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A Research On The Philippine Underground
A Research On The Philippine Underground
ABSTRACT
Being a permanent part of the nation's economy, the underground economy poses a lot of economic
potentials and benefits when properly enriched and supported and/or improved by the government. These potentials
include the fact that it somehow contributes to the annual GDP and GNP of the Philippines and that it also plays a
significant role in the economy by absorbing the surplus labor that cannot be taken in by the formal sector and thus
serves as a safeguard and/or safety net during economic crisis. Overall, this paper provides an in depth exploration
of the Philippine underground economy--how it affects the annual summation of GDP and GNP, the roles it play in
the economic growth of the country, and the laws, regulations, policies, and programs imposed and made by the
government and NGOs upon it all the while challenging the system and its economic planning bodies with regards
The informal economy has long been a permanent fixture of a nation's economy
since the ILO (International Labor Organization) has identified its concept in 1972 despite
the consequences and disadvantages that the sector offers. In an attempt to explore
possible ways of quantifying it and to identify the roles it plays particularly in the Philippine
economy, this paper aims to identify the effects of the increasing population growth rate of
the informal economy to the country's total yearly national output and to provide an
economic growth rate, legislations and programs imposed by the government, including
concerned NGOs, upon it. Exploring on published articles, books, journal entries, and
reports from reseraches gathered online (via the Internet) and offline (library reseraches),
this paper suggests that the informal economy has a lot of economic potentials when
Review of Literature
The term informal sector was used first in 1972 to refer to activities that are
(ILO,2002). Basing on the first definition, many researchers and authors attempted to
provide their own definition of the term. For instance, Chen, Jhabvala and Lund (2002) have
presented three views of the informal sector prior to the formal economy and the governing
bodies responsible to it. To add, Becker(2004) proposed eight ways to define the informal
sector in a more specific way at the same time characterising it and identifying reasons for
its existince. Furthermore, Bolivar (2006), has also tried to provide a definition and sample
magnitudes of it as a percent of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) on different countries all
An Overview of the Lurking Economy 4
the while pointing out that the major factors for the existince of the informal economy is the
(p.5) as Edwards, Jones, and Ram (2006) have also claimed when they cited Schneider in
the literature, Shades of Grey in the Informal Economy remarking that the high rates of
direct and indirect taxes plus social security burdens drive people to informality.
Some researchers have also focused on sizing up the magnitude of the informal
2002 on how to measure the non-observed economy has identified and promoted best
practices in dealing with it statistically. Furthermore, Schneider (2002) has also made an
effort to size up the informal economy in 110 countries worldwide using different proposed
methods. In relation to this, the journal entry, Counting the Invisible Workforce: the Case
of the Home-based Workers, pointed out that though home-based workers are a part of the
informal economy, they should still be included in the official statistics of labor since what
In the Philippine context, there have been also attempts to define, quantify, and
study the concept of the parallel economy. For example, Alonzo and Mangahas (1990)
presented summaries and discussions of various surveys conducted about the informal
sector in Metro Manila with the latter as the main setting of the surveys. Gatchalian et al.
(1986) also conducted earlier researches and surveys about the unrecorded employment
focused on the four major cities of Metro Manila. Basing from the gathered results, they
employment in the Philippines. While Sibal (2007) sought to quantify the informal economy
in the Philippines, the Congressional Planning and Budget Department of the House of
Representatives presented a profile of the sector in 2008 and Kuang-Jung (1997) focused
on the subject of Filipino retailing as a major economic activity conducted by poor Filipinos
challenging the government to improve the sector. For instance, Dorotan et al. (2010)
the purposes of improving the informal economy. Moreover, Lanzona's Transforming the
further develop the sector while Farolan (1998) has discussed the need for social protection
and social legislation for workers in the informal sector all the while listing some labor
policies on social legislation imposed on it. In addition, Macaranas, Sibal, And Tolentino
(2001) classified laws affecting the informal sector and provided assesments to the extent
of empowerment of the sector based on the conditions of the imposed laws. Lastly, Yu
(1994) provided a list of NGOs that made programs for the it.
economy can be defined in a broad sense as the group of business activities conducted
either legally, illegally or extra-legally for the mere purposes of subsistence. Accounts
earned in these activities are not recorded by the BIR (Bureau of Internal Revenue).
