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    GOSSMAN History and Literature PDF

    Uploaded by

    Luiz Silva

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    7 ut ngtve “he wtp beg GratyRoaeertee Wheaton | Wisemsfinn + thts Urnuertiby oy laser Peet, ‘ott _ gett el? Sof (ores). ida Lionel Gossman 1 HISTORY AND LITERATURE Reproduction or Signification te probe essai eat de sari Tole et tilt enna on, demons aed es ‘ten but on pone ae pea'e8 at on ne reset ama oe Gnesi. ra on in the seltin of Hsin orate was nt noth Fea try mas tanh of erate rn nti rem werd Mer, the tne ohare HI, ur change tome i of ent cnt Te somsng dec on Hee pai ce sory va frm ep, Fa pr forms SE pot on hin of pos poem Ts im posi sera sal i srmon sete 2c a aati re ceatum Hecate hast mt to Semone Ot a a ac arate an 0 weenie cording 0 Sian may mosey sama exoestons Oars oad bo of ac and feces TEL SE docs saree he sae auteurs wih heat fess et ort CS Johuaiacesutween ie mere chong o events snc Saree tch an was acon hy he eres Roman an ee SR cay pect fhe Geek storia, Like Qu aes ss tain of oy tp es et rah Cesk vas, he ms a oy experi een cen flan he comple hl etonan tet pratt pie ef hres wing” Sai ra of he a pines of oes eon te Hata may sn ating se be that bis 4, Himet Gotsman ret ay all hat is true, he st avd pisces to eave ‘fe qicin of history tm the prone ft that ope. Iolo. Infact Ciesto does mt nelest rales fle aba ee tion fe mel question the relvance of ease et ring of Hy. And his conception ofthe son a he nes al ior of reality is enely consent vith radical pss iy and estes, I iy repeated, moreover, by olher lst ‘itrs who concerned themselves ‘with histor: Tacs, Paptse uth, Loca, “The atcents theory of history," Khas ber “wa lite largely To-qustons of tecnige tnd presentation “Refine election on hstorowraphy conformed as one would ‘expect fo the preceps ofthe alent, History wring was vawed ‘at of presentation rather han seen inqryc nd ta prions eng therefore to rhetre rather than to Sptemelogy Though Seventeenth and cieicenvceniny theoes ef poetry healt Teh ‘oom franco Patoni notion of vine nora eed hg Renaissance, trate hd, forthe ost pt the sens ofa prticn, ‘tsshsgue,A"person “ef considerable iterate = (Mary Bee ‘orb 2, quoted in OED. "Ierts”) ws some oe el 2 comlerableropertory ofthe nel by wiih soo rst ‘ld be ued nto ais dpe the work cs bt ‘nis own sity. Speaking of France, Sartre bseres tat he fae between writer and reader i the seventcnh entry asa grey Every render was himsl ns lesser way wnters "Lite thus refered to the practise of wring. And history alos iho Sins, eis, and eters—sah ont ie Kinds of wee ths ‘ould be practice. The subjects varied and eqused deromtiing inet, bul the craft wns the same" History thus Bae plas Iman of reorewoughou he cghanh centys a ae 1p tm’ nine Pen re Capea a Rae eee \ tlermen Hasan thee Cone Sra Pot Fem snow otal, ne shal ow gh oer ped ea se at Ku 703, vob | oarapy inthe classical period cs apa Soa tythaeley 6 ender: Mlstory and itrare 5 ‘istnguishabe trom “mere” scholarship and aniquicism, and the ‘round of he distinction was in lage tease thatthe horn wg ‘writer, Whereas the scholar ad the antiquarian were nt Oem ‘Sxprested a common view when he wrote that histories become of lest and fess interest to readers othe vents of whi they tl become more remote. They came, indeed alse “presque out ea imétit, except coi que fer autr ns Ter dower porta maniene sont i son se. Ra gers hare his orogrphy was accounted to Ye, he Hist instance, «Mera genre™"—rerning mail for the ‘ctice of history unl acary the end of the sighteenth ceaty “Inthe nal phase of neolasscian, however the long esosaion of hetorie and teraure began 4 break dove. The term "traure! Bfadally became move closely sssocited with poety, oF a east ‘ith poste and gurative wrleg a, expecially amon the Roman | tis and ther syeessos, took on the ieaning of compu of pve “Tepe or sacred tons, a weabiey WHEN vale abl beauty had sen niouly sired and phich could be opposed to the empirical world of historical ray eve, to same ext to Bloography A the tsi record of tat reality. dowd twas thi pow that ‘istrians bez to Took inthe history of wsonography sl Co the ongins of a divorce which they fel ther own tnt was about to ‘consummate —tetween histoseal writing and pote wing: Ty the aticle "History," which