320 (@) Derive an expression for the steady-state temper ture Tex, #®) = Ty, leaving your result in terms of plate parameters (M, c,), thermal conditions (Ti Tar 1 the surface temperature T(L, #, and the heating time, Lumped Capacitance Method ‘85 ‘Steel balls 12mm in diameter ae sunealed by heating to 1150 and then slowly cooling to 400 K in an ait envionment fr which T= 325 K and = 20 Win K. ‘Assuming the properties of th steel tobe k= 40 Wm K, p= 7800 kg/m, and ¢ = 600 kg, estimate the time required forthe cooling process. Consider the steel balls of Problem 5.5, except now the tir temperature increases with time as T.(9 = 325 K + at where a = 0.1875 Kis. (@ Sketch the ball wemperatre versus time for = # = Th. Also show the ambient temperature, Ta in YOUF ‘graph, Explain speciat features ofthe ball emmpera- ture bebavir. (&) Find an expression for the ball temperetore as a function of tine, TI, and plot te ball temperance for = 5 1 8. Was your sketch comect? 56 157 The heat transfer coefficient for ar flowing over a sphere fs to be determined by observing the temperature-time, history of a sphere fabricated from pure copper. The sphere, which is 12.7 mm in diameter, is at 66°C before ‘fs inserted into an airstream having a temperature of ZIP. A therraccouple on the outer surface ofthe sphere indicates 55°C 695 after the sphere is inserted in the airstream. Assume, and then justify, thet the sphere ‘behaves as 2 spacemise isthermal object and calculate the hear ransfer coefficient. 58 A soli sel ober (AS11010), 300mm in diameters ‘ened vith dec materia layer of thickness 2 mn ia taal condo 004 Win" K. The coed sphere i inal ara uniform temperate of 300°C an is d- ely quenced ina lrg ol bat for which T= 100"C and 3300 W/m?» K, Estimate the time required for the coated sphere temperature to reach 140°C. Hin Neplet the efec of energy storage in the dileczc Pee sine themal eapacance jeP) is smal Sopa to tht ofthe sel shew. [Bi] base plate ofan ron has a thicknes of L = 7 mm ‘and ig made from an aluminum alloy (p = 2800 kg/t?, SS soo tig k= 180 Wim-K, e = 080). An ele {i revixanee heater isaac to the inne snfce of the pute, wath tr erie i exposed to ambient rand lang soundings at To = Tay = 25°C. The areas ‘of both the inner and outer surfaces are A, = 0.040 my" 510 sa Chapter Sa Transient Conduction ‘Sunounnes Ta if an spproximately uniform heat fx of gf = 1.25% 10! Win is applied to the inner surface of the bise plate and the convection coefficient atthe outer surface is h= 10 Wn? *K, estimate the time required forthe plate to reach a temperature of 135°C. Hint: Numerical Integration is suggested in order to solve the problem, Carbon steel (AISI 1010) shafts of O.i-m diameter ae heat treated ina gas-fired furnace whose gases are at 1200 XK and provide ¢ convection coefficient of 100 Winn? K. Ifthe shafts enter the furnace at 300 K, how long must they remain in the furnace fo achieve 4 centerline em perature of 800 K? ‘A thermal energy storage unit consists of a large rectan- ‘gular channel, which is well insulated on its outer sur face and encloses alternating layers of the storage ‘material and the flow passage. Bach Jayer of the storage material isan aluminum sib ‘of width W = 0.05 m, which is at an inital semper of 25°C. Consider conditions for which the storege uit jis charged by passing a hot gas through the passes ‘ith the gas temperature and the convection coeffi ‘assumed f0 have constant values of T. = 600°C aa 100 Wit?» K throughout the channel, How 1088 ‘wil it take to achieve 759% of the maximum possible i E f i i= Problems corresponding temperature histories of the plate for 05152500. 1420 An electonic device, such as a power transistor mounted ‘on @ finned heat sink, can be modeled ss a spatially jaothermal object with intemal heat generation and an. extemal convection resistance, (a) Consider such a system of mass M, specific beat c, and surface area 4, which is intially in equilibrium with the environment at T,. Suddenly, the elec- tronic device is energized such that a constant heat seneration E, (W) occurs. Show thatthe tempera- tue response of the device is reels) seme tie where 0 = T— Te) and Ti) is the steady-state ‘pismovig temperate conesponing to fre 8) ~ | 7(2); T= inal temperature of device R ected (ie | resistance VhA,; and C= thermal capacitance Me. te avian (0) An electtonic device, which generates 60 W of aace length teat, is mounted on an slurinam heat sink weigh- ‘prot fc ing 01 kg and echt a temperstire of 100°C fa wre Fee ambient at at 20°C under steady-state conditions 850, TFtbe device i inialy st 20°C, what tenperanure ems fine wil reach 3 min fhe oer vices en? wheat tas 521 Before being fjeted into a furnace, palverzed coat is » — prehened by passing i through cylindrical tube o ‘whose surece (maintained 3 Ty = 1000°C. The coal ee pellets are suspended in an sitfow and are known to vit te 0 tnove with a speed of Sms, If the pellets mey be wane approximated ab apheres of Lam diameter and it may ee be sssumed that ty ate heated by radiation tnsfer plete from the tube surface, how long mvs the tbe be to hest wi coal entering st 25°C ta temperature of 600°C? Is the esitake eg oe ofthe lumped capacitance method jusiied? sine ae 9 522 A metal sphere of diameter D, which is at uniform Win K temperature Tis sudrly removed from a furnace and eee suspended fom fine wire i lege room with air ata raeeh uniform temperature 7. andthe suroanding walls at 2 temperate Toy (@) Neglecting beat tansfer by radiation, obtain an ‘expression forthe time required to coo} the sphere to some temperature T. (© Neglecting heat tansfer by convection, obtain an expression forthe time required t9 coo! the sphere to the temperature 7. (© How would you go about determining the time required for the sphere t9 cool to the temperature Tf both convection snd radiation are of the sume onder of magnitude? 