Tr Tu Nhn To

(IT4040)

Nguyn Nht Quang

quang.nguyennhat@hust.edu.vn

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Vin Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng
Nm hc 2017-2018
Ni dung mn hc:
Gii thiu v Tr tu nhn to
nh ngha
Cc nn tng
Lch s tm tt
Cc thnh tu quan trng
Tc t
Gii quyt vn : Tm kim, Tha mn rng buc
Logic v suy din
Biu din tri thc
Biu din thng tin khng chc chn
Hc my

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nh ngha v TTNT (1)
Cc nh ngha (quan im) v TTNT c chia thnh 4
nhm:
(1) Cc h thng suy ngh (thng minh) nh con ngi
"The exciting new effort to make computers think ... machines with
minds, in the full and literal sense." (Haugeland, 1985)
"[The automation of] activities that we associate with human thinking,
activities such as decision-making, problem solving, learning ..."
(Bellman, 1978)

(2) Cc h thng suy ngh mt cch hp l

"The study of mental faculties through the use of computational
models." (Charniak and McDermott, 1985)
"The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive,
reason, and act." (Winston, 1992)

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nh ngha v TTNT (2)
(3) Cc h thng hnh ng (thng minh) nh con ngi
"The art of creating machines that perform functions that require
intelligence when performed by people." (Kurzweil, 1990)
"The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the
moment, people are better." (Rich and Knight, 1991)

(4) Cc h thng hnh ng mt cch hp l

"Computational Intelligence is the study of the design of intelligent
agents." (Poole et al., 1998)
"AI . . .is concerned with intelligent behavior in artifacts." (Nilsson,
1998)

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nh ngha v TTNT (3)
Cc nh ngha (1) v (2) lin quan n cc qu trnh suy ngh v suy
din
Cc nh ngha (3) v (4) lin quan n cch hnh ng
Cc nh ngha (1) v (3) nh gi mc thnh cng (s thng
minh) theo tiu chun ca con ngi
Cc nh ngha (2) v (4) nh gi mc thnh cng (s thng
minh) theo tiu chun ca s hp l
Mt h thng hnh ng hp l, nu n lm cc vic ph hp

i vi nhng g n (h thng) bit

TTNT l lnh vc nghin cu (khoa hc v cng ngh) nhm
mang li s thng minh cho cc my tnh (intelligent machines),
c bit l cc chng trnh my tnh thng minh (intelligent
computer programs) [John McCarthy, Stanford University, http://www-
formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node1.html]

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Suy ngh nh con ngi: Khoa hc nhn thc

Cuc cch mng nhn thc nhng nm1960:

Xem b no ngi nh mt cu trc x l thng tin
Nghin cu v tm l nhn thc thay th cho cc nghin cu
trc v hnh vi ng x
Cn cc l thuyt khoa hc v cc hot ng bn trong ca b
no ngi
Lm th no xc nhn (kim chng)? Yu cu:
1) D on v kim chng cc hot ng (hnh vi) ca ch th con
ngi (hng tip cn top-down), hoc
2) Nhn dng (xc nh) trc tip t cc d liu v h thn kinh
(hng tip cn bottom-up)
Hin nay, c 2 hng tip cn ny (Cognitive Science v
Cognitive Neuroscience) c tch ri vi lnh vc TTNT
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Suy ngh hp l: Cc lut suy ngh
Chun ha (hoc quy tc ha), hn l m t
Aristotle: Th no l cc qu trnh suy ngh / tranh lun ng
n?
Mt s trng hc Hy Lp pht trin nhng dng logic:
k hiu v cc lut dn xut i vi cc qu trnh suy ngh
Mi lin h trc tip, thng qua ton hc v trit hc, i vi
khoa hc TTNT hin i
Cc vn :
1. Khng phi tt c cc hnh vi (hnh ng) thng minh u
xut pht t cc cn nhc (suy ngh) logic
2. Mc ch ca s suy ngh l g? Nhng suy ngh no m ti
nn thc hin, trong s cc suy ngh m ti c th c?

