Chap.

11 Weld Metal Solidification Cracking

11. 1 CHARACTERISTICS, CAUSE, AND TESTING

11.1.1 Intergranular Cracking

: weld metal , intergranular

(ref. Fig. 11.2)
: , melting point
200 300 .
.
- weld metal base metal , weld
metal .
- (restraint) workpiece
.
film ,
.
crack crack
crack crack .
dendrite
.(ref. Fig. 11-3)

- weld centerline : centerline cracking(ref. Fig. 11-1)
- between columnar grain : dovetail cracking(ref. Fig. 11-2)
- end crater : end cracking
11.1.2 Susceptibility Testing
- Houldcroft test
- Varestraint test
11. 2 Metallurgical Factors

11.2.1 Solidification Temperature Range

mushy zone solidification cracking

A. Effect of S and P

S P S P( )
.
, centerline, crater :
, wetting film (melting point )
Hot cracking
- .
- ( S;0.02, O;0.02, B;0.05, P;0.13)

- (FeS m.p.;1190 , FeS-FeO m.p. ; 940 )
- grain boundary
11.2.2 Amount and Distribution of Liquid during Terminal Solidification

A. Amount of Liquid

.
Al Cu, Mg, Zn
.
Al crack
. ,
aluminum grain boundary .
Al crack
.
grain boundary
, .
11.2.3 Ductility of Solidifying Weld Metal
11.2.4 Primary Solidification Phase

-ferrite .
- 0.53% , -
ferrite cracking .
ferrite S P , .
- 0.53% , solidification cracking
.
,
S P .

- stainless steel 5 10% -ferrite
; , Cr/Ni -ferrite
crack .
 Solidification cracking -ferrite
- P, S .
- grain boundry ,
.
- crack , -ferrite .( - - )

11.2.5 Surface Tension of Grain Boundary Liquid

- , .
- , surface tension between S/L
grain
. .
solidification cracking
.
- , (dihedral angle) G.B.
crack .
- solidification cracking .
- FeS : grain boundary film
MnS : .
- MnS m.p. : 1600
MnS-MnO eutectic m.p. : 1300
- MnS FeS .
11.2.6 Grain Structure of Fusion Zone

.
<Because>
- . ,
.
- ,
. ; , crack .
weld pool tear-drop

- weld pool
. ; , .
11.3 Mechanical Factors

11.3.1 Contraction Stress

- ; ,
- austenitic stainless steel : .
.
- Al : .

11.3.2 Degree of Restraint

- .
- ?
(clue : solidification crack )

11. 4 Reducing Solidification Cracking

11.4.1 Control of Weld Metal Composition

Weld metal crack .

- base metal crack ,
filler metal weld metal .
- filler metal , filler metal weld metal
.
 (dilution ratio) = weld metal base metal
weld metal

A. Al alloys
B. Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels

Carbon steel
- Mn/S ratio , solidification cracking .
(S )
- 0.2~0.3% Mn/S ratio
, solidification cracking .
- .

, (1.0%C )
- first bead low-carbon electrode .(
root bead
dilution ratio bead .

- butter the groove faces of the base metal with stainless steel
(such as 310) electrodes before welding. ; stainless steel
.
 : pure Ni buttering

D. Austenitic Stainless Steels

5~10% ferrite .
< >
- 304 stainless steel 1010
- filler metal 310 309 ELC solidification
cracking ?
- dilution ratio 30% .

- filler metal 310

 - weld metal fully austenitic
solidification cracking .

- filler metal 309 ELC

- weld metal austenite ferrite # 8

solidification cracking .

WRC diagram
11.4.2 Control of Solidification Structure

solidification cracking weld mtal

.
Al Ti, Zr filler metal solidification
cracking .( )
Vibrating the arc : frequency .
Arc oscillation : crack .
11.4.3 Use of Favorable Welding Condition

(intensity) : .
.
.
bead shape : (convex) (concave)
.

weld width to depth ratio(w/d) : .