bo wrote for the Enyelopedie moderne Prosper de Barante located in ancient Greer, jst belore Heratotur, ‘he fatal moment when "the rel was separated frm the eal, poctey ‘om prose, the pleases mew allow thamelvs inthe domal of the pin rom the positive aspects of life The new conception of erature was mote apyeoplate than the eaten, atbanal one 1 the ‘ondtion of the writer nthe geo he implant hour and ot Industral eaptatism, masking both a rise ofthese an! compli iy with them, 1 allowed the products of at to appear essential dierent fom sll tier prodts of liber inthe fepased world Indust andthe market, but i onder to si foverouned reset Ob 7g eat le lin hse he, 8), 8, cc 1 Vinh Moss could Be conveyed flectively and elegant 6 “tion Goerman eed ftishized, the product, coneaiag or mystifying the process ‘ofits production, Literature thus ceo tobe thought of asm at by and which | [ould be pureed wih varying degrees of skill and success by all Elvcated people. More and more came tobe regarded a amit! Urrelgogsmlsions which aly tose endowed ith the i af prop ‘ey or second sight could al, “frat recery, throwing if i tm the mane of peophecy. writers ‘hive Sought To emancipate iterate fram the mts of Literature, and {tira nto sel conacons tool or exploring Language and exten ines rags tat say the range of sal perception and mea! ing: Tsien of simply aceptinglanginge, together with the second iy categories of erry norms ad genres a ven. and working ‘iin the canons i provides, the madera weiter ie conta ransing frontiers and extending outed te mie and posites | writings Th focus othe ern artists atv, inshore, has sited fom rhetoric fo poetic The wie now not s0 mish reveal of tts speaker of dine language, as a maker of meanings ard a fester of na lng ‘A ie sum time tat Herstr began to detach itself fom retrc, istry was also length focus of te concern. Foe the fist ie Ties ar fof ingrialycopvng pe Sent theca wasp in QU, As eal ah 1752. the Gran Theat Fonann Marin Caden. esborting x positon eine by Lali and Bye made the concept of ont of wew fundamen {lat stein mative EPR citer ty pet te aC Torch Sy Bt “Thouth Chlanivs hms resolved he dist 09 neatly. ues ing ht combination of points of view would sw the objet to Be Stated ceed “ee tnequen election os iso sain Germany. was overbenagly preoccupied t mma “det SBE» Hera wedbee weave 408 Stilbey and Literature 7 with discovering a more comprehensive theory of historical objectv~ iy han ae aon th ol coe sane at ‘edits thi diferencee, Humboldt, Suvigny, Ranke, Creer, ‘hactrtacner Gerane: an eel wore al concer prablem, Their speculation led ta conception of istrcal know ge that Stphasied ir pecliarty with respec to the knowledge Jrovided by the nara seiences. Posi theoses of history, on the other Rand, simod to brig history as close. as prosible, eps temologcally and mcthodsogicaly, to the nates sleces. Rlloe tion on hstovoprahy was thes more and more conceraed with the rb of iktorcal knowdge, und very rarely, or aly icider- fly, with the problems of Fstorieal wen. The separation of i bratre and Ritoography was instiutionalzed, moreover, By the [rcakup of what had onc been the republic of lllere—a soca ia ‘which the historians, both of the Ealahteneot and of the early Romaotc period, especialy im France, England, and Scotland, had hinged feey and shared Gmnnon experiences and sprains ith novels poets, pilosptrs, polite! thinkers, economists, cle Uist and saesmen, Inthe couse of the nnetecath ceaury, histor ths withdrew more and more to the university, tobe followed by Fisioriansof Meratuse ad by Urry enter, ad history, Hike Her fy scholarship. passed fom the hands of the poet and man of ister ta thove of the profesor. Healy, ia our own tines the ery Wea tha the histo’ activity onset in Uissvering aad Feconstuting, by whatever mem, a past reality coscelved of is Something objectively fred, hae Begun to be questigned. The, old ‘Sommon aioend of history and Merature—the iden oftmimesis, and “in central inpvtance of rhtore—has ths been rally wae By bok Tie practising histone now rarely protcng Merary HE, and the lone road traveled by Herodots, Salus, Livy, Ph firch, Volo, Gibbon, Macaulay, and Michelet appears Bnaly 10 have been atridoned by al but a hand of stages. Over a tong period of tine, then, it seems thatthe terms whose felation we have 1 explore