Chng 2 CC C CU O

2.1 CU TO C CU CH TH KIM
2.1.1 Khi nim chung
bit tr s o lng ca i lng o , ta cn c mt c cu ch th kt qu o lng .
i vi cc thit b o c in , ch th kt qu , c cu ch th s mang kim ch th kim ch
th s di chuyn trn mt c vch chia v s ty thuc vo v tr ca kim ch th m chng ta
s c kt qu o . Dng c o tng t ( analog ) l loi dng c o m s ch ca dng c t
l vi i lng o ( l i lng lin tc ) . Trong cc dng c o tng t , ngi ta thng
dng cc ch th c in , v th tn hiu vo l dng in hay in p cn tn hiu ra l gc
quay ca phn ng ( kim ch th) hoc s di chuyn ca bt ghi trn my ( dng c t ghi ) .
Nhng dng c ny chnh l nhng dng c o bin i thng cc i lng cn o l nhng
i lng in nh dng in , in p , tn s . . . c bin i thnh gc quay ca phn ng
ngha l bin i nng lng in thnh nng lng c hc ( = f(x) trong x l i lng
in , ( l gc quay . Cn i vi c cu ch th ca cc thit b hin i ngy nay ngi ta dng
led ch th kt qu . Do trong chng ny chng ta s trnh by cc loi c cu ch th c
in .
2.1.2 Nguyn l lm vic ca cc ch th c in
Khi cho dng in vo mt c cu ch th c in , do tc ng ca t trng ln phn
ng ca c cu o s to ra mt moment quay mq . ln ca moment ny t l vi ln
ca dng in a vo c cu o
Mq =
Trong We l nng lng t trng
gc quay phn ng
Nu ta t vo trc ca phn ng mt l xo cn , khi phn ng quay l xo b xon li
sinh ra moment cn mc . Moment ny t l thun vi gc lch ( v c biu din bng biu
thc
Mc = d .
Vi d l h s ph thuc vo kch thc v vt liu ch to l xo
Khi moment cn bng moment quay , phn ng ca c cu o dng li v tr cn bng
Mq = Mc
Hay = d
Suy ra =
Phng trnh trn l phng trnh c tnh thang o . T phng trnh trn , ta bit c
c tnh ca thang o v tnh cht ca c cu ch th
V tr cn bng (C c th xc nh bng th nh hnh v . ng vi cc dng in khc
nhau ta c cc gc lch khc nhau

1
 Mq2

Mq1

c1 c2

2.1.3 Cc k hiu ghi trn c cu ch th

Thng thng trn mt ca b phn ch th thng c ghi k hiu hai gc di nh
nhng k hiu ny m chng ta s bit c cp chnh xc ca thit b o , o in mt chiu ,
xoay chiu hoc cho c mt chiu (dc) v xoay chiu (ac ) . . . ngoi ra d vo k hiu ny
chng ta bit c c cu ch th cho thit b o ny t ta suy ra nguyn l hot ng ca c
cu o cng nh bit c u v khuyt im ca c cu o
C cu o t in
C cu o t in c b phn chnh lu dng diode
C cu o t in c phn bin i in xoay chiu sang mt chiu dng c cu
nhit in
C cu t s k t in ( logomt )
C cu o in t ( ming st di ng ) c cu in t c nam chm thng trc
T s k in t
C cu in ng
C cu st in ng
C cu t s k in ng
T s k st in ng
C cu cm ng
C cu t s k cm ng
C cu o tnh in
Ngoi ra c nhng k hiu khc ghi trn cc my c nh sn xut s quy nh cho
chng ta bit khi s dng cc thit b o . cho nn khi s dng thit b o chng ta cn phi
quan tm n cc k hiu ghi trn my
Bng 1

K hiu dng c o ngha

1. C cu o

c cu o kiu t in , khung dy phn ng

c cu o kiu t in , nam chm phn ng

c cu o t in c cun dy t l

c cu o t in c dng diode chnh lu

c cu o kiu in t

c cu o kiu in ng
( khng c li st )

c cu o kiu cm ng

c cu o kiu tnh in

c cu o kiu astatic
 c cu o kiu t s k in t

c cu o kiu t s k in ng

c cu o kiu t s k cm ng

2. in p kim tra chnh xc

in p kim tra 500v ( cp cch in )

in p kim tra 2000v

khng kim tra in p

in p test 2kv

3. Trng thi t c cu o

t thit b o theo phng thng ng

( vung gc vi mt phng nm ngang )

t thit b o theo phng nm ngang

t thit b o nghing mt gc 600 so vi phng nm

ngang

4. Cp chnh xc

cp chnh xc ph hp vi sai s ch th tnh theo gi

tr cui cng ca thang o ( chng hn 1,5 )
 cp chnh xc ph hp vi sai s ch th tnh theo gi tr
ng ( chng hn 2,5 )

5. Cc k hiu ph khc

iu chnh im 0

ch cch s dng

500 hz tr s tn s danh nh ( v d 500hz )

hp bo v tnh in

hp bo v t

gi tr cho php ca trung l , v d l 5 ( 500a / m )

in tr shunt ( tch ri )

in tr ph mc ni tip ( tch ri )

6. Cc dng c o lng

ampe k o in mt chiu

mili ampe k o in mt chiu

hay

volt k o in mt chiu

milivolt k o in mt chiu
hay

ampe k v volt k dng o dng in v in p

v xoay chiu
2.1.4 C cu t in
C cu t in gm hai phn c bn : phn tnh v phn ng nh hnh v