In attempt to define the informal economy in a more specific way, the sector can be
defined using either any of the following eight proposed ways on defining it. First, it can be
specified using the three viewsdualism, structuralism, and legalism-- on it prior to the
formal sector (Becker, 2004). According to Chen, M.A., Jhabvala, R. and F. Lund (2001)
who proposed these three views in their working paper for the ILO (International Labor
Organization), Workers in the Informal Economy: a Policy Framework, dualists tend to see
the informal sector as a separate and insignificant subsistence economy for the
disadvantaged relative to the formal economy. In addition, structuralists see the informal
economy as a dependent economy to the formal sector while the legalists give justification
An Overview of the Lurking Economy 6
why there are informal economies. According to this view, informal economies are the
natural and logical response of the micro enterprises to the bureaucracy and the red tape in
A second way to define the informal sector more specifically is through its general
known for being made up of small-scale operations that are usually for the mere purposes
of survival. What is more, the skills that it requires are usually acquired informally and it
also uses adapted or adjusted technology. The last but not the least defining characteristic
A third way to describe the informal economy is to divide it into three categories---
the self-employed, the wage workers, and the employers (Becker, 2004). The self-employed
workers are those who do independent jobs needing insignificant capital and training
(Lanzona, 1998). The wage workers are those who do not have enough capital to spearhead
a business so they resort to working for those who have the capital. Becker has included
those informal enterprises employees, freelancers, and home-based workers, paid domestic
workers, temporary and part-time workers in this category. Corresponding to what Becker
has discussed in her work, Fact finding study: The informal economy, the last category is
composed of employers who are able to own and run informal businesses.
The fourth way to distinguish the informal economy according to Becker (2004) is by
and those work in between the streets and the home--- prior to the location where the
informal activities are conducted. Becker classified the home-based workers into two---the
dependent home-based workers and the independent home-based workers. On the one
An Overview of the Lurking Economy 7
hand, dependent home-based workers are those who are in-between the formal and the
informal economy. Chen, M., OConnell, L., and Sebstad, J. (1999) also termed these
dependent home-based workers as subcontract workers or outworkers for formal firms (p.
605). Subcontract workers or the outworkers for formal firms make up the group who
provide their services for some establishments, but do their services at home. Formal
agreements between them and their employers are documented and these dependent
workers are compensated for what their products and services are worth. Chen, M. et al.
(1999) affirmed that this group is not usually included among the employees of the formal
firms that they work for. Of equal importance, they are also not encompassed in the
surveys of informal workers. On the other hand, independent home-based workers are
those who deliver and provide products and services to potential buyers. Classic examples
for this group in the Philippine context cover those women who go door-to-door and offer
nail polishing services, small-scale farmers who sell their own harvests to the community
and those who sell goods and services through social networking sites like Facebook. The
second group apart from the home-based are those who do vending and trading on the
streets as Becker asserts. In the Philippine scenario, it goes without saying that fishball
vendors are among those who can be classified members of the group. The third group
itinerants include those who work for building constructions or road works. They can also be
those hired helps for bigger farms during harvest seasons. Last of all, those who work in
between the street and the home comprise the last group. Examples of informal actor for
this category provided by Becker include waste-pickers (those who collect plastics, bottles,
potential to enhance employment and income and the factors that push them to go
underground (Becker, 2004). That way, the sector can be divided to three groups. The first
An Overview of the Lurking Economy 8
group would cover those enterprises having the biggest chances on becoming one of the
major contributors in the countrys economic development due to their potential to spawn
development and wealth. These enterprises choose to operate underground because of the
reality that the informal sector is not subject to any rule or regulation and is mainly tax-
free. The sector being not subject to any laws and regulation offers autonomy in the
conduct of business and it being mainly tax-free means large pool of profit. The second
group would include those individuals or household workers who participate in the informal
economy for subsistence purposes. In addition, they also engage informally because it is
where they can only maximize their only asset: labor( Becker, 2004, p. 14) plus the fact
that the process of formalisation is too costly and that red tape and bureaucracies in the
registration processes are too time consuming. The third in this segmentation according to
Becker are those who have formal works, but still take time to participate in the informal
Segmenting the informal sector into two based on production units. This definition
would include family enterprises and micro-enterprises (Becker, 2004). Family enterprises
are family owned businesses and micro-enterprises are business units employing five to ten
definition from the Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act. The definition states that
individuals and of which are unregistered to any government agency. These small-scale
operators sell their services in exchange for very meager wages any other kind of
Finally, the ILO (International Labor Organization) provides its own definition of the
sector as-
An Overview of the Lurking Economy 9
without hired workers, typically operating with a low level of organization and
technology with the primary objective of generating employment and incomes for
their participants; to the extent that these activities are carried out without formal
approval from the authorities and escape administrative machinery responsible for
administrative matters and conditions of work; they are concealed (Lanzona, 1998,
pp.4).