te ot 30 much iterate and history Finve tere were not eachnve ss Getional narralye (tional his ‘ory, os High Hr called) and Ristori nary, hati 033), ‘he io tere whose ronion has Taal Been of concern to Metorican, I would ike to comment bey on this ration, hich teas a povctive one fr both fiction aad tstory, belore each The qucwton ofthe reiton of history and Meat na more recent cheasipis « fq 8 Line! Gossman ‘Te tational tine ofthe restion was traced by Aviso in two ‘ances pnsges af he Poetics pec ey i ny el eae WAC kplan am nari a ye since te plot i a inion of an actin, the later eupaT i be bah vont Mega aie eae Seer pene See ed erimeemense ‘really 2 part of the whole. a et eres <> imran eri ae mae ee © Sy 28 Stl thing ocd the le of retaiiny a inn cots! SYA Sve fleece beteet he Haran be poet 6 «tO tse heist sere a pone ul be gute posse fr elec yh Reais GO tt ea oa tte ny wees a ory with verse than ts wit hy he reese 86° [Oe tt thatthe ita pes of what hs pone. th pst af xo" ' —etiad Wie that om tppen Heae no pty te ps . Spc se sets Danes ti Mr: ft poy speaks mere St Serer Entry of pariculwe’ "Unicsl inte en what 1! colin pron ety edo ray cet ho thnpes ceo 8 300" pata oe ees that wan poetry ames tg \ ‘esis pro parca names tera whe he ertvse™ ‘het Albin lor happened otis (030 S13) 12 cei with ile acton hat hae nd sompli ede bei: mele: ab eno tha Ikea ge comple tests iy strode the ppopeat pete ie a ls tt eos ola netreeetles hry: nwtich focteay areas eset bf tse ston tut Of sol pei, elven that {2h cay ence rnonhps tthe bye afta he Se to Hea Saad e bate sein te Cabin Sey one “cabot th see of earths {Sal soso secs pein yen ove mes happen tat Se vet los actor nou a ng reat Smee a ter ‘Yer speshng yal are, most ots compo hi ny “ha wm nin to wha ax Sons aa hn pein, ‘eae ht ie Tn Mr tee Miscory nd Literatine 9 to encompass na eancs, o,f ei 0 some mens neh to come enn wth the divest off eves as ‘ed out ooe part of the whe ead aed many of te hers ts fpisoee fats Aristotle hus defines history and poetry, ia epialy clase ‘manner, anithecallypoety i wnbed, intl, based on proper Sbordiaton of te pat tothe ends ofthe whole, whereas stor ‘ows ony the paratact organization of conlgyy or succes “Aristotle took & low view of fistry," D. W. Leas writes Bs recent edition of the Poetics. "It eontaing a more congeies of vents, eter thse of a short pio, whieh wil elon o umeross ferent xc {ations}, ofthese of longer period, which sil 'gan end to n0 one thos [end]. As Aristo sowhare cengies the historian he most hive thought that the complexity of events com: bined with defcieney of infomstion made Xt impossis to dace. tangle the undertying relationships. The point th istry, not bring concerned with node sno ntlgile in Ue ste way as the 80s [lo] of a play" Tae aatineton, in shor, tin some ensue, al Teast, formal, and the operative characte of the ston hr a psy Te oy mit di wi Se ca a nx o Mr ext or sore tem Rs was ri) toe weit He thw ese 16 Lionet Gossman os is ot apparsnty wheter facto Reon, a¢ we woul Saye tuts wil o ung power "Talon, ea hor an tna sloreling cot and cpg ott opt aes of save psn Te {inl uvelopedt ofeach, however revel th pea saris a {Se sanfen tersios Sine each renin nad tog nar ‘Eve i shape of naraive an the lw of te word ht pri Tavatve forms convey may wll be coon to bth ata BES Tic. n some period, bat wl be constracedaeorng to ic Ao weumution, association, or adlon sv deseed by A Tibet's rm oilme in tes sich the noc ‘Stung, bth will sve to conor 0s of oner cere, Sn rari stctore, the tension Between the requires {system and those of cade betwessonr an avenare, vill ‘Tuy prt inn Kad ot pvatve piv aston or Seton) Sad may nt crtain moments become sure chong to bscome ther. Jahr the pineal tome of sara works, Asch ies, soy tay come tbe assorted, swat nthe Poe, wh he Se thowapected the uncnioate,he ostemati tad fo, on the ote hand wth te ore, be cee th sve ie SE.WUnay cn discover tat ws stray re sting to ace ‘ruin native coherency and to agpoumae To the fons of feton, crim movelt ate tying yer ese Yr) rms ad Corvenions yan appeal © "sory" ‘Aone of the founding father of motes histoiograpl ae was inch coctned with mates of form, an hs Melo feet TGograpy toga, chartrstealy. 