Phn tnh
Gm c nam chm vnh cu , mch t , cc t v li st . Cc b phn ny hnh thnh
mch t kn . Gia cc t v li st c khe h u nhau goi l khe h lm vic , trong c
khung quay chuyn ng . ng sc qua khe h lm vic hng tm ti mi im . Trong khe
h ny c t cm b u nhau ti mi im . Ngoi ra , trong mch t cn c shunt t
iu chnh t thng qua khe h lm vic
Phn ng
Gm c mt khung bng ch nhm hnh ch nht trn khung c qun dy ng rt nh
c 0.03 0.2 mm ( cng c trng hp khung quay khng c li nhm bn trong nh in
nng k ) .
Khung quay c gn vo trc quay ( hoc dy cng hay dy treo ) , trc quay ny c
t trn hai im ta trn v di ( hai u trc ) nh vy khung quay c l nh trc quay
nn chng ta gi khung ny l khung quay .
hai u trn v di ca khung quay cn gn cht vo 2 l xo xon c nhim v dn
dng in vo khung quay . Khung quay c t trong t trng to ra bi hai cc ca nam
chm vnh cu . lm tng nh hng ca t trng i vi khung quay ngi ta t mt li
st non hnh tr bn trong lng ca khung quay di chuyn trong ke h ca khng kh gia li
st non v 2 cc ca nam chm , khe h ny thng rt hp.
Kim ch th c gn cht vo trc quay ca khung quay , cho nn khi khung quay di
chuyn th kim ch th s di chuyn tng ng .
Trong c cu o t in , cht lng nam chm vnh cu nh hng rt ln n chnh
xc ca dng c o . Do , yu cu i vi nam chm vnh cu l to t cm b ln trong khe
h lm vic , n nh theo thi gian v nhit . Tr s t cm b cng ln th moment quay to
ra cng ln nn nhy ca c cu o cng cao v t b nh hng ca t trng ngoi
Nguyn l lm vic
Khi c dng in chy qua khung dy , di tc dng t trng ca nam chm vnh cu
khung quay lch mt gc d . Moment quay to ra c xc nh theo biu thc
Mq =
 We t l vi ln ca t thng ( trong khe h lm vic v dng in I chy trong khung
dy
We = . I
M =BSW
Trong
B l t cm ca nam chm vnh cu
Sdin tch khung dy
W s vng dy qun trn khung dy
gc lch ca khung dy so vi v tr ban u
Cc gi tr trn l hng s ( const ) khi khung dy quay
Ta c th vit li biu thc trn nh sau
Mq =
Mq = = BSWI

Khi cn bng , moment quay bng vi moment

cn
Mq = M c
BSW I = d
Suy ra =

Ta nhn thy B , S , W , D l nhng hng s nn gc quay khung dy t l bc nht vi

dng in i
 nhy ca c cu o c xc nh bng biu thc sau S = ngha l nhy dng
in tng ng vi s bin thin gc quay khi c s bin thin dng in qua khung dy .
Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng tr s dng in ti a (dng in cc i ) m kim ch th
lch ti a ( lch ht khung o ) c trng nhy ca c cu .
Th d
nhy ca c cu ch th l 50 micro ampe ngha l dng in ti a qua c cu ch th
lch ti a qua c cu ch th l 50 micro ampe nh vy dng in ln nht qua c cu c tr s
cng nh th c cu cng nhy
Theo biu thc xc nh nhy s ca c cu c xc nh
S= = =1
c tnh ca c cu o in t
C cu o t in c cc u im sau
Gc quay ( ca khung dy t l thun vi dng in I nn c cu o t in ch s
dng o cc i lng mt chiu
Gc quay ( ca khung dy t l thun vi dng in I nn thang o c chia cc
vch u nhau
nhy c cu o S = bsw l i lng khng i
C cu o t in c chnh xc cao c th t n cp chnh xc 0.5% . v cc
phn t ca c cu o c n nh cao ( nh hng ca t trng ngoi khng
ng k v t trng ca nam chm vnh cu ln , cng sut tiu th nh khong t
25 (w n 200(w nn khng nh hng n ch ca mch o .
C cn du tt
Tuy nhin c cu o t in c cc nhc im sau
C cu o kiu t in l ch to phc tp , kh nng chu qu ti km , c cu o b
tc ng bi nhit lm cho php o b sai lch
Cun dy ca khung quay thng c thit din rt nh cho nn ch chu dng in
nh i qua cun dy
i vi loi c cu t in dng dy xon thay l xo kim sot d h hng khi b
chn ng mnh hoc khi di chuyn cho nn cn m qu mc cho khung quay khi
di chuyn trnh s chn ng qu mnh lm t dy xon
ng dng ca c cu o t in
C cu o t in thng c s dng trong cc trng hp sau
Dng ch to cc ampe k , volt k , ohm k vi nhiu thang o v di o rng
Ch to cc loi in k c nhy cao , c th o c cng dng in 10 -12 A
v in p n 10-4 V
Ch to cc loi dao ng k nh sng quan st v ghi li cc gi tr tc thi ca
dng in v in p cng nh tn s c th ln n 15KHz
 C cu o t in cn dng lm ch th trong cc mch o cc i lng khng
in
Dng ch to cc dng c o in t tng t nh volt k in t , tn s in t ,
pha k in t . . .
Kt hp vi cc b bin i nh cu chnh lu , cm bin , cp nhit c th o cc
i lng xoay chiu ( dng v p xoay chiu )
2.1.5 C cu in t
C cu o in t cn c gi l c cu c ming st di ng