During the 90th International Labor Conference in 2002, a report entitled, Decent
work and the informal economy emphasized that contrary to prior estimations, the informal
economy has incurred a rapid growth in almost every economy worldwide even in
industrialized countries. Furthermore the report also asserted that in the past recent years,
large portions of the labor force are in the informal economy, particularly in the developing
and transition countries (ILO, 2002). In support of the assertion that the informal economy
is no longer a fleeting phenomenon, but rather a permanent part of the nations economy,
Lanzona (1998) affirmed that so long as there is surplus labor unabsorbed by the formal
economy and as long as the economy would not industrialize to create more job
opportunities, the informal sector would stay undissolved and the informal workers would
remain and stay as a compliment to the formal workers. Becker (2004) also pointed out
that the absence of government support and the income and asset inequitymeaning, the
Being a permanent part of the nations economy, coming side to side with the formal
economy, the nature of the informal sector varies greatly from the nature of the formal
An Overview of the Lurking Economy 10
sector. The two sectors are obviously poles apart.Kuang-Jung C. (1997) argued that the
customary way of operation in the developing countries, the Philippines being one, has led
to the division of the total labor force into two. On the one hand, the first part works in the
formal and structured economy which is characterized by amiable wages, secured working
terms and conditions, work security and stability, and potential for advancements. On the
other hand, the other part of the labor force works in the informal sector which is very
opposite to the formal sector with it having low wages, poor working conditions, uneven and
not uniformed employment, and limited chances for development (Kuang-Jung C.,1997).
InThe Nature, Consequences, and the Prospects of the Underground Economy in the
Four Major Cities of Metro Manila, Gatchalian, J.C., Gatchalian, M.M., Barranco, N.O., and
Almeda, C.J. (1986) have also enumerated four characteristics of the informal sector
deviating it from the formal sector. These natures include the following: (1.) workers in the
informal economy tend to work long hours to make both ends meet since they are receiving
very low earnings (2.) the works done and the earnings and compensations received by the
participants are very unstable---irregular or seasonal (3.) there is no formal contract drawn
between the employers and the employees making the employees highly at risk for
exploitation, and lastly (4.) the terms and the conditions the job requires are flexible
symbolizing the existence of no fixed working hours or wages. Basing on the four
enumeration and on the allegation that the informal economy and the formal economy are
very opposite, the researcher concludes that workers from the formal economy in
comparison to the informal economy actors have fixed hours of working time, receive
considerable and stable benefits and salaries from their formal employees unless they are
dismissed, and have formal contracts about the terms and conditions that is required in the
job.
Gatchalian et al. (1986) also added that the informal economy can be distinguished
from the formal economy through its members who are chiefly living in sub-standard
An Overview of the Lurking Economy 11
conditions and through the activities done which in the case of the informal economy,
usually are vending activities. It goes without saying that the living conditions of workers
from the formal economy are at least bars higher than those in the informal economy since
they receive stable benefits, compensations, and salaries from their formal employees,
though this is not likely always the case. In the Philippine context, some employees may
have formal works, but the minimum wage they are receiving is not enough to provide for a
persons daily needs. The minimum wage rate as of June 2008 ranges from 187.00 pesos to
345.00 pesos. This amount of wage is hardly enough to sustain a daily living with the
distinguishes it from the informal economy. The following characteristics are: (1.) formal
enterprises have access to credit (2.) formal economies have access to advanced technology
(3.) formal economies have access to large markets (4.) the contracts and the rights
enforcement between employees and the employers are secured and everything is in black
and white (5.) formal economies have the leastt chances of becoming a liability and they
also have the smallest chances of being risky, and (6.) formal economies have business
et al., Lanzonas features of the formal economy shows how big the difference is between
the two. As compared to informal enterprises, formal activities have the edge of having the
greater access to larger and more profitable markets, more advanced and updated
technology, and credit. Furthermore, the formal economy is secured in terms of working
hours and conditions as stated in an earlier part in the paper. What is more, since they are
registered and are known, they enjoy the opportunity of having knowledge and being
There are considerable factors that drive people to the underground and why the
informal economy exists. The most main and basic reason is to provide income to their
families and to create employment for themselves (Alonzo R., & Mangahas, Ma. A.,1990).
