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Pali Part1 PDF
Pali Part1 PDF
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
I
The Alphabet
Pronunciation
Parts of Speech
Gender, Number and Case
Declension of Nouns
Conjugation of Verbs
Conjugation of the Root Paca (to cook) Paca
Different Conjugations
The Seventh Conjugation
Past Tense
Personal Pronouns ()
Future Tense
Declension of Feminine Nouns
The Imperative
The Optative or Potential ()
Absolutives or so-called Indeclinable Past Participles
Neuter Gender
The Infinitive
Classification of Nouns
Pronouns
Adjectives (Pronominal)
The Verbal Adjectives or Participles
Past Participles
"To" in the Sense of Ablative of Separation
Adjectives
Numerals
Declension of Numerals
Ordinal Numerals
I
Adverbs
Syntax ()
Order of Sentences
Concord
Enlarge and Analyse a Sentence
Passive Voice
Passive Participles
Causal or Causative Verbs
Vocabulary
II
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
1. Alphabet, Pronunciation, Parts of Speech, Declension, Conjugation
The Alphabet
Pronunciation
Parts of Speech )
Gender, Number and Case
Declension of Nouns
Conjugation of Verbs
Conjugation of the Root "Paca" paca
2. More conjugations, Masculine nouns, Past Tense
Different Conjugations
The Seventh Conjugation
Masculine Stems Ending in i i
Past Tense
3. Personal pronouns, Future Tense, Masculine nouns in and u
Personal Pronouns
Future Tense
Masculine Nouns Ending in
Masculine Nouns Ending in u u
4. Adjectival nouns, Masculine nouns in , Adverbs of time, Feminine
nouns, Imperative mood, Optative mood, Indeclinable Past Participle
Adjectival Nouns Ending in u u
Masculine Nouns Ending in
Adverbs of Time
Declension of Feminine Nouns
The Imperative
The Optative or Potential ()
Feminine Stems Ending in i i
Feminine Stems Ending in
Indeclinable Past Participle
5. Feminine nouns in u, Adverbs of place, Neuter nouns, Infinitive
III
Feminine Nouns Ending in u u
Adverbs of Place
Neuter Gender
The Infinitive
Neuter Nouns Ending in i i
Neuter Nouns Ending in u u
Some More Particles
6. Classification of nouns, Pronouns, Pronominal adjectives, Present
participles
Classification of Nouns
Pronouns
Adjectives (Pronominal)
The Demonstrative Pronoun "Ta"Ta
The Demonstrative Pronoun "Ima"Ima
The Verbal Adjectives or Participles
The Present Participle
7. Past participles, Usage of -to, Adjectives
Past Participles
"To" in the Sense of AblativeTo
Adjectives
8. Numerals: Cardinal, Ordinal
Numerals
Declension of Numerals
Ordinal Numerals
9. Adverbs, Syntax, Concord
Adverbs
Syntax
Order of a Sentence
Concord
How to Enlarge and Analyse a Sentence
10. Passive voice, Passive participles, Causative
Passive Voice
Passive Participles
Causal or Causative Verbs
The Vocabulary: Pali-English | English-Pali
IV
The New Pali Course Book 1
By Prof. A. P. Buddhadatta, Maha Nayaka Thera
Seventh Edition 7
(Published by Singapore Buddhist Meditation Centre, 1998)
Foreword
By Dr. G. P. Malalasekara
University College, Colombo
I consider it a great honour that I should have been asked to write this
foreword. The eminence of Rev. A. P. Buddhadatta Thera as a scholar is
far too well-known in Ceylon and elsewhere for his work to need any
commendation from others. His books, particularly the
Plibhshvataraa, have for many years now been a great boon to
students of Pali. The fact that they are written in Sinhalese has, however,
restricted their use only to those acquainted with the language. Rev.
Buddhadatta has by this present publication removed that disability. As a
teacher of Pali, chiefly through the medium of English, I welcome this
book with great cordiality for it would considerably lighten my labours. It
fulfils a great need and I wish it success with all my heart. I would also
congratulate the publishers on their enterprise in a new field.
G. P. Malalasekara.
University College, Colombo.
17th June, 1937.
V
VI
Preface
Pali is the language in which the oldest Buddhist texts were composed. It
originated in the ancient country of Magadha which was the kingdom
which was the kingdom of Emperor Asoka and the centre of Buddhistic
learning during many centuries. Pali is older than classical Sanskrit, and a
knowledge of it is very useful to students of philology and ancient history.
It is still the classical language of the Buddhists of Ceylon, Burma and
Siam.
During the latter half of the last century some European scholars became
interested in the study of Pali and wrote some articles and books to
encourage the study of it. At the same time the publication of Pali Texts
in Europe was begun through the efforts of Professors V. Fausboll, H.
Oldenberg and T. W. Rhys Davids. Thanks to the indefatigable labours of
the last mentioned scholar and the Pali Text Society, which he established
some fifty years ago, the whole of the Pali Canon (of the Theravda
School) is now found in print.
Pali is now taught in many universities both in the East and the West.
There is also a desire all over the civilized world at the present day to read
the original Pali Texts in order to find out what the Buddha has preached
to mankind 25 centuries ago and to see what historical and philosophical
treasures are enshrined therein. Therefore, to facilitate the study of Pali,
some modern scholars have compiled Pali courses, grammars and readers
according to modern methods. Of these the Pali Grammar by Chas.
Duroiselle, formerly Professor of Pali at Rangoon College, still stands
unrivalled. Gray's Pali Course has done much service for a long time to
students in India and Burma; and S. Sumangala's Pali Course has done the
same to students in Ceylon.
Although such books were written in European languages hardly any
appeared in Sinhalese. Here they studied Pali through books which were
written many centuries ago. Therefore, about 1920, when some schools in
Ceylon began to teach Pali, the great difficulty before them was the lack
of suitable books. Then, requested and encouraged by Mr. P. de S.
Kularatna, Principal, Ananda College, I compiled Plibhshvataraa (I, ,
I) in Sinhalese to teach Pali grammar and composition to beginners. It
was a success; the demand for the first book necessitated the publisher to
VII
bring out three editions of it within eleven years from 1923 to 1934. (ed.
Now it is in the eleventh edition)
Many complimented the work. Recently there came a request from Burma
for permission to translate the same into Burmese. Some suggested to me
to write it in English as the books already mentioned did not satisfy them;
but I dared not to do it as my knowledge of English was insufficient for
such a task. But finally I was prevailed upon by Dr. G. C. Mendis to
produce this volume.
This is not a literal translation of the Sinhalese edition, but a different
compilation on the same lines. To understand the nature of the work it is
enough to quote from the report, sent to me by the "Text Book
Committee" of the Education Department of Ceylon, on the Sinhalese one:
"This is a book for teaching Pali to beginners through the medium for
Sinhalese. The method adopted is the modern one of teaching the
languages through composition. The lessons are well graded and practical.
This supplies a long felt want... We should recommend it for use in
schools as an introduction to the study of Pali".
My thanks are due, first of all, to Dr. G. C. Mendis, who very kindly
assisted me in many ways to bring out this volume; secondly to Dr. G. P.
Malalasekara, Lecturer in Oriental Languages, Ceylon University College,
for his Foreword, and lastly to the Colombo Apothecaries' Co., Ltd., for
the publication of this volume.
A. P. BUDDHADATTA
Aggrma,
Ambalangoda,
15th June, 1937.
VIII
The New Pali Course-First Book
The Alphabet
Vowels
a, , i, , u, , e, o
Consonants
: k, kh, g, gh,
: c, ch, j, jh,
: , h, , h,
: t, th, d, dh, n
: p, ph, b, bh, m
: y, r, l, v, s, h, ,
2. Of the vowels a, i, u are short; the rest are long.
Although e and o are included in long vowels they are often sounded
short before a double consonant, e.g. mett, seh, okkamati, yotta[1].
*[1] Wide Book for further treatment of letters.
Pronunciation
3. Pronunciation
a is pronounced like a in what or u in hut
is pronounced like a in father
i is pronounced like i in mint
is pronounced like ee in see
u is pronounced like u in put
is pronounced like oo in pool
e is pronounced like a in cage
o is pronounced like o in no
k is pronounced like k in kind
kh is pronounced like kh in blackheath
g is pronounced like g in game
gh is pronounced like gh in big house
is pronounced like ng in singer
c is pronounced like ch in chance
ch is pronounced like ch h in witch-hazel
jh is pronounced like dge h in sledge-hammer
is pronounced like gn in signore
is pronounced like t in cat
h is pronounced like th in ant-hill
is pronounced like d in bad
h is pronounced like dh in red-hot
is pronounced like kn in know
t is pronounced like th in thumb
th is pronounced like th in pot-herb
d is pronounced like th in then
dh is pronounced like dh in adherent
ph is pronounced like ph in uphill
bh is pronounced like bh in abhorrence
y is pronounced like y in yes
s is pronounced like s in sight
is pronounced like ng in sing
j, n, p, b, m, r, l, v and h are pronounced just as they are pronounced in
English.
Parts of Speech
4. In English, there are 8 parts of speech. They are all found in Pali, but
the Pali grammarians do not classify them in the same way. Their general
classification is:
1. Nma = noun
2. khyta = verb
3. Upasagga = prefix
4. Nipta = indeclinable particle
Pronouns and adjectives are included in the first group. Adjectives are
treated as nouns because they are declined like nouns.
Conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs and all other indeclinables are
included in the fourth group.
Declension of Nouns
2. Purise.
3. Hattha.
4. Pdamhi.
5. Kyena.
6. Buddhesu.
7. Dhamma.
8. Saghamh.
9. Suriye.
10. Rukkhassa.
11. ksena.
12. Bhplebhi.
13. Dev.
14. Canda.
15. Gmasm.
16. Goya.
17. Shna.
18. Asso.
19. Sakuna.
20. Macasmi.
Translate into Pali
1. The dogs.
2. Of the hand.
3. On the men.
4. From the tree.
5. In the islands.
6. With the foot.
7. By the hands.
8. To the lion.
9. Of the oxen.
10. From the birds.
11. By the king.
12. O deity.
13. To the sun.
14. In the sky.
15. Through the body.
16. On the bed.
17. Of the moons.
18. In the world.
19. The monkey.
20. Through the light.
Exercise 2
Suggested Solutions
Conjugation of Verbs
10. There are three tenses, two voices, two numbers, and three persons in
the conjugation of Pali verbs.
Tense
1. Vattamnakla = Present Tense
2. Attakla = Past Tense
3. Angatakla = Future Tense
Voice
1. Kattukraka = Active Voice
2. Kammakraka = Passive Voice
Person
1. Pahamapurisa = Third Person
2. Majjhimapurisa = Second Person
3. Uttamapurisa = First Person
The first person in English is third in Pali.
Numbers are similar to those of nouns.
11. There is no attempt to conjugate the Continuous, Perfect, and Perfect
Continuous tenses in Pali; therefore only the indefinite forms are given
here.
Conjugation of the Root Paca (to cook)
Paca
Different Conjugations
14. There are seven different conjugations in Pali; they are called
dhtugaas (= groups of roots). The Pali grammarians represent roots
with a final vowel, but it is often dropped or changed before the
conjugational sign. Each dhtugaa has one or more different
conjugational signs, which come between the root and the verbal
termination.
The seven conjugations and their signs are:
1st Conjugation = Bhuvdigaa: a
2nd Conjugation = Rudhdigaa: -a
3rd Conjugation = Divdigaa: ya
4th Conjugation = Svdigaa: o, u, u
5th Conjugation = Kiydigaa:
6th Conjugation = Tandigaa: o, yira
7th Conjugation = Curdigaa: e, aya
A great number of roots are included in the first and the seventh group.
The roots paca and bh, given above, belong to the first conjugation. The
last vowel of "paca" is dropped before the conjugation sign a.
The monosyllabic roots like bh do not drop their vowel. It is guated or
strengthened before the conjugational sign:
i or strengthened becomes e
u or strengthened becomes o
e.g. N + a becomes Ne + a;
Bh + a becomes Bho + a
Then e followed by a is changed into ay
and o followed by a is changed into av
e.g. Ne + a becomes naya;
Bho + a becomes bhava
It is not necessary for a beginner to learn how these bases are formed. But
the bases will be given very often for the convenience of the students. The
base is the root with its conjugational sign combined.
15. The special feature of the first conjugation is that the last vowel of the
base is strengthened before the First Personal endings.
The same rule is applied for the bases ending with a of the 2nd, 3rd, 6th
and 7th conjugations, in addition to their special features.
The bases of the seventh conjugation are of two kinds as it has two
conjugational signs, e.g. from the root pla two bases ple and playa are
formed.
Conjugation of Pla (to protect or govern)
Indicative, Present, Active Voice
Base: Ple
Person Singular Plural
Third pleti plenti
Second plesi pletha
First plemi plema
Base: Palaya
Person Singular Plural
Third playati playanti
Second playasi playatha
First playmi playma
Some of the similarly conjugated are:
jleti = kindles
mreti = kills
oloketi = looks at
coreti = steals
deseti = preaches
cinteti = thinks
pjeti = offers, respects
ueti = flies
peti = oppresses
udeti = (the sun or moon) rises
pteti = fells down
hapeti = keeps
16. The conjugational sign of the fifth group is shortened in the Third
Person plural.
Base: Vikkina = To sell
Person Singular Plural
** There are = bhavanti.
[20090723 ******]
Past Tense
Second playo playittha
First plesi, playi playimha, playimh
The following are similarly conjugated:-
mresi = killed
jlesi = kindled
desesi = preached
nesi = brought
coresi = stole
pjesi = offered; respected
nesi = carried
thapesi = kept
cintesi = thought
pesi = oppressed
kathesi = told
ptesi = dropped down or felled
Exercise 6
Suggested Solutions
Personal Pronouns ()
20. Two personal pronouns amha and tumha are declined here because of
their frequent usage. There are of the common gender and have no
vocative forms.