Thang chia

Lo xo
kiem
Kim ch soat
th

Cuon
day

La thep La thep
di ong co nh

Cu to c cu o in t
C cu o in t c hai loi l loi ht v loi y
C cu o in t loi ht
Gm c cun dy c nh , ming st di ng trong vng t trng do cun dy to ra khi
c dng in chy qua cun dy . Nu t trng to ra cng ln th ming st cng b ht mnh
vo v kim ch th cng b lch nhiu cn bng lc ht , ta gn thm l xo kim sot i
khng li . Khi khng c dng in chy qua cun dy , t trng s khng cn nn kim ch th
s tr v v tr cn bng ban u
S chuyn ng ca kim ch th cng c m lm du , b phn m gm mt l
nhm gn cht vi kim ch th di chuyn trong bung c che kn
C cu o in t loi lc y
Gm c ming st di ng c gn cht vi trc quay , cn ming st c nh c gn
vi vch trong ca nng cun dy . Khi c dng in chy qua s t ha 2 ming st c cng
cc tnh cho nn 2 ming st s y nhau , khi ming st di ng s di chuyn
Nguyn l lm vic
C cu in t l loi lc ht v y c cng nguyn l lm vic
Khi c dng in chy qua cun dy , trong cun dy xut hin moment quay v c xc
nh theo biu thc
Mq =
Nng lng in c xc nh
We =
Trong L l in cm ca cun dy
Do Mq =
Khi kim v tr cn bng , moment quay bng vi moment cn
= D.
Hay = I2
c tnh ca c cu o in t
T biu thc trn , ta c mt s nhn xt sau
Gc quay ( ca khung dy t l vi bnh phng dng in v khng ph thuc vo
chiu dng in nn c cu o in t c th o i lng dng in v in p mt
chiu v xoay chiu c tn s ln n 10.000 Hz
Do gc quay khung dy t l bnh phng vi dng in nn thang o chia vch
khng u v ph thuc vo t s ( y l i lng phi tuyn ) . Thc t , ngi ta
tnh ton sao cho gc lch ( ca khung dy thay i th t s thay i theo qui lut
ngc vi bnh phng dng in . Ngha l ta phi tnh ton v la chn kch
thc , hnh dng li ng ca mch t v v tr t cun dy cho ph hp
cn du , c cu o in t thng s dng khng kh hoc cm ng
c tnh ca c cu o in t
C cu o in t c nhng u im sau
Cu to n gin
tin cy cao
Kh nng qu ti ln
C th o c dng in v in p mt chiu v xoay chiu
Tuy nhin c cu o in t cng c nhc im sau
Tiu th nng lng trong qu trnh o ln
chnh xc khng cao nht l khi o i lng mt chiu s c sai s ln do hin
tng t tr v t d c trong mch t
nhy thp
Chu nh hng ca t trng ngoi do t trng ca c cu o yu khi o dng
in nh
ng dng ca c cu o kiu in t
Thng c s dng ch to cc loi ampe k , volt k o dng in v in p xoay
chiu tn s in cng nghip vi cp chnh xc 1.0 v 1.5 hoc cc c cu o phng th
nghim vi cp chnh xc 0.5 v 1.0
i vi cc i lng xoay chiu c tn s cao v hi cao , ta phi tnh ton cc mch b
tn s gim thiu sai s
2.1.6 C cu o in ng

Kim
ch th

Cuon
co Cuon
nh di ong

Lo xo

Cu to c cu o in ng
Phn tnh gm cun dy c chia thnh 2 cun ni tip nhau to ra t trng khi c
dng in chy qua cun dy . Hai cun dy c t cch nhau mt khong cun dy ng
nm trong khong ny v chu nh hng ca t trng o cun dy dy tnh to ra
Phn ng gm mt khung dy t trong lng cun dy tnh . Khung dy c gn vi
trc quay , trc quay c gn l xo cn du v kim ch th . Trc quay c t xuyn qua khe h
khong khng ca cun dy tnh
Phn ng v phn tnh c c bc kn bng mng chn trnh nh hng ca t
trng ngoi lm sai lch gi tr o
Thng thng cun dy di ng khng c li st non ( nh c cu t in ) m l li
khng kh cho nn trnh c hin tng t tr v dng in xoy . Khi c s dng o
dng in xoay chiu cun dy phn tnh v phn ng c ni vi nhau nh th no th ph
thuc vo s s dng ca c cu o kiu in ng c s dng lm ampe k , volt k
hoc watt k .
Nguyn l lm vic
Khi c dng in chy qua cun dy tnh , trong lng cun dy xut hin t trng , t
trng ny tc ng ln dng in chy trong khung dy v to nn moment quay lm cho
phn ng quay i mt gc .
Khi c dng in mt chiu i vo cun dy tnh . Moment quay c xc nh theo biu
thc
Mq = = I1 I2
v tr cn bng moment quay bng vi moment cn . Ta c ng thc sau
I1 I2 = D .
Suy ra = I1 I2
 Khi c dng in xoay chiu i vo cun dy tnh
Moment quay c xc nh theo biu thc
Mq = = I1 I2
Do c qun tnh nn phn ng khng kp thay i theo gi tr tc thi . Cho nn , trn
thc t ngi ta ly gi tr trung bnh trong mt chu k ( tng ng vi gi tgr hiu dng )
T

Ta c Mq =
0
Mqt dt

Suy ra Mq = I1 I2 cos
l gc lch pha gia hai dng in I1 v I2
v tr cn bng moment quay bng vi moment cn . ta c ng thc sau
I1 I2 cos = D .
Suy ra = I1 I2 cos
c tnh ca c cu o kiu in ng
u im ca c cu o kiu in ng
C cu o kiu in ng c th s dng o in mt chiu v xoay chiu
Gc lch ( ca khung dy ph thc v tch s gia hai dng in chy vo cun dy
tnh nn vch khc trn thang s khng u nhau . Ta c th thay i v tr cc
cun dy thay i t s theo hm ngc vi dng in i1 v i2 nhm t c
vch chia trn thang o u nhau , thng thng vch trn thang o ch u t 20%
n 100% ( cui thang o ) cn 20% phn u thang o s khng u nhau
Moment quay Mq t l vi gi tr hiu dng dng in v cos( nn ta c th s dng
c cu o kiu in ng lm watt k ( o cng sut )
C cu o in ng c u im l c chnh xc cao khi o i lng xoay chiu
v khng s dng vt liu st t nn loi b sai s do dng in xoy to ra v hin
tng bo ho t
C cu o kiu in ng c th t c cp chnh xc 0.05 0.1 0.2 v ch yu
l dng c bn
Nhc im ca c cu o kiu in ng
C cu o kiu in ng tiu th cng sut nn ch thch hp cho vic o cng sut
ln
Moment quay ca c cu o khng ln v t trng ca bn thn cun dy sinh ra
nh v t thng kp kn qua khng kh c t tr ln v th tn hao t nhiu . do
c cu o kiu in ng b nh hng nhiu bi t trng ngoi nn hn ch sai
s , c cu o cn c mn chn bo v
C cu o c nhy thp v mch t yu
ng dng ca c cu o kiu in ng
 C cu o kiu in ng c s dng ch to cc ampe k , volt k , watt k mt
chiu v xoay chiu vi tn s cng nghip . ng h o h s cng sut cos hay gc lch
gia cc pha . Khi s dng trong mch xoay chiu tn s cao , ta phi lp thm mch b tn s
v c cu o ny c th o c di tn ln n 20KHz
2.1.7 C cu o cm ng