323 |Consider an anodized aluminam sphere (e = 0:75) 50 mm in diameter, which is at an intial temper ture of 7; = 800K. Both the air and surroundings sre at 300K, and the convection coefficient is 10 Win? K. For the conditions of pars (@), (b), and (©), determine the time requied for the sphere to cool 0 400 K. Plot the corresponding tempera- ture histories. Repest the calculations fora polished aluminam sphere (© = 0.1). 5.23 As permanent space stations inrease in sine, there is an attendant increase in the amount of electrical power they dissipate. To Keep station compartment tempera- tures from exceeding presribed limits, itis necessary to tcansfer the dissipsted heat to space. A novel heat rejection scheme that has been proposed for this por pose is termed a Liquid Droplet Radiator (LDR). The heat is first transferred to a high vacuum oil, which is thea injected into outer space as a steam of small droplets, The stream is allowed to averse a distance L, ‘over which it cools by radiating energy to outer space at. absolute eo temperature. The droplets are then col- lected and routed back to the space station, Calder (Consider conditions for which droplets of emissivity ‘£095 and diameter D = 0.5 mm are injected at ter perature of T)= 500K and a velocity of ¥ = 0.1 mis Progertes ofthe oil ae p =: 885 kg/m, c = 1900 kg K,and k= 0.145 Wim K. Assuming each drop to radi- at to deep space at Tuy = OK, determine the distance L required forthe droplets fo impact the collector at final ‘temperature of T; = 300K. What is the amount of ther tal energy rejeted by each droplet? In & material processing experiment conducted aboard the space shutle, a coated niobium sphere of 10-mm iameter is removed from a furnace at 900°C and cooled to a temperature of 300°C. Although properties fof the niobium vary over this temperature range, constant valves may be assumed to a reasonable approximation, with p = 8600 kg/m’, ¢ = 290kg-K, 63 Wim K. 524324, 528 Chapter 5 9 Transient Conduction (@) If cooling is implemented in a large evacuated chamber whose walls are at 25°, determine the time required to seach the final temperature ifthe coating is plished and has an emissivity of e = 0. How long would it take ifthe coating is oxidized and © = 0.67 () To reduce the time required for cooling, considers- tion is given to immersion of the sphere in an inert ‘gas stream for which T = 25°C and h = 200 Wim? *K. Neglecting radiation, what is the time required for cooling? (© Considering the effect of both radiation and con- vection, what is the time required for cooling if = 200 Wim? -K and e = 0.6? Explore the effect on the cooling time of independent varying h and e, Plasma spray-coating processes are often used to pro ‘ide surface protection for materials exposed to hostile environments, which induce degradation through fac~ tors such as wear, comrsion, or outright thermal failure. Ceramic coatings aze commonly used for this purpose By injecting ceramic powder through the nozzle (anode) of a plasma torch, the particles are entiined by the plasma jet, within which they are then acceleatsd and heated, Pass et wth entined ‘ori ples a 9 Ceramic enone suberate Dosing thie sime-in-ight, the ceramic paticies must be heated to their melting point and experience com- plete conversion to the Tigad state, The coating is formed asthe molten dropets impinge (plat) on the substrate material and experience rapid solidification, Consider conditions for which spherical alumina (AL) panicles of diameter D, ~ 50 aan, density y= 3970 kg/m’, theemal conductivity &, = 10.5 Wim K, and specific heat c, = 1560 Vg K ar injected into an 5.26 527 face plasma, which is at Tz = 10,000 K and provides » coefficient of = 30,000 Whn?»K for convective heating of the particles. The melting point and latent ‘eat of fusion of alumina are Typ = 2318 K and hig = 3577 klik, respectively. (a) Neplecing radiation, obtain an expression forthe time-in-ight, 1. required to heat a particle from its initial temperature T, to its melting point Ty, and, once at the melting point, for the particle to experience complete melting. Bvaluate fy for T, = 300 K and the prescribed heating conditions ()) Assuming alumi to have an emissivity of ¢, = 04 and the particles to exchange radiation with large surroundings at Tye = 300 K, ascss the validity of neglecting radiation ‘Thin film coatings characterized by high resistance to abrasion and fect may be formed by vsing mic Scale composite particles ina plasma spraying proces. ‘A spherical pale typically consists of a ceramic core, ch 88 tungsten carbide (WC), and a metalic shell soch as cobalt (Co). The ceramic provides the thin fim coating with its desired hardness at elevated temperatures, while the metal serves to coalesce the paroles on the coated surface and inhibit ereck fo: ration. Inthe plesma spraying proces, the particles ae injected into plasme gas jet that heats them toa temperature above the melting point of the metalc casing and mets the casing before the particles impact the surface. Consider spherical particles comprised of a WC core of diameter D, = 16 ym, which i encased in a Co shell of outer diameter D, ~'20 um. Ifthe partles flow ina plasma gas at 7. = 10,000 K andthe cost cient associoed with convection from the gas t the particles is = 20,000 Wir? K, how long does it tke to best the particles from an inital temperate of 7, = 300 K tothe melting point of cobal, Tay ~ 1710 K?