The First Personal "Amha"
Case Singular Plural
amhe, amhka, no =
Acc. ma, mama = me
us
Ins. may, me amhebhi, amhehi, no
Exercise 7
Suggested Solutions
Translate into English
1. Aha mayha puttassa assa adadi.
2. Tva amhka gm gacchasi.
3. Maya tava hatthe passma.
4. Mama putt giri ruhisu.
5. Tumhka sunakh magge sayisu.
6. Amha mitt cora asin paharisu.
7. Tumha ds arna asse harisu.
8. Coro mama puttassa maayo coresi.
9. Isayo mayha gehe na vasisu.
10. Kavi tava puttna dhamma desesi.
11. Amhesu kodho* natthi.
12. Tumhe vijassa mayre kiittha.
13. Maya bhpatino mige vikkiimha.
14. Gahapatino putto ma pahari.
15. Adhipatino ds mama goe paharisu.
16. Aha tumhka vh na gahi.
17. Dp gmamh na dhvi.
18. Tumhe ahayo na mretha.
19. Maya atithna odana pacimha.
20. Kapayo ma hra ycisu.
Translate into Pali
1. I sold my gems to a merchant.
2. We gave our oxen to the slaves.
3. You bought a sword from me.
4. (You) don't beat monkeys with your hands.
5. The leader brought a lion from the mountain.
6. The monk preached the doctrine to you.
7. We gave food to the serpents.
8. The slaves of the householder carried our paddy.
9. You did not go to the sea.
10. There are no gems in my fist.
11. The poet's son struck the dog with a stick.
12. Our sons learnt from the sage.
13. Your monkey fell down from a tree.
14. My dog went with me to the house.
15. A serpent bit my son's hand.
16. The leopard killed a bull on the road.
17. My friends looked at the lions.
18. We did not see the king's sword.
19. I did not go to the deer.
20. Thou buyest a peacock from the poet.
* kodha = anger (m)
Future Tense
bhg = sharer
sukh = receiver of comfort, happy
mant = minister
kar = elephant
sikh = peacock
bal = a powerful person
sas = moon
chatt = possessor of an umbrella
ml = one who has a garland
srath = charioteer
ga = one who has a following
Exercise 8
Suggested Solutions
Translate into English
1. Mant hatthina ruhissati.
2. Maya sehino geha gamissma.
3. Tva smino puttassa kapi dadissasi.
4. Gaino sukhino bhavissanti.
5. Amhka smino dghajvino na bhavanti.
6. Ppakr yahin bhogi mresi.
7. Mama putt sehino gme vasissanti.
8. Kuh srathino pda yahin pahari.
9. Sikh chattimh bhyissati.
10. Srath asse gmamh harissati.
11. Tumhe mlhi sasina olokessatha.
12. Bal dhino kya chindissati.
13. Amhka mantino balino abhavisu.
14. Sehino mlino passissanti.
15. Maya gehe odana bhujissma.
Translate into Pali
1. Our lord went to the minister.
2. The millionaire will be the possessor of a long life.
3. Evil-doers will not become* receivers of comfort.
4. The tusker will strike the leper.
5. The minister will get a peacock from the lord.
6. The charioteer will buy horses for the minister**.
7. My peacocks will live on the mountain.
8. The serpents will bite the powerful.
9. The lord's sons will see the lions of the millionaire.
10. We will buy a deer from the guest.
11. The elephant killed a man with (its) feet.
12. You will not be a millionaire.
13. The king's sons will eat with the ministers.
14. The monkeys will not fall from the tree.
15. I will not carry the elephant of the charioteer.
* "will not become" = na bhavissanti.
** Dative must be used here.
23. Declension of masculine nouns ending in u
U IV
Garu (teacher)
Case Singular Plural
bhtarebhi, bhtarehi,
Ins., Abl. bhtar
bhtbhi, bhthi
Voc. bhta, bht bhtaro
Pitu (father) is similarly declined.
25. Nattu (grandson)
Case Singular Plural
27. Adjectival nouns ending in -vantu and -mantu are differently declined
from the above masculine nouns ending in -u.
1. They are often used as adjectives; but they become substantives
when they stand alone in the place of the person or the thing they
qualify.
2. There are declined in all genders. In the feminine, they change their
final vowel, e.g. guavat, slavat; guavant, slavant.
***The New Pali Course Book 1**********
28. Masculine ending in -u
Declension of Guavantu (virtuous)
Case Singular Plural
guavanto,
Nom. guav
guavant
guavantebhi,
Ins. guavat, guavantena
guavantehi
guavata,
Dat., Gen. guavato, guavantassa
guavantna
guavati, guavante,
Loc. guavantesu
guavantamhi, guavantasmi
guavanto,
Voc. guava, guava, guav
guavant
The following are declined similarly:-
dhanavantu = rich
balavantu = powerful
bhnumantu = sun
bhagavantu = the Exalted One, fortunate
paavantu = wise
yasavantu = famous
satimantu = mindful
buddhimantu = intelligent
puavantu = fortunate
kulavantu = of high caste
phalavantu = fruitful
himavantu = the Himalaya, possessor of ice
cakkhumantu = possessor of eyes
slavantu = virtuous, observant of precepts
bandhumantu = with many relations
Those ending in -mantu should be declined as: cakkhum, cakkhumanto,
cakkhumat and so on.
29. Declension of masculine nouns ending in
Vid (wise man or knower)
Case Singular Plural
hyo = yesterday
yad = when, whenever
ekad = one day, once
pacch = afterwards
pur = formerly, in former days
sya = in the evening
pto = in the morning
parasuve = day after tomorrow
parahyo = day before yesterday
Exercise 10&&&&
Suggested Solutions
Translate into English
1. Bhagav ajja sotrna dhamma desessati.
2. Bhikkhavo bhagavanta vandisu.
3. Cakkhumanto sad bhnumanta passanti.
4. Tad balavanto vehi ar paharisu.
5. Kad tumhe dhanavanta passissatha?
6. Suve maya slavante vandissma.
7. Bhagavanto sabbauno bhavanti.
8. Viduno kulavato geha gacchisu.
9. Himavati kapayo ca pakkhino ca isayo ca vasisu.
10. Puavato natt buddhim bhavi.
11. Kulavata bhtaro dhanavanto na bhavisu.
12. Aha Himavantamhi phalavante rukkhe passi.
13. Pur maya Himavanta gacchimha.
14. Hyo sya bandhumanto yasavata gma gacchisu.
15. Viuno pacch pabhuno gehe vasissanti
Translate into Pali
1. Sons of the wealthy are not always wise.
2. One who has relations does not fear enemies.
3. The brothers of the virtuous will bow down to the Exalted One.
4. Your grandsons are not intelligent.
5. Tomorrow the wise men will preach to the men of the high caste.
6. Today the rich will go to a mountain in the Himalayas.
7. There are fruitful trees, lions and leopards in the garden of the rich
man.
8. When will the famous men come to our village?
9. The sons of the powerful will always be famous.
10. Once, the wise man's brother struck the virtuous man.
11. Formerly I lived in the house of the over-lord.
12. Yesterday there were elephants and horses in the garden.
13. Now the man of high caste will buy a lion and a deer.
14. Our fathers were mindful.
15. Once we saw the sun from the rich man's garden.
The Imperative
3rd (so) pacatu = let him cook (te) pacantu = let them cook
Verbs containing auxiliary parts may, might, can, could, should and
would are included in this mood.
Paca (to cook)
Case Singular Plural
/
36. The words ending in tv, tvna, tna and ya, like katv (having done),
gantvna (having gone), and dya (having taken), are called
Absolutives, which cannot be declined. All other participles, being verbal
adjectives, are declined.
Some European Pali scholars have called them "gerunds"; but, as the Past
Participles may be used in their place without affecting the sense, they
resemble more in the Active Past Participle, e.g.,
In the sentence:
So gma gantv bhatta bhuji
(Having gone to the village, he ate rice)...
"gantv" may be replaced by Past Participle gato.
In analysing a sentence, these go to the extension of the predicate, which
in fact shows that they are neither gerunds nor participles.
Examples:
1. pacitv = having cooked
2. bhujitv = having eaten
3. pivitv = having drunk
4. sayitv = having slept
5. hatv = having stood
6. pacitna = having cooked
7. dya = having taken
8. vidhya = having commanded or done
9. pahya = having left
10. nahtv = having bathed
11. kitv = having played
12. okkamma = having gone aside
Remark
A. Tv, tvna and tna may be optionally used, and they are added to the
base by means of a connection vowel i, when the base is not ending in a long
.
B. "Ya" is mostly added to the roots compounded with prefixes, e.g. + d +
ya = dya, vi + dh + ya = vidhya.
In other cases it is sometimes assimilated with the last consonant of the base
or sometimes interchanged with it, e.g.,
(1) Assimilated:
+ gam + ya = gamma (having come)
ni + kham + ya = nikkhamma (having come out)
(2) Interchanged:
+ ruh + ya = ruyha (having ascended)
pa + gah + ya = paggayha (having raised up)
o + ruh + ya = oruyha (having descended)
Exercise 12
Suggested Solutions
Translate into English
1. Brhma kumriy saddhi nadiya nahtv geha agami.
2. Nriyo odana pacitv bhujitv kukkuna pi adasu.
3. Kumriyo sakhhi saha vpi gantv nahyissanti.
4. Rjin dp nikkhamma nvya gamissati.
5. Vnar itthiyo passitv taru ruyha nisdi.
6. Taru hatthehi skha dya kahi*.
7. Tumhe vpi taritv** aavi pavisatha***.
8. Dpayo aavsu hatv mig mretv khdanti.
9. Yuvatna pitaro aaviy gamma bhujitv sayisu.
10. Hatthin pokkharai oruyha nahtv kadaliyo khdi.
11. Sh migi mretv susna dadissati.
12. Gviyo bhmiya sayitv uhahitv**** aavi pavisisu.
13. Mama mtuln puttassa dundubhi nessati.
14. Saku mahiya hiitv hra labhati.
15. Kk taruno skhsu nisditv ravitv***** ksa uessanti.
* Pulled; dragged.
** Having crossed.
*** (you) enter.
**** Having risen.
***** Having crowed or having made a noise.
Translate into Pali
1. Having killed a deer in the forest the lioness ate it.
2. Having gone to the village the brahman woman bought a hen
yesterday.
3. The damsels went to the tank, and having bathed and played there,
came home.
4. The she-monkey, having climbed the tree, sat on a branch.
5. The brothers of the girl, having played and bathed, ate rice.
6. Sisters of the boys, having bought garlands, adorned the neck of the
queen.
7. Having crossed the river, the she-elephant ate plantain (trees) in the
garden of a woman.
8. Having brought a boat, our sisters will cross the tank and enter the
forest.
9. Having cooked rice for the father, the maiden went to the pond with
her (female) friends.
10. Having come from the wood, the damsel's father fell on the ground.
11. The cows and oxen of the millionaire, having drunk from the tank,
entered the forest.
12. Having bought a drum, the woman's sister gave (it) to her friend.
13. Having gone to the forest along the river, our brothers killed a
lioness.
14. The queen, having come to the king's tank, bathed there* with her
retinue and walked in the garden.
15. The she-crow, having sat on the branch slept there* after crowing**.
* There = tattha.
** "Ravitv" may be used for "after crowing".
****The New Pali Course Book 1
37. Feminine nouns ending in -u
Dhenu (cow [of any kind])
Case Singular Plural
dhenuya,
Loc. dhensu
dhenuy
Some of the similarly declined are:-
ygu = rice gruel
ksu = pit
vijju = lightning
rajju = rope
daddu = eczema
kacchu = itch
kaeru = she-elephant
dhtu = element
sassu = mother-in-law
38. Mtu is differently declined from the above.
Mtu (mother)
Case Singular Plural
Nom. mt mtaro
Translate into Pali
1. The girl's mother gave a garland to the damsel.
2. Having tied the cows with ropes the woman dragged (them) to the
forest.
3. Having wandered everywhere in the island, the damsel's sister came
home and ate (some) food.
4. Where does your mother's sister live?
5. My sister's daughters live in one place.
6. When will they come to the river?
7. The queen's mother-in-law came* here yesterday and went back**
today.
8. Having bathed in the tank, the daughters of the rich woman walked
across the garden.
9. Our aunts will cook* rice-gruel and drink it with women friends.
10. The cows of the mother-in-law walk between the rock and the trees.
11. When will your mothers and daughters go to the garden and hear the
words of the Buddha?
12. From where did you bring the elephant?
13. Sons of the queen went* along the river*** to a forest and there fell
in a pit.
14. There is itch on the hand of the sister.
15. The thunder-bolt fell* on a rock and broke it into two****.
* Use absolutives like gantv.
** Went back = painivatti or paccyami.
*** Along the river = nadi anu or nad passena.
**** Breaks into two = dvidh bhindati.
Neuter Gender
Ins. nayanena nayanebhi, nayanehi
Dat. nayanya, nayanassa nayanna
Abl. nayan, nayanamh, nayanasm nayanebhi, nayanehi
Gen. nayanassa nayanna
Loc. nayane, nayanamhi, nayanasmi nayanesu
Voc. nayana, nayan nayanni
The following are declined similarly:-
dhana = wealth
phala = fruit
dna = charity, alms
sla = precept, virtue
pua = merit, good action
ppa = sin
rpa = form, image
sota = ear
ghna = nose
pha = chair
vadana = face, mouth
locana = eye
maraa = death
ceti = shrine
paduma = lotus
paa = leaf
susna = cemetery
yudha = weapon
amata = ambrosia
tia = grass
udaka = water
jala = water
pulina = sand
sopa = stair
hadaya = heart
araa = forest
vattha = cloth
suvaa = gold
sukha = comfort
dukkha = trouble, pain
mla = root, money
kula = family, caste
kla = bank (of a river, etc.)
bala = power, strength
vana = forest
puppha = flower
citta = mind
chatta = umbrella
ada = egg
kraa = reason
a = wisdom
khra = milk
nagara = city
The Infinitive
sanika = slowly
sgha = quickly, soon
purato = in the front of, before
yva, tva = till then, so long
nn = separately
vin = without
katha = how?
kasm = why?
Exercise 15
Suggested Solutions
Translate into English
1. Maya gviy khra, khramh dadhi, dadhimh sappica
labhma.
2. Mt dhtuy akkhsu assni disv (tass)* vadana vrin dhovi.
3. Kasm tva ajja vpi gantv puna nadi gantu icchasi?
4. Katha tava bhtaro nadiy padumni ocinitv harissanti?
5. Addh te dhanni dya vana pavisitv miga mretv nessanti.
6. Amhka pitaro tad vanamh madhu haritv dadhin saha
bhujisu.
7. Maya suve tumhehi** vin araa gantv drni
bhajissma***.