Cc t Cuon
day
Khung
quay
Cu to c cu o kiu cm ng
Gm hai phn chnh l phn ng v phn tnh
Phn tnh gm c hai cun dy qun trn mch t ( li thp k thut ) to ra nam chm
in . Khi c dng in chy qua cc cun dy s sinh ra t trng mc vng qua mch t v
qua phn ng . S lng nam chm t nht l 2
Phn ng l mt a kim loi thng lm bng nhm gn vo trc quay v trn c mang
kim ch th
Nguyn l hot ng
Khi c dng in I1 v I2 chy qua, t thng sinh ra s cm ng ln da nhm lm cho
trn da nhm xut hin dng in xoy .
Khi 2 cun dy ca nam chm in c dng in xoay chiu i 1 v i2 c bin l I1 v I2
i qua hai cun dy ca nam chm in v chng lch pha mt gc . Cc dng in ny to
ra t thng 1 v 2 c cng pha vi i1 v i2 . Nh vy 1 to ra sc in ng cm ng E 1 v
2 to ra E2 . Sc in ng cm ng E 1 lch pha 900 so vi 1 v s cm ng E 2 lch pha
900 so vi 2
Trn da nhm , s cm ng E1 to ra dng in xoy I'1 ( c bin l I1) v s cm
ng E2 to ra dng in xoy I 2 ( c bin l I 2 ) c cng pha vi sc in ng cm ng
pht sinh ra dng in xoy ny . cc dng in xoy nm trong t trng ca cc nam chm
in nn chng s tc dng tng h ln nhau , lm xut hin cc lc t trn da nhm v l
xut hin moment lm cho da nhm quay
Moment quay c xc nh theo biu thc
Mq = C . f . 1 . 2 sin
Trong C l hng s ca c cu o kiu cm ng
hay Mq = K . U . I cos = K . P
Moment phn khng t l vi tc quay ca da nhm
Mpk = K. N
 Da nhm quay u khi moment quay cn bng vi moment phn khng
Mq = Mpk
Hay K . P = K. N
Suy ra N= P
c c t thng ln cn phi c t tr ca mch t nh , ngoi ra cn phi chu ng
c qu ti v chng li t trng nhiu bn ngoi . Hn na chng ta cn ghi nhn nhit
cng nh hng n in tr ca dng in xoy trn a v cun dy . Do c cu ny cng
c sai s do nhit
Kt lun
Tc quay ca da nhm t l vi cng sut ca ph ti
Khi Mq > Mpk da nhm quay nhanh
Khi Mq < Mpk da nhm quay chm
c tnh ca c cu o kiu cm ng
u im ca c cu o kiu in ng
C moment ln
Cu to chc chn
Kh nng chu qu ti cao
Nhc im ca c cu o kiu in ng
chnh xc thp do c sai s v do t tr nn ch yu dng o cng sut xoay
chiu
Moment quay ph thuc vo tn s nn cn phi n nh tn s
c tnh
iu kin c moment quay l phi c t nht hai t trng
Moment quay t gi tr cc i nu gc lch pha gia hai t trng l =
Moment quay ph thuc vo tn s ca dng in to ra t trng
C cu o kiu cm ng ch lm vic trong mch in xoay chiu
ng dng
C cu o kiu cm ng ch yu dng ch to cng t in ( counter in ) o
in nng tiu th . i khi ngi ta dng o tn s

2.2 O DNG IN DC V AC
2.2.1 Khi nim
Trong cc i lng in , i lng dng in v in p l cc i lng c bn nht
cho nn trong cng nghip cng nh trong cc nghin cu khoa hc , ngi ta lun quan tm
n cc phng php v thit b o dng in
Ta c th o dng in bng phng php
o trc tip
o gin tip
Phng php so snh ( hay cn gi l phng php b )
phng php o trc tip , ta s dng cc dng c o dng in nh ampe k miliampe
k hay microampe k ty theo cng dng in cn o v gi tr o c c trc tip trn
dng c o
Trong phng php o gin tip , ta o in p ri trn in tr mu c mc trong
mch cn o dng in . Thng qua tnh ton , ta s xc nh c dng in cn o ( p dng
nh lut Ohm )
phng php so snh , ta so snh dng in cn o vi dng in mu chnh xc .
trng thi cn bng ca dng in cn o v dng in mu , kt qu c c trn mu . Ta c
th s dng phng php so snh trc tip v phng php so snh gin tip
Khi o dng in , ta mc dng c o ni tip vi mch in cn o ( ni tip vi ti ) .
V th ampe k s ly mt phn nng lng ca mch o nn s gy ra sai s trong qu trnh o
Phn nng lng ny cn gi l cng sut tiu th ca ampe k v c tnh theo biu thc
PA = IA2 . RA
T biu thc trn , ta nhn thy cng sut tiu th ca dng c o cng nh th sai s ca
php o cng nh ngha l in tr ca c cu o cng nh cng tt
i vi dng c o dng in xoay chiu , do tn s ( X L = 2 f L : L thnh phn tr
khng ca c cu o ) nh hng n c cu o . Cho nn ngi ta thit k c cu o lm vic
di tn s nht nh m bo cp chnh xc cho c cu o
2.2.2 o dng in mt chiu
o dng in mt chiu , ta c th s dng c cu o kiu in t , t in hay in
ng . Thng thng ta s dng c cu o kiu t in v c nhy cao li tiu th nng
lng t khong 0.2 n 0.4W v vch chia trn thang o c chia u nn d c .
Mc ampe k ni tip vi ph ti nh hnh v