Furthermore, Bolivar (2006) stated that, High taxes, complicated regulations, bureaucratic
hurdles and corruption seem to be the most important factorsthat drive an activity to go
underground (p. 5). Bolivar was supported by Schneider (as cited in Edwards, P., Jones, T.,
& Ram, M., 2006) when he noted that the high rates of direct and indirect taxes plus the
social security burdens drive people and micro-enterprises underground. Moreover, the lack
of attention paid by the government to the development of the agricultural sector as Alonzo
and Mangahas (1990) claimed proves these. In support to this contention, the ILO
(2002)stated that some developing countries tend to focus on reinforcing laws and
industries disregarding the agricultural sector even though the majority of the countrys
population are located in the rural areas and are highly dependent on agricultural
subsistence. Alonzo and Manghas and the ILOs claim prove to be true in the Philippine
setting. Considering the fact that the Philippines is an agricultural country, the governments
focus should be more on the development of the agricultural sector, however, it proved to
be the other way around. As Alonzo and Mangahas (1990) put it, the agricultural sector is
accounted to the inadequate absorption of extra labor. Lanzona (1998) argued that since
the formal sector cannot absorb all the labor force, the extra labor or the surplus labor
The underground economy is related to the countrys total national output in terms
of countrys Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Product. In order to know how
they are related, a step to be considered is to know the different ways proposed to size it
up. In his attempt to measure and estimate the size of the informal economy in 110
countries worldwide, Schneider (2002) proposed three ways to measure the informal
and tax audits. In the tax audits, the discrepancy between the incomes declared
tax by the population and those taxes that are measured by selective checks or
approach.
national accounting, the disparity between the expenditure measure and the
economy.
b. Discrepancy Between the Official and Actual Labor forcethis approach shows
that a the gradual decrease in participation of the labor force in the formal
sector can be used to show the increase in growth of the informal economy
assuming that the total labor force is unvarying, all other things being equal.
approach, the total nominal GNP is related to the total transactions whereby
An Overview of the Lurking Economy 14
the GNP of the informal economy is derived by subtracting the official GNP
the underground are all conducted using direct cash payments for the mere
purposes of not leaving traces for the authorities, therefore, a gradual growth
between the gross rate of the official GDP and the cross rate of total
sector.
approach takes into account the leading causes of the existence of the informal
sector as well as the many effects of the informal economy (Schneider, 2002).
The informal economys share to the yearly summation of the countrys Gross
Domestic Product and Gross National Product and its share in the absorption of labor prove
to be very substantial. The Congressional Planning and Budget Department of the House of
2008, that the share of the informal sector to the yearly national economic output stayed
An Overview of the Lurking Economy 15
the same since 1995 at 20-30 percent. What is more, the informal sector is also responsible
for one-third of non-agricultural GDP. The table below shows the share of the informal
Table 1.
AGRICULTURALGDP
Philippines(2001-2006) 20-30 _
In addition to this, the NTRC (National Tax and Research Center estimated for the
period of 1965-1970 that the informal sector produced an output equivalent of 26 percent of
the GNP as reflected on the individual and corporate tax discrepancies. For the period of
1971-1981, the output rose to 9 percent. For the succeeding years up to 1984, this amount
rose to 6.5 percent higher on the bars making it to a total of 41.5 percent of the GNP. In
1988, the percent contribution went up to 48 percent of the total GNP (Lanzona, 1998).
Aside from its substantial share to the GDP ad GNP accounts, the informal economy
also plays a positive role in the labor employment, it being all around every sector in the
Philippine economy. Pursuant to a 2008 survey done by the Labor Force, presented in the
Planning and Budget Department of the House of Representative, 44.6 percent of the total
Philippine labor force are can be found in the informal sector for the years, 2002 to 2007.
An Overview of the Lurking Economy 16
This total population of the Philippine labor force working in the informal sector continued to
increase over the years at a population growth rate of 2.3 percent, marking its highest
growth rate in 2004 at 6.9 percent. Below shows a table of all working group and the
percent distribution of the informal workers that are associated with them.
Table 2.