5 vefecton on eg she Si Bias oe epick Pacey (172) he enphasnd, conventonly ‘Shush the cxemplay chastoro he eet ad unity. At the Sete, detre th he teed i SET Bee" am ‘usdencd Le Boss or advocating athe pe poet ive gets furothisimgoation, Vigil wees hive phere tyes othe Gg Sin sirsig ao “te te Gran Es apr ize, bats A it SERA SS. tnes mye log Bore So a SSeS at ctw stin epmnlere Lice gees dear Hagel itory and Literature 1b ‘Acneld “ifereat mattis which were seateed trowah several ‘ook and of which some ean be fund a ions Halcaroasien- sin" Vig mates ns, were tail tue” The notion of "tue" here, however, rose ta tas become stage Toi Senviy, Vote means "Tuma" "egendary." or Be ‘ue The ea Ran To convey ao ine the logon has Coe {be synonymous with fuse. The important thing for Voi, on the ‘ther handy in this context aany rate, Was not objesve tthe fpyerCAl Aint fom soective bei, but theft thatthe material was Pa wey sree dion, Fh very vet, be ld a te ‘Boden writer should remove from trdiional mata ll elements (hat might run counter to what his wn renders would conser ty | anything they might find unacceptable or “inprosabe." In short, the | ‘materia best sted tothe eps wie that whic has alreny been | Selected, tered, and shaped by Terry tadiion sed popula ag ation, and which the ep weiter in tur fiers wih hisown audenes | Iie. and preferably such material should be regard bythe pu P lic as generally “tue.” Recent history, which has not yet been Stored over and given shape sto rato serve succealy. With ‘much sympathy for cam, Vor atribtes whit he considered the faire ofthe Parsi tothe cecalevance ofthe mara, an he ‘makes similar point somewhat ltr its comment on his orn epic poem La Henraue (1728) "The poem f bated on 4 known Nato, {he wath of which has boos respected in the principal event. Uh | ters, being less voiable, have been either omited of rearinged | ing 10 the requirements of verisilitude("vraemblance") 0 ‘Fpoese’compoation. In thie way every effort hasbeen made to Avoid te weakness of Lucen, whose poe i nothing but a ov | own chronicle.” Luca is compared favoraly with Tasso, hove ver becaune the nr invented hi abot. "olue’salteoauves i ths carly exeay ae clearly those ofthe) Posies the pur sucesssion of history an the formal unity of ged, | The th he requires of the epi narative Is ot you defied ‘las legend or my Yet in hs om frt seme at ewe corps Lane Ma Oem Fe HY, 422, (A my fd erent of te ese Sy edb. ut fh met ids, ‘ante Forence Whe atany N'Y He W988 oh 512 Lonel Goxsman * tioneoughly contemporary ith the Essay—Volinie shows the [btuence ‘of the, demand for enim and veriflcation which core: \Sponel, inthe scholarly cles aft seventeenth centr, 1 the «ote dards fhe ne lang sd oseton wih ‘Rd and ent Th todo of theta Inthe Heniade i alreuly ‘Sour to a of dora historical "scence" "The Hemiade was st |, Sap giddy bahar ai ees a wrk of Be Thay ant both conser ta, auch, thal fo mec he standards “BP the wow historical erin ea pt enough spl 10 work ‘gr nate widely Wel G9 Be tre. The material hd tobe {ientesed The sate shown tobe tre. Eat eitons of th x | TEE aceommnied by an “tstaireargde des événemens isto- ‘ges sur legucls vt fade a fble du pote dela Henrie.” A "Bisetaton sur fa mort de Hemi TV" was aed by Voie hist tothe 1 eon, ant the Kel edo snpened further dune [Bop evence aswell a transation ao French of the “Essay on the ci Wars in Prance" whic hd accompanied the fest elton of the Buy on Fret Poor. Inthe ne nntceath century Louis Mot ‘sll gave sion conideraion (the sonia vale ofthe work 1 "The deans of histo acim afeced contest alos, bow cstrThoy imposed new constants an oblgatons onthe histori | Gielen of the mien he prope 19 work over, but di ot sy he faarental ict ha i nh vas (0 wri, to compose + C Fabcim work of irate with daa provided by hstry. The Es “Sonic Cl Ware" and he "Hse abeége™ are evening i {he ape, Doubts they were to Be understood asthe adorned Nerses the bore bones of the Ieray work. Each cant, moreover, [uno wiht tie! prove star of he events oF the tne fo Bid in verse iia tte tat Vela continued in is Iter Bie hstoves and thal was tedtonal flowed by writers ofr mete and wits of Histories ake. The aierence between the [toon and he epic pots or Vale, ths Ty inthe oar of the ‘ea out of which each compasd hh work. ts the condone ‘povcra creat thous theater of te ove could no longer be Mena wath hat of the others Moca! mater ad legendary ‘Astral were ow sistint, Nevertheless