9

: .


, St
(Rate of Settlement)
Settlement

Embankment
Effective Stress

Stress-Strain in Consolidation
1-D Consolidation Test

(Oedometer)


Consolidation Theory

(Immediate Settlement, Si ) ->
(Elastic)
(Primary Consolidation Settlement, Sc) ->
Dsz s
(Secondary Consolidation, Ss) ->
(Creep)
Stotal = Si + Sc + Ss
Immediate Settlement, Si

1 2
S i q0 B Ip
Es
Consolidation Settlement, Sc
P P+DP
Drain holes

t t0
u uh
u u h ue
(a) (b)
P+DP
P+DP

0t t

ue (c) (d)
u uh u uh
z

s ' sz u
 (Effective Stress, s)
Effective Stress = Total Stress Pore
Pressure Total Stress
s = s u
Strain = f (Effective Stress)
Valve

Pore
Pressure

Effective
Stress
1-D Consolidation Test

Stress-Strain : Elastic (RR) and Plastic (CR) ranges

Preconsolidation Pressure, s p s vm
Overconsolidation Ratio (OCR)
Coefficient of Consolidation, cv
Coefficient of Permeability, kv = cv mv gw
 Oedometer (Consolidation)

Initial consolidation
Deformation

Primary consolidation

Secondary consolidation

Time (Log scale)

Stress-Strain in Consolidation
Stress-Strain = From Stress to Strain to Settlement
Soils: Non-linear
Overconsolidation: Elastic OC, Plastic - NC
Materials Soils
Stress, s

Plastic
Preconsolidation
Elastic, RR Pressure

Yield Plastic,
Point CR

Elastic

Strain,
, Sc

De DH
Vv e o Void Void
V 1 eo
(V V s Vv )
H
Vs 1
Solid Solid

DH De

De
H V
DH H
DH De 1 e0

H 1 eo
 Coefficient of Compressibility, av

s v

De
Slope av
Ds v'
De

Ds v
e

Void Ratio-Effective Stress (e - sv)

Coefficient of Volume Compressibility, mv

s v

D
Slope mv
Ds v'

D
De av
Ds v mv
Ds v (1 e0 ) 1 e0
'

Strain-Effective Stress ( - sv)

 Stress-Strain
log s v'

Recompression,
A RR
D
B
Slope
D log s v'
Virgin curve,
CR
Strain, %

RR = Slope of Recompression curve

D
C CR = Slope of Virgin curve
SR = Slope of Swelling curve
Rebound curve,
SR

Strain-Log Effective Stress ( - logsv)

 Stress-Strain
log s v'
De
Recompression, Slope
A Cr D log s v'
B

Virgin curve, Cr = RR (1 e0 )
e

Cc
Void Ratio,

Cc = CR(1 e0 )
D
C Cs = SR(1 e0 )
Rebound curve,
Cs
e0 = Initial Void Ratio

Void Ratio-Log Effective Stress (e - logsv)

 Preconsolidation Pressure, s
vm

g log s v'
s vm
f b
a / 2
Void Ratio, e

/2 d
c

Casagrande Method
 (Stress History)

(Overconsolidation Ratio), s vm
'
OCR '
s v0
Overconsolidated Soil: OC s vm sv0 log s v'

-> vm v0 , (OCR>1)
s '
s '
s vm
Normally Consolidated Soil: NC s vm s v0
-> vm v0 , (OCR=1)
s s Strain,
' '

Underconsolidated Soil :
-> s vm' s v' 0 , (OCR<1)
OC NC
, Sc

Normally Consolidated (NC, s '

vm s v' 0)

e
s vo
Slope Cc
s v' 0 Ds z
De Cc log
De s v' 0

Cc H s v' 0 Ds z
S c DH log
1 e0 s v 0'

s v' 0 Ds z logs v'

, Sc

Overconsolidated (OC), CaseI s '

v0 Ds z s vm
'

e s vo
s vm
s v' 0 Ds z
De De Cr log
s v' 0
Slope Cc
Slope Cr
Cr H s v' 0 Ds z
S c DH log
1 e0 s v 0'

s v' 0 Ds z log s v'

, Sc

Overconsolidated (OC), CaseII s '

v0 s vm
'
s v' 0 Ds z
e s vo
s vm
De1 s vm
'
De1 Cr log '
De De1 De2 s v0
De2 Slope Cr

Slope Cc s v' 0 Ds z
De2 Cc log
s vm
'

s v' 0 Ds z log s v'

Cr H s vm
'
Cc H s v' 0 Ds z
S c DH log ' log
1 e0 s v0 1 e0 s vm
'
 (Rate of Settlement)
 1-D Consolidation Theory

1-D
, u
Load

Pore Pressure
u=f(z,t) Distribution
cv = Coefficient of Consolidation
Porous Stone

Drainage Path, H z
Time Increases

Degree of Consolidation, U Soil

U = f ( cv, t, H )
Porous Stone

U = f ( Tv ) Tv = Time Factor
 Rate of Settlement
z
Q out k 2 u
x dx
dh du / g w Dq qout qin 2 dx dy dz
g w z
dy
y

dz
Vv e 1 e
Dq dx dy dz 1 e t dx dy dz
Q in t t 1 e

k 2 u 1 e
2 , e av u
g w z 1 e t

k (1 e) 2 u u

g
2
u 2u
w v z t
a
cv 2
k 1 e t z
cv
k
g w av g w mv
Rate of Settlement
Load

Sand Drainage uo Boundary conditions,

t1 z 0, u 0
Clay t t 0
t2
z 2H , u 0
Sand Drainage
t 0, u u0
m 2u0 Mz M 2Tv
u
m 0 M
sin e
d
H
, Tv
cv t
H d2

u0 u z
Degree of consolidation t Uz
u0
u
1 z
u0
Hd

1 1 u z dz
Hd 0
Average degree of consolidation U
St
Sc

u0
1-D Consolidation Theory
U = f ( Tv )
Solution
0%
where Tv = cv t /H
2

U=50%, Tv=0.197

U =90%, Tv =0.848

Giving Degree of
Consolidation (U)
or Rate of 100%
Settlement (U x St)
 Coefficient of Consolidation, cv
Plot Root Time and Log Time -> t90 and t50

A D0
Dx
Root Time -> t90 Dx
Deformation

Deformation
t 90
D 50
Log Time -> t50

D 90 D
D100

O B C
t
x t1 4t 1 t 50
1.15x
Time, t (Log scale)

P P

2
Tv H
cv
longest
d H
Hd
drainage Hd H
Hd path

t
Hd H / 2 Hd H
Horizontal Coefficient of Consolidation, ch

Piezoprobe CRS-R
(Seah. et al, 2004) (Seah. et al, 2004)