8. Kumr sgha dhvitv vpiya klitv sanika gehni agamisu.
9. Tumhe khra pivitu icchatha, athav dadhi bhujitu?
10. Yva mayha pit nahyissati tva aha idha tihmi.
11. Yath bhpati peti tath tva ktu icchasi?
12. ma, aha bhpatino vacana atikkamitu**** na sakkomi.
* Of her.
** Ablative must be used with "vin".
*** Bhajati = breaks.
**** To surpass.
Classification of Nouns
Pronouns
46. Pronouns admit of all genders as they stand for every person or thing
which are in different genders. They become adjectives when they qualify
other nouns. They have no vocative forms.
Adjectives (Pronominal)
47. Adjectives in Pali are not treated separately from nouns, as they take
all the inflections of the nouns. Almost all pronouns become adjectives
when they are used before a substantive of the same gender, number and
case. They are pronouns when they stand alone in a sentence. This
difference will become clear from the following exercise.
Exercise 16
Suggested Solutions
Translate into English
1. Sabbesa nattro paavanto na bhavanti.
2. Sabb itthiyo vpiya nahtv padumni piandhitv gacchisu.
3. Ao vijo sabba dhana ycakna datv geha pahya
pabbaji*.
4. Mt ubhaysa pi dhtarna vatthni kiitv dadissati.
5. Ko nadiy vpiy ca antar dhenu harati?
6. Kassa putto dakkhia disa gantv vhi harissati?
7. Ye ppni karonti te niraye** nibbattitv dukkha labhissanti.
8. Ksa dhtaro vanamh drni haritv odana pacissanti?
9. Katarena maggena so puriso nagara gantv bhani** kii?
10. Itar drik vanitya hatth pupphni gahetv cetiya pjesi.
11. Paresa dhana dhaa v gahitu m cintetha.
12. Aparo aissa vpiya nahtv pubbya disya nagara
pvisi***.
* Left the household life; became a monk.
** Bhaa = (n) goods.
*** Entered.
Abl. tamh, tasm tebhi, tehi
Loc. tamhi, tasmi tesu
Feminine
Case Singular Plural
Nom. s (she) t, tyo (those women)
Acc. ta, na (her) t, tyo (them)
Ins., Abl. tya tbhi, thi
Dat., Gen. tass, tyo tsa, tsna
Loc. tassa, tya tsu
Neuter
Case Singular Plural
Nom. ta (it) te, tni (those things)
Acc. ta (it) te, tni (those things)
The rest is similar to that of the masculine.
Eta (that or this) is declined like ta. One has only to prefix an "e" to the
forms of ta, e.g. eso, ete, eta, ena, and so on.
49. Declension of demonstrative pronoun ima (this)
Masculine
Case Singular Plural
Nom. aya = this (man) ime = these (men)
Acc. ima ime
Ins. anena, imin ebhi, ehi, imebhi, imehi
Dat., esa, esna, imesa,
assa, imassa
Gen. imesna
Abl. asm, imamh, imasm ebhi, ehi, imebhi, imehi
asmi, imamhi,
Loc. esu, imesu
imasmi
Feminine
Case Singular Plural
im, imyo = these
Nom. aya = this (woman)
(women)
Acc. ima im, imyo
Ins., Abl. imya imbhi, imhi
Dat., ass, assya, imiss, imissya,
imsa, imsna
Gen. imya
Loc. assa, imissa, imya imsu
Neuter
Case Singular Plural
Nom. ida, ima = this (thing) ime, imni = these (things)
Acc. ida, ima ime, imni
The rest is similar to that of the masculine.
Exercise 17
Suggested Solutions
Translate into English
1. Aya sho tamh vanamh nikkhamma imasmi magge hatv
eka itthi mresi.
2. So tsa yuvatna tni vatthni vikkiitv tsa santik* mla
labhissati.
3. Imiss dhtaro tamh vanamh imni phalni harisu, a nriyo
tni khditu gahisu.
4. Im sabb yuvatiyo ta rma gantv dhamma sutv Buddha
padumehi pjessanti.
5. Ime manuss yni puani v ppni v karonti tni te
anugacchanti***.
6. Tass kaya mt dakkhiya disya ima gma gantv idha
cira**** vasissati.
7. Tassa natt imassa bhtar saddhi Koambanagara***** gantv
tni bhanni vikkiissati.
8. T nriyo etsa sabbsa kumrna hatthesu padumni
hapesu******, t tni haritv cetiya pjesu.
9. Tass rjiniy et dsiyo imehi rukkhehi pupphni ocinitv im
mlyo karisu.
10. Kesa so ima dhana datv sukha labhissati?
11. Yo magge gacchati, tassa putto sura pivitv ettha sayati.
12. Ke ta khetta******* gantv tia haritv imsa gvna
datv khra labhitu icchanti?
* Santika = near (but here: tsa santik = from them).
** Mla (n) money, cash.
*** Anugacchati = follows.
**** Cira (m) for a long time.
***** Koambanagara = Colombo.
****** 3rd person plural of the Past Tense.
******* Khetta (n) field.
The Verbal Adjectives or Participles
N36
50. Participles are a kind of adjectives formed from the verbal bases. Like
verbs they are divided into Present, Past and Future; and each group is
again divided into Active and Passive. Being adjectives they are declined
in all the genders.
The Present Active Participles are formed by adding "nta" or "mna" to
the verbal base, e.g.,()
"nta" "mna"
gaccha + nta = gacchanta = going
gaccha + mna = gacchamna = going
paca + nta = pacanta = cooking
paca + mna = pacamna = cooking
51. Declension of the Present Participle
Gacchanta (going)
Masculine
Case Singular Plural
Nom. gaccha, gacchanto gacchanto, gacchant
Acc. gacchanta gacchante
gacchantebhi,
Ins. gacchat, gacchantena
gacchantehi
Dat., gacchata,
gacchato, gacchantassa
Gen. gacchatna
gacchantebhi,
Abl. gacchat, gacchantamh, gacchantasm
gacchantehi
gacchati, gacchante, gacchantamhi,
Loc. gacchantesu
gacchantasmi
Voc. gaccha, gaccha, gacch gacchanto, gacchant
Feminine
Case Singular Plural
Nom., Voc. gacchant gacchant, gacchantiyo
Acc. gacchanti gacchant, gacchantiyo
Ins., Abl. gacchantiy gacchantbhi, gacchanthi
and so on like kumr. N.35
Neuter
Case Singular Plural
Nom. gaccha gacchant, gacchantni
Acc. gacchanta gacchante, gacchantni
The rest is similar to that of the masculine.
Remark: Here one should note that these participles change their endings in
the feminine.
The following are declined similarly:-
pacanta = cooking haranta = carrying
karonta = doing kianta = buying
caranta = walking tihanta = standing
dhvanta = running haranta = bringing
nahyanta = bathing viharanta = living, residing
hasanta = laughing vikkianta = selling
bhujanta = eating dadanta = giving
sayanta = sleeping rodanta = crying
passanta = looking at, seeing
nisdanta = sitting
52. A. All of these have another form ending in -mna, like gacchamna.
In that form, they are declined like nara(N.8) in the masculine,
vanit(N.31) in the feminine, and nayana(N.40) in the neuter.
B. These participles take the gender, number and case of the substantive
in forming sentences, e.g.
Tihanto goo tia khdati = The bull which is standing eats grass, or
Goo tiha tia khdati = The bull eats the grass standing.
C. Active Participles formed from the transitive bases often take an object,
e.g.
Bhatta bhujanto = eating rice.
Exercise 18
Suggested Solutions
Translate into English
1. Going to the river the slave sat at the foot of a tree, eating (some)
fruits.
2. The mother, having raised the crying girl, gave her (some) milk.
3. Walking on the river-bank we saw (some) people bathing in the river.
4. Seeing us there a deer began to run and fell in a pit.
5. Coming out of the forest the lion saw a cow eating grass on that field.
6. Bringing firewood from this forest the maiden drank water from that
tank.
7. A certain man living in this village saw a leopard running to that
mountain.
8. Our fathers and brothers will wander through villages and towns,
(while) selling and buying goods.
9. Standing on the mountain that day, I saw a lioness sleeping in a cave.
10. The boy came to see me, laughing and running.
11. Carrying a drum for his aunt, the farmer sat on this rock, looking at
these trees and fields.
12. The Buddha, living in Svatthi for a long time, preached His doctrine
to the people of that city.
13. While cooking (some) rice, his sister sat singing* on a chair.
14. Giving alms to the beggars the millionaire spent** all his wealth.
15. Playing on the road the boys saw a man running from there.
* (Gta) gyant.
** Vissajjesi.
The New Pali Course Book 1
Past Participles
53. The Past Participles are formed in many ways. Their formation will be
shown in the second book; only a few examples are given here.
gata = gone bhinna = broken
gata = come otia = descended
kata = done, made
haa = brought
vutta = told, said
pahaa = beaten pakka, pacita = cooked
laddha = received
haa = carried
kta = bought
mata = dead bhutta = eaten
sutta, sayita = slept vandita = worshipped
hita = stood hata = killed
nisinna = sat chinna = cut
vuttha = lived kuddha = enraged
daha = bitten
N.B. -- These Participles are often used as complements of verbs, e.g., So
Klakato (hoti) = he is dead. Sometimes the verb is understood.
to
54. Suffix "to" is sometimes added to the nominal bases to denote the
ablative of separation. There is no distinction between the singular and
plural in that form. These are included in the indeclinables:
rukkhato = from the tree or trees
gmato = from the village or villages
purisato = from the man or men
tato = from there, (therefore)
kuto = from where?
sabbato = from everywhere
Exercise 19
Suggested Solutions
Translate into English
1. Hyo araa gato so puriso ahin daho mari.
2. Rukkhato oti pakkh drakena sakkharhi hat honti.
3. Purisena pharasun chinno so rukkho tassa gehassa upari pati.
4. Gmato nikkhant* t gviyo khette tia khditv vpito jala
pivissanti.
5. Vijehi nagarato hani bhani imesu gmesu manussehi ktni
(honti).
6. Tya kaya pakka odana aavito gat tass bhtaro bhujitv
sayissanti.
7. Pitr vutta anussarant** s yuvat tya laddha dhana gahitu
na icchi.
8. Ekena hatthin chinna skha a hatthiniyo gahetv khdisu.
9. Kuto tumhehi imni vatthni tni padumni ca ktni?
10. Kuddho so bhpati tasmi nagare vutthe sabbe manusse tato nhari***.
11. Sappena daho vijassa putto tassa dsehi ekassa vejjassa****
santika nto***** hoti.
12. Idha imasmi phe nisinna kumri gehato gat a drik pahari.
13. Tya paha s ka tass mtuy santika gat rodant ahsi.
14. Magge gacchant te puris tya dhenuy bhinna ghaa******
passisu.
15. Bhpati tehi manussehi katni gehni passitv tesa mla adsi.
* That have come out.
** Remembering.
*** Ejected.
**** Vejja (m) doctor, physician.
***** Carried.
****** Ghaa (m) water-pot.
Adjectives
55. Pronominal (47) and verbal adjectives (50) are shown above.
Ordinary adjectives are seta (=white), rassa (=short), mahanta (=big),
and so on. As the adjectives qualify nouns, which are of different genders
and numbers, they must agree with their substantives in gender, number
and case.
Examples:
Adj. Noun Adj. Noun Verb
pta = yellow paita = wise
uttna = shallow balavantu = powerful
gambhra = deep dubbala = feeble
khara = rough, coarse surpa, dassanya = beautiful,
mudu = soft handsome
bla = foolish, young
56. The declension of adjectives will present no difficulties to the student
who has mastered the declension of nouns.
The declension of verbal and pronominal adjectives and those of ending
in -vantu and -mantu is given above. The others are declined like nouns
(in various genders) according to their endings.
For instance: dgha, rassa and others ending in -a of the above list
are declined in the masculine like nara, and in the neuter like nayana. In
the feminine they lengthened their last vowel, and are declined like
vanit.
Those ending in -u, such as bahu and mudu are declined like garu, dhenu
and cakkhu. Sometimes these, ending in -u, add k to their feminine
stem, and then they are declined like vanit, e.g., mudu = muduk, bahu =
bahuk.
The words ending in , like ml (one who has a garland), take -in instead
of in forming feminine stems, e.g.,
(Masculine) ml ... (Feminine) mlin
Mlin and such others are declined like kumr.
Exercise 20
Suggested Solutions
Translate into English
Ratt gviyo khette hidantiyo bahu tia khdisu.
Ucc kumr nla vattha paridahitv* mahanta nagara gamissati.
Bahavo manuss dghhi rajjhi set dhenuyo bandhitv gambhra nadi
harisu.
Amhka bahna bandhavna putt dubbal honti**.
Paitassa purisassa s bl bhagin pakkni phalni ocinitv appakna
drakna adsi.
Tass mahallikya itthiy daharo natt uttne jale nahyati.
Tasmi ucce rukkhe hito vnaro imasmi nce tarumhi nisinne pakkhino
oloketi.
Mlin nr rassena maggena khuddaka gma gacchi.
Dahar ka mudun hatthena rattni padumni gahti.
Balavanto appaka pi dhana labhitv dubbale manusse penti.
Balavant k go uccesu girsu hiitv bahni tini khdanti.
Bahunna*** blna putt tass nadiy gambhre jale patitv marisu.
Mama bhtarna majjhimo nce phe nisditv ma phala khdati.
Maya suve majjhima vpi gantv setni padumni nlni uppalni****
ca harissma.
Tumhe mahallake dubbale ca purise disv m hasatha.
* Paridahati (v) wears.
