individual, or even a cross-cultural way of expressing the sexual orientation by LGBI people
that would never be imagined of heterosexual people in the heteronormative order.
‘The Guideline defines gay and lesbian people not only as practicing same-sex sexuality, but
further having a romantic and/or emotional attraction to the same sex (par.10). The Guideline
explicitly states that gay men are the most visible in the ‘LGBTT’ group and many negative
political campaigns focus on gay men (par.10).
led,
‘The Guidetine draws attention tothe careful use ofthe tem ‘gy’, tbaréandesribe gay men
or lesbian women not to use gay male asylum applicants as
“tempt” for other cases on sexual rientaton and/or gender identity (par 10). This pats
an important recommendation, as stilljthe traditional image of the male asylum seeker who
escaped political oppression({s more likely to be granted asylum rings )
‘Homophobia is expressed differently towards men and women, as in7 mere countries
worldwide male-male consensual sex is criminalized{than consensual lesbian sex (ILGA,
2017). As lesbian sexuality is mostly persecuted by non-state actors (Guideline 2012,
pera, 10).jt is more difficult for lesbian asylum seekers to proof their persecution based on
2
their sexual orientation with documented evidences,as it is mostly a less formal kind of
persecution, shat ‘can affect disadvantageous for a positive outcome of the asylum process
(Berger, 2009) the interrogation method thats ie place in Austrig- questioning dain and
again the asylum applicants about their sexual experiences;js disadvantageous for lesbian
_asylum-seekers (Berg & Millbank, 2009). The Guidelines recommends note base est
assessment of a lesbian woman on stereotypical notions of the label, in,Geder-to.stop the
disadvantageous assessment of lesbian asylum-applicant. As there are many different lesbian
‘women with different experiences and expressions of their lesbian identities, the Guidelines
{
points out (Para 10) that each claim should be considered individualfand not every,
experience gan be assigned to the common labels hat may be established.
4
In aditlon the research shows that thd interdependence of the gender and sexual dentin
the oe of lesbian women, ape'ignored by Asylum Courts ( ;
SS ee ee
). This means thatthe negatjye experiences the lesbian asylum claimer has
‘Made are generalized to an experience she pade as a woman and not as a member of sexual
minority. For lesbian asylum seekerp, itis very difficult, toring their own voice, as the
concept of “lesbignign’ is already marked by cultural invisibility. The term ‘lesbian’ as well
as the term ‘alien€onstruct a subject that is defined by exclusion from the hegemonic power
(Varela and Guitierrez-Rodriguez, 2000).