‘The density end specific heat of WC (ie cae ofthe Particle) are p, = 16,000 kgin? and c, = 300 tg -K, ‘hile the corresponding values for Co (he outer shel axe p= 8900 ka/m? and c, = 750.5“. Once ha ing reached the melting point, how much addtional time is requited to completely melt the cobalt if i Jatent beat of fasion is hy = 2.59 10° kg? You may use the lumped capacitance method of analysis and seplect adiation exchange between the particle andi suroundings. A chip that is of length Z = 5 mm on a side aed thick ness 1 = I mm is encased in ceramic substrate, and is ‘exposed surface is convectively cooled by a dielectie liquid for which h = 150 Win? +K apd 7, = 20°C.1 Problems of te bet are the same asic, end assume 3% of Sheovea power (P = LEW tu is absorbed inthe fond ¢e) Afr all the eis convened 19 Hguld, dete fh tone it wl tix ro hea the bee to T= 80°C 199% ofthe oven power is absorbed in the fod ‘ham the properies ofthe beef ae the sane as iui water Neopets, (9 When daving fol In nicovave oven, ne ay ra eee ‘while other parts ofthe food are overcooked. Explain way this occurs. Explain why most microwave ‘ovens have thaw cycles that are associated with very low oven powers. 3uid wane ing tempera: the eps tee : aT) $e One-Dimensional Conduction: The Plane Wall | 3h Consider the series solution, Equation $.39, for the plane wall with convection, Caleulate midplane (2* = 0) land surface (° = 1) temperatures # for Fo = 0.1 and {using Bi = 0.1, 1, snd 10, Consider only the first four eigenvalues. Based on these results discuss the validity ofthe approximate solutions, Equations 5.40 and 5.41 1535 Consider the one-dimensional wall shown inthe sketch, ‘whic i nitlly ata uniform temperature T, and s sue enly subjected to the convection boundary condition with a fid at For a particular wall, case 1, the temperature at x ater = 100s is TiLy, 4) = 315°C. Another wall case 2, hes different thickness and thermal conditions asshown below, be peaaar eirsraten =) (mis) (Wim-K) (°C) CC) (Wem? K) oe Ee wer 2 nl 0 asx 100 302910) ‘ae te eel How long will it tke for the second wall to reach BSC at the position x= L;? Use as the basis for 327 analysis, the dimensionless funcional dependence for the ‘transient temperature distabution expressed in Equation 5.38 [5.36 Refercing to the semiconductor processing tool of Prob- Jem 5.12, tis desired st some point inthe manufactur ing cyee to cool the chuck, which is made of alursinurs alloy 2024, The proposed cooling scheme passes air at 20°C between the air-supply head andthe chuck surface Cooling heed > bit ai | —ohwok tadbom Fd teieost a CO peston (@ IF the chuck is intl a «uniform temperatre oF 100°C, calculate the tne required fort lower Surtnce to reach 25°C, essing = tion ooetcent of $0 Win#= Km the heed-chick interface. [Doenerate a plot of the dine-o-<00 a a function of the conection coefficient for the range 10 = h = 2000 Wim? - K. If the lower limit represents a free convection eondiion witout aay fend presen, Comment oe effectiveness of ti esd design a A mnethod for oolng the chock 537 Annealing is a process by which steel is reheated end then cooled to make it less bette. Consier the reheat stage for a 100-mmthick steel plate (p = 7830 kg/m, = 550 kg K, k= 48 When: K), which is initially 1 uniform temperature of T,= 200°C and is to be heated to ¢ minimum temperature of 550°C. Heating is effected in a gas-fired furnace, where products of com= ‘bastion at T= 800°C maintain a convection coc cient of h = 250 Wins» K on both surfaces ofthe plat, How long should the plate be left inthe furnace? [E3B) consider tne bevy inslned pipe of Example 5.4, ic i oso subjeed ote Bow of bo a. Use the rauiew Conducton, Plane Wall nodl oT © bain be flowing ston. (a) Cateuate the emperte of einer and er sorte ofthe io te het le athe fe a fice td te egy steed tthe wal fer Sra. Compre yur eu wih hose otined in the example. (o) At eat ine wi ower suri tempers of epi. 0,0, ea 25°C?2 Problems [fro accelerate he beating procest, it is recom. Inended thatthe steam flow be made sufficiently figoroos © maintain the tre sureces at 200°C fhroughout the proses. Compute and plo the mid plane and suciace temperatures for this ease, tela forthe conditions of part (a) 5 Coppr-coste,epoxy-filled fiberglass circuit boards are As aed by beating & stack of them uncer high pressures ‘Sov in the setch. The parpose ofthe pressing-eatng ‘operation isto eure the epoxy that bonds te fiberglass ects, imparting siffuess to the boards, The stack, refered toes a Book, is comprised of 10 boards and 11 pressing plates, which prevent epoxy fom flowing ferveen the boards and impart a smooth finish to the ured boards, In order to perform simplified thermal Shlyse, itis reasonable to approximate the book as having an effective thermal conductivity (2) and an fictive thermal capacitance (p,). Caleuate the effeo- tive properties if each of the boards and plates has @ thickness of 2.36 mm and te following thermopsical board (6) pp = 1000 kel, cay = 1500 5ikg K, fy = 0.30 Win °K; plate (p)p, = 8000 kg, yp = 480 ks“ K, Ky = 12 Wir Aowted ce x10" ms) a 2 LEA bb [eetatias Ee ae} ta pressing pte Te ee Circuit oe 46 Ciscut boards are treated by heating a stack of them ter high pressure as illustrated in Problem 5.45. The platens at the top and bottom of the stack are min tained at 2 aniform temperature by a eiealating fluid. ‘The purpose ofthe pressing-eating operation is to cure the epoxy, which bonds the fiberglass sheets, and impart stifness to the boards. The cure condition is achieved when the epoxy has been maintained at or above 170°C for at least 5 min. The effective thermo- physical properties of the stack or book (boards and etal pressing plates) are k = 0.613 Wim K and pp = 273 X 108 Ji? “K. (@) Ifthe book is initially at 15°C and, following eppli- cation of pressure, the platens are suddenly brought 0 a uniform temperature of 190°C, calculate the lapsed time £, required for the midplane of the ‘book to reach the cure temperature of L70°C. (©) If at this instant of time, f= f the platen tempera- ture were reduced suddenly to 15°C, bow much ‘iffusivity of 329 energy would have to be removed from the book bby the coolant cizcalating in the platen, in order to return the stack to its intial uniform temperature? 547 A plastic costing is applied to wood panels by first ‘depositing molten polymer on a panel and then cooling the surface of the polymer by subjecting itto ait ow at 25°C. As frst opproximations, the heat of reaction associ sted with solidification ofthe polymer may be neglected ‘and the polymes/wood interface may be assumed to be adiabatic Fate castes war Wood pana If the thickness ofthe coating is = 2mm and it has a inital uniform temperature of = 200°C, how lng will it take for the suace to achieve a safe.sozouch temperature of 42°C if the convection coeiient is 200 Win! -K? Whats the coresponding value of the interface temperature? The tbeml conductivity and diffusivity ofthe plastic ace & = 0.25 Wi K and = 1.20 X 10°” mi, respectively. One-Dimensional Conduction: The Long Cylinder 548 A tong rot of Oem disses snd themopbysice properties p = 8000 kg/m’, ¢ = 500 Wkg-K, and k= So Wns is nally at «ior epee es eat in forced conection furnace fsiaied = TSDK. The convection coffe is estimated t Fe 1000 Wim? * K. (a) Wha is te cemedine emprane ofthe rod when the surface tempera 350K? hearing process, the cntetine emer tue ofthe Fd must be rested fom 7, = 300 to P= 500K, Compute aa plot the cotetne tevgeratae bstres for = 10D, 500, and 1000 Wim In each cae te cxclaon tay bet nated when T= 500 K 5.49. A long cylinder of 30mm diameter, iiially at a uniform temperature of 1000 K, is suddenly quenched in «large, constant-rempersture ol bath at 350 K, The cylinder prop- eres are = 1.7 Wim K, ¢ = 1600.Vig-K, and p = 400 ign’, while the convection coefficient i 50 Win? K1 Probleme surfaces must not exceed 328°C and 25°C, respectively, after 30 min of hecing, will the requirements be met? © gg0 iis well known that, elthough two materials are atthe same temperature, one may feel cooler tothe touch than the otter. Consider thick plates of copper and glass, each stan inital temperatare of 300 K. Assuming your finger tobe at an intial empertue of 310 K and to have tbemno- physical properties ofp = 1000 kg ¢ = 4180 kg -K, tad = 0.625 Wim K, determine whether the copper ot the glass will feel cooker to the touch 4581 Two stainless steel plates (p = 8000 kgim®, c = 500 sikgK, k= 15 Wim K), each 20 men thick and insu Jated on one susfice, ate initially at 400 end 300K swben they are pressed together at their uninsulated sur- faces. What isthe temperature of the Insulated surface ofthe hotplate after I min has elapsed? 582 Special coatings are often formed by depositing thin layers ofa molten material on a solid substrate. Solidi cation begins atthe substrate surface and proceeds unt the thickness $ of the soli lnyer becomes equal to the thickness 8 ofthe deposit. (©) Consider conditions for which molten material at sits fusion temperature 7; is deposited on a large substrate that sat an inital uniform temperatare With $= O at = 0, develop an expression for eti- rating the time ¢, required to completely solidify the deposit if it remains at 7; throughout the slii- fiation process. Express your result in terms ofthe sabsrate thermal conductivity and thecmal dif sivity (E,a.), the density and latent heat of fasion of the deposit (pi) the deposit thickness 8, and the relevant temperarres (ZT). (©) The plasma spray deposition process of Problem 525 is used to apply a thin (= 2mm) alumina ‘coating on a thick tungsten substrate, The substrate has ¢-aniform initial temperature of 7, = 300 K, and is thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity ‘may be approximated as f= 120Wim*K and a, = 40X10 nis, respectively. The density and latent heat of fusion of the alumina ere p = 3970 kai and hy = 357 kik, respectively, and the alumine solidifies at its fusion temperatre (F, = 2318 K), Assuming that the molten layer is 5.83 584 335 instantaneously deposited on the substrate, estimate the time required forthe deposit to solidity When a molten metal is cast in a mold that is a poor conductor, the dominant resistance to heat flow is Within the mold wall. Consider conditions for which a Tiguid metal is solidifying in a thick-walled mold of thermal conductivity b, and thermal diffusivity a,."The density and latent heat of fusion of the metal are desig- nated as p and