Gi
I L dng in qua ph ti khi cha mc ampe k ( khi kho K ng )
IA L dng in qua ph ti khi mc ampe k ( khi kha K h )
RA L in tr ni ca ampe k
R L in tr ca ph ti
U L in p ngun cung cp cho mch in
Ta c I= v IA =
Sai s tng i % = 100% = 100%
Kt lun
T biu thc trn , ta nhn thy khi mc ampe k vo mch , php o s c sai s do dng
c o c ni tr . Sai s ny nh khi ni tr ca ampe k nh gim bt tn hao ( Cng nh
cng tt , mun vy khung dy ampe k c qun t vng dy nhng tit din phi ln )
2.2.3 o dng in xoay chiu
Nh trnh by trn , c cu in t v in ng u hot ng c vi dng xoay
chiu. Do c th dng c cu ny trc tip hoc m rng tm o dng nh cp phn
trn. Ring c cu t in khi dng ta phi bin i dng AC thnh DC bng cch dng diode
chnh lu dng in . S lng diode c th l 1 ( nn bn k ) hoc 4 diode ( nn ton k )
Dng in qua diode ni tip vi c cu t in l dng in xoay chiu chnh lu
thnh dng mt chiu.
Tr trung bnh ca dng in chnh lu

I AC I DC
A

Ch
nh lu du
n g 1 diode
- +
A
 Nu dng in xoay chiu c dng i = im sint
Khi nu dng phng php chnh lu bn k ( dng 1 diode ) th
Icltb = 0.318Ihd
Nu dng phng php chnh lu ton k ( dng cu diode ) th
Icltb = 0.636Ihd
Trng hp dng in ac c dng bt k th Icltb c tr s ph thuc vo dng v tn
s ca tn hiu
m rng tm o cho c cu o t in ta cng c th s dng in tr shunt . Gi tr
in tr shunt c xc nh nu dng in xoay chiu c dng sin
I max
VD R m
0,318 2
RS
I S (RMS)
Ngoi vic s dng in tr shunt , ta cn c th m rng tm o bng cch dng bin dng CT
CT c s vng dy cun s cp W 1 rt t so vi s vng dy cun th cp W 2 . Khi thay i s
vng dy s thay i thang o theo t s
Ta nhn thy dng in ti ( dng in s cp ) I 1 c gi tr ln hn dng in qua c cu
o ( dng in th cp ) rt nhiu , thng t 25 n hng trm ln
2.2.4 M rng tm o dng in DC v AC
Trong qu trnh o dng in , i khi gi tr cn o ln hn gii hn cho php ca c
cu o , khi ta phi m rng thang o cho ampe k . Phng php ph bin l dng in tr
shunt , in tr shunt thng lm bng manganin mc song song vi c cu o ( Thng thng
dng in i qua in tr shunt ln hn dng in i qua c cu o rt nhiu )
IA I
I
A Rtai
IS

RS

Khi c in tr shunt trong mch o , dng in phn nhnh vo khung quay v in tr

shunt t l nghch vi gi tr in tr ca chng . thay i gii hn khung o ca ampe k ,
ta thay i gi tr in tr shunt . Ta c th iu chnh gi tr in tr shunt ph hp cho tng
gi tr dng in cn o
= hay Rs =
Itt = IA + IS
C hai loi in tr shunt
 in tr shunt gn trong
in tr shunt gn ngoi
in tr shunt gn trong c ch to t trong ampe k o dng in c gi tr nh
hn 30A
in tr shunt gn ngoi l b phn in tr gn ngoi i km vi ampe k b in tr
shunt ngoi c t trong mt hp ring m bo iu kin ta nhit . Vi b in tr
shunt gn ngoi ta c th o dng in c cng t vi ampe n 10KA .
Shunt gn ngoi c 4 cc , 2 cc nh cn gi l cc p gn vo ampe k v 2 cc ln
cn gi l cc dng u vi cc cn o dng in . Khi s dng , ta cn lu cc cc ny trnh
nhm ln khng lm h c cu o