Executives,
Managers,
Proprietors and
Supervisors
Associate
Professionals
Workers &
Sales
Workers
Forestry 34.0
Workers &
Fishermen
Related
Workers
Machine
Operators &
Assemblers
Unskilled
Workers
Occupations
Aside from its substantial contribution to the countrys GDP and GNP and to the labor
employment of many a Filipino, the informal economy has also other benefits. One benefit
can be seen when the informal sector buys its capital from the formal sector (Lanzona,
1998). The informal sector has no other place to buy its capital or its non-labor inputs, but
from the formal sector. Compared to the formal sector, these capitals and non-labor inputs
are manufactured and sold by the informal sector at a relatively cheaper price. The process
alone, having the informal sector purchase its capital from the formal sector makes a huge
An Overview of the Lurking Economy 18
contribution to the formal economy by giving rise to the demand of goods in the formal
sector.
Likewise, it also provides livelihood for those who belong to the poorest of the poor
in the country and it serves as a safeguard for those who are employed but still need
additional income to support their families, laid-off employees, and underemployed workers.
Gatchalian et al. (1986) stated that these potential wage laborers (p. 7) need to have an
means of subsistence. Gatchalian et al. further pointed out that the informal sector gives a
serves as a buffer in times of economic crisis. As Edwards, Jones, & Ram (2006) asserted,
the sustained reproduction in the informal sector is a part of logic of unequal exchange
(p.359) where the reason for their continuation is to provide simple and cost-effective goods
The very nature of the underground economy offers a lot of disadvantages and
consequences, as well. For instance, the benefits that the underground workers acquire are
nearly existent with the very meager wages they are receiving. Moreover, employees in the
informal sector do not receive benefits that the formal sector employees receive such as
health benefits and other compensations that workers ought to receive in the span of their
labor life. Gatchalian et al. (1986) further discussed other disadvantages of the informal
sector including its encouragement of child labor and lack of formal work contracts among
employers and employees making the latter easy targets for exploitation. In addition,
the earlier part of this paper, Becker (2004) has highlighted the itinerants who have
seasonal jobs. Lastly, on the governments point of view, the frequency of the underground
activities signify losses in incomes as Abola(2008) puts it in the literature, Profile of the
An Overview of the Lurking Economy 19
In the Philippine context, there are government legislations and programs that affect
the informal economies in a positive way. Pursuant to this, Dorotan, F.G.C., Cabanilla, P.,
Montemayor, Ma. A., & Tan, Ma. C. (2010) listed certain government agencies that are
championing pro-poor programmes and targeting workers in the informal economy (p.11).
Some of these government line agencies include the DSWD (Department of Social Welfare
Education and Skills Development Authority), and the DTI (Department of Trade and
Industry). Programs by the DSWD listed by Dorotan et al. (2010) encompass the following:
national government that is based on the CCT or Conditional Cash Transfer. This
DSWD, this program is a statistics management system that recognizes who and
where the poor are in the country. In the DSWD website, www. dswd.gov.ph, it is
protection programs.
Integrated Delivery of Social Services, this is defined by the DSWD as the Philippine
government ran by the DSWD which good quality and low priced rice noodles to
families who have low incomes. These products are sold at stores co-operatively ran
by the LGUs and the provincial and municipal social welfare and development
officers.
(Cuenca, J.S., & Manasan, R.G., 2008, p.2) distributing NFA rice to elementary
pupils.
Furthermore, the TESDA, DOLE, and the DTI provide programs that mainly focus on
the enrichment of hidden skills by the participants and thus giving them the chances of
getting employed in the formal sector having been provided with proper and adequate
Philippines has also laws approved by the government that supports the disadvantaged
presidential decrees and executive orders imposed by the government towards the
informal workers on the agricultural sector, small and medium enterprises, special
groups of employees. Moreover, there are also cooperative sector laws that aim to
Macaranas et al. (2001) provided three republic acts and a presidential decree
enacted to elevate the conditions of the small-scale farmers and fisher folks. These
Likewise, small and medium enterprises are also supported by the government
through RA 6977 otherwise known as the Magna Carta for Small Enterprises. Enacted in
1991, this law aims to promote entrepreneurial activities and enhance self-reliance (Farolan,
Ma. M.,1998).