hy, respectively, and in both its molten and solid sates, the thermal conductivity of the metal is very much larger than that ofthe mold Sols mete Phe Just before the start of solidification ($ = 0), the mold, ‘wall is everywhere at an inital uniform temperate T; and the molten metal is everywhere at its fusion (melting point) temperature of 7; Following the start of sliifi- cation, there is conduction heat wansfer into the mold wall and the thickness of the solidified metal, S, increases with time (@) Sketch the one-dimensional temperature distribu. tion, 7(2), in the mold wall and the metal at ¢ = 0 and at two subsequent times ducing the solidifica- tion, Cleary indicate any underlying essumptions. (©) Obtain a relation forthe variation ofthe solid layer thickness $ with time f, expressing your result in ‘terms of appropriate parameters ofthe system. Joints of high quality can be formed by fiction weld- ing, Consider the friction welding of two 40-mm-diameter Inconel rods. The bottom rod i stationary, while the top rad is forced into a back-and-forth linear motion char- sctetized by an instantaneous horizontal displacement, dG = a costa) where a= 2.mm and w = 1000 rads. ‘The coefficient of sliding friction between the to pleces is x = 0.3. Determine the compressive force that rust be applied in order to heat the joint to the Inconel melting point within r= 35, stating from en initial temperature of 20°C. Hn: The frequency of the motion and resulting heat rate are very high, The temperature response can be approximated as if the heating rate ‘were constant in time, equal it average valu,eat rate) ‘in molar rent, det what thermal by con. ay deter. aw tothe uinar to ? omentum servation velocity, on? What relative ver a sur U number are their tonal, and ce? umber? ters that ay lye | er Theory, ‘Tran 02. = Problems 5, Harnet, J.P, “Mass Transfer Cooling," in W.M. Rohsenow and J.P. Harett, Bds., Handbook of Heat Transfer, MeGraw-HBIl, New York, 1973. 6, Kays, W.M., M.B. Crawford, and B. Weigand, Convec- tive Heat and Mass Transfer, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill Higher Béucation, Boston, 2005. +7. Burmeister, L.C., Convective Heat Transfer, 2ad ed, ‘Wiley, New York, 1993, 8, Kaviany, M., Principles of Convective Heat Transfer, ‘Springer-Verlag, New York, 1994 Problems 387 9, Patankar, $.¥., Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid FFlov, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, 1980 10, Fox, RW., A-T, MeDonalé, and P. J. Pritchard, Zntro- duction 10 Fluid Mechanics, 6th ed., Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2008. 11. Colbum, A. P., Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. 29, 174, 1933. 12, Chilton, T.H., and A. P, Colburn, Jnd, Eng. Chem, 26, 1183, 1934 Boundary Layer Profiles 4641 Inflow over 2 surface, velocity ad temperature peofiles are ofthe forms ui) Ay + By Cy and 10)=D+ By+ PF - GY where the coefficients A though G are constants (Obtain expressions for the friction coefficient C, and the convection coefficient ft in terms of tay To and appropiate profile cooffcients and fluid properties. 62 Water at a temperature of T, = 25°C flows over one of the surfaces ofa ste] wall (AISI 1010) whose tempers- ture is 7, = 40°C. ‘The wall is 0.35 m thick, and its ther surface temperature is 7, = 100°C. For steady- state conditions what i the convection coefficient asso- ciated with the water low? What is the temperature ‘gradient in the wall and in the water that isin contact With dhe wal? Sketch the temperature distribution in the wall and inthe adjoining water. (63 Ins particular application involving airflow over a heated surface, the baundary layer temperature distribution may be approximated as where y isthe distance nommal tothe surface and the Prandti number, Pr = eyulk = 027, is @ dimension less fluid propery. If Ty = 400%, 7, = 300K, and Jy = S000 m?, what isthe surface heat ux? Heat Transfer Coefficients (6A For laminar flow over a flat plate, the local heat trans- fer coefficient h, is known to vary 98 x°°, where x is the distance from the leading edge (x = 0) of the plate. What is the ratio of the average coefficient Detnecen the leading edge and some location x on the plate tothe local coefficient at 2? (65 For laminar fie convection fom & heated vertical sr- face, the lol convection eoeficient may be expressed ash, = Cx, where A, is the coefficient at a distance x from the leading edge ofthe surface and the quantity C, which depends on te uid propsts is independent of 2 Obtain a expesion forthe ratio, where his the average coeicent between the lading edge (= 0) and {he locaton. Skee the vaziation of hand, with. 66 A circular, bot gas jet ot Tx is diected normal to & circular plate that has radius r, and is maintained at a vuiform temperature T,, Gas flow over the plate is axisymmetric, causing the local convection coefficient to bave radial dependence ofthe form h(r) = a + Br, ‘where a,b, and n are constants. Determine the rate of heat transfer to the plate, expressing your resale in tems (of Toy Ty Fee yb, and 6.7 Parallel flow of atmospheric air over @ flat plate of length L = 3 m is disrupted by an anray of stationary rods placed inthe flow path over the plate ABS 9 Dedede 8 HO oO 1 u. i Latoaory messreméns ofthe le onveeton cet Feieat ot the sce ofthe plat are mmc fr pre- sibel yalue of V snd 7, > To. Tho resits ae Censied by tn expesion ofthe form by = 07 = 1DiGe~ 2 wre hes it of