IA I
I IA
A R tai
A
I S1
RS1 I I S3
RS1 RS2 RS3
I S2 I
RS2 I S2
Rtai
I S3
RS3
I S1

c nhiu cp o dng in khc nhau ( nhiu thang o ) , ta c th mc cc in tr

shunt c lp ( Hnh 1 ) hoc ni tip ( Hnh 2 ).
i vi in tr shunt mc ni tip , gi tr in tr thnh phn c xc nh theo biu
thc
RK = RA ( - )
Tnh ton in tr shunt m rng thang o
Gi n l h s iu chnh dng in ( l t s gia dng in ph ti v dng in qua
ampe k )
n= = =1+
Ta c =
Suy ra Rs =
Nh vy m rng thang o , ta mc in tr shunt c gi tr nh hn in tr ca
c cu o ( n 1 ) ln
V d
Mt c cu o c gi tr gii hn o l I max = IA = 50A , in tr ni ca c cu o l R 0
= 300 . Tnh cc gi tr ca in tr shunt c thang o 100A , 1mA v 10mA
Gii
H s iu chnh dng in tng thang o tng ng l
 Thang o 100A n1 = = = 2
Thang o 1mA n2 = = = 20
Thang o 10mA n3 = = = 200
R1 = R A ( - )
R1 = 300 . . ( - ) = 270
Tng t ta c R2 = 27
R3 = 3
i vi ampe kiu in t c ch to da trn c cu o ch th in t . Mi c
cu o c ch to vi s ampe vng IW nht nh .
i vi c cu o c cun dy hnh xuyn thng c ampe vng l
IW = 200 A.vng
i vi cun dy dp c ampe vng l IW = 100 150 A.vng
i vi mch t khp kn c ampe vng l IW = 50 1000 A.vng
Kt lun
Mun m rng thang o ca ampe k in t ch cn thay i sao cho
IW = W1I1 = W2I2 = W3I3 = . . . = WNIN = const
V d
Mt ampe k in t c IW = 300 A.vng c 3 tm o ( thang o ) l I 1 = 1A I2 = 5A v
I3 = 10A . Xc nh s vng dy tng phn on
Gii
Ta c IW = W1I1 = W2I2 = W3I3 = 300 A.vng
Khi ta xc nh c s vng tng phn on cho tng thang o
thang o I1 = 1A l W1 = = 300 vng
thang o I2 = 5A l W2 = = 60 vng
thang o I1 = 10A l W3 = = 30 vng
Ampe k in t c nhiu thang o c ch to bng cch chia cun dy tnh thnh
nhiu phn on bng nhau , khi thay i cch ni ghp cc phn on ny song song hay ni
tip ta s c cc thang o khc nhau
Kt lun
Ampe k in t c nhiu nht l ba thang o v khi tng s lng thang o ln vic b
tr mch chuyn thang o s phc tp nn kh th thc hin
V d
Mt ampe k in t c 2 thang o , ta chia cun dy tnh thnh hai phn on bng
nhau
Nu ni tip 2 phn on ny ta s c dng in l I1
 Nu u song song hai phn on ny ta s c dng in l I2 = 2I1

I1
I2

I 2 = 2I 1

Vic m rng tm o cho c cu in ng : Mc in tr shunt song song vi

cun dy di ng ( Tng t nh m rng tm o cho c cu t in )
thun tin cho vic o cng dng in ln v hn ch thao tc khi o , ngi ta
s dng ampe km l mt dng kt hp c bit ca c cu o vi bin dng . Ampe km l
thit b o dng in rt tin li v khi cn o dng in chy qua mt dy dn no , ta khng
cn ngt mch in mc dng c o vo nh cc loi ampe k khc . Mch t ca my bin
dng trong ampe k km c th ng m c nh mt chic km. Khi cn o dng in chy
qua dy dn ( ph ti ), ta cho dy dn vo mch t khp kn , dy dn c dng in cn o lc
ny ng vai tr cun dy s cp ca my bin dng vi s vng W 1 = 1vng . Trn mch t ta
mc thm cun th cp W2 vng , hai u cun th cp c ni vi c cu o ( i khi c
mc thm vo mch in t khuch i dng in ly ra t th cp ca CT ) .
Theo nguyn l hot ng ca bin dng, ta c
=
Do W1 = 1 vng nn
I2 =
Lu
Khi o dng in chy qua ng c cn lu n dng khi ng chn thang o
thch hp ( Ik = 3 - 7 Im )
Khi s dng ampe km mun chuyn tm o phi tch km ra khi mch cn o,
ampe km ch o c dng xoay chiu.
Khi s dng CT , tuyt i khng h mch th cp v lc in p 2 u mch
th cp c th rt ln gy nguy him cho thit b v ngi s dng.

Rtai

+
RS

A
2.3 O IN P
2.3.1 o in p mt chiu
Cc c cu o t in, in t, in ng u hot ng vi dng xoay chiu nn c
dng ch to nn volt k mt chiu .
Trong cc c cu o trn , c cu o kiu t in c s dng nhiu hn c v c
chnh xc cao v tiu tn t nng lng ( tn hao thp ) nhng c cu ny c nhc im l
in p nh mc khong t 50 mV n 75mV . Cho nn khi o in p ln hn gi tr nh
mc , ta phi mc thm in tr shunt ni tip vi c cu o
Thit b dng o in p c gi l volt k
Volt k c mc song song vi ph ti
Khi in p cn o to ra dng in nm trong gii hn dng ti a ca c cu , th ta c
th o trc tip . Khi in p cn o ln, ta phi m rng tm o cho volt k
Khi mc volt k vo mch in , volt k s tiu th mt phn in nng nn gy ra sai s
trong qu trnh o
Xt mch in nh hnh v
I I tai

IV
K
U R tai
v
 Khi cha mc volt k vo mch ( kho K h ) , in p ri trn ti l
Uti = Rti
Khi mc volt k vo mch ( kha k ng ) , in p ri volt k
U = IV . RV = Iti . Rti
I = IV + Iti = It ( 1 + )
Nu I = Iti th php o chnh xc nht .
T biu thc trn , ta thy php o t c chnh xc khi
=0 hay RV >> Rti
Cng sut tiu hao trn volt k
P =
Nh vy , cng sut tiu hao trn volt k nh th ni tr ca volt k phi rt ln ( ln
hn in tr ti cng nhiu cng tt )

V R1

R2

R3

S hnh trn s dng mt in tr shunt mc ni tip vi c cu o gim in p

t ln c cu o
Ta c Iv = =
U = Uv + Us
U = ( 1 + ) Uv
Gi kv l h s m rng thang o . khi ta c KV =
Suy ra U = KV UV hay KV = 1 +
tng tnh linh hot cho c cu o c th o c nhiu thang o , ta s dng b
in tr shunt gm nhiu in tr shunt c gi tr khc nhau c mc ni tip vi nhau hoc
mc c lp vi nhau nh hnh v