** Hoti (v) is.
*** There are two forms: "bahna" and "bahunna".
**** Uppala (n) lily.
57. Cardinals
1. Eka (= eka) 27. Sattavsati
2. Dvi (= dve) 28. Ahavsati
3. Ti (= tayo) 29. Eknatisati
4. Catu (= cattro) 30. Tisati; tis
5. Paca 31. Ektisati
6. Cha 32. Dvattisati; battisati
7. Satta 33. Tettisati
8. Aha 39. Eknacatts
9. Nava 40. Cattsati; catts
10. Dasa 49. Ekuapas
11. Ekdasa
50. Pas; pas; pasati;
12. Dvdasa; brasa
pasati
13. Teasa; terasa
59. Eknasahi
14. Cuddasa; catuddasa
60. Sahi
15. Paarasa; pacadasa
62. Dvesahi; dvsahi; dvisahi
16. Soasa
69. Eknasattati
17. Sattarasa; sattadasa
70. Sattati
18. Ahrasa; ahdasa
79. Eknsti
19. Eknavsati
80. Asti
20. Vsati
82. Dveasti; dvsti; dviysti
21. Ekavsati
83. Teasti; tiysti
22. Dvvsati; bvsati
84. Catursti
23. Tevsati
89. Eknanavuti
24. Catuvsati
90. Navuti
25. Pacavsati
92. Dvenavuti; dvnavuti; dvinavuti
26. Chabbsati
99 = Eknasata
100 = Sata
1000 = Sahassa
10,000 = Dassahassa
100,000 = Satasahassa; lakkha
1,000,000 = Dasalakkha
10,000,000 = Koi
100,000,000 = Dasakoi
1,000,000,000 = Satakoi
58. Some of these numerals take all the genders, and some have their
own.
A. The stems eka, ti, catu are of all genders and declined differently in each
gender.
B. The stem dvi and those from paca to ahrasa do not show different
inflections in different genders though they take all the genders.
C. From vsati to navuti the numbers are feminine. So is koi.
D. Stems sata, sahassa and the compounds ending with them are neuter.
E. Eka (one) has only singular forms. The plural forms of it are used to
express the meaning "some", e.g. eke manuss = some people.
F. The stems from dvi to ahrasa have only the plural forms. From vsati
upwards to navuti and from sata upwards to koi are in singular. But they
take the plural form when it is required to show separate quantities, e.g.
cattri satni = four (quantities) of hundred.
G. Numerals are more often used as adjectives.
Declension of Numerals
59. "Eka" is declined like the relative pronoun "ya" given above (46).
Declension of Dvi (= two)
Plural (common to all genders)
Nom., Acc. dve, duve
Abl., Ins. dvbhi, dvhi
Dat., Gen. dvinna, duvinna
Loc. dvsu
Declension of Ti (= three)
Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nom., Acc. tayo tisso tni
Abl., Ins. tbhi, thi tbhi, thi tbhi, thi
tinna, tinna,
Dat., Gen. tissanna
tinnanna tinnanna
Loc. tsu tsu tsu
Declension of Catu (= four)
Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nom., Acc. cattro, caturo catasso cattri
Abl., Ins. catbhi, cathi catbhi, cathi catbhi, cathi
Dat., Gen. catunna catassanna catunna
Loc. catusu catusu catusu
Declension of Paca (= five)
Plural (similar in all genders)
Nom., Acc. paca
Abl., Ins. pacabhi, pacahi
Dat., Gen. pacanna
Loc. pacasu
Cha, satta, aha and all up to ahdasa are declined like paca, e.g.
Nom. Acc. Abl. Dat., Gen. Loc.
cha cha chahi channa chasu
60. Vsati and other numerals ending in -i are declined like bhmi (34).
Tis and others ending in - are declined like vanit. Vsati itself has
another form ending in -, i.e., vs.
"Sata" (100) and "sahassa" (1000) are declined like nayana (40).
Exercise 21
Suggested Solutions
Translate into English
Cattro puris cathi pharashi cattri rukkhni chinditv harissanti.
T tisso itthiyo imehi thi maggehi ta aavi gantv tissanna kana
ti phalni adasu.
Ekissa slya sata puris, pas itthiyo ca nisdissanti.
Maya ito navahi divasehi* pacahi kumrehi saddhi Koambanagara
gamissma.
Paca ds dasanna assna bahu tia, appaka udakaca harisu.
Vsati puris dasahi goehi cattri khettni kasanti.
Vijo kahpana** dvhi satehi*** aha asse kiitv te catunna
dhanavantna vikkii.
Tsa channa itthna cha bhtaro mahanta pabbata ruhitv cha
kapayo nesu.
Tsa mt dasa ambe kiitv catassanna dhtarna dadissati.
Idni Lakya paca-cattsa-satasahassa manuss vasanti.
Pubbe Svatthinagare manussna satta koiyo**** vasisu.
Tumhe ito dvhi vassehi Anurdhapura***** gantv tattha nava divase
vasant mahante cetiye passissatha.
Dso ekena hatthena dve nikere****** itarena eka panasaca*******
harati.
Aha cattri vassni********* nagare vasitv tato pacch tayo
mse********* gme vasissmi.
* After nine days.
** 'Kahpaa' is a square coin extensively used in former days, the purchasing
power of which is said to have been about that of a florin (2 shillings).
*** With two hundreds (of kahpaas).
**** Seven crores of people.
***** The sacred city of the Buddhists in Ceylon.
****** Nikere (m/n) coconut.
******* Panasa (m/n) jackfruit.
******** Vassa (m/n) year.
********* Msa (m) month,
Ordinal Numerals
Adverbs
9. The third of the five sons of my friend learns with difficulty.
10. How did he enter the city and come out of it quickly?
11. The second daughter of his sixth brother lives (with difficulty) or
miserably.
12. Thus he spoke to his third sister and went aside.
* Na rakkhati.
** Slni or sikkhpadni.
*** Desana.
**** Ussahi.
***** Ekato.
Syntax ()
63. A sentence may contain any number of words; but one cannot make a
sentence without a verb.
Even the shortest sentence must have two portions: the subject (katt) and
the predicate (kriy). (One may say "Go" without any subject, but there
the subject is understood.)
(1) "Puriso sayati." (The man sleeps), is a complete sentence. Here
"puriso" is the subject and "sleeps" is the predicate.
(2) The above sentence has no object as intransitive verbs do not take an
object. But transitive verbs always take an object; therefore a sentence
formed with a transitive verb consists of three portions, viz.:- katt
(subject), kamma (object), and kriy (predicate), e.g.
Subject Object Predicate
Puriso rukkha chindati
= The man cuts the tree.
Order of Sentences
64. In the sentence, "Puriso rukkha chindati", the subject comes first,
the object second, and the predicate last. (In an English sentence, the
object must come after the predicate.)
This is the general way of forming sentences which a beginner must
follow. But there are no definite rules about the order of the words in a
Pali sentence. The above sentence may be written in four ways:-
(1) Puriso rukkha chindati.
(2) Rukkha puriso chindai.
(3) Chindati puriso rukkha.
(4) Puriso chindati rukkha.
In any way the meaning is the same; and one has no difficulty in finding
the subject and the object as they are always in different cases.
Concord
65. (1) The predicate must agree with the subject in number and person.
(2) An adjective (participle included), must agree with the noun it
qualifies in gender, number and case, e.g. Balav puriso sayanta goa
bandhati.
(3) A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender, number
and person, e.g.,
(A) Ye pua karonti te sagge nibbattanti.
(B) Yo magge gacchati tassa pit hyo mari.
Exercise 24
Suggested Solutions
Point out subjects, objects and predicates in the following
sentences:-
1. Bht vpi gacchanto ekassa rukkhassa mle nisdi.
2. Tassa pit pto geh nikkhamitv vana gamissati.
3. Te pakkhino tesa rukkhna skhsu nisditv ravanti.
4. Catasso kumriyo pupphni ocinitu eka rukkha ruhisu.
5. Dasa hatthino imassa taruno aha skh bhajitv khdisu.
6. S yuvat dve ml piandhitv hasant tihati.
7. Suve maya ta nagara gantv bahni bhani kiissma.
8. Magge dhvant paca drak ekasmi ve patisu.
9. Paarasa vij dasa asse haritv sehino vikkiisu.
10. Dve kassak cattro ke goe haritv tassa nadiya nahpesu.
Insert suitable subjects, objects and predicates where necessary.
1. ............... rukkha ruhitv phalni ocinti.
2. Magge gacchanto ............... dhvante ............... passi.
3. Tuyha bhagin draka dya hasant ................
4. Dso ............... rajjuy bandhitv nahpeti.
5. ............... paamh vatthni kiitv netha.
6. Maya nahtv gantv bhatta ................
7. Aha suve tay saddhi gma ................
8. Yuvatiyo ............... ocinitu ............... gamissanti.
9. Amhka ............... tasmi nagare bhani vikkianti.
10. Cattro ............... padumni dya vihra gamissanti.
11. ............... suve paa gantv ............... harissma.
12. Tva sakkharhi godha m ................
13. Vnar ............... ruhitv ............... bhajanti.
14. T itthiyo ............... pacitv bhujitv ................
hatthehi
So seto, ucca,
puriso rukkha pharasu chindati.
balav mudu
dya
pupphehi
Paav,
puriso phalehi ca rukkha tasmi vane, chindati.
dhanav, bal idni
yutta, ta
(B) Goo tia khdati.
Enlargement of Enlargement of Enlargement
Subject Object Predicate
subject object of predicate
Ratto goo bahu tia idni khdati.
khette jta, tatta hatv,
Balav seto goo tia khdati.
bahu sgha
Catuppado*, khuddak
visu visu
sigi**, blo, goo khettamh tia khdati.
katv dya
rukkhe baddho, dsena nta
* Quadruped or that which has four feet.
** That which has horns, or possessed of horns.
Exercise 25
Suggested Solutions
Enlarge the following sentences.
1. Kumri bhatta pacati.
2. Drako magge kati.
3. Vnar rukkhe nisdanti.
4. Kassak khetta kasisu.
5. Sho vanamhi vasati.
6. Bhpati nagare carati.
7. Pit gehe sayati.
8. Dhtaro nadiya nahyanti.
9. Bhtuno putto uggahti.
10. Vanityo padumni haranti.
11. Tumhe pakkhino m mretha.
12. Tva cetiya vandhi.
13. Aha sla rakkhissmi.
14. Bhikkhavo dhamma desenti.
15. Maya Anurdhapura gamissma.
Analyse the following sentences.
1. Cattro puris balavante aha goe ta mahanta khetta harisu.
2. Imasmi gme ahasu gehesu pacatisati manuss dukkha
vasanti.
3. Te dhanavant mahantesu macesu sukha sayissanti.
4. Pacanna dsna dasa putt vsatiy balavantehi goehi khetta
kasanti.
5. Ek itth dvinna puttna rattni vatthni haritv adsi.
6. Dhanavanto vij sakaehi bhani dya gme gantv tni
sgha vikkiissanti.
7. Bhpatino pahamo putto bahhi manussehi saddhi suve uyyna
gamissati.
8. Mayha mtuln ratta gvi dghya rajjuy daha rukkhe
bandhi.
9. Sehino balavanto aha putt kakkhaa cora ashi paharitv
tatth'eva* mresu.
10. Gma gacchant vanit aiss bla dhtara disv tass tayo
ambe adsi.
* Tatth'eva = on the spot.
Passive Voice
67. The verbs given so far in this book are of the Active Voice. To form
the passive, one must add "ya", sometimes preceded by i or , to the root
before the verbal termination, e.g.,
paca + ti > paca + ya + ti = pacyati (is cooked)
kara + ti > kara + ya + ti = karyati (is done)
Often, the "ya" is assimilated by the last consonant of the base, e.g.,
pac + ya + ti = paccati (is cooked)
vuc + ya + ti = vuccati (is told)
68. In forming a sentence with a verb in the passive voice, the subject
stands in the Ablative of Agent and the object in the Nominative. The
verb takes the number and the person of the Nominative (object).
This is the way Pali grammarians stated it. But in English, the subject
always take the Nominative form; therefore the object becomes the
subject when a sentence is turned from active to passive.
Vanit odana pacati.
turned into passive, becomes:-
Vanitya odano pacyati (or paccati).
Here, "vanitya" is named anuttakatt (the agent, subject) and "odano"
uttakamma (the object in the Nominative) in Pali.
69. Conjugation of Paca (to cook)
Present Tense, Passive
Person Singular Plural
3rd (so) paccati = it is cooked (te) paccanti = they are cooked
(tva) paccasi = thou are (tumhe) paccatha = you are
2nd
cooked cooked
(aha) paccmi = I am (maya) paccma = we are
1st
cooked cooked
Conjugation of Pahara (to beat)
Person Singular Plural
3rd (so) paharyati = he is beaten (te) paharyanti = they are beaten
(tva) paharyasi = thou art (tumhe) paharyatha = you are
2nd
beaten beaten
(aha) paharymi = I am (maya) paharyma = we are
1st
beaten beaten
The following are conjugated like "paharyati":-
karyati = is done or made kahyati = is dragged or
gahyati = is taken drawn
haryati = is carried dyati = is given
haryati = is brought kasyati = is ploughed
bandhyati = is tied desyati = is preached
bhujyati = is eaten mryati = is killed
vandyati = is worshipped rakkhyati = is protected
kiyati = is bought bhsyati = is told
vikkiyati = is sold dhovyati = is washed
Exercise 26
Suggested Solutions
Translate into English
1. Kaya odano pacyati.
2. Te Go dsehi paharyanti.
3. Tva balin purisena kahyasi.
4. Maya amhka arhi mryma.
5. Te mig tya dsiy bandhyanti.
6. Imin vahakin* imasmi gme bahni gehni karyanti.
7. Tumhe tasmi gme manussehi bandhyatha.
8. Amhka bhani tesa dsehi gma haryanti.
9. Ahahi vijehi cattro ass nagara haryanti.
10. Maya amhka dhtarehi nattrehi ca vandyma.
11. Ta mahanta khetta pacahi kassakehi kasyati.
12. Vanitya bahni vatthni tassa pokkharaiya dhovyanti.
13. Sehin bahunna ycakna dna dyati.
14. Tasmi rme vasantehi bhikkhhi slni rakkhyanti.
15. Chahi bhikkhhi pacasatna manussna dhammo desyati.
16. Pasya manussehi tasmi pae bahni bhani kiyanti.
17. Dasahi vanithi dvisata ambna vikkiyati.
18. Dsiy pakko odano gahapatin bhujyati.
19. Magge hito drako tassa mtuy hatthehi gahyati.
20. Buddhena devna manussnaca dhammo bhsyati.
* Vahak (m) carpenter.
Translate into Pali
1. The cows are tied with long ropes by the slaves.
2. Two black horses are bought by the two rich men.
3. You are beaten by four men.
4. This house is built (made) by eight carpenters.
5. Nine cows are killed by two tigers in that forest.
6. Thou art dragged to the field by those powerful men.
7. Many goods are sold in this village by those two merchants.
8. You are tied fast by the people of the city.
9. The baby is carried to a physician by his mother.
10. The rice is well cooked by the second daughter of the merchant.
11. The doctrine is preached to the people of this village by the monks
residing in that monastery*.