Wi? Kandi in mots, Bratt the average convection coeficent Fy foc the entre plate ad the ao Fi at he aig alle low vera fat pate of fength L'= ature T, = 90°C, However, obstacles placed in the low intensify mixing with increasing distance x from the leading edge, and the spatial variation of temperatures390 620 621 623 Chapter 6 = Introduction to Convection ‘The surface area of the blade may be assumed to be rectly proportional to its characteristic length. Experimental measurements of the convection beat trans- fe coeticient for «square bar in cross low yielded the following values: B= S0Win? Fm 40Win? when ‘Assusme tha the functional form ofthe Nusselt number Js Bu = C Re" Pr', where C, mt, and n are constants. (@) What will be the convection heat transfer oo- efficient for a similar bar with L = 1m when V= 15 mis? () What will be the convection heat ensfer coefficient foc a similar bar with L = I m when V= 30 mis? (©) Would your results be the same if the side of the ber, rather than its diagonal, were used as the char acteristic length? [Experimental results for heat transfer over a fat plate ‘with an extremely rough surface were found to be oor related by an expression ofthe form. Mu, = 0.0429 Pe where Mi, isthe local value ofthe Nusselt number ata position x measured from the leading edge of the plate. Obtain an expression for the ratio of the average heat transfer coefficient ft the local coefficient hy. (Consider condition for which «fluid wit a fre steam velocity of V = 1 avs flows over a surfsce with a char- acteristic length of L = 1 m, providing an average con- veetion heat transfer coefficient of = 100 Wim? K. Calculate the dimensionless parameters Nii, Ress Pr, and jg forthe following uid: ir, engine oil, mereury, and water. Assume the fluids tobe at 300 K. Por flow over a flat plate of length Z, the local heat transfer coefficient A is known to vary asx", where x is the distance from the leading edge ofthe plate. What is tho ratio ofthe average Nasselt number for the entire plate (i) tothe leal Nusselt number atx = L (M4)? Fax laminar boundary layer flow over a lat plate with air 20°C and 1 etm, eae thermal boundary layer thickness. 5, is approximately 13% larger than the velocity bound- ary layer thickness 8, Determine te ratio 8/5, if the fluid is ethylene alycol under the same flow conditions 625 etch the vacation ofthe velocity and thermal tous ay layer thickness with distance from the leng tae ofa lat pate forthe laminar ow of ai, was npine oi, and mercary. Fr each case assome 2 may $id temperatire of 300K 6.26 Forced sta T= 25°C and V = 10 ms 4819 cot slecroaic elements on 8 cirt board. One sich ele tenis «chip, 4mm by 4mm, leested. 120mm foe the leading edge of the boa. Experiments hoe revealed that ow over the oad is disturbed by te tlements and tht convection heat transfer i corel by an expression ofthe form o.04Red* pri? Estimate the surface temperature ofthe chip if tis di Sipating 30 mW. a Beat 220 ne 627 Consider the electronic elements that are cooled by {oreed convection in Problem 6:25. The cooling system is designed and tested at sea level (F * 1 stm), but the circuit board is sold toa customer in Mexico City, wth an elevation of 2250 m and stmospheric pressure of 165 kPa, (@) Estimate the surface temperature of the chip located 120 mm from the leading edge of the board when the board is operated in Mexioo City. The dependence of vatious thermophysical properties ‘upon pressure is ncted in Problem 6.17, (©) Itis highly desirable for the chip operating temper ature to be independent ofthe location ofthe cus tomer. What air velocity is required for operation in Mexico City if the chip temperature is to be the same as at sea level? [EBB] consi te chip o thee boad of Probie 626 To entre able operation ot ented periods, chip tempera sould ot eneed 85°C, Asami valu of feed alr Tz = 25 and aplcty othe preset bea ant conelan, opt snd plate maximum alwabl cp power tpn P- fe aurcon ot velo for 12 V2 25. Ship surlce bos er emissivity of 0.80 andthe bos imounid in pe enlouehove walls re at 2°, hat sth effet of alton on he PV pet? 6.29 A major conttibutor to product defects in electronic ‘modules relates to stresses induced duxing thermal® Probleme going (itermitent heating and cooling). For example, fh circuit cards having active and passive components with materials of differest thermal expansion coeffi Uyents, thermal stresses aze the peincipal source of fail the i component joints, such as soldered and wired oecions. Although concer is generally for fatigue failure resalting from numerous excursions daring the life of a produc, it is possible to identify defective joints by performing accelerated thermal stress tests wet ee tefore the product is released 10 the customer. In such eet By Be = cases itis important to achieve rp thermal eyling to 1 saninize disruptions to production schedules. 