavo A.; Nelly Maldonado Mellander
(1999). Charles Edward Magoon: The Panama Years.
Ro Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. ISBN
1-56328-155-4. OCLC 42970390.}-
Snchez, Peter M. Panama Lost? US Hegemony,
Democracy and the Canal(University Press of Florida,
2007), 251 pp,
Snchez, Peter M. "The end of hegemony? Panama and
the United States." International Journal on World
Peace (2002): 57-89. in JSTOR

-
.
.
-
2700 digitized National Archives public domain images
Making the Dirt Fly, Building the Panama Canal
Official website of the Panama Canal Authority
Canalmuseum
Canal Zone Brats
Latin Business Chronicle
Time Lapse Video of the Canal
More information about Panama Canal
Video Clips of a Canal Transit (no time lapse)
Slideshow of a ship passing through the Miraflores locks
TeddyRoosevelt.com: The Man that Built the Panama Canal
Dr. Alonso Roy's short essays on Panama Canal History
Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Panama Canal Commission case
Satellite view in Google Maps
General information regarding Panama Canal
Structurae: Panama Canal
Taking the waters in Panama
Freshwater and Marine Image Bank -- Panama Canal
A timelapse video of a transit of the entire Canal from Atlantic to Pacific.

WorldCat VIAF: 245637111 GND: 4044446-6

https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=_&oldid=15411790

4. 2017. 02:34 .
;
. .