12. The rice cooked by the slave woman is eaten by her son and brothers.
13. Many red clothes are washed in the tank by those women.
14. Three hundred mangoes are sold by six tall women.
15. Much wealth is given to his relations by that rich man.
16. All grass in this field is eaten by eight oxen and four cows.
17. The Buddha is worshipped everywhere in this island.
18. Two fields are ploughed by 12 farmers and six oxen.
19. Those who went by that path are killed by a lion.
20. The son of the man who walks on the road is beaten by that powerful
man.
* Vihra (m) monastery.
70. The past and future forms of the Passive Voice are formed by adding
" + ya" to the root before the verbal termination, e.g.,
Past 3rd singular:
- pahara + > pahara + -ya + = pahary = (he) was beaten
Future 3rd singular:
- paca + issati > paca + -ya + issati = pacyissati = (it) will be cooked
Passive Participles
71. The participles, like verbs, are divided into two classes, that of Active
and Passive. The Active Present Participles are shown above (50). The
Passive Present Participle is formed by adding " + ya" to the root before
the active termination, e.g.,
(1) paca + mna > paca + -ya + mna = pacyamna = being cooked
(2) pahara + nta > pahara + -ya + nta = paharyanta = being beaten
Forms like pacamna (being cooked) and vuccamna (being told) also are
formed by assimilating "ya" with the last consonant of the root. (The rules
of assimilation will be given in the Second Book.)
72. The Declinable Active Past Participles are very few. The Passive Past
Participles are formed in various ways; the most common way to form
them is to add "ta" or "ita" to the root or the verbal base, e.g.,
paca + ita = pacita (cooked)
hara + ita = harita (carried)
nah + ita = nahta (bathed)
n + ta = nta (carried)
n + ta = ta (known)
bh + ta = bhta (become, been)
su + ta = suta (heard)
Here one notices that "ita" is added to the roots ending in a, and ta is
added to the roots ending in vowels other than a. But this rule is not
without exceptions.
A list of some Passive Past Participles is given above (53). The words
therein are formed in various ways; but the student should not bother at
present about their formation.
Another form of Passive Past Participles much common in use is formed
by adding 'inna' to the root and by dropping the last syllable or the vowel
of the root, e.g.,
chida + inna = chinna (cut)
bhida + inna = bhinna (broken)
d + inna = dinna (given)
tara + inna = tia (crossed, gone ashore)
ni + sda + inna = nisinna (sat)
73. The Potential (or Future) Passive Participles are formed by adding
'tabba' and 'anya' to the verbal base, e.g.,
ktabba / karaya (must be, fit to be, or should be done)
haritabba / haranya (must be, fit to be, or should be carried)
pacitabba / pacanya (must be, fit to be, or should be cooked)
bhujitabba (fit to be or should be eaten)
dhovitabba (fit to be or should be washed)
bhavitabba (fit to be or should become or happen)
nisditabba (fit to be or should be sat)
vattabba (fit to be or should be told)
vanditabba (fit to be or should be worshipped)
dtabba (fit to be or should be given)
chinditabba (fit to be or should be cut)
rakkhitabba (fit to be or should be observed or protected)
uggahitabba (fit to be or should be learnt)
Exercise 27
Suggested Solutions
Translate into English
1. Kaya bhujiyamna bhatta sunakhassa dtabba (hoti).
2. Purisena chindiyamno rukkho gehassa upari patissati.
3. Purisehi khettni kasitabbni, vanithi tesa bhatta pacitabba.
4. Puttehi dhtarehi ca pitaro mtaro ca vanditabb honti.
5. Dsena haryamno asso vijna vikkiitabbo hoti.
6. Corehi paharyamn puris aa kattabba adisv* aavi
dhvisu.
7. Srathin paharyamno asso ratha kahanto sgha dhvati.
8. Tumhehi dnni dtabbni, slani rakkhitabbni, puni ktabbni
(honti).
9. Sissehi dhammo sotabbo** satthni*** uggahitabbni.
10. May dyamna**** bhujitabba bhujitu bah ycak
gacchanti.
11. Vanit dhovitabbni vatthni dya vitthata nadi gamissati.
12. Yuvatiyo vandanyni cetiyni disv ekya kaya ociniyamnni
padumni ycisu.
13. Mama bht tasmi vane hianto chindanye bah rukkhe passi.
14. May ovadiyamno blo vattabba apassanto khinno***** nisdi.
* Not seeing.
** Should be heard.
*** Sciences.
**** Given by.
***** Dejected.
74. Causative verbs are formed by adding to the root the suffixes, (1) e, (2)
aya, (3) pe, or (4) paya,
before the verbal termination. The radical vowel of the root is lengthened
or changed before these suffixes, when it is followed by one consonant,
and remains unchanged if it is followed by a double consonant, e.g.,
pac + e + ti = pceti (causes to cook)
pac + aya + ti = pcayati (causes to cook)
pac + pe + ti = pcpeti (causes to cook)
pac + paya + ti = pcpayati (causes to cook)
N.B. -- There is a similarity between 'pceti', 'pcayati' and 'coreti',
'corayati'; but the former are causal and the latter are simple verbs.
75. The group of verbs 'coreti', etc., called Curdi Group (see 15),
always take 'e' and 'aya' in their simple forms and their causal bases are
formed with 'pe' and 'paya', e.g.,
Simple: coreti, corayati = steals
Causal: corpeti, corpayati = causes to steal
76. (A) Intransitive verbs become transitive when they take causal forms,
e.g.,
Drako sayati. (The baby sleeps.)
Mt draka saypeti. (The mother makes her baby sleep.)
(B) Transitive verbs take one or two more objects in their causal forms,
e.g.,
Simple: Goo tia khdati.
Causal: Dso goa tia khdpeti. (The slave causes the ox to eat
grass.)
77. A list of causatives
krpeti = causes to (or makes one) do
gahpeti = causes to (or makes one) take
nahpeti = causes to (or makes one) bathe
bhojpeti = causes to (or makes one) eat
nisdpeti = causes to (or makes one) sit
harpeti = causes to (or makes one) carry
harpeti = causes to (or makes one) bring
gacchpeti = causes to (or makes one) go
chindpeti = causes to (or makes one) cut
mrpeti = causes to (or makes one) kill
Exercise 28
Suggested Solutions
Translate into English
1. Seh vahaki geha krpeti.
2. Mt draka pokkharaiya nahpessati.
3. Amhka pitaro bhikkh bhojpesu.
4. Vanityo dsi bhatta pcpesu.
5. Ppakrino dsehi* bah mige mrpenti.
6. Gahapatayo purisehi* drni gahpenti.
7. Garu sisse dhamma uggahpesi.
8. Adhipati purisehi rukkhe chindpessati.
9. Aha kahi bhani harpessmi.
10. Tumhe bhtarehi kapayo gma harpetha.
11. Maya dasahi goehi khetta kaspessma.
12. Mt putta phe nisdpetv bhatta pacitu taule** harpesi.
* Instrumental is also used with the causal forms.
** taula (m, n) (uncooked) rice.
Translate into Pali
1. The sinner causes his brothers to kill birds.
2. The rich men make their sons gave alms.
3. The king makes the carpenters build five houses.
4. The charioteer makes the slave bring two horses near the chariot.
5. The women get their daughters cook rice for the guests.
6. The carpenter gets the work* done by the servants.
7. The leader gets his men cut many trees in his garden.
8. They will get the field ploughed by 20 oxen.
9. I will make my son eat some food.
10. We will cause our slaves to go to the town.
11. They make the cows eat grass.
12. Do not allow him do that work*.
* work = kamma (n), kammanta (m).
The New Pali Course Book 1
Vocabulary
Pali - English -
Abbreviations
m. Masculine pot.p. Potential Participle
f. Feminine
n. Neuter pron. Pronoun
ind. Indeclinable ger. Gerund
3. Of the three genders
adv. Adverb
v. Verb
adj. Adjective
inf. Infinitive
pr.p. Present Participle
p.p. Past Participle
[a] attha (m) knower of the
meaning.
akkhi (n) eye.
adsi (v) gave.
agacchi (v) went.
addh (ind) certainly.
aggi (m) fire. adhipati (m) lord, leader.
aguli (f) finger. anugacchati (v) follows.
acari (v) walked, travelled. anussarati (v) remembers.
anussaranta (pr.p)
acci (n) flame. remembering.
aja (m) goat. antar (ind) between.
ajja (ind) today. anto (ind) in, inside.
apagacchati (v) goes away.
aa (adj) another, other.
apaci (v) cooked.
aatara (adj) certain.
apara (adj) another, western.
aavi (f) forest.
apassanta (pr.p) not seeing.
aha (3) eight.
api (ind) and, also.
ahama (adj) eighth.
appaka (adj) few, a little.
ahavsati (f) twenty-eight. abhavi (v) was.
ahasata (n) 800.
abhiha (adv) constantly,
ahdasa (3) eighteen. often.
ahrasa (3) eighteen. amata (n) ambrosia, the
ahsi (v) stood. supreme bliss.
ahsti (f) eighty-eight. amba (m) mango.
ahi (n) bone, seed. ambu (n) water.
aa (n) egg. amm (f) mother.
atikkamitu (inf) to amhe (pron) we.
surpass. amhka (pron) to us, our.
atithi (m) guest. aya (m, f) this [man,
atthi (v) is, has. woman].
atha (ind) then, after that. araa (n) forest.
ari (m) enemy. yu (n) age.
alakaroti (v) decorates, yudha (n) weapon.
adorns. rabhati (v) begins.
asani (f) thunderbolt. rabhi (v) began.
asi (m) sword. rma (m) grove,
asti (f) eighty. monastery.
assa (m) horse. ruyha (ger) having
assa (pron) his, to him. ascended.
ass (pron) her, to her. ruhati (v) ascends.
assu (n) tear. ruhi (v) ascended.
ahi (m) serpent. ruhitv (ger) having
aha (pron) I. ascended.
loka (m) light.
[] va (m) pit.
kahati (v) drags, pulls. haa (p.p) brought.
kaddhyati (v) is dragged, harati (v) brings.
is pulled. haranta (pr.p) bringing.
ksa (m) sky. harpeti (v) causes to
khu (m) rat. bring.
gacchati (v) comes. hari (v) brought.
gacchi (v) came. haritu (inf) to bring.
gata (p.p) come. haryati (v) is brought.
gantv (ger) having come. hra (m) food.
gantu (inf) to come. hiati (v) wanders.
gamma (ger) having come.
[i]
dya (ger) having taken.
neti (v) brings. icchati (v) wishes.
nesi (v) brought. itara (adj) the other.
netv (ger) having brought. ito (ind) hence.
paa (m) shop, market. itth (f) woman.
ma (adj) unripe. ida (n) this [thing].
ma (ind) yes. idni (ind) now.
idha (ind) here. [e]
ima (adj) this.
eka (adj) one, certain.
im (pron) these [women].
ime (pron) these [men]. ekakkhattu (adv) once.
isi (m) sage. ekacattsati (f) forty-one.
isipatanrma (m) the grove ekatisati (f) thirty-one.
of Isipatana (at Sarnath). ekato (ind) together.
ekad (adv) one day, once.
[u] ekadh (adv) in one way.
ukkhipitv (ger) having ekattha (adv) in one place.
raised up. ekamanta (adv) aside.
uggahti (v) learns. ekavsati (f) twenty-one.
uggahitabba (pot.p) that ekasahi (f) sixty-one.
should be learnt. ekdasa (3) eleven.
ucca (adj) high, tall. ekdasama (adj) eleventh.
ucchu (m) sugarcane. eksti (f) eighty-one.
uhahati (v) rises up. eknacattsati (f) 39.
uhahitv (ger) having risen eknatisati (f) 29.
up. eknapasati (f) 49.
uhpetv (ger) having eknanavuti (f) 89.
awaken. eknavsati (f) 19.
ueti (v) flies. eknasahi (f) 59.
uttara (adj) northern. eknasattati (f) 69.
uttna (adj) shallow. eknasata (n) 99.
udaka (n) water. eknsti (f) 79.
udadhi (m) ocean. eta (3) that, this.
udeti (v) rises up. ettha (adv) here.
upari (ind) above. eva (ind) thus, yes.
uppala (n) water-lily. es (f) that [woman]. (stem:
ubhaya (3) both. eta)
ussahati (v) tries. eso (m) that [man]. (stem:
eta)
[o] kath (f) speech, talk.
katheti (v) says.
okkamma (ger) having
kathesi (v) said, told.
moved aside.
kadal (f) plantain.
ocinti (v) gathers, collects.
kad (adv) when?
ocinitv (ger) having
kapi (m) monkey.
collected.
kamma (n) work.
ocinitu (inf) to gather, to kammanta (m) work.
collect. kammakra (m) worker.
otarati (v) descends.
karaya (pot.p) that should
otaritv (ger) having
be done.
descended.
kari (v) did.
odana (m/n) [boiled] rice.
karissati (v) will do.
otia (p.p) descended. kar (m) elephant.
oruyha (ger) having karyati (v) is done.
descended. karoti (v) does.
oruhati (v) descends. karonta (pr.p) doing.
oloketi (v) looks at. kavi (m) poet.
olokenta (pr.p) looking at. kasati (v) ploughs.
[k] kasyati (v) is ploughed.
kassaka (m) farmer.
kacchu (f) itch.
kka (m) crow.
ka (f) girl.
kk (f) she-crow.
kaacchu (m) spoon. ktabba (pot.p) that should
kaeru (f) she-elephant. be done.
kata (p.p) made, done. ktu (inf) to do.
katama (3) which of the kraa (n) reason.
many.
krpeti (v) causes to do.
katara (3) which of the two.
kya (m) body.
kattu (m) doer, compiler.
kla (m) time.
kattha (adv) where.
kla karoti (v) dies.
katv (ger) having done.
ksu (f) pit.
katha (ind) how.
ka (adj) black. khara (adj) rough, coarse.
kianta (pr.p) buying. khdati (v) eats.
kiti (v) buys. khdanta (pr.p) eating.
kii (v) bought. khdi (v) ate.
kiitv (ger) having bought. khditv (ger) having eaten.
kiyati (v) is bought. khinna (p.p) dejected.
kitti (f) fame. khra (n) milk.
khuddaka (adj) small.
ki (3) what?
khud (f) hunger.
kati (v) plays.
khetta (n) field.
kitv (ger) having played.
kukku (f) hen. [g]
kucchi (m/f) belly.
gacchati (v) goes.
kuh (m) leper. gacchanta (pr.p) going.
kuto (ind) from where? gacchpeti (v) causes to go.
kuddha (p.p) enraged, gacchi (v) went.
angry. gacchissati (v) will go.
kumra (m) boy.
gag (f) river.
kamr (f) girl.
ga (m) one who has a
kula (n) family, caste.
following.
kulavantu (adj) of the high
gahi (m) knot.
caste.
gahti (v) takes.
kuhi (adv) where?
gahpeti (v) causes to take.
kla (n) [river] bank.
gahi (v) took.
ketu (m) banner.
ko (m) who? (Nom.) gahitu (inf) to take.
kodha (m) anger. gahyati (v) is taken.
koambanagara (n) city of gata (p.p) gone.