'A manfactacer of cenit carés wishes to develop sn apparazus for saposing rapid thermal transients on the cards by subjecting thom 19 forced convection char- tecezed by a relation ofthe form Ni, C Re Pr, where m= 08 and n= 033. Hovever, she does not now whether to vee air Ge 0026 Wim>K, y= 16X10"? m's, Pr = O71) or edilectic Liquid (k = (0064 Winn K, » = 10°# a, Pr= 25) a6 the work ing fluid. Assuming equivalent air nd ligud velocities and validity of the lumped capacitance model forthe omponent, obtain a quanttave estimate of the ratio. of te thea ime constants forthe two ftids, What fd provides the faster therm response? ‘To asess the efficacy of different liquids for cooling an abject of given sie and shape by forced convection, itis convenient to introduce a figure of ment, F, which com- tines the infloonce of al pertinent fluid properties onthe convection coefficient. If te Nusselt number is governed by aa expression ofthe form, Nu,~ RefPr', obtain the corresponding relationship between Fy and the fluid wopeties, For representative valves of m = 0.80 and 2=033, caloulate values of Fy for air (k= 0026 Win-K, v= 16 X 10°? mis, Pr= 0.71), water Qe= 0.600 Wim: K, y= 10" mils, Pr = 5.0), and a diel. ttc liquid = 0.064 Wim -K, v= 10°® mls, Pr = 25). “What fluid isthe most effctive cooling agent? Gases aze often used instead of liquids to cool electron- {es in avionics applications because of weight consider ations. The cooling systems are often closed so that coolants other than air may be used. Gases with high ‘figures of met (se Problem 6.30) are desired. For rep- resentative values of m = 0.85 end n = 0.33 in the expression of Problem 6.30, determine the figures of 391 6.32 The defroster of an automobile functions by discharg- ing warm air on the inner surface ofthe windshield. To prevent condensation of water vapor on the surface, the temperature ofthe sir andthe surface convection coe cient (7. ) must be large enough to maintain a sa- face temperature Tz that is st least as high 2s the ewpoint (ys Ti Consider windshield of Fength 1 = 800 mm and thickness = 6mm and diving conditions for which the vehicle moves at a velocty of ¥= 7Omph in ambient ac at. = ~15°C. From laboratory expec tenis performed on s model ofthe vehicle, the aver: tage convection cefficeat onthe outer surface of the ‘winded is known tobe conelated by an expression of the form Mi; = 0030 Reb" PP, where Re, Viv. Properties of the ambient air mey be approx imited a8, k= 0005 Wim-K, v = 125x10™* ms and Pr= OI. IfTyp= 10°C and Ta, = 50°C, what isthe smoalest valve of Fy equied to prevent cnden- sation onthe ier surface? 633 A microscale detector monitors @ steady flow (L_ = PC, V = 10 ms) of ai forthe possible presence of Small, hazardous particule matter thet may be sus pended inthe room The sensor is heated to a sighly higher temperature inorder to induce a chemical reaction associated with cerain substances of interest hat might impinge onthe sensor's scsive surface, Te active surface produoes an electric cueat if such surface reactions focur the else coent is then sen tan alarm. To ‘maximize the aioe head's surface erea and in tum the probebilty of expering ad detecting apace, the sen- Sor head is designed with a very complex shape. The wale ofthe average heat transfer coefficient associated with the heated sensor must he known so that the require electial poner othe sensor canbe deter rect for air, pure helium, pure xenon (& = 0.006 Wim + K, y= 24.14 % 10°F N + afm), and an ideal He-Xe mixture containing 0.75 mole fraction of helium (= 00713 Wim + K, w= 2595 % 10-6 N- sm). ‘Evaluate properties at 300 K and atmospheric pressure. For monatomic gases such as helium and xenon and. their mixtures, the specific beat at constant pressure is ell described by the relation ¢, = (S/2)BRMt, 4 Particulates BTV ‘Consider a sensor with a characteristic dimension of '80 jm, A seale model ofthe sensor is placed in a15% 10, for what values of Re, would the total Beat ‘anser be independent of orientation? infec cll stacks, it sdesinble oops unde cond Je Rt promote uniform surface trperatres fr the Som ote membranes This i espocally true in high- cletoane fuel cols where Wie membrane is coo. temnd of brite ceramic material. Electrochemical sertjons in the eleewolytic membranes genera ther- ‘err enesy, wile gases lowing above and telow the cool it. The stack designer may specify OP REF bottom Bows thet are in the same, opposite, ot Sxogonal directions. A preliminary stad ofthe effect, amie relative How dixections is conducted whereby 4 6 mt % 150 mom thin sheet of mate, producing & ‘itor heat x of 100 Wn, i cole (top and bot any by ar with & free steam temperature and velocity of 25°C and 2 mi, respectively. (@) Determine the minimam and maxima loss mem rane temperatures for top and bottoms Hows tha re in the same, opposite, and orthogonal Asn ‘ie (a) Consider an L = 1 mlong, w = 0.1 m wide sola cell ‘hat is placed on az insulated surface. Determine the silicon temperate and the electric power produced by the solar cel for an air veloity of 4 mo parallel to the long diecton, with sir and sorroundings tem peratures of 25°C. The solr iradiation is 100 Win. ‘The boundary layer is tripped to a turbulent condi- tion atthe leeding edge ofthe panel.