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Hnh ng nh con ngi: Turing Test
Turing (1950) My tnh ton v s thng minh":
My tnh c th suy ngh c khng?" My tnh c th hnh
ng mt cch thng minh c khng?"
Th nghim kim chng hnh ng thng minh: Imitation Game

D on rng n nm 2000, my tnh s c 30% kh nng vt

qua mt ngi khng c chuyn mn i vi mt bi kim tra
(Turing test) trong 5 pht
Turing (vo nm 1950) d on trc cc vn tranh lun quan
trng trong TTNT trong vng 50 nm sau
Turing xut cc thnh phn quan trng ca TTNT: tri thc, suy
din, hiu ngn ng, hc
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Hnh ng mt cch hp l
Hnh ng mt cch hp l: thc hin ng vic cn
lm
ng vic cn lm: l vic (hnh ng) gip cc i ha
vic t c cc mc tiu, i vi cc thng tin hin c
Khng nht thit lin quan n s suy ngh v d, phn
x chp mt
Tuy nhin, s suy ngh nn c xem l thuc vo h
thng (nhm) cc hnh ng hp l
S hp l cn phi tnh n c phc tp tnh ton
Nu chi ph v ti nguyn tnh ton v thi gian qu cao, th s
khng c tnh thc t (khng p dng c trong thc t)

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Cc tc t hp l (1)

Mt tc t (agent) l mt thc th c kh nng nhn thc v

hnh ng

Mt cch khi qut, mt tc t c th c biu din bng

mt hm nh x: t qu trnh (lch s) nhn thc n hnh
ng:
f: P* A

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Cc tc t hp l (2)

i vi mt tp (lp) cc mi trng v nhim v, chng ta cn tm ra tc t

(hoc mt lp cc tc t) c hiu sut tt nht
Tc t thng minh (intelligent agent) l tc t c kh nng hnh ng mt
cch hp l (thng minh)
Hnh ng gip cc i ha vic t c (cc) mc tiu, i vi cc

thng tin hin c

Lu : Cc gii hn v tnh ton (ca my tnh) khng cho php t c s
hp l hon ho (ti u)
S thng minh vs. Chi ph tnh ton (tnh thc t)
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Cc nn tng ca TTNT (1)
Trit hc
Logic
Cc phng php suy din
Cc c s (nn tng) ca vic hc
Ngn ng
S hp l

Ton hc
Biu din hnh thc v cc gii thut chng minh
Tnh ton
Bi ton (vn ) gii quyt c v khng gii quyt c
Bi ton (vn ) p dng c v khng p dng c ( phc tp
tnh ton - thi gian gii quyt bi ton - l hm m)
Xc sut

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Cc nn tng ca TTNT (2)
Kinh t hc
Hm li ch (tin ch)
L thuyt ra quyt nh

Khoa hc thn kinh

Nn tng (c s) t nhin ca cc hot ng tr c

Tm l hc
S thch nghi
Cc du hiu ca nhn thc v iu khin vn ng

Cc k thut thc nghim (vd: tm sinh l hc,)

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Cc nn tng ca TTNT (3)
Cng ngh my tnh
Xy dng cc my tnh c tc tnh ton nhanh

L thuyt iu khin
Thit k cc h thng nhm cc i ha mt hm mc tiu no

Ngn ng hc
Biu din tri thc
Ng php (ca mt ngn ng)

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Lch s tm tt ca TTNT (1)
1943: McCulloch & Pitts trnh by cng trnh nghin cu u tin v
AI, xut m hnh cc n-ron nhn to 2 trng thi (on/off)

1950: Khi nim v TTNT ln u tin c Turing cp trong bi

bo "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"

1956: Workshop u tin (din ra trong 2 thng) Dartmouth (M)

bn v lnh vc TTNT, khi nim TTNT c tha nhn

1952-1969: Cc thnh tu ban u trong TTNT

1950s: Cc chng trnh TTNT u tin

Chng trnh chi c ca Samuel
Chng trnh l lun logic ca Newell & Simon
Chng trnh chng minh cc nh l hnh hc ca Gelernter

