GSA GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE v. 4.

CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC PRECAMBRIAN

MAGNETIC MAGNETIC BDY.
AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE PICKS AGE
PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE EON ERA PERIOD AGES

CHRON.
(Ma) (Ma)
CHRON.
(Ma) (Ma)

ANOM.
(Ma) (Ma) (Ma)
ANOM.

HIST
HIST.

(Ma)
1 C1 QUATER-
HOLOCENE
0.01 30 C30 66.0 541
NARY PLEISTOCENE* CALABRIAN
1.8 31 C31 MAASTRICHTIAN 252 EDIACARAN
2 C2 GELASIAN
2.6 70 Lopin- CHANGHSINGIAN
254
PIACENZIAN 32 C32 72.1 635
2A C2A
PLIOCENE 3.6 gian WUCHIAPINGIAN
260 260
ZANCLEAN 33
CAPITANIAN NEOPRO-

PERMIAN
5 3 C3 CAMPANIAN Guada- 265 750 CRYOGENIAN
5.3

CRETACEOUS
C33
80 WORDIAN 269 TEROZOIC
3A C3A MESSINIAN LATE lupian ROADIAN 850
7.2 83.6 272
SANTONIAN KUNGURIAN
4 C4 86.3
280 279 TONIAN
CONIACIAN
NEOGENE

4A
TORTONIAN 90 89.8 Cisura-

PROTEROZOIC
C4A
ARTINSKIAN 1000 1000
10 5 TURONIAN lian
C5 93.9 290
MIOCENE

11.6 CENOMANIAN SAKMARIAN STENIAN

296
SERRAVALLIAN 34 C34 ASSELIAN 299
5A 100 100 300 GZHELIAN 1200
C5A
13.8 LATE 304

CARBONIFEROUS
PENNSYL-
KASIMOVIAN 307 1250 MESOPRO-

VANIAN
15 5B C5B LANGHIAN ALBIAN MOSCOVIAN ECTASIAN
MIDDLE TEROZOIC
5C C5C 16.0 110 315
1400
5D C5D 113 320 EARLY BASHKIRIAN
5E C5E BURDIGALIAN 323
1500 CALYMMIAN
6 C6 APTIAN LATE SERPUKHOVIAN
20 120 331

SIPPIAN
20.4

MISSIS-
6A C6A EARLY 1600
M0r
6B C6B AQUITANIAN M1 126 340 MIDDLE VISEAN
23.0 M3 BARREMIAN STATHERIAN
6C C6C 130 M5 131 347 1750
HAUTERIVIAN EARLY TOURNAISIAN 1800
OLIGOCENE

7 C7 134
25 7A C7A M10 359
8 C8 CHATTIAN VALANGINIAN
M12 360
140 M14 139 FAMENNIAN OROSIRIAN
9 C9 M16
28.1 BERRIASIAN 2000
PALEOPRO-

DEVONIAN
10 C10 M18
145 LATE 372 2050
M20
30 11 C11 TEROZOIC
150 M22 TITHONIAN FRASNIAN
380
12
C12
RUPELIAN LATE
152 383 RHYACIAN
M25
JURASSIC KIMMERIDGIAN GIVETIAN
MIDDLE 388 2250
M29 157 EIFELIAN
13 393 2300
C13 33.9 160 OXFORDIAN
35 15 C15 164 400 EMSIAN SIDERIAN
16 C16 PRIABONIAN CALLOVIAN 166
RAPID POLARITY CHANGES

BATHONIAN EARLY 408

17 MIDDLE 168 PRAGIAN 411 2500 2500
C17
37.8
170 BAJOCIAN 170
AALENIAN LOCHKOVIAN
PALEOGENE

18 174 419
C18 BARTONIAN 420 PRIDOLI 423

ORDOVICIAN SILURIAN
40 LUDFORDIAN NEOARCHEAN
19 LUDLOW 426
C19 41.2 180 TOARCIAN GORSTIAN
HOMERIAN 427
WENLOCK 430 2750
EOCENE

SHEINWOODIAN
20 183 433 2800
TELYCHIAN
LLANDO- 439
C20
EARLY
PLIENSBACHIAN 440 AERONIAN
441
LUTETIAN VERY

ARCHEAN
45 190 RHUDDANIAN
444
191 HIRNANTIAN 445
KATIAN MESO-
SINEMURIAN LATE 453
3000
21
C21 SANDBIAN ARCHEAN
47.8 199 458
200 HETTANGIAN 460
201 DARRIWILIAN
22 C22 MIDDLE
50 RHAETIAN DAPINGIAN
467 3200
470 3250
23 YPRESIAN 209 FLOIAN
TRIASSIC

C23
210
EARLY 478
480 TREMADOCIAN
24
485
PALEO-
55
C24 LATE NORIAN FURON- AGE 10 490 ARCHEAN
220 JIANGSHANIAN
56.0 GIAN 494 3500
PAIBIAN
PALEOCENE

25 497
C25
THANETIAN 500 CAMBRIAN GUZHANGIAN 501 3600
26 228 Epoch 3 DRUMIAN
230 AGE 5 505
C26 59.2 509
60 SELANDIAN CARNIAN AGE 4
3750
Epoch 2 514 EOARCHEAN
61.6 237 AGE 3
27
LADINIAN 520
C27 240 521
MIDDLE 241 AGE 2
28 C28
DANIAN ANISIAN TERRE- 529 4000 4000
65
29 247 NEUVIAN FORTUNIAN
C29
EARLY OLENEKIAN 250 HADEAN
66.0 250 INDUAN 540 541
30 C30 252

*The Pleistocene is divided into four ages, but only two are shown here. What is shown as Calabrian is actually three agesCalabrian from 1.8 to 0.78 Ma, Middle from 0.78 to 0.13 Ma, and Late from 0.13 to 0.01 Ma.
Walker, J.D., Geissman, J.W., Bowring, S.A., and Babcock, L.E., compilers, 2012, Geologic Time Scale v. 4.0: Geological Society of America, doi: 10.1130/2012.CTS004R3C. 2012 The Geological Society of America.
The Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic are the Eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. Names of units and age boundaries follow the Gradstein et al. (2012) and Cohen et al. (2012) compilations. Age estimates and picks of boundaries
are rounded to the nearest whole number (1 Ma) for the pre-Cenomanian, and rounded to one decimal place (100 ka) for the Cenomanian to Pleistocene interval. The numbered epochs and ages of the Cambrian are provisional.
REFERENCES CITED Cohen, K.M., Finney, S., and Gibbard, P.L., 2012, International Chronostratigraphic Chart: International Commission on Stratigraphy, www.stratigraphy.org (last accessed May 2012). (Chart reproduced
for the 34th International Geological Congress, Brisbane, Australia, 510 August 2012.)
Gradstein, F.M, Ogg, J.G., Schmitz, M.D., et al., 2012, The Geologic Time Scale 2012: Boston, USA, Elsevier, DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00004-4.