() Repost part (a), except now the pane is cess pau is shoes side paallel to the air low, thet is, =O mendw = 1m, {6 Pot the elecrie power output and the silicon fem: perature versus ar velocity over the range 0S Me = {0 mus for the L = 0.1 mandw = L mise 719 Concentration of sunlight ona photovoliaio eels ie Geaued since the concentrating miors and lenses are fess expensive than the photovoltaic materia. Consider the solar photovoltaic cell of Problem 7.18, 8 100 mm * 100 mm photovoltaic cll is iradiated with concentrated olor energy. Since the concentrating lens is glass, Speovbo 10% ofthe iragiation instead of the top surface st solar cell asin Problem 7.18. The remaining re ‘iaton is selected frm the system (7%) otis absorbed {hte silicon Semiconductor material ofthe photovoltaic ‘Ri (83%). The photovoltaic ce is cooked by sit ‘irectee parallel to is top and bottom surfaces, The air temperature and velocity are 28°C and § a, respon: frely, and the botiom surfce is coated with & hish- cmasvity pain, #5 = 095. Solar adiation Pook e| SEe 1-300 nm = Seo Prblen 7.18, gg = 250 (@) Deermine the elec power produced bythe poto- ‘ofa eell and the silicon temperate fora square TGncontating Tens With Digg = 400mm, stich Focuses the iaiation falling on the lens t0 the ipnaller acea of the photovoltaic cell, Assume the 25°C and dots not Roun les me aan eating ee oft pbeovolic marl [Bbonerine te cles power out of he po. pee and te sce temperature OVE he Tege 100 ma Le = 600 ma na0 The root of & refigeted tack compartment is of Te et Cretetn conitng of yer of ane Chapter 7 # External Flow at ethane ington (= Sm & = 0026 Win) sramehed between unm ay peels = Stan sre tgo Wins). The lengh nd wth of thereat ae PP Jom ana W = 35 my respesively, and the temper 1 re ott naer surface eT, = ~10°C. Conse on Jiuows for which the muck is moving a speed of ioe kavis he at comperste is To= 32°C, an te iat mtn is Gp = 750 Wir, Pubes ow may eatomed over the ssi length of the oo (4) Focequivalent values of the solar absorptivity andthe tenianvity of the outer surface (as 6 = 05), et toate te average erperanare T, of the ote sures ‘What isthe comsponding heat lod impoeed on te refrigeration systems? (o) A special finish (a5= 015, = 98) may fpplod to the ovter surface. What effect woul Such an application bave on the surface temper ture and the heat Lood (© If, with ag= 2 =O, the roof is not insulated (0), what are the comesponding values of the surface temperatare an the heat load? ‘The top surface of a heated compartment consists of ‘ery smooth (A) and highly roughened (B) potions and the surface is placed in an atmospheric airstream. i he mtorest of Minimizing total convection heat taster from the surface, wich orientation, (1) or 2), is ee ened? IF T,= 300°C, To = 20°C, and te = 20 te fanatis the convection heat transfer from the entice face fortis orientation?462 istance L between two rollecs ata velocity V. In this problem, we consider cooling of an aluatinom alloy (2024-16) by an air stream moving at a velocity ta in counter flow over the tap surface ofthe sheet. A turbu- lence promoter is used to provide turbulent boundary layer development over the entice surfece. Aiaminu alloy po2as (8) By applying conservation of energy toa differential control surface of length de, which either moves with the sheet or Is stationary and through which the sheet passes, derive a differential equation that fgovems the temperature distribution along the sheet, Because of the low emissivity of the elu- ‘minurn, radiation effects may be negleted, Express ‘your result in terms of the velocity, thickness, and propetias of the sheet (¥, 8, p, cp, the local con- ‘ection eoeficent h, associated ‘with the counter flow, and the air temperature, For a known temper- tare of the sheet (7) atthe onset of ecoling and & negligible effect of the sheet velocity on boundary layer development, solve the equation to obtain an ‘expression forthe outlet temperanste () For = 2mm, V=0.10m/s,L=5m,W= 1m, 4, = 20/5, T, = 20°C, and T;= 300°C, what is the outlet temperature T,? In the production of sheet metals or plastics, it is eas tomary to cool the material before it Feaves the produc- tion process for storage or shipment to the customer, ‘Typically, the procese ie continuous, with a sheet of thickness 3 and width W cools as it wansits the distance [L between two rollers ata velocity ¥. In this problem, ‘we consider cooling of plain carbon steel by an air stream moving at velocity usin cross flow over the top tnd bottom surfaces of the shee. A turbulence promoter 5s used to provide turbulent boundary layer development ‘over the entire surfece. {@) By applying conservation of energy ta differential contol surface of length dx, which either moves withthe sheet or is stationary and through which the sheet posses, and assuming uniform sheet temperature in the diection of air flow, derive a differential equation that goveras the temperature Chapter 7 2 Baternal Flow “urate pono istrbution, T[2), along the sheet. Consider be sffecs of radiation, a8 well at comvetion, ad xpress your result in terms of the velocity, thik pees, and properties ofthe bec (VB, ye ‘average convection coefficient hy associated with the eres ow, andthe environmental temperate, Cah (b) Neglecting radiation, obtain «closed form slut tothe forgsing equation. For8 = 3mm, V= 0.0 ‘ta = 20 ms, To = 20, fda shee tempecatare of 7, 500°C a eons SF cooling, what isthe ove temperate 7.2 ‘sume aneligible effext ofthe sheet velocity en boundary ayer development inthe dzetion of er flow. The deasity and specific beat ofthe steel ae 850 kgf? and ¢, = 620 Jikg~K, while proper. fer of ti a may be taken tobe = 0048 Wit K 15 10% miss, Pr = 0.68, [Daccountng forthe effects of raison, with = 070 and Tye = 20°C, namely integrate the it fereal equation derived in part () fo determine the temperature ofthe sheet at = 10m. Expl the effet of Von the temperate distbuion along the est “727 A steel stip emerges from the bot rol section of a sel rill at a speed of 20 m/s and temperanre of 1200 Ki length and thickness are L= 100m snd 8 = 0003, respectively, and its density and specific heat are 7900 kp? and 640 kg, respectively. inset , Sqmy 129