I IV I tai
US

U R tai
UV v
 hn ch sai s trong qu trnh o , in tr shunt thng c ch to bng
manganin l vt liu t thay i gi tr in tr theo nhit
V d
Mt c cu o t in c dng in cc i ca khung o l 60mA , in tr ca c cu
o l RV = 10 . Tnh gi tr in tr Shunt gn thm vo khung o lch ht kim khi o
ngun in p 30V
Gii
Ta c IV =
Suy ra RS = - R V
Thay cc gi tr vo , ta c RS = 490
Nh vy kim lch ht khung o khi o ngun in 30V th in tr shunt cn mc
thm vo phi c gi tr l RS = 490
2.3.2 o in p xoay chiu
o in p xoay chiu , ta c th s dng c cu o kiu t in , in t hay in
ng kt hp vi chnh lu
C cu o in t mc d chnh xc khng cao nhng gi thnh h nn c s dng
rng ri trong cng nghip . Do yu cu in tr ni ca c cu o phi ln nn s lng vng
dy qun trn cun tnh rt ln t 1000 n 6000 vng vi c dy nh ( do dng in qua cun
dy ny nh )
m rng thang o cho c cu o , ta s dng in tr shunt ( ging nh o dng in
mt chiu )

V R1 V R1 R2 R3
Khi
R2
o in
p R3 xoay

U U
chiu tn s cao s xut hin sai s do tn s . khc phc hin tng ny , ta gn cc t
in song song vi in t cc in tr shunt nh hnh v
C1 C2 C3

V R1 R2 R3

U
 Ring i vi in p ln hn 600 V ta c th s dng bin p o lng tu kt hp vi
c cu o . Ta dng bin p o lng chuyn i in p cao thnh in p thp . Vic s
dng bin p o lng VT c u im l m bo an ton trong qu trnh o v to ra in p
ph hp vi in p c cu o
Nguyn l hot ng ca bin p o lng VT ging nh bin dng CT
KU = =
U1
Hay U1 = K U . U 2
Khi bit gi tr U2 , ta s xc nh c gi tr thc ca W1
in p cn o ( KU c ghi trn bin p o lng )
Lu khi s dng bin p o lng
m bo an ton cho ngi v thit b , cun dy
th cp c ni t bo v . Do tnh cht my bin p l tn W2
s pha s cp v th cp bng nhau nn khi cn o tn s
pha s cp ta tin hnh o tn s pha th cp . Vic ny thc
hin tng i n gin v an ton v in p th cp nh
hn rt nhiu so vi in p pha s cp ( thng l cao p ) .
Cc my bin in p c ch to vi cng sut t 25
1000VA v in p th cp ph hp vi cc dng c o t 1
V
n 100V ( thng thng ngi ta qui nh in p th cp
U2 nh mc l 100V )
U2
Do tng tr ca cc dng c o ni vi th cp rt ln
nn my bin in p c ch to lm vic trng thi khng ti v th khng c ni th
cp vi ng h o ampe hay b ni tt ( ngn mch th cp ) v nn b ngnn mch th cp
s to ra dng in rt ln pha s cp gy nn s c ngn mch trn li in v tuyt i
khng c ni th cp vi ph ti
V d
Xc nh in p ca ngun in cp cho ph ti , bit rng in p hin th trn c cu o
l 50V v t s bin p o lng l KU = 100
Gii
Ta c U1 = KU . U2 = 100 . 50 = 5000 V
Nh vy in p ngun cung cp cho ph ti c gi tr l 5000V
Do c cu o t in ch o c in p mt chiu , v th o in p xoay chiu bng
c cu o kiu t in ta phi chnh lu in p xoay chiu thnh in mt chiu
hn ch sai s , ngi ta
R1 R2
gn in tr shunt va c tc dng
m rng thang o va c tc dng L

b nhit nn in tr R1 c lm R1
bng ng v R2 c lm bng
R2 C2

RS
manganin cn t in C dng b sai s do tn s , ta cng c th thay t in C bng cun
khng L nh hnh v
Mch chnh lu c th s dng mt diode , hai diode hay bn diode ( cu diode ) trong
mch chnh lu dng 2 diode , diode D2 c gn ngc cc trnh cho diode D1 chu c
in p ngc bn k m ca hiu in th xoay chiu ( ch c bn k dng ca in p
xoay chiu qua c cu o )

D1

D1 D2

R2

Chnh lu bn k Chnh lu ton k 2 diode Chnh lu

cu diode
Volt k in ng c cu to tng t nh ampe k in ng , nhng s vng dy
cun tnh nhiu hn v c dy nh hn do volt k cn in tr ni ln hn ch sai s trong
qu trnh o . volt k in ng , cun dy tnh v cun dy ng lun mc ni tip nhau .
Ngha l I1 = I2 = I =
Phng trnh c tnh thang o ca c cu o in ng cho volt k c vit nh sau
=.
Vi ZV l tng tr ton mch ca volt k
A1

150V 1
1 1
2 2 2
K K K C C
A2
300 V

RP
RP
B

U
Ngi ta c th ch to volt k in ng c nhiu thang o bng cch thay i cch u hai
phn on cun dy tnh t song song sang ni tip v ni tip vi cc in tr ph
volt k ny , cun dy tnh v cun dy ng lun mc ni tip nhau v ni tip cc
in tr ph Rp
B i ni K lm nhim v thay i gii hn o .
Khi kha v tr 1 , hai phn on A1 v A2 ca cun dy tnh c u song song
vi nhau tng ng vi gii hn o 150V
Khi kha v tr 2 , hai phn on A1 v A2 ca cun dy tnh c u ni tip vi
nhau tng ng vi gii hn o 300V
Cc t in C to mch b tn s cho volt k
2.3.3 o in p bng phng php so snh
C s ca phng php so snh
Cc dng c o trnh by trn s dng c cu o c in biu din kt qu o ( o
trc tip ) v vy cp chnh xc ca dng c khng th vt qu cp chnh xc ca ch th .
Mun o in p c chnh xc hnm , ta s dng phng php so snh vi mu . Tc l so
snh in p cn o vi in p ri trn in tr mu . Phng php ny cn c tn gi khc l
phng php b .
Nguyn l c bn ca phng php c m t trn s