women (p. 118) in the list of the special groups of employees. For the industrial
homeworkers, Chapter IV, Articles 153-155 of the Labor Code of the Philippines protects
these workers and their employers. Similarly, house helpers are also protected under
Chapter III Articles 141-152 of the Labor Code of the Philippines. In the same way, child
workers are also under the care of the government through Section 12 of RA 7600, Articles
139-140 of the Labor Code, HB 07233, and HB 07167 (Macaranas, et al., 2001). Also,
women in the informal sector are being empowered and protected through Articles 130-140
Other laws are concerned with the cooperative sector. In compliance to Article XII,
Section 15 of the Philippine Constitution, RA 6938 and RA 6939, also known as the
Philippine Cooperative Code and Cooperative Development Act, these two were imposed to
endorse the development and the feasibility of cooperatives as aids to the informal sector
On the same token, other related laws include Proclamation no. 548, E.O. 452, RA
more famously known as NGOs also have programs directed to the informal sector. Some of
Soacial Development Foundation and the Local Government Unit of Quezon City,
30, 000 men, women and children who scavenged in Payatas formed this
association in 1993 aiming to create joint solutions to problems they face and to
build better, safer and secured communities, lives and jobs for their development
2. PATAMABA--PambansangTagapag-ugnayngmgaManggagawasaBahay is a social
2010).
5. SIDCCthe San Dionisio Credit Cooperative famous for being the biggest and
The informal sector as distinguished in this research paper, when properly supported
and enriched by the government has a lot of economic potentials. For one, it helps to put
An Overview of the Lurking Economy 23
into equilibrium both the input and output markets, meaning, it contributes a significant
amount to the Gross National Product and the Gross Domestic Product and it also has a lot
of advantages to the employment of the surplus labor that cannot be taken in by the formal
economy. These contributions made by the informal economy can be more taken to a higher
level if the government and its economic planning bodies focus more on its enrichment and
development especially the agricultural sector since majority of the Filipinos are located in
agricultural places.
In order to unravel the wide expanse of the potential of the informal economy, the
1. Continue providing more skills development and trainings for the disadvantaged.
2. Create a market place environment that does not disregard the informal
3. Minimize the neglect of country side development and stop private and public
5. Promote social protection and provide loan and credit banks for the informal
actors.
An Overview of the Lurking Economy 24
References:
Alonzo, R., &Mangahas, Ma. A. (1990).The informal sector in Metro Manila: findings from a
Becker, K. F. (2004). Fact finding study: The informal economy. (2004, March), 1-35.
perspective of the informal business(Working Paper No. 1).Retrieved on July 10, 2012
from http://www.bg-consulting.com/docs/informalpaper.pdf.
Chen, M.A., Jhabvala, R., & Lund, F. (2001). Supporting workers in the informal sector: a policy framework(Paper
prepared for ILO Task Force on the informal economy). Retrieved on July 10, 2012 from
Supporting-Workers-policypaper.pdf.
Chen, M., OConnel, L., &Sebstad, J. (1999).Counting the invisible workforce: The case of the home-based
gov.ph/download/cpbd/fnf_112008_profsector.pdf.
Cuenca, J. S.,&Manasan, R. G.(2008). Who benefits from the Food-For-School Program and
swdjour08/dswd%20journal%20vol.%202%20%201%20new%20revision%204-29-08.pdf.
An Overview of the Lurking Economy 25
Dorotan, F.G.C., Cabanilla, P., Montemayor, Ma. A., & Tan, Ma. C. (2010).Informal economy
budget analysis in Philippines and Quezon City.( Working Paper No. 12). Philippines:
WEIGO.
Edwards, P., Jones, T., & Ram, M. (2006).Shades of grey in the informal economy.International Journal of
protection and legislation for workers in the informal sector (pp.32-56). Manila:
Gatchalian, J.C. (1986). The nature, consequences, and aspects of uindeground employment in the major cities of
ILO (2002).Decent work and the informal sector. (Report No. VI). Retrieved on October 3,
Kuang-Jung, C. (1997). The Filipino tingui retailing approach and cigarette price increase.
the informal sector (pp. 1-30). Manila: Bishops-Businessmens Conference for Human
Development.
Macaranas, B.S., Sibal, J.V., & TolentinoMa.C.(2001). Survey and assessment of laws on the
http://rru.worldbank.org/Documents/PapersLinks/Sida.pdf.
An Overview of the Lurking Economy 26
Schneider, F. (2002, July).Size and measurement of the informal economy in 110 countries
around the world. Paper presented at a Workshop of Australian National Tax Centre,
http://rru.worldbank.org/Documents/PapersLinks/informal_economy.pdf.
Sibal, J.V. (2007, October).Measuring the informal sector in the Philippines and the trends
http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ncs/10thNCS/papers/invited%20papers/ips-22/ips22-03.pdf.
Grade: INC/82.5