Colombo. gantu (m) goer.
gantu (inf) to go.
[kh] gantv (ger) having gone.
khaati (v) digs. gamissati (v) will go.
khanti (f) patience. gambhra (adj) deep.
garu (m) teacher. catutth (f) Dative.
gavesati (v) seeks. catuddasa (3) fourteen.
gahapati (m) householder. catuppada (m) quadruped.
gahita (p.p) taken. catursti (f) eighty-four.
gahetv (ger) having taken. catuvsati (f) twenty-four.
gma (m) village. carati (v) walks.
gyati (v) sings. caranta (pr.p) walking.
gyanta (pr.p) singing. caritv (ger) having walked.
gv (f) cow. citta (n) mind.
giri (m) mountain. cinteti (v) thinks.
gv (f) neck. cintetv (ger) having
guavantu (adj) virtuous. thought.
guh (f) cave. cintesi (v) thought.
geha (m, n) house. cira (adv) [for a] long
goa (m) ox. time.
godh (f) iguana. cuddasa (3) fourteen.
cuddasama (adj) fourteenth.
[gh] cetiya (n) shrine, pagoda.
ghaa (m) water-pot. cora (m) thief.
gha (n) nose. coreti (v) steals.
ghyitu (inf) to smell. coresi (v) stole.
[c] [ch]
ca (ind) and. cha (3) six.
cakkhu (n) eye. chaha (adj) sixth.
cakkhumantu (adj) chah (f) Genitive.
possessor of eyes. chattha (n) umbrella.
canda (m) moon. chattisati (f) thirty-six.
cattisati (f) forty. chatt (m) one who has an
catu (3) four. umbrella.
catuttisati (f) thirty-four. channavuti (f) ninety-six.
catuttha (adj) fourth. chabbsati (f) twenty-six.
chy (f) shade, shadow. hapeti (v) keeps.
chsti (f) eighty-six. hapetu (v) let him keep.
chindati (v) cuts. hapesi (v) kept.
chindanta (pr.p) cutting. hna (n) place.
chindpeti (v) causes to cut. hita (p.p) stood.
chinditabba (pot.p) that
should be cut. []
chinna (p.p) cut.
asati (v) bites, stings.
[j] asitv (ger) having bitten
or stung.
jagh (f) shank, calf of the
leg. [t]
jau (m) knee. ta (3) that.
jatu (n) sealing wax.
taula (n) rice [uncooked].
jayatu (v) let him conquer.
tatiya (adj) third.
jala (n) water.
tato (ind) thence, from
ju (m) knee. there.
jnti (v) knows. tattha (adv) there.
jleti (v) kindles. tatra (adv) there.
jlesi (v) kindled. tath (ind) so, likewise, in
jinti (v) wins. that way.
jivh (f) tongue. tad (adv) then.
jetu (m) victor. tarati (v) crosses.
[] taritv (ger) having crossed.
taru (m) tree.
a (n) wisdom. taru (f) young woman.
ta (p.p) known. tava = thine, your.
tu (m) knower. tassa = his.
[] tass = of her, to her.
tahi (adv) there.
hatv (ger) having stood. t (f) those women.
hapita (p.p) kept. tni = those things.
ti (3) three. dadanta (pr.p) giving.
tihati (v) stands. dadamna (pr.p) giving.
tihanta (pr.p) standing. dadti (v) gives.
tia (n) grass. dadi (v) gave.
tia (p.p) crossed, gone daddu (f) eczema.
ashore. dadhi (n) curd.
tinavuti (f) ninety-three. dant (m) tusker, elephant.
tipu (n) lead. dasa (3) ten.
tiriya (adv) across. dasakoi (f) hundred
tisati (f) thirty. million.
tisatima (adj) thirtieth. dasama (adj) tenth.
dasalakkha (n) million.
tis (f) thirty.
dasasata (n) thousand.
tumhe = you.
dasasahassa (n) ten
tuyha = to you, your.
thousand.
tul (f) scale, balance.
dassanya (adj) handsome,
te (m) they.
beautiful.
te-asti (f) eighty-three.
daha (adv) tightly.
tettisati (f) thirty-three.
dh (m) tusker, serpent.
tenavuti (f) ninety-three.
dtabba (pot.p) that should
tepas (f) fifty-three.
be given.
terasa (3) thirteen.
dtu (m) given.
terasama (adj) thirteenth.
tevsati (f) twenty-three. dtu (inf) to give.
dna (n) alms, charity.
tesahi (f) sixty-three.
dyaka (m) giver.
tesattati (f) seventy-three.
draka (m) young one, boy.
teasa (3) thirteen.
drik (f) girl.
tva = thou.
dru (n) firewood.
[d] dsa (m) slave.
ds (f) slave woman.
dakkhia (adj) southern.
dinna (p.p) given.
daha (p.p) bitten.
divasa (m) day.
datv (ger) having given.
div (ind) day-time. dvnavuti (f) ninety-two.
dis (f) direction. dvvsati (f) twenty-two.
disv (ger) having seen. dvsahi (f) sixty-two.
dgha (adj) long. dvsattati (f) seventy-two.
dghajv (m) possessor of dvsti (f) eighty-two.
long life. dvi (3) two.
dpa (m) island, lamp. dvikkhattu (adv) twice.
dpi (m) leopard. dvicattsati (f) forty-two.
dyati (v) is given. dvidh (ind) in two ways,
dyamna (pr.p) being into two.
given. dvinavuti (f) ninety-two.
dukkha (n) pain, misery, dvisattati (f) seventy-two.
trouble. dvisata (n) two hundred.
dukkha (adv) with dveasti (f) eighty-two.
difficulty, miserably. dvepas (f) fifty-two.
dutiya (adj) second. dvesattati (f) seventy-two.
dundubhi (f) drum.
dubbala (adj) feeble. [dh]
deti (v) gives. dhana (n) wealth.
deva (m) rain, deity. dhanavantu (adj) rich.
devat (f) deity. dhanu (n) bow.
dev (f) queen, goddess. dhamma (m) doctrine.
desan (f) preaching. dhtu (f) element, relic.
desita (p.p) preached. dhvati (v) runs.
deseti (v) preaches. dhvanta (3) running.
desesi (v) preached. dhvi (v) ran.
desyati (v) is preached. dhvitv (ger) having run.
doi (f) canoe, boat. dhtu (f) daughter.
dol (f) palanquin. dhli (f) dust.
dvattisati (f) thirty-two. dhenu (f) cow [of any kind].
dvdasa (3) twelve. dhovati (v) washes.
dvdasama (adj) twelfth.
dhovitabba (pot.p) that nidhi (m) hidden treasure.
should be washed. nibbattitu (inf) to be born.
dhovyati (v) is washed. nibbattitv (ger) having
born.
[n]
niraya (m) hell.
na (ind) not, no. nilyati (v) hides.
nagara (n) city. nisinna (p.p) sat.
nattu (m) grandson. nisdati (v) sats.
natthi (v) is not. nisdpeti (v) causes to sit.
nad (f) river. nisdi (v) sat.
nayana (n) eye. nisditabba (pot.p) should be
nara (m) man. sat.
nava (3) nine. nisditv (ger) having sat.
navama (adj) ninth. nca (adj) low, vulgar.
navasata (n) nine hundred. nta (p.p) led, carried.
navuti (f) ninety. nla (adj) blue.
na santi = are not. nharati (v) ejects.
nahta (p.p) bathed. neti (v) leads, carries.
nahtv (ger) having bathed. netu (m) leader.
nahpeti (v) causes to bathe. nesi (v) led, carried.
nahyati (v) bathes.
nahyanta (pr.p) bathing.
[p]
nma (n) name. pakka (p.p) cooked, ripe.
nr (f) woman. pakkhipati (v) puts in.
nv (f) ship. pakkh (m) bird.
ns (f) nose. paggayha (ger) having
ni (f) corn measure, tube. raised up.
nikera (m) coconut. pacati (v) cooks.
nikkhanta (p.p) got out. pacatu (v) let him cook.
nikkhamati (v) goes out. pacanta (pr.p) cooking.
nikkhamma (ger) having pacamna (pr.p) cooking.
come out. pacanya (pot.p) that should
nidd (f) sleep. be cooked.
paci (v) cooked. pabbata (m) mountain.
pacita (p.p) cooked. pabbajati (v) becomes a
pacitabba (pot.p) that should monk, renounces.
be cooked. pabh (m) overlord.
pacitu (inf) to cook. para (adj) other, latter.
pacitv (ger) having cooked. parasuve (ind) day after
pacch (ind) afterwards. tomorrow.
paca (3) five. parahyo (ind) day before
pacadasa (3) fifteen. yesterday.
pacama (adj) fifth. paridahati (v) wears.
pacatisati (f) thirty-five. paris (f) retinue, following.
pacadh (ind) in five ways. pavisati (v) enters.
pacavsati (f) twenty-five. pavisitv (ger) having
pacasata (n) five hundred. entered.
paavantu (adj) wise. pasu (m) beast.
pa (f) wisdom. passati (v) sees.
pasati (f) fifty. passanta (pr.p) seeing,
pas (f) fifty. looking at.
painivatti (v) went back. passitu (inf) to see.
paiydetu (inf) to make, pahaa (p.p) beaten.
to prepare. paharati (v) beats.
pahama (adj) first. paharitv (ger) having
paa (n) leaf. beaten.
paarasa (3) fifteen. paharyati (v) is beaten.
pasati (f) fifty. pahya (ger) having left.
pka (m) cooking, boiling.
paita (m) wise man.
pcayati (v) causes to cook.
patati (v) falls.
pcpayati (v) causes to
pati (m) husband, master.
cook.
pati (v) fell down.
pcpeti (v) causes to cook.
patti (f) infantry.
pceti (v) causes to cook.
paduma (n) lotus.
panasa (m) jack-fruit. phasl (f) school.
pi (m) hand. puna (ind) again.
pteti (v) fells, makes to puppha (n) flower.
fall. pubba (adj) former, eastern.
ptesi (v) felled. purato (ind) in front.
ptu (inf) to drink. pur (ind) before, formerly.
pto (ind) in the morning. purisa (m) man.
pda (m) foot, leg. pulina (n) sand.
ppa (n) sin. pj (f) offering.
ppakr (m) sinner, pjeti (v) offers, honours.
evil-doer. pjesi (v) respected, offered.
pleti (v) protects, governs. pjetv (ger) having
plesi (v) protected. offered.
pvisi (v) entered. pokkharan (f) pond.
psa (m) stone, rock. [ph]
pitu (m) father.
pips (f) thirst. pharasu (m) axe, hatchet.
pivati (v) drinks. phala (n) fruit, nut.
pivatu (v) let him drink. phalavantu (adj) fruitful.
pivamna (pr.p) drinking. [b]
pivitu (inf) to drink.
pivitv (ger) having drunk. battisati (f) thirty-two.
piandhitv (ger) having bandhati (v) binds, ties.
donned. bandhyati (v) is bound.
ptha (n) chair. bandhu (m) relation.
pta (p.p) drunk. bandhumantu (adj) one who
pta (adj) yellow. has relations.
pita (p.p) oppressed. bala (n) power.
balavantu (adj) powerful,
peti (v) oppressed.
strong.
pua (n) merit, fortune.
bal (m) powerful.
paavantu (adj) fortunate,
bahu (adj) many.
meritorious.
bahuka (adj) many.
putta (m) son.
bras (f) Benares [city].
bla (adj) young, foolish. bhsyati (v) is told, is said.
bhu (m) arm. bhikkhu (m) Buddhist
buddha (m) the Enlightened monk.
One. bhindati (v) breaks.
buddhi (f) wisdom. bhinna (p.p) broken.
buddhimantu (adj) wise. bhujati (v) eats.
bodhi (m/f) Bo-tree. bhujanta (pr.p) eating.
brhma (f) brahmin bhujitabba (pot.p) that
woman. should be eaten.
bhujitu (inf) to eat.
[bh]
bhujyati (v) is eaten.
bhagavantu (m) the Buddha, bhutta (p.p) eaten.
the Exalted One. (adj) the fortunate. bhpati (m) king.
bhagin (f) sister. bhpla (m) king.
bhajati (v) breaks. bhmi (f) earth, ground.
bhaa (n) goods. bhog (m) serpent.
bhattu (m) husband, bhojpeti (v) feeds.
supporter. bhottu (inf) to eat.
bhariy (f) wife.
[m]
bhavati (v) is, becomes.
bhavatu (v) let it be. magga (m) path.
bhavitabba (pot.p) that majjhima (adj) medium,
should happen. central.
bhg (m) sharer. maca (m) bed.
bhjetv (ger) having majs (f) box.
divided. mai (m) gem.
bhtu (m) brother. mata (p.p) dead.
bhnu (m) sun. mati (f) wisdom.
bhnumantu (m) sun. matta (adj) temperate,
bhyati (v) fears. one who knows the measure.
bhyitv (ger) having madhu (n) honey.
feared.
bhsati (v) says.
manussa (m) man, human [y]
being.
ya (3) which (relative).
maya = we.
yaihi (m/f) stick, walking
mayha = to me, my.
stick.
mayra (m) peacock.
yattha (adv) where
maraa (n) death.