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Lch s tm tt ca TTNT (2)
1965: Robinson c gii thut hon chnh cho vic suy din logic
1966-1973:
Cc nh nghin cu v TTNT nhn ra kh khn v phc tp tnh ton
Gn nh l khng cn cc nghin cu v cc mng n-ron nhn to

1969-1979: S hnh thnh v pht trin ban u ca cc h thng

da trn tri thc
1980: TTNT tr thnh mt ngnh cng nghip (cc h thng,
chng trnh TTNT dng trong thng mi)
1980-1988: S xut hin bng n ca cc h chuyn gia
1986: Cc mng n-ron nhn to xut hin tr li, tr nn ph bin
1987: TTNT tr thnh mt lnh vc khoa hc
1995: S xut hin ca cc tc t thng minh
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Cc lnh vc nghin cu chnh ca TTNT
Constraints, Satisfiability, and Search
Knowledge representation
Logic and Reasoning
Machine learning
Data mining
Planning and Scheduling
Natural language processing
Robotics, Perception and Vision
Autonomous agent and Multi-agent systems

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Cc thnh tu quan trng trong TTNT (1)

Tm kim thng tin (Information retrieval)

Tr l o: Siri, Google Now, Cortana, Bixby,

Giao tip ngi my (Human-machine communication)

Ging ni, C ch, X l ngn ng t nhin,

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Cc thnh tu quan trng trong TTNT (2)
Gii tr (Entertainment)
m nhc, Phim nh, Tr chi, Tin tc, Mng x hi,

Giao thng (Transportation)

Xe t li, Gim st tun th giao thng, D on nhu cu i
xe,

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Cc thnh tu quan trng trong TTNT (3)
Gio dc v hc tp (Education and learning)
Ti liu hc tp, Qu trnh hc tp, Ph cp kin thc,

Thng mi in t
Gi sn phm v dch v, D on nhu cu, K hoch khuyn
mi,

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Cc thnh tu quan trng trong TTNT (4)
An ton h thng (System security)
Pht hin vi rt my tnh, Pht hin tn cng mng, Lc th

rc,

Tip th v qung co (Marketing and advertisement)

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Cc thnh tu quan trng trong TTNT (5)
Chi c
Deep Blue (h thng my tnh ca IBM) nh bi kin tng
c vua Th gii Garry Kasparov vo nm 1997

Hiu ngn ng v gii quyt vn

Chng trnh my tnh PROVERB c th gii c cc bi ton
ch (crossword puzzles) tt hn kh nng ca nhiu ngi

iu khin t ng
Mt xe ti nh c iu khin t ng bi h thng ALVINN
(ca CMU) trong sut 98% ca khong thi gian i t Pittsburgh
n San Diego (~2850 miles)
Chun on
Cc chng trnh chun on y t da trn phn tch xc sut
c th thc hin mc tng ng cc bc s chuyn mn
trong mt s lnh vc ca y t

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Cc thnh tu quan trng trong TTNT (1)
Ngi my
Ngy nay, rt nhiu cuc phu thut trong y t s dng cc tr
gip ngi my trong cc thao tc vi phu (microsurgery)
Lp k hoch v lp lch t ng
NASA thit k c chng trnh lp k hoch t ng (gi l
Remote Agent) iu khin vic xp lch cc hot ng ca tu
v tr

Lp k hoch hu cn cho qun i

Trong cuc chin tranh Vng Vnh nm 1991, cc lc lng ca
qun i M trin khai s dng mt chng trnh lp k hoch
v xp lch cho cng tc hu cn di chuyn 50.000 xe c, hng
ha, v qun lnh

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Cc lnh vc ng dng thnh cng ca TTNT (1)

Ti chnh (Finance)
Phn tch th trng (Market analysis), u t chng khon
(Invest in stocks), nh gi ri ro cho vay (loan risk estimation),
Pht hin giao dch th gian ln (card fraud detection),

Sn xut (Manufacturing)
Pht hin sn phm li, D on tnh trng bo tr, Robot hot
ng trong cc dy chuyn sn xut,

Y t v sc khe (Medicine and health)

