TRIGONOMETRY REVIEW SHEET 2005 Jon Wittwer, www.vertex42.

com ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ PLANE TRIANGLE RELATIONSHIPS
QUADRANTS & SIGNS OF FUNCTIONS a b c
Law of sines: ----------- = ----------- = ------------
sin A sin B sin C
sin & csc pos.
All positive c B Law of cosines: c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos C ,
others neg.
a
C = acos ---------------------------
II I a2 + b2 c2
A 2ab
III IV C 1
tan --- ( A + B )
b
tan & cot pos. cos & sec pos. a+b 2
Law of tangents: ------------ = ------------------------------
ab 1
others neg. others neg. tan --- ( A B )
2
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RIGHT-ANGLE TRIANGLE RELATIONSHIPS INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
a = opposite side
b = adjacent side Function Domain Range Quadrants
c = hypotenuse
c 90 - y = cos x
1
1 x 1 0y I and II
side opposite a
a sin = ------------------------------------ = ---
hypotenuse c 1
1 x 1 2 y 2 I and IV
y = sin x
side adjacent to b
90 cos = ------------------------------------------ = ---
hypotenuse c y = tan x
1 all reals 2 < y < 2 I and IV

b side opposite a
tan = ------------------------------------------ = --- 1
x 1 or x 1 0y, y2 I and II
side adjacent to b y = sec x
Pythagorean theorem: c 2 = a 2 + b 2 y = csc x
1
x 1 or x 1 2 y 2 , y 0 I and IV
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FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES y = cot x
1 all reals 0<y< I and II

sin x 1 1 1 cos x
1. tan x = ----------- 2. sec x = ----------- 3. csc x = ---------- 4. cot x = ----------- = -----------
cos x cos x sin x tan x sin x PRINCIPAL VALUES FOR INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
2 2 2 2 2 2
5. cos x + sin x = 1 6. 1 + tan x = sec x 7. cot x + 1 = csc x
Principal values for x 0 Principal values for x < 0
8a. cos ( 2 x ) = sin x 8b. cos ( 2 + x ) = sin x
9a. sin ( 2 x ) = cos x 9b. sin ( 2 + x ) = cos x 0 sin x 2
1
2 sin x < 0
1

10. tan ( 2 x ) = cot x

0 cos x 2 2 < cos x
1 1
OPPOSITE-ANGLE IDENTITIES
1. cos ( x ) = cos x 2. sin ( x ) = sin x 3. tan ( x ) = tan x 0 tan x < 2
1
2 < tan x < 0
1

4. sec ( x ) = sec x 5. csc ( x ) = csc x 6. cot ( x ) = cot x

0 < cot x 2 2 < cot x <
1 1
ADDITION LAWS
1. cos ( x y ) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y 2. sin ( x y ) = sin x cos y cos x sin y 0 sec x < 2
1
2 < sec x
1

tan x tan y
3. tan ( x y ) = ------------------------------- 0 < csc x 2 2 csc x < 0
1
1 1
+ tan x tan y
DOUBLE-ANGLE IDENTITIES
2 2 2 2
INVERSE IDENTITIES (ASSUMING PRINCIPAL VALUES ARE USED)
1a. cos 2x = cos x sin x 1b. cos 2x = 2 cos x 1 1c. cos 2x = 1 2 sin x
1. sin x + cos x = 2 7. sin ( x ) = sin x
1 1 1 1
1 1
1d. sin x = --- ( 1 cos 2x ) 1e. cos x = --- ( 1 + cos 2x )
2 2

2. tan x + cot x = 2 8. cos ( x ) = cos x

1 1 1 1
2 2
2 tan x 3. sec x + csc x = 2
1 1
9. tan ( x ) = tan x
1 1
2. sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x 3. tan 2x = --------------------
2
-
1 tan x
4. csc x = sin ( 1 x ) 10. cot ( x ) = cot x
1 1 1 1

HALF-ANGLE IDENTITIES
5. sec x = cos ( 1 x ) 11. sec ( x ) = sec x
1 1 1 1

1. cos --x- = 1 + cos x- + if x/2 is in quadrant I or IV 6. cot x = tan ( 1 x )

1 1
12. csc ( x ) = csc x
1 1
--------------------
2 2 - if x/2 is in quadrant II or III
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x 1 cos x + if x/2 is in quadrant I or II COMPLEX IDENTITIES
2. sin --- = --------------------
2 2 - if x/2 is in quadrant III or IV e iw + e iw e iw e iw
cos w = --------------------- i sin w = -------------------- Euler Identity: e iw = cos w + i sin w
2 2
x 1 cos x + if x/2 is in quadrant I or III
3a. tan --- = --------------------- ___________________________________________________________________________
2 1 + cos x - if x/2 is in quadrant II or IV
QUADRATIC FORMULA
x 1 cos x sin x b b 2 4ac
3b. tan --- = -------------------- = --------------------- = csc x cot x x = --------------------------------------
Solution to ax 2 + bx + c = 0 :
2 sin x 1 + cos x 2a
PRODUCT IDENTITIES ___________________________________________________________________________
1. 2 cos x cos y = cos ( x y ) + cos ( x + y ) 2. 2 sin x sin y = cos ( x y ) cos ( x + y ) EXACT VALUES
3. 2 sin x cos y = sin ( x + y ) + sin ( x y ) 4. 2 cos x sin y = sin ( x + y ) sin ( x y )
Angle (deg) Angle (rad) cos(x) sin(x) tan(x)
5. cos mx cos nx = cos ( m + n )x + cos ( m n )x
0 0 1 0 0
SUM IDENTITIES

1. cos x + cos y = 2 cos ----------- cos -----------

x+y xy
2. cos x cos y = 2 sin ----------- sin -----------
x+y xy 30 6 32 12 33
2 2 2 2
45 4 22 22
1
3. sin x + sin y = 2 sin ----------- cos ----------- 4. sin x sin y = 2 sin ----------- cos -----------
x+y xy xy x+y
2 2 2 2
60 3 12 32 3
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REDUCTION IDENTITY 90 2 0 1

1. a sin x + b cos x = a 2 + b 2 sin ( x + y ) , where y is chosen so that 180 -1 0 0

a b
cos y = -------------------- and sin y = -------------------- 270 3 2 0 -1
a2 + b2 a2 + b2