de essential concern of ‘Dep pot and ofthe hstoan, ot chor but swe, mate {sune! cru selestion of an appre sjot mate, od kl [Mi maruive composton, Vole dnusions no ty ofthe Hem Fase tt ore Mtl de Char XN a the Seed Lowe XIV TENE no’ Joube abou ths; te coaments-of hin comespoets— teat ‘af thre who sat To ham about Te Hite de Charles \ History end Literotwe 13 ee eee a canteen eae ate! faeer asthe continuation of career Setin inthe pratce of epi reir eccraimatnetae aertiat tly ny ona asp rss cy a wt ning chain ly, the ag, ss pont 9 na Hetil, ora Listers br La de. Then tenn eae eth “Er hoe lnen tr corner spon wa anny Secret tre tm ener to wot: WIT Pip Wanted he one? Wile be cued ot ot Spit Wi ont be Cease? Wl Los ‘ollie wa nat lone in wishing 1 make history the modern so cessor of the ele. Gibbons essay on "Me. Hart's Commentary 00 Horse” (187 shows how moc huge pve qton on | composition, tn! the tarato of he Dect and Fall sccompanes ierrave wih coniotous commentary ons compositions” Aa {swell known, Citboncomsidred sume of top ooore fall Seictig the dolne an fal of the Rowan mp a the sjct Bs reat sry Hs rina cone wes the propriate the Cae 8, 8h coments he ie ese teed at impli ctu Seopa md tt fe ‘Frere eit te ar cre en per te ‘eee ty mony soy anh one hati eee s ru tn ran lane or wale pat ae dl Seine Lionel Gossmon subject mater othe kind of Herary treatment he hain min. 1a his Fane a cupaons de Académie (1716) Peto had lend Le foo of the manne of wring istry that would have vet a et and te foro pg“ A dy an ear complet | {eit Ma ote onder tha that of chronology. «= But OE a ana assets anong twenty posfble places in his mai | ito tere a fact ought to be placed 10 thos ight on al he ie he OPS gnc nofwitstaading, in ober word, the trian a gee concerned with “actions and ot 1 organize bis ae Ba ey nnd of ape sucesiton, x genealogy, he shoul fi eco that has an exposition, cena inte, a6 9 ‘Feorement and that Mastates some important pines ener cetuy, Hugh Blas teaching is hetori class at Cees or Eatabugh was similar. "Bistoncalcompostin & vo ee comprehend under t,Anval, Memoirs, Lives” Bit as espul hese” headed, "ae ts inferior subordinate spies ao re and rmmagement of ices the As attention sa cote Hatori io Beas much ony ax possible; that a Soul not const of seperate unconnected parts rss Fi Hier be hound together by some connecting principle, wi but shoul OF Mimpestn on the mind of someting that i 0% Sale ee The reader most pleased und instrcted “whe hela au day before the progress of sme one great pl OF i edna, when there i sme point or centre, 10 which EN tte be var fats telated by the Historian, (REE tied tin the Lees persons he ta oned ilo, ever and ors t.8 novel an bound they ito ni shy eet by une chalné secrete" Bi argued that i Matory Saar e Beale to ware al the secret inks of the chai, WA Tr netker seme, and seemingly unconnected events” ai Hy ecco thet tie main poi fo lace the ead Oe ‘Fema hngy alto reveal toe the inks among them" Se ees charac of he proposed reform of hstniogranhy oat aly cern the preface writen by JeanSacques Gait ads iggy inspector ofthe Cole de. Panes, for hs revied rend contimaton (1770-78) ofthe popes Hixon de France seen Seat abe Pa-Prangals Vell (709-89), Vly or. Jota Men | History and Literotre 18 wich waste ais of scene reid eon te ou afthe TORS Satay, Maar cueny rev ofa dito! session ones he ncton Of heh on ly the sa yt nal ry ee mate Grodes Chongucs Tie istry st anette nth anc comes” llope A wanna aca ce fs nse mt os a {Semone ae sige! tothe cyan rovson af the ‘Sm pee to ne her We sat of tps sof pe ate a Oe Shans or tte wh chat ee rom wa. Tk meat st, tie ltryetrne, ich ch eet eee eee own ale at icon own acer" as ops, ih es notary ot ct, SE BO Chapt ony snes vie the fm sy naa ar tn of fa HA propose, Fa St Mercy an tes Str t,t pe“ tat eat ccpia pb fr aih a cee lane seam of sora be scape. a seen oy of sone menon of demagenhy enaon a oan tO eer ine ent ha at ny do rea “See oo mo omg ga at cy earn tench er hd nce ein ok! a ame ee i sa i {due frog Sly pte obs ran aaa bem Ss find SPO ay coma mle err Aro tan pared bern eed ot ven an wer ed Pity coudewih te anng tony th ome ac ance a ote ine vey oo eo aot doves ead sere ate 2 pa drones dene sige Dr he ae eter ape ef aur ad nie But nay Eo" taeda nae csp” Grier ove Sa lee sae i fdr tt Vl ad Lt Le 6 