Chun on bnh, Din gii nh chp xt nghim, Phn tch nhp
tim/sng no/mch, Robot h tr vi phu,

Vin thng (Telecommunications)

H tr khch hng t ng, nh tuyn v truyn d liu,
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Cc lnh vc ng dng thnh cng ca TTNT (2)

Khng gian v v tr (Aeronautics and space)

Lp k hoch hot ng ca tu v tr, D on bo tr trm v
tr, iu khin v tinh,
Qun l c s ht nhn (Nuclear plant management)
D on v cnh bo s c, ri ro,
Qun s (Military)
Nhn dng v phn loi i tng,

V cn nhiu lnh vc ng dng khc

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Cc nn tng cng ngh m v TTNT (1)
TensorFlow (www.tensorflow.org)
H iu hnh: Linux, Mac OS, Windows, Android
Vit bng ngn ng: Python
Khai thc bng ngn ng: Python, C++, Java

Caffe (caffe.berkeleyvision.org)
H iu hnh: Linux, Mac OS, Windows
Vit bng ngn ng: C++
Khai thc bng ngn ng: Python, Matlab

CNTK (www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/product/
cognitive-toolkit/)
H iu hnh: Windows, Linux
Vit bng ngn ng: C++
Khai thc bng ngn ng: Python, C++, C#

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Cc nn tng cng ngh m v TTNT (2)
Deeplearning4j (deeplearning4j.org)
H iu hnh: Linux, Mac OS, Windows, Android
Vit bng ngn ng: Java
Khai thc bng ngn ng: Java, Scala, Clojure, Python
Apache Mahout (mahout.apache.org)
H iu hnh: Mi hh c ci t my o JVM
Vit bng ngn ng: Java, Scala
Khai thc bng ngn ng: Java, Scala
Weka (http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/ml/weka/)
H iu hnh: Mi hh c ci t my o JVM
Vit bng ngn ng: Java
Khai thc bng ngn ng: Java

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Cc tranh lun m v TTNT (1)
Kh nng ca TTNT?
Chi (hp l) mt vn bng bn?
Li xe t ng theo mt ng ni quanh co?
Mua trc tuyn cc hng ha trong 1 tun cho mt hiu tp phm?
Pht hin v chng minh mt l thuyt ton hc mi?
Hi thoi c vi mt ngi trong 1 gi ng h?
Thc hin t ng mt ca phu thut m phc tp?
Dch trc tip (tc thi) gia hai th ting cho mt hi thoi?

My tnh c th suy ngh (nh con ngi) c khng?

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Cc tranh lun m v TTNT (2)
Nu my tnh c th lm thay nhng vic ang c lm bi
con ngi, th con ngi s cng t vic (tht nghip)
Con ngi s c qu nhiu thi gian rnh ri (so vi qu t,
nh hin nay)
Con ngi cm thy mt cm gic s thng minh thng tr
(cao nht) ca h
V my tnh lm thay (v can thip) vo nhiu vic hng ngy
ca con ngi, h s cm thy cc quyn ring t b xm
phm
Vic s dng nhiu h thng TTNT c th lm gim (mt i)
trch nhim gii trnh trong cc cng vic
S thnh cng (hon ho) ca TTNT c ngha nh l s kt
thc ca loi ngi?

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Ti liu tham kho
R. E. Bellman. An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence: Can Computers Think? Boyd &
Fraser Publishing Company, San Francisco, 1978.
E. Charniak and D. McDermott. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence. Addison-Wesley,
Reading, Massachusetts, 1985.
J. Haugeland. Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea. MIT Press, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, 1985.
R. Kurzweil. The Age of Intelligent Machines. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts,
1990.
N. J. Nilsson. Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo,
California, 1998.
D. Poole, A. K. Mackworth, and R. Goebel. Computational Intelligence: A Logical
Approach. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1998.
E. Rich and K. Knight. Artificial Intelligence (Second Edition). McGraw-Hill, New York,
1991.
P. H. Winston. Artificial Intelligence (Third Edition). Addison-Wesley, Reading,
Massachusetts, 1992.

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