(relative).
marati (v) dies.
yad (adv) whenever.
mahanta (pr.p) big, large,
yasavantu (adj) famous.
great.
ygu (f) rice, gruel.
mahallaka (adj) elderly, old.
ycaka (m) beggar.
mah (f) earth, the river of
ycati (v) begs.
that name.
ycanta (pr.p) begging.
m (ind) [do] not.
yci (v) begged.
mtu (f) mother.
yva (ind) as far as.
mrpeti (v) causes to kill.
yva ... tva (ind) until.
mrita (p.p) killed.
yuvati (f) maiden.
mryati (v) is killed.
yojeti (v) harnesses, joins,
mreti (v) kills.
composes.
mresi (v) killed.
ml (f) garland. [r]
ml (m) possessor of a
rakkhati (v) protects.
garland.
rakkhatu (v) let him protect.
msa (m) month.
rakkhitabba (pot.p) that
miga (m) deer, beast.
should be observed or protected.
mig (f) she-deer.
rakkhyati (v) is protected.
miti (v) measures.
rajja (n) kingdom.
mitta (m) friend.
rajju (f) rope.
muhi (m) fist, hammer. ratta (adj) red.
mudu (adj) soft. ratti (f) night.
muni (m) monk. ratha (m) chariot.
mla (n) root, money. ravi (m) sun.
ravitv (ger) having crowed.
rassa (adj) short. vadati (v) says.
rsi (m) heap. vadana (n) face, mouth.
rukkha (m) tree. vana (n) forest.
rpa (n) form, image. vanit (f) woman.
rodati (v) cries. vandati (v) bows down,
rodanta (pr.p) crying. worships.
vandita (p.p) worshipped.
[l]
vanditabba (pot.p) that
lakkha (n) hundred should be worshipped.
thousand. vandyati (v) is worshipped.
lak (f) [island] of Ceylon. vapu (n) body.
lat (f) creeper. varha (m) pig.
laddha (p.p) got. vasati (v) dwells.
laddh (ger) having got. vasanta (pr.p) living.
laddhu (inf) to get. vasu (n) wealth.
labhati (v) gets, receives. vasudh (f) earth.
labhitu (inf) to get. vassa (m/n) year, rain.
likhati (v) writes. vassati (v) rains.
lekhaka (m) clerk. vaav (f) mare.
loka (m) world. v (ind) or, either - or.
locana (n) eye. vc (f) word.
vija (m) merchant.
[v]
vnara (m) monkey.
vaita (p.p) wounded. vp (f) tank.
vaitamaksi (v) wounded. vri (n) water.
vahak (m) carpenter. vluk (f) sand.
vattabba (pot.p) that should vikkianta (pr.p) selling.
be told. vikkiti (v) sells.
vattu (m) sayer. vikkii (v) sold.
vattha (n) cloth. vikkinyati (v) is sold.
vatthu (n) base, site, ground. vijju (f) lightning.
vada (adj) charitable. vitu (m) knower.
viu (m) wise man. sakkhar (f) sugar, gravel.
vitthata (p.p) broad, wide. sakh (f) woman-friend.
vid (m) wise man. sagga (m) heaven.
vidhya (ger) having done sagha (m) community.
or commanded. sace (ind) if.
vin (ind) except, without. sahi (f) sixty.
vinetu (m) instructor. sata (n) hundred.
visikh (f) street. satakoi (f) thousand
visu (ind) severally, million.
separately. satama (adj) hundredth.
viharanta (pr.p) residing, satalakkha (n) ten million.
living. satasahassa (n) hundred
vihra (m) monastery. thousand.
vsati (f) twenty. sati (f) memory.
vsatima (adj) twentieth. satimantu (adj) mindful.
vhi (m) paddy. satta (3) seven.
vuhi (f) rain. sattadasa (3) seventeen.
vutta (p.p) said. sattati (f) seventy.
vuttha (p.p) dwelt, lived. sattatisati (f) thirty-seven.
vuddhi (f) increase, sattama (adj) seventh.
progress. sattam (f) Locative.
ve (ind) certainly. sattarasa (3) seventeen.
vejja (m) doctor, physician. sattavsati (f) twenty-seven.
veu (m) bamboo. sattsti (f) eighty-seven.
veu (m) bamboo. sattu (m) enemy.
vydhi (m) sickness. sattha (n) science. (m)
caravan.
[s]
satthi (m/n) thigh.
saki (adv) once. satthu (m) teacher, adviser.
sakua (m) bird. sad (ind) ever, always.
saku (f) she-bird. saddhi (ind) with.
sakkoti (v) is able. sanika (adv) slowly.
santi (v) are. svatth (f) city of that
santi (f) peace, relief. name.
santika (adj) near. sikkhpada (n) precept.
sannipatati (v) assembles. sikh (m) peacock.
sappi (n) ghee. sindhu (m) sea.
sabba (adj) all, every. sil (f) stone.
sabbattha (adv) everywhere. sissa (m) student.
sabba (m) the sigha (adv) quickly.
Omniscient One. sla (n) virtue, precept.
sabbad (adv) ever, always. slavantu (adj) observant of
sabh (f) committee, precepts, virtuous.
society. sha (m) lion.
sama (adv) equally, sh (f) lioness.
evenly. sukha (n) comfort.
sayati (v) sleeps. sukha (adv) comfortably.
sayanta (pr.p) sleeping. sukh (m) receiver of
sayita (p.p) slept. comfort, happy.
sayi (v) slept. suti (v) hears.
sayitv (ger) having slept. suta (p.p) heard.
sas (m) moon. sutta (p.p) slept.
sassu (f) mother-in-law. sutv (ger) having heard.
saha (ind) with. sunakha (m) dog.
sahas (adv) suddenly. sur (f) liquor, intoxicant.
sahassa (n) thousand. suriya (m) sun.
s = she. surpa (adj) handsome,
skh (f) branch. beautiful.
sdhuka (adv) well. suvaa (n) gold.
sm (m) master, lord. suve (ind) tomorrow.
sya (ind) in the evening. susna (n) cemetery.
srath (m) charioteer. susu (m) young one.
sl (f) hall. seh (m) millionaire.
seta (adj) white.
setu (m) bridge. hotu (v) let it be.
sen (f) army, multitude. The New Pali Course Book 1
so = he (stem: ta)
sota (n) ear, stream. English Pali -
sotabba (pot.p) that should
be heard.
sotu (m) hearer. Abbreviations
sopa (n) stair.
soasa (3) sixteen. m. Masculine
f. Feminine
[h] n. Neuter
haa (p.p) carried. indec. Indeclinable
hata (p.p) killed. adv. Adverb
hattha (m) hand. v. Verb
hatthin (f) she-elephant. adj. Adjective
hatth (m) elephant. inf. Infinitive
hadaya (n) heart. pr.p. Present Participle
harati (v) carries. p.p. Past Participle
haraya (pot.p) that should pron. Pronoun
be carried. ger. Gerund
haranta (pr.p) carrying. 3. Of the three genders
harpeti (v) causes to carry. [a]
hari (v) carried.
harita (p.p) carried. across tiriya (adv)
haritu (inf) to carry. adorns alakaroti (v)
haryati (v) is carried. adviser satthu (m)
hasati (v) laughs. afterwards pacch (adv)
hasanta (pr.p) laughing. again puna (indec)
himavantu (m) the age yu (n)
Himalayas. all sabba (adj)
hyo (ind) yesterday. alms dna (n)
hoti (v) is, becomes. always sad, sabbad (adv)
and ca, api (indec)
anger kodha (m) begins rabhati (v)
another aa, apara (adj) began rabhi (v)
arm bhu (m) belly kucchi (m/f)
army sen (f) Benares [city] brnas (f)
ascended ruhi (v) between antar (indec)
ascends ruhati (v) big mahanta (adj)
aside ekamanta (adv) bird sakua, pakkh (m)
assembles sannipatati (v) bitten daha (p.p)
ate khdi (v) black ka (adj)
axe pharasu (m) blue nla (adj)
[b] boat doi (f)
body vapu (n), kya (m)
balance tul (f) boiled rice odana (m/n),
bamboo veu, veu (m) bhatta (n)
bank [of a river] kla (n) bone ahi (n)
banner ketu (m) Bo-tree bodhi (m/f)
base vatthu (n), bhmi (f) bow dhanu (n)
bathed nahta (p.p) box majs (f)
bathing nahyanta (pr.p) boy draka, kumra (m)
beast pasu, miga (m) brahman woman brhma
beaten pahaa (p.p) (f)
beats paharati (v) branch skh (f)
beautiful dassanya, surpa breaks bhajati (v)
(adj) bridge setu (m)
becomes hoti, bhavati (v) bringing haranta (pr.p)
becomes a monk pabbajati broad vitthata (p.p)
(v) broken bhinna (p.p)
bed maca (m) sayana (n) brother bhtu (m)
been bhta (p.p) brought haa (p.p)
before pur, purato (indec) brought hari, nesi (v)
begging ycanta (pr.p) Buddha bhagavantu, buddha
begs ycati (v) (m)
buying kianta (pr.p) clerk lekhaka (m)
buys kiti (v) climbed ruhi (v)
climbs ruhati (v)
[c] coarse khara (adj)
carpenter vahak (m) coconut nikera (m)
carried hari, nesi (v) collects ocinti (v)
carried haa, harita, nta Colombo [city of]
(p.p) koambanagara (n)
carries harati, neti (v) come gata (p.p)
carrying haranta (pr.p) comes gacchati (v)
cash mla (n) comfort sukha (n)
caste kula (n) comfortably suka (adv)
cave guh (f) community sagha (m)
causes to bathe nahpeti (v) constantly abhiha (adv)
causes to bring harpeti (v) cook sda (m)
causes to carry harpeti (v) cooked pakka, pacita (p.p)
causes to cook pcpeti, cooked apaci, paci (v)
pceti, pcayati (v) cooking pacanta (pr.p)
causes to cut chindpeti (v) cooking pka (gerund) (m)
causes to do krpeti (v) cooks pacati (v)
causes to go gacchpeti (v) corn dhaa (n)
causes to kill mrpeti (v) corn measure ni (f)
causes to sit nisdpeti (v) cow gv (f)
causes to take gahpeti (v) cow [of any kind] dhenu (f)
cemetery susna (n) creeper lat (f)
certainly addh, ve, cries rodati (v)
ekanta (indec) crossed tia (p.p)
Ceylon lak (f) crow kla (m)
charitable vada (adj) crying rodanta (pr.p)
charioteer srath (m) curd dadhi (n)
charity dna (n) cut chinna (p.p)
city nagara, pura (n) cutter chettu (m)
cutting chindanta (pr.p) drinking pivamna (pr.p)
cuts chindati (v) dropped ptesi (v)
drum dundubhi (f)
[d]
dust dhli (f)
daughter dhtu (f) dwarf rassa (adj)
day divasa (m) dwells vasati (v)
day after tomorrow dwelt vuttha (p.p)
parasuve (indec)
[e]
day before yesterday
parahyo (indec) ear sota, gha (n)
day time div (indec) earth vasudh, bhmi, mah
dead mata (p.p) (f)
death maraa (n) eastern pubba (adj)
decorates alakaroti (v) eat khdati, bhujati (v)
deep gambhra (adj) eaten bhutta, khdita (p.p)
deer miga (m) eating khdanta, bhujanta
deity deva (m) devat (f) (pr.p)
descended otia (p.p) eczema daddu (f)
descends oruhati, otarati (v) egg aa (n)
did kari, akari (v) eight aha (3)
dies marati, kla karoti (v) eighteen ahrasa,
digs khaati (v) ahdasa (3)
direction dis (f) eighth ahama (adj)
doctor vejja (m) eighty asti (f)
doctrine dhamma (m) eighty-eight ahsti (f)
doer kattu (m) eighty-four catursti (f)
does karoti (v) eighty-nine eknanavuti (f)
dog sunakha (m) eighty-one eksti (f)
done kata (p.p) eighty-six chsti (f)
doing karonta (pr.p) eighty-three teasti (f)
[do] not m (indec) eighty-two dvsti, dveati
drags kahati (v) (f)
ejects nharati (v) feeds bhojeti, bhojpeti (v)
elderly mahallaka (adj) felled ptesi (v)
elephant dant, hatth, kar fells pteti (v)
(m) few paritta, appaka (adj)
eleven ekdasa (3) field khetta (n)
eleventh ekdasama (adj) fifth pacama (adj)
enemy ari, sattu (m) fifteen paarasa,
Enlightened One buddha, pacadasa (3)
bhagavantu (m) fifty pas, pas,
enraged kuddha (p.p) pasati (f)
enters pavisati (v) fifty-nine eknasahi (f)
entered pvisi (v) fifty-one ekapas (f)
[in the] evening sya finger aguli (f)
(indec) fire aggi (m)
ever sad, sabbad (adv) firewood dru (m)
evenly sama (adv) first pahama (adj)
every sabba (adj) five paca (3)
everywhere sabbattha flame acci (n)
(indec) flies ueti (v)
evil-doer ppakr (m) flower puppha (n)
Exalted One bhagavantu follows anugacchati (v)
(m) food hra (m), bhojana (n)
eye akkhi, nayana, locana, foolish bla (adj)
cakkhu (n) foot pda (m)
[f] for a long time cira (adv)
forest vana, araa (n) aavi
face vadana, mukha (n)
(f)
fame kitti (f)
form rpa (n)
family kula (n) formerly pur (indec)
famous yasavantu (adj) fortunate puavantu,
farmer kassaka (m)
bhagavantu (adj)
father pitu (m)
feeble dubbala (adj)
forty cattsati, cattrsati going gacchanta;
(f) gacchamna (pr.p)
forty-nine eknapas (f) gold suva a (n.)
forty-one ekacattsati (f) gone gata. (p.p)
four catu (3) gone ashore ti a. (p.p.)
fourteen cuddasa, catuddasa
got laddha ( p.p.)