I
CT

U RK UX
UK

Ta c UK = I . R K
UK l in p mu chnh xc cao c to bi dng in I n nh chy qua in tr
mu RK kh chnh xc
CT l thit b t ng pht hin s chnh lch in p U = UX UK
Khi thc hin php o , ta so snh in p cn xc nh ux vi in p mu U K , nu U
0 th ta chnh con trt D sao cho U = 0 , khi ta c kt qu o c khc trn in tr
mu theo th nguyn in p
C cc loi dng c b in p khc nhau , nhng nguyn l chung vn ging nhau ,
chng ch khc nhau cch ch to in p mu UK
in k mt chiu in tr ln
Loi in k ny c ch to da trn nguyn tc gi dng in n nh I = const khi
thay i in tr RK thay i UK b cho in p UX l gi tr in p cn o
 m bo chnh xc cao cho in th k , ta phi tha mn cc yu cu sau
in tr mu c chnh xc cao
( ph thuc vo vt liu ch to , quy trnh cng ngh , thit b mu )
Dng in qua in tr mu phi chnh xc cao
( mch hp l v ngun in n nh )
B ch th cn bng nhy pht hin s chnh lch gia tn hiu o v mu
Mch in th k mt chiu c in gm hai b phn chnh
B phn mt b phn to dng cng tc IP
B phn l mch o

UX

UK
RK

A
Rc
U0

B phn to dng in cng tc gm ngun cung cp U 0 , in tr iu chnh Rc , ampe

k o dng in cng tc IP v in tr mu RK
B phn mch o gm in p cn o U X , in th ch s cn bng gia UX v UK , mt
phn in tr mu RK
in th k hot ng nh sau : Trc tin , ta xc nh gi tr dng in cng tc I P nh
ngun in U0 , in tr iu chnh v ampe k . Gi gi tr dng in Ip c nh trong sut qu
trnh o
iu chnh con trt ca in tr mu R K cho n khi in k ch Zero ( c cu o cn
bng )
c kt qu o trn in tr mu RK . Khi UX = UK = IP . RK
Ta nhn thy , trong mch ny ampe k dng xc nh dng in ip nn in th k
khng th chnh xc hn cp chnh xc ca ampe k
loi tr ampe k ra khi mch in th k , ngi ta s dng pin mu xc nh
dng in IP
Pin mu thng c ch to vi gi tr nht nh E n = 1.01863V c chnh xc kh
cao c 0.01% - 0.001% . Nhng ngun pin mu li b nh hng ca nhit mi trng , do
khc phc nhc im ny , ngi ta ch to in tr R n sao cho l mt s trn
t c chnh xc cao cho in th k , dng in cng tc I P v mch o cng
nh cc gi tr in tr Rn , RK phi c chnh xc cao thng t ti 0.02%
Trnh t vn hnh
Lp mch theo nh s

2 1
K
EX EN
2' 1'
UK
RK RX
IP
Rc
UCC

Gt cng tc K sang v tr ( 1 1) xc nh dng in cng tc IP

iu chnh in tr Rc in k g v tr 0 ( zero )
En = Urn = IP . Rn
Hay IP = = = 1mA
C nh v tr con trt ca in tr rc
Gt kha K sang v tr ( 2 2) o sc in ng EX
iu chnh con trc ca in tr RK cho n khi in k G ch zero . Lc gi tr
EX c xc nh l
EX = URK = UK = IP . RK Hay EX = RK
Trn in tr RK , ngi ta khc sn tng ng vi gi tr in p . Ta ch vic
c gi tr trn in tr RK
S in th k kiu ny ch o nhng in p c gi tr c volt tr ln v chu nh
hng bi in tr tip xc cc decac v cc in tr R c , rk c gi tr ln . o in p c
gi tr nh ta dng in th k in tr nh . Cn mun o i lng in p cao , ta s dng
cu phn p gim in p cho ph hp vi in th k
in th k xoay chiu
V nguyn tc in th k xoay chiu cng ging nh in k th mt chiu , ngha l
cng so snh in p cn o vi in p ri trn in tr mu khi c dng in cng tc i qua .
C nhiu loi in k th xoay chiu nh in k th xoay chiu ta cc , in k th
xoay chiu ta vung gc . Sau y ta nghin cu s in k th xoay chiu ta cc
Trong in k th ny , in p cn o ux c cn bng vi in p trn in tr R
( xc nh bi cc in tr D 1 V D2 ) dng in cng tc Ip c xc nh nh ampe k c
chnh xc cao v in tr iu chnh Rc . B iu chnh pha dng cn bng v pha ng
thi cng dng lm ngun cung cp cho mch to dng cng tc IP
 Tuy nhin , nhuc im ca in k th ny l cn phi c b iu chnh pha cung cp cho
mch , kh xc nh chnh xc v tr n nh ca phn quay ng vi gc pha khi quay rotor iu
chnh pha , dng Ip tthay i lm cho vic iu chnh cn bng kh khn

G UX

D1 D2

A IP

Rc

Cch s dng v bo qun c cu o

Trc khi s dng thit b o , ta cn lu nhng im sau
c k cc k hiu ghi trn volt k ( thng pha di gc tri hoc gc phi ca
mt ch th ) : Cp chnh xc , cch t c cu o , ni tr ca c cu o . . .
Chn volt k theo mc ch s dng : Dng in p xoay chiu , in p mt
chiu hay in p dng xung
Chn volt k c di tn s trng vi di tn ca in p cn o
Chn theo di lng trnh o ca volt k
Chn ni tr ca volt k R V ln hn in tr R ca mch o t 50 n 100 ln (
gim thiu sai s ) v CV nh ( i vi volt k xoay chiu )
Khi o in p mt chiu cn lu n cc tnh ca ngun cn o
Chn thang o c tr s ln hn gi tr cn o ( gi tr in p cn o khong 2/3
thang o . Nu cha phng nh c gi tr in p cn o , ta chn thang o
cao nht ri sau gim dn xung cho n khi c c thang o ph hp
Cc tip xc phi chc chn v khng c chm tay vo phn t dn in khi o
Khng volt k ni c nhit cao , hay ni c t trng mnh hoc ni m
t
Trnh gy chn ng mch trong qu trnh vn chuyn hay trong qu o