Fénclon hod demanded. The historian “should fad linus pint | ‘Sf iow frm which the reSder could cay allow hi enze to emacs Ihe entze sequence of fats, a pregnant rite of which each pa ‘cular fact would be only a developmen or consequence.” Isolated Lone! Gossman ’ ¥ azninst the canvas o the reader closely concerned with the evens eng narod be artstocratic reader, for fntance, who ows the | characters personally oF hus himself participated inthe action) would |e the dts and might well fd pleasure in them, bat he render theta camo be saat the prop sn shold be eated in ni ie roca rye | Sigessins if they fe inportt lates, and ply share | ‘olmak the poll or miiay hry hat the ipo! sic ny et oi ay,“ ave fog | Hala ore peer iced ea) | face follow one nother i their natural onder, ima way he knows | | arehy off pars, an so beable uly tread the cans before hi. tem advance, dace ith te Bepofthe cies nth wich he |! Theat ede ofthe elghtwnh centr th detache, pono, so tae boon provided and "whch ate Sonsay tah mind he can | observer, he burgh specar, who muster hisery by ede kay Seady ine what wl be the oacome of ich an auch conta” | agit rer or teny, tthe wor onthe stage oreo close “43 _ talent" ae ect erin, | ie tants ai vewas eect some 7" Steen comparion of Neral marae bth pre Tr asghssta hstopapty te pat hus stored wo the C8 «gies the ations othe equrenentsopenpctng ttre |B, the pr 1 the pore, the pntagnae to he pari 3 141 Sekirei ofeghecnt-cntny dacomionsorhcory whether |e. What he reader a try observ the uflig of i ( Uy obcire fue ie Garo eincnt ony sch 5 Voare Hs toni actin, which ead nied om the bes nd Marmont Gee eopevay te Ite’ ae poe" hs ten no “om posto ee {1 Riments de travrl, port toy tthe te ofthe galt. iii ¢ tings Ponte wrote ofan Wea soy "e reader ‘lsc strograpy set ule fess the mess ssienon a |ysg | won etertan Nel by conenplating the cemsegnems tha he | y.¢ See ace a ee ment i LS g MMMM co wl prt te oc | "Eg Aatperspectve had tranaformed punting Inte of being plced in! Fmesiate relation Io the object of acation, the reer lie the ‘har, was fo be placed a a dnnce frm a that appeared fo fim ae iit ere sud n'a framed and else space upon whish he Bul Wook out as through a Window. As i was anoled, the nar tive would assume the characteris a paitng or talents which ‘auld be embrace i simulans vison smart ha exjyed By fic ye as 1 snoves over the canvas, Whe owing he sequence a "ents, oter wos, the reader wr ancipte te ent plo {hat each event at wae narrated wool! nt ite alloted pce “is the foschretende Handlong of epic atraliv, Lessing's terms (adfoon, XV), woul be ghherupconstaty inthe steed Honding othe visual als At the sue lime, by cceepying Ihe Soper pint fom which the narrative wae nnd to be ewe, {he Teaer ie the art lover longa plture sos, would ercive comely the groupings ofthe fires and the elation ofthe {Et tothe principal figure actin. The viewer sanding hone tei a sy co fa mec see nat ade Sanson an euseaig Sern SS i pam ln any ht tone ey Sci tee sion ses ctor ato wads we cn fs scum, aoa oo uefa dl ed te tcl toate ide cepa, "5 pcr aah prose ty evn yearby FEohlcots Jog fet he mrt exposes th bay 2 | |e epi ts eg ing a te dating tn venga tt soppone| 6 | {Say ceils emir Instead of eect We Thee no 4 [oinde elaine Were a the pand perspective of he historian has become dives rand radeon WIGh his fh Chat cvent a ‘rays follow fala pul, the ender in Digers teat resembles Sacgue's master of whom fs uid eaty inthe novel. He has epee ikon nme, st ofthe te Ry po means etn that he 18 Lonel Gossman tos." tv er wor, his ea att te wor! he sn dive seca wom suereaon To the ase Blt cp Rom mene gsr he ctl nd enchant O38 ht topes tot in ry wl ces esos ya ae et a ety ich tele ie cant ee i ours the ope the oe tt my, the marr opposes te rishi a ae ee tc onan ad oreingealegores f Oe ss oti) conven ro rape ft cen 0 lor” and Son, or eee te i see ia fiona he ore" The Een tate eer neni even when he ahs IE ely and at hcl la ft, ve eee tad an fey, ot ne ote he wor fa tsar ng alwys ps lon, oreo, Fees ky tanning ne Neen de Rameae amen roa sich Iasi the er work ene 1 a ea a i eames a hey eset esl See ere ne peter, on he tier han se eet: pe va rac an sheer, wh ees a so acy bt ou becom at te secs masttsg nyt. And yo me Ke sat ma, rie, pit al compe He aaa es ch Raney fr hel and mae cl inci aah kaew his