(3)
got out nikkhanta (p.p)
friend mitta (m)
from there tato (indec) grandson nattu (m)
from where kuto (indec) grass ti a (n)
fruit phala (n) gravel sakkhar (f)
fruitful phalavantu (adj) ground bhmi (f) vatthu (n)
grove of ispatana isipatan
[g]
rma (m)
garland ml (f) gruel ygu (f)
gathers ocinti (v)
gave dadi, adsi (v) [h]
gem mai (m)
hall s l (f)
ghee sappi (n)
girl drik, ka, kumr, hand hattha; pni (m)
kumrik (f) handsome dassanya; surpa.
given dinna (p.p) (adj)
giver dtu dyaka. (m) happy sukh (m)
gives deti dadti. f. having awakened uh petv
giving dadanta (pr.p) (abs)
goat aja (m) having born nibbattitv (abs)
god deva (m) having climbed ruyha (abs)
goddess dev (f) having come gamma (abs)
goes gacchati (v) having come out nikkhamma
goes away apagacchati (v) (abs)
goes out nikkhamati (v) having commanded vidh ya
(abs)
having cooked pacitv (abs) hides nilyati (v)
having crossed taritv (abs) high ucca (adj)
having crowed ravitv (abs) Himalayas himavantu (m)
having divided bh jetv (abs) Honey madhu (n)
having done katv ; vidh ya (abs) Horse assa (m)
having donned piandhitva (abs) House geha (n)
having drunk pivitv (abs) Householder gahapati (m)
having eaten bhu jitv ; kh ditv . Human being manussa (m)
(abs) Hunger khud (f)
Having got laddh ; labhitv .(abs) Husband pati; bhattu (m)
having left pah ya (abs) How katham. (ind)
having moved aside apakkamma
(abs) [i]
having raised up paggayha; I aha .
ukkhipitv (abs) Iguana godh (f)
having risen up uhahitv (abs) Image r pa (n)
having slept sayitv (abs) Increase vuddhi (f)
having stood hatv (abs) Infantry patti (f)
having taken d ya; Instructor vinet ; satthu (m)
ga hitv (abs) In that way tath (ind)
he so (stem ta) (m) In front purato (ind)
heap r si (m) In one place ekattha (ind)
heard suta (p.p) Intelligent buddhimantu (adj)
hearer sotu (m) In two ways dvidh (ad)
hears su ti (v) Intoxicant majja (n) sur (f)
heart hadaya (n) Is hoti; bhavati (v)
heaven sagga (m) Is able sakkoti (v)
hell niraya (m) Is beaten paharyati (v)
hen kukku (f) Is bought ki yati (v)
here idha; ettha (ad) Is brought haryati (v)
hermit isi; tapass (m) Is carried haryati (v)
hidden treasure nidhi (m) Is done karyati (v)
Is drawn ka hyati (v) Known ta (p.p)
Is eaten bhu jyati (v) Knower tu (m)
Is given dyati (v) Knower of the meaning
Is killed m ryati (v) attha (m)
Island dpa (m) Knows j n ti (v)
Is made karyati (v)
Is not natthi (v) [l]
Is ploughed kasyati (v) Lamp dpa; padpa (m)
Is preached desyati (v) Large mahanta (adj)
Is protected rakkhyati (v) Laughing hasanta (pr.p)
Is sold vikki yati (v) Laughs hasati (v)
Is taken ga hyati (v) Lead tipu (n)
Is tied bandhyati (v) Leader netu; adhipati (m)
Is told bh syati (v) Leads neti; nayati (v)
Is worshipped vandyati (v) Leaf patta; pa a (n)
Is washed dhovyati (v) Learns ugganh ti; sikkhati (v)
It ta . (n) Leg p da (m)
Itch kacchu (f) Leopard dpi (m)
Leper kuh (m)
[j]
Let him conquer jayatu (v)
Jack (fruit) panasa (m) Let him cook pacatu (v)
Let him drink pivatu (v)
[k] Let him go gacchatu (v)
Keeps hapeti (v) Let him keep hapetu (v)
Kept hapesi (v) Let him protect rakkhatu (v)
Killed m resi (v) Let him say bh satu (v)
Kills hanati; m reti (v) Let him put in pakkhipatu (v)
Kindled j lesi (v) Let it be bhavatu; hotu (v)
Kindles j leti (v) Light loka (m)
King bh p la; bh pati (m) Lightning vijju (f)
Knee j u; ja u (m) Lion sha (m)
Knot ga hi (m) Lioness sh (f)
Liquor sur (f) Monkey v narakapi (m)
Little appaka; paritta (adj) Month m sa (m)
Lived vuttha (p.p) Moon canda; sas (m)
Living vasanta (pr.p) Morning (in the )p to (ind)
Long dgha (adj) Mother amm ; m tu (f)
Looks at oloketi; passati (v) Mother-in-law sassu (f)
Looking at passanta; olokenta (pr.p) Mountain giri (m)
Lord adhipati; s m (m) Mouth mukha; vadana (n)
Lotus paduma (n) Multitude paris (f)
Low nca (adj)
[n]
[m]
Near santika (adj)
Maiden yuvati; taru ; kum r (f) Neck gv (f)
Man nara; purisa; manussa (m) Night ratti (f)
Many bahu; bahuka (adj) Nine nava (3)
Mare valav (f) Nineteen ek navsati (f)
Market pa a (m) Ninth navama (adj)
Measures mi ti (v) Ninety navuti (f)
Medium majjhima (adj) Ninety-nine ek nasata (n)
Memory sati (f) Ninety-six channavuti (f)
Merchant v ija (m) Nose n s (n) gh a (f)
Merit pu a (n) Not na (ind)
Meritorious pu avantu (adj) Not seeing apassanta (pr.p)
Milk khra (n) Now idni (ind)
Million dasalakkha (n)
Millionaire seh (m) [o]
Mind citta (n) Observer of precepts slavantu
Mindful satimantu (adj) (adj)
Minister mant (m) Ocean udadhi; jalanidhi; sindhu (m)
Monastery vih ra r ma (m) Of the high caste kulavantu (adj)
Money m la (n) Offered p jesi (v)
Monk bhikkhumuni (m) Offering p j (f)
Offers p jeti (v) Possessor of an umbrella chatt (m)
Old mahallaka (adj) Power bala (n)
Omniscient sabba (adj) Pouwerful balavantu; bali (adj)
One eda ( ) Preached desita (p.p)
Once saki ; ekakkhattu (ad) Preached desesi (v)
One day ekad (ad) Preaches deseti (v)
One who has a following ga (m) Preaching desan (f)
Oppressed plesi (v) plita.(p.p) Precept sikkh pada (n)
Oppresses pleti (v) Progress vuddhi (f)
Or v ; atha; v (ind) Protects p leti; rakkhati (v)
Other a a; apara; para (adj) Pulls ka hati (v)
Over upari (ad)
Over-lord pabh (m) [q]
Ox go a (m) Queen dev; r jin (f)
Quickly sgha ; khippa . (ad)
[p]
Paddy vhi (m) [r]
Palanquin dol (f) Rain vuhi (f) deva (m)
Path magga (m) Rains vassati (v)
Patience khanti (f) Ran dh vi (v)
Peacock may ra; sikh (m) Rat khu (m)
Physician vejja (m) Reason k ra a (n)
Pig var ha (m) Received laddha (p.p)
Pit v a (m) k su (f) Reigns rajja karoti (v)
Place h na (n) Relation bandhu (m)
Plantain kadal (f) Remembering anussaranta
Poet kavi (m) (pr.p)
Pond pokkhara (f) Renounces pabbajati (v)
Possessor of eyes cakkhumantu Residing vasanta (pr.p)
(adj) Respects p jeti (v)
Possessor of long life dghajv (m) Retinue paris (f)
Possessor of garlands m l (m) Rice ta ula (n)
Rice (boiled) odana (m.n.) Sells vikki t. v.
Bhatta (n) Sends peseti. v.
Rice gruel y gu (f) Separately visu ; n n . ind.
Rich dhanavantu (adj) Serpent ahi; d h; sappa; bhog.
Ripe pakka (p.p) m.
Rises up udeti; u eti (v) Seven satta. .
River ga g ; nad (f) Seventeen sattarasa; sattadasa.
Rock sela; p s a (m) .
Root m la (n) Seventh sattama. adj.
Rope rajju (f) Seventy sattati. f.
Rough khara (adj) Seventy-nine ek sti. f.
Running dh vanta (pr.p) Seventy-two dvesattati;
Runs dh vati (v) dvisattati. f.
Severally visu . ind.
[s] Shade ch y . f.
Said vutta; kathita. p.p. Shadow ch y . f.
Sand pulina. n., v luk . f. Shallow utt na. adj.
Sat nisinna. p.p. Shank ja gh . f.
Sat nisdi. v. Sharer bh g. m.
Sayer vattu. m. She s . f.
Says vadati; bh sati; katheti. v. She-bird saku . f.
Scale tul . f. She-crow k k. f.
School p has l . f. She-deer mig. f.
Science sattha. n. She-elephant hatthin; ka eru. f.
Sea sindhu; udadhi. m. Ship n v . f.
Sealing wax jatu. n. Shop pana. m.
Seat asana. n. Short rassa. adj.
Second dutiya. Adj Shrine cetiya. n.
Seeks gavesati. v. Sickness vy dhi. m.
Seeing passanta. pr.p. Sin p pa. n.
Sees passati. v. Sinner p pak r. m.
Selling vikki anta. pr.p. Sister bhagin. f.
Sitting nisdanta. pr.p. Steals coreti. v.
Sits nisdati. v. Stick yahi. m.f., da a.m.
Six cha. 3. Stole coresi. v.
Sixteen soasa. 3. Stone sil . f., p s a. m.
Sixteenth soasama. adj. Stood hita. p.p.
Sixth chaha. adj. Stood ah si. p.p.
Sixty sahi. f. Street visikh ; vhti. f.
Sixty-nine ek nasattati. f. Strength bala. n.
Sixty-two dv sahi; dvisahi .f. Strictly dalha . ad.
Sky k sa. m. Strong balavantu. adj.
Slave d sa. m. Student sissa. m.
Slave woman d s. f. Suddenly sahas . ad.
Sleep nidd . f. Sugar sakkhar . f.
Sleeping sayanta. pr.p. Sugar-cane ucchu. m.
Sleeps sayati. v. Sun suriya; ravi; bh nu;
Slept sutta; sayita. p.p. bh numantu. m.
Slept sayi. v. Sword asi. m.
Slowly sanika . ad.
Small khuddaka. adj. [t]
Society sabh . f. Takes ga h ti. v.
So eva ; tath . ind. Tall ucca. adj.
So far t va. ind. Tank v p. f.
Soft mudu. adj. Teacher garu; satthu; cariya.
Sold vikki i. v. m.
Some eka. (plur.) . Tear assu. n.
Son putta. m. Temperate matta adj.
Soon sgha ; khippa . ad. Ten dasa. 3.
Speech kath . f. Ten million koi. f.
Spoon kaacchu. m. Ten thousand dasasahassa. n.
Stair sop a. n. Tenth dasama. adj.
Standing tihanta. pr.p. That ta; eta. adj.
The other itara. adj.
Stands tihati. v.
Then tad . ad.
Thence tato. ind. To collect ocinitu . in.
There tattha; tatra; tahi . ad. To cook pacitu . in.
They te. m. To-day ajja. ind.
Thief cora. m. To do k tu . in.
Thigh satthi. m.n. To drink pivitu ; p tu . in.
Thinks cinteti. v. To eat bhottu ; bhu jitu . in.
Thine tava; tuyha . To gather ocinitu . in.
Third tatiya. adj. To get laddhu . labhitu . in.
Thirst pip s . f. Together ekato. ind.
Thirteen terasa;telasa. To give d tu . in.
Thirteenth terasama. adj. To go gantu . in.
Thirty-nine ek nacatt lisati. f. Told vutta; kathita. p.p.
Thirty-three tetti sati. f. Told kathesi. v.
Thirty-two Tomorrow suve. ad.
batti sati;dvatti sati. f. Tongue jivh . f.
This ima; eta. adj. Took ga hi.
This person aya . m.f. To prepare paiy detu . in.
This thing ida . n. To smell gh yitu . in.
Those things t ni. n. To surpass atikkamitu . in.
Thou tva . To take ga hitu . in.
Thought cintesi. v. Travelled acari. v.
Tree rukkha; taru. m.
Thousand sahassa. n.
Tries ussahati. v.
Thousand million satakoi. f.
Trouble dukkha; kasira. n.
Three ti. 3.
Tusker d h. m.
Three hundred tisata. n.
Twelve dv dasa. adj.
Thunderbolt asani. f.
Twelfth dv dasama. adj.
Thus eva . ind.
Twentieth vsatima. adj.
Tightly daha . ad.
Twenty vsati. f.
Till then t va. ind.
Twenty-eight ahavsati. f.
To be born nibbattitu . in.
Twenty-five pa cavsati. f.
To bring haritu . in.
Twenty-four catuvsati. f.
To carry haritu . in.
Twenty-nine ek nati sati. f.
Twenty-one ekavsati. f. We maya ; amhe.
Twenty-six chabbsati. f. Wealth dhana. n.
Twenty-three tevsati. f. Weapon yudha. n.
Twenty-two b vsati; dv visati. Well s dhuka .ad.
f. Went agacchi; gacchi; agami;
Twice dvikkhattu . ad. gami.v.
Two dvi. . Went back painivatti. v.
Two hundred dvisati. n. When kad . ad.
Whenever yad . ad.
[u] Where kattha; kuhi ? ad.
Umbrella chatta. n. Wherever yattha. ad.
Unripe ma. adj. Which ya.(relative). .
Up upari. ind. Which of the many katama. .
Us amhe. Which go gamissati; gacchissati.
v.
[v] White seta. adj.
Who ko?(Stem ka). .
Victor jetu. m.
Whose kassa?
Village g ma. m.
Why kasm ? ind.
Virtue sla. n.
Wide vitthata. adj.
Virtuous slavantu; gu avant u.
Wife bhariy . f.
adj.
Wins jin ti. v.
Vulgar nca. adj.
Wisdom na. n., mati; pa ;
buddhi. f.
[w] Wise pa avantu; pa ita. adj.
Wise man vid ; vi . m.
Walked acari.v. With saha; saddhi . ind.
Walking caranta. pr.p.
With difficulty dukkha . ad.
Walking stick yahi. f.
With many relations
Walks carati. v.
bandhumantu. adj.
Water jala; udaka ambu; v ri. n.
Woman itth; n r; vanit ;
Water-lily uppala. n.
vadh . f.
Water-pot ghaa. m.
Woman friend sakh. f.
Word v c . f.
Work kamma; kammanta. n.
World loka. m.
Worshipped vandita. p.p.
Wounded va ita. p.p.
Wounded va itam ak si. n.
Writes likhati. v.
Written likhata. p.p.
[y]
Yellow pta. p.p.
Yes ma; eva . ind.
Yesterday hyo. ad.
You tumhe.
Young taru a; b la; dahara. adj.
Young one susu. m.
Young woman taru ; yuvati. f.
Your tumh kam.