Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pharmacology
Recommendations for children prescribing
Protein Other
EC H2O IC H2O Fat
Premature
Newborn
4 mo
12 mo
24 mo
36 mo
Adult
0 20 40 60 80 100
% of Total Body Weight
Pharmacokinetic
Oral Drug Absorption
Drug Absorpsion Neonate vs. Older Children
Para-
Para- Neo-
Neo- Infant Child Drug Oral Absorption
meter natus Acetaminophen Decreased
Gastric Reduce Normal Normal
Acid Decrease Increased Increased Ampicillin Increased
Secretion Reduce Normal Normal
Diazepam Normal
Gastric Reduce Normal Normal
Emptying Acquiring Adult Adult Digoxin Normal
time Pattern Pattern
Intestinal Penicillin G Increased
Motility
Billiary Phenobarbital Decreased
Function Phenytoin Decreased
Microbial
Flora Sulfonamides Normal
CYP3A Ontogeny
LaCroix D et al. Eur J Biochem 247:625, 1997
1 0.1
CYP3A7 CYP3A4
Activity Activity
0.5 0.05
0 0
Adult
1-7d
>1yr
<30w
>30w
<24h
1-3mo
8-28d
3-12mo
Acetaminophen Metabolism
Miller et al., Clin Pharmacol Ther 19:284-94, 1976
Acetaminophen
Glucoronide
G:S Sulfate kel
0.3 Newborn 0.15
0 20 40 60 80 100
% of Dose
Why are children at greater risk of
medication errors?
Drug doses calculated individually
Based on age, weight, surface area
More calculations
Weights change rapidly (esp neonates)
10-fold errors
Inadequate information
Incorrect use of dose information resources
Lack of suitable dosage forms and concentrations
Need for complex calculations & dilutions by
medics/nurses
Children cant always tell us
if were about to make a mistake
if they suffer adverse effects
Children have less internal reserves with which to buffer
the effects of errors
Most common error type
Dosing errors 28 %
Route of administration 18 %
MAR transcription 14 %
& documentation
Wrong date 9.9 %
Frequency 9.4 %
Calculation of Pediatric Drug Dosage
based on age
Young :
n / [n + 12] x dosis dewasa (n = umur tahun)
berlaku untuk anak: 1 8 tahun, tidak cock untuk diatas 12 tahun
Dilling:
n / 20 x dosis dewasa (n = umur tahun)
berlaku untuk anak : 8 20 tahun
Cowling:
[n + 1] / 24 x dosis dewasa (n = umur tahun)
di Indonesia rumus ini tidak banyak dipergunakan.
Rumus Ausberger: rumus ini agak tepat untuk anak umur
2 12 bulan: (m + 13) % dari D
1 11 tahun: (4n + 20) % dari D
12 16 tahun: (5n + 10) % dari D
m = umur dalam bulan; n = umur dalam tahun; D = dosis dewasa
Fried :
m / 150 x dosis dewasa ( m = umur bulan)
Rumus ini dipakai untuk bayi 1 tahun kebawah.
Calculation of Pediatric Drug Dosage
based on body weight
Clarks rule weight (kg)
Kg
Ped. dose = X adult dose
70
pound Weight (pound)
Ped. dose = X adult dose
150
Youngs rule:
dose = adult dose x (age in years)/(age
+ 12)
Clarks rule:
dose = adult dose x weight (kg)/70
dose = adult dose x weight (lbs)/150
Body surface area
(neonate BSA/adult BSA) x 100 = % of adult
dose needed
Contoh menghitung dosis PARASETAMOL untuk anak
5
volume (ml)
2
1
0
< cth cth > cth
classification of "cth"
diclofenac ibuprofen
Dosis per- hari adalah: Dosis per- hari adalah:
(0,7 2) mg/kg x 15 kg = (5 10) mg/kg x 15 kg =
(10.5 - 30) mg (75 150) mg
dosis terbagi 3 kali sehari, dosis terbagi 3 kali sehari,
(3.5 10) mg per-kali (25 50) mg per-kali
R/ Diclofenac mg 5 R/ Ibuprofen mg 50
Saccharum lactis qs Saccharum lactis qs