Dieot wel expresses striking ora on Matt tan gh er al Dee eon SieSne ws ay “he ve mtr te covato of be emt te mE va TRG PIE Sic peuer srace trae fo phenomer, te ore oe ce Man prensa poten dos be Seven eke ewer esto te sna pith mare ord oes Tees aoc ore fo dors cet oie asl. Ts een ao ne rd th x sete sty ta al eens sve. scene te ele ie fest tepedece Co ne cps, ao FO ee apm ie Yale ob fab a em. png yo en We ah a SS'as el note pve oct cans io She seiepenence and edo nd stead toa rs ewe i terse io aa th ew my os emma ee ep Me eo History and tierature (earn teeatenmrnc net eer ‘ony hn te Ache Econ of MoU 1 gt he ae si ap sli ee a ey ‘Shy Klemp! igre the oat mer ya ny a Spent ino ht ‘sate phmeen Sesto asian Sena fhe cure beg Stone hit to he en a Typ rete hay scone oth pnt an. ete pn ‘Seen tect hn hh eh bie ah pin inn an of oy te MC ad "Calne eh fret of dnd ep irs sat, expan, goth le ee Tans eel taty on tase Se es poi eat chet ! 20 Lonel Gossman xine, and because—especily if we are eightenth eta BERET Seeeety ak at th ones except ters of a icin “Gee her moter sssnmem beat ihe eK sie or ln! chance, or ave Hert, and oid he Je conan gars of oer we whch be ee alee a ar tenia fioran's tig)» = The storan eer ht barony fh fom msl assy iyo ‘ecm mor exer ns ha berg 0 ‘he dae ofthe wold anal a an teagan 0 th iy He ais i armani TT tren pene seer by the aa ese of th wri ad ds tht ay reed ty cmt A log su he emotes a SMILE tthe chin the question of he ore of hry emis cnet ia pion ears the dy for Be, wich smth gen faction te udev ote Beet the pest fey. eras of ie ecplve icy anh dtrning faut of ain treason, or 38 we meme as0 my, of he stare SoReal no Way oneal, in the eo st Gi ply try an in. ors tin seta fing consul gorstning eight cm aa ta fenced ty eine fo ht. TERRI tog operates the se way vey atom to deve Sie teen om ta of pre cro vohed an appeal a ef eal rave or of Grama, And coment. 2 tte intenon war vet # gy sted motel of ie aves amps ws pi paced on the stagnate aan he sors taksim repre ew eyes The See te crurselyneretng work of Prosper de Daa ene ae emer of te arave school Were die te ae es an mia cae fx mre th ae Fe Brey leaf ara’ work, isto ders de Bou ton 0 mason de Vata (20-2, spas be predic of ‘pen nly othe sen he a Ser Race mie ae computed ange pr es No aa a premed in 1 amoances nts ie the wre man ce concep acne ta hse ae een one tt fa bth Ie sujet fab nha | Gadidonally sccepted the essential conditions of elasial nara [HIid have operated within the frmework these provice. The famine Misiory ond Lterotre 21 cssiy by Roniamin Constant. In his latoduction, Thieery expily fre attention to the paradigmatic aspect o is marative. His story forthe Norman Conauest he sid, was a model ofl the istries the European countries. Yet Thety ws fa a0 Way ential of mara five history-‘On the contrary, he i gh eonsiored one ofthe leaders ofthe narrative schol. Bot he empbasiod the peradimatic fupet of the historical text a8 Well he syatagmaic one Although at tines storia maraive and Ston sarative may em to have been srinng in opposite dcetors, hey have bah], teeth ‘Ethanaive the esabshnent of a pecial ne of rare icon Tous wil the time ofthe naar own ting signaled, aceord--& 8{+~-4 8 ing to Bile Benveniste, by the we ofa certain et of web tener, 2, dl Je tabi the nimple peat or ast, aie bythe ipertet ad the i bhupefect. Thor tenses consis ths eect a system, and the 7" presen. the fate, the perfecl~al the tenses withthe 2eep008 OF “yy, le {ie ‘umplepstesonmte athe Thefemses ofthe sco system“ A main reali to the poset and rect atention to the 3 jest to thea of speningWeuoniton, and tthe present eatin ‘see naar or sesh an reader oritener rater than eke "ely tote event ning arated enone)" Tease the spe felt tege system sn coaliton of naive, whet fhe at Freseted as tae ot fetonal,whetor a Votes words "Ie {Sci este donnts pour vas or ie rc des fits donne Dott fhan.°™ Despite Meets to subvert the tadionl form of ara The in Jacques le eal. by foeerounding the net andthe act ‘rellng an by proseting thea of tiny as contemporary th Satis Being tld, Diderot dot siseed in elininaig the past Tense self even ftom the wavatve of bis ane sory He clad imate the proseoes of tings reading or Uistaing, but he pois » Ves Gale Lee te 22 Lionel Govaman ‘ould wot actully fase the to planes of enunciation, which enve- nine eharctesacs a ister an cour. These, with thet respec. tive verb systems, Temsin clesry distinguishable throughout is tert Jocguen, moreover falades many tradionally tlds within te frame story, though to emphasize thatthe consciton of Ieeligile mode of experince i oth necessary ad inevitable, and thatthe even ofthe role ofthe narator in thei production snd Do therener in thir iterpectation can make us avare of whl Weare ‘dingbat cannot alter the actual form in which we do ‘By means of the stcourse” with which he i fre to sccompany * nis narative of events, however, the historian andthe novelist ake fan comment onthe ation Heng elated apd orient the reader's Toe toward i, NOt sorprsingy, at any given time tere tend to be tury polars of resemblance etucen the encourse of fistorians and that of mvett. “The characteristic feature of eightecat-cetary Hction the irnig? iste mos! eighteenth-century novels establish between the nae it for andthe narrative, and the complicity they set up between the Tender andthe arator ove aga he sarative—that i (0 say, the lear aisinton they make between ecowr an sore, ad he fivicge they accord (othe fone. This tals what characterizes Torte, Hume, and Gibbon aa historians The Ealihtennent Histo ‘ort his ae the same condtons as the eighteentvcentary ‘velit any like hin, engages the feader wit him as one spect Ur of the Rstonal scene or tabla. The mate unifying cemer of “uhentcenturybisral wring, thas been sad the msator Famslf ater tha the narative of evens te alr exist largely {Bra pices for plosophiea™ coameniary, and forthe ste of the Esmmuniy of philosophers that this commentary was expected (0 ‘Statin betwesn nator and reader, and amon wears. History, inthis ioporant sespect, war ot essentially erent fon Reon isl Alembsrt's omar thatthe wings of Tact “woul ot lose fmuch Ir we were to comiger them onl a5 the fist and tres! of losphicl novels" probaly did wot seem as odd or shocking (25 eo bay, Marans thr ak is mF SORT Tite e an suite erence ator rte ) ont na ei cmp to th lhcent-entry render asi doce tow, ora eat i mt] fave done tothe sows snctcentncety reader, Vola io di] Aigushedbetmeen te vale of an inept model-—wiih feton {Sn presmaly be a well se hslory-and merely facta tev ny cunts: "We have to make dstntows tm the evr of fasta fis A fae dey a wrong ame are oa Stra the mai bly ofthe work teri tf the interests the motive, the evens ave been fail unfold, me ave 4 ‘wSitmade sae wih an be fated for some sight imparteton of Satin the drapery ‘ole himsel avr jd is constant cect nd revision Joris stores wens nd hs rls seckng oot of ew norma fon, excpt on the woud that heh rrp for thn ener ay gue mental hygiene, The overal perm, i Vohra et oe alge feng bert by ind ty te el uve” ‘al icuth by yrs vents the gerral mann by the excoptins o {Cand testes contontatin ofthe particle andthe peer ie {S Votes ease otto sohign atthe level f the oe, bat Env th eel te sues“ ony. rinfoend ond ted he ‘Shea pir fhe naar, snd pilged te at of ing ‘Pfr a yan. he pet of ey ‘Ser the mar of he objective tut or thera of the marae ‘What was import was oo th tr of he marae so much asthe) uviy of rhtng shout the suave, cading that of eetectng. 4 ‘outs tah: Hat, inthe sleet cntry, raed qvesins SEN ese conditions in which the india et the ene Teasons ol ones and sac eed Idi ot preset {Dar ejectbely ts and ercfore compelng discovery of ely Heit One conay, sth an vai were alway problema, provoking the reader’ eeston and ths renewing hs feed. 1 tpi et hai on ar ive were constuted a fanGamentaly sie ways in tbe pent + Sy. " : 1 Tels not het i, teonscontry oral sre a shares important seo tESies with snctcendcentry tonal naratve, notably he ex) Fist restos ofthe lar Enhntent separation feet an] “© Mest pat and poset martve and sommentary or soon ind th emp to make them ots nth each othe. Te om A peoabiity, to show that nne-) mater fora volume of Vil" -9¢ ae 26 Lone Gossman | mnt feature of oth sional and historical maratve inthe winteenth) | Eestay ithe replacement of the overt eighteenth century persona of Ue nrator by a covert narrate, andthe covesponng presentation ‘the nares unproblematic, sbeoately nda. The nnelenth- enny naar appears abu piileged reporter reconstructing What Teppered. The historical ext ist not presented a a mode 0 be

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