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ThesisAllanHo65 PDF
ThesisAllanHo65 PDF
by
Allan Ho
This thesis was prepared under the direction of the Candidates Thesis Advisor and has
received approval. It was submitted to the Dean of the School of Engineering and the
full Faculty, and was approved as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Engineering.
___________________________________________________
Dean Simon Ben-Avi, School of Engineering January 23rd, 2012
______________________________________
Professor Cosmas Tzavelis January 23rd, 2012
Candidates Thesis Advisor
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Union; Professor Cosmas Tzavelis for his dedication in teaching me everything from the
basics of structural analysis to advanced concepts in steel and concrete design and
Shmerykowsky (CE 92) and John Shmerykowsky for their invaluable help as practicing
engineer.
incidentally one of the main focuses of this thesis. I would also like to thank the Cooper
Union faculty, staff, and fellow colleagues for their help and support in my academic
journey.
Finally, I would like to thank my parents for making the very opportunity of
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ABSTRACT
with architectural or mechanical models, and structural detailing. The majority of this
paper will detail the advantages as well as shortcomings of using Tekla in combination
with structural analysis and design software and application programming interface.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgment ......................................................................................................................... 3
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................... 4
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Structural Analysis & Design Step By Step Procedure ................................................ 49
Appendices ................................................................................................................................. 76
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 77
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Tekla & Revit Workflow. Tekla. ........................................................................ 22
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Figure 19 - Slab Analysis Properties - Loading Tab .............................................................. 55
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TABLE OF NOMENCLATURE
2D Two-Dimensional
3D Three-Dimensional
AEC Architecture-Engineering-Construction
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BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM)
PRINCIPLES OF BIM
BIM is the virtual simulation of the entire construction projects life cycle through
programs that have the ability to communicate to each other either through application
programing interface (API) or through compatible file formats. The example of BIM that
will be used as a popular example throughout the thesis is the architect using Autodesk
Revit Architecture to develop the concept and working design, the structural engineer
using Tekla in conjunction with the SAP2000 analysis and design software, the MEP
engineers using Revit MEP, the tenant/owner using Tekla BIMSight to ask questions
and communicate with the professionals, and the contractor using his/her own IFC-
the successful implementation of BIM as BIM can be any number of different software
communicating with each other but the quick and easy access to information is the main
focus.
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finance, and business. Both in the design and construction phases, there are tasks that
are mutually dependent a delay in a single task could potentially cause multiple,
including equipment rental costs, cancelled-labor fees, and foregone lease revenue. One
major cause of delays in the architectural, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry
is time required for collaboration between the trades. The well-known adage of
measuring twice and cutting once applies to construction as well. The cost of
during construction. A benefit of building information modeling is the fact that all
participating trades will have access to the full database of information, allowing
coordination. However, this information is no substitute for the judgment and critical
thinking of a professional, but exists as a supplement to assist them. BIM is not a black-
box solution that generates answers for architects or engineers. It is, however, very
change. (Eastman, 149) BIMs lies in its ability to redistribute the distribution of
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effort. (Eastman, 149) While BIM does not change the responsibilities and goals of the
professional, it does change the modus operandi. Some procedures generally associated
with the construction phase of the project are going to shift to the design phase. The
shift of project scope undoubtedly equates to a shift in the project cost breakdown from
construction to design. Whether or not the industry is going to resist this type of shift in
responsibilities, and revenue, is yet to be seen. The politics and analysis of the financial
repercussions of BIM is beyond the scope of this thesis and shall be noted as a topic
provided its strengths are attentively utilized while its limitations acknowledged.
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BIM FOR STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
To the AEC industry, BIM is seen as not only useful, but a necessary next step in
the evolution of the design and documentation of structures. Buildings are becoming
requirement. Building information modeling has benefits throughout the entire design
completion.
electrical systems makes it more and more difficult to efficiently construct structures.
allow the transfer of databases of information between trades and full leverage of
technical advantages of digital data. BIM will be the cumulative acquisition of all
information associated with the project. Furthermore, project members will have access
to this information in real-time, which mean that any changes made during design or
construction can be seen and resolved quickly. BIM is not simply three-dimensional
modeling; BIM is the entire database of 'elements' or 'components' that have a plethora
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of information tagged to each element. In theory, there should never be mistakes such
as The structural engineer had these beams labeled as a A50 Grade W14x22 in their
structural drawings but the contractor misread these beams and labeled them as a A36
W12x22 in their steel shop drawings because all trades will generate their drawings
from essentially the same database of information. This should help to prevent inter-
reproduction.
inter-trade redundancies, there are also internal redundancies within each trade. An
example of which is the creation of two models by the structural engineer one for
detailing and one for structural analysis/design. BIM should help to reduce repetitive
work such as updating two models for each structural change made during the design
process. That is not to say that the engineer should allow this automation of repetitive
analysis model that is blindly transferred to the detailing model which causes
or failings by the structural engineer. Each decision still requires professional analysis
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and thought the roles of the structural engineer remain the same but the method of
BIM advantages are not limited to only the architects, engineers, or construction
contractors; even people without professional training can benefit from the organization
offers a great amount of value for the client, owner and facility managers. Individuals
who are not trained in interpreting architectural or engineering drawings now have the
input during design and construction. After the completion of construction, facility
managers and owners also have a representative model with traceable (i.e. RFID chips)
repair and addition, and feasibility studies cheaper and swifter to complete. It also
To allow different professions to use BIM together, the data must be manipulated
into a useful format. BIM allows interoperability between industries one of three ways
(Gayer, 2009): direct native file, program Application Programming Interface (API), and
open format data exchange. Direct native file is using a program that can open other
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models in native file format such as Autodesks Revit Architecture, Revit Structure, and
Revit MEP programs. The program must be able to open the files natively without need
Program APIs are direct program links that interface a model into other various
computer programs such as the link between Autodesks Revit and Bentleys RAM
Structural System. The link uses a series of programming routines that essentially
developed, which means each combination of programs requires its own dedicated API.
Tekla Open API is written using Microsoft .NET technology which allows COM and
.NET compatible programs (Tekla Basic Concepts, 2011) to accept data from Tekla, run
calculations, and then return output to Tekla (i.e. Excel, MS Access, Word, and
Tekla Extranet is a forum and server for the development and distribution of such
applications. The third interoperability method is the usage of open file formats such
as the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). This method allows multiple programs to
share information without data loss with open source languages (i.e. IFC, CIM/2, or
DXF). This concept is essentially the same as direct native file except that it is an open-
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At this time, there is no comprehensive BIM program that can effectively model
individual needs of each profession. This makes the use of the direct native file
method difficult when multiple consultants work and design using their own preferred
software. It is rare that one vendor can provide a program that satisfies all the
requirements in this highly specialized AEC industry. While direct native file is the
without data loss so that every party can fully utilize the advantages of the BIM
strategy. The most popular open format data exchange today is IFC, a neutral object-
oriented file format. Because the IFC format was developed as an open specification
programs. This helps prevent vendors from influencing the BIM workflow and
experience and specialization. The industry has shown its support for developing IFC
as the universal BIM filetype by way of sponsorship from the main industry committees
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(ACI), and Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI). Tekla has also pledged its
popular choice for many firms. For structural engineers, more than one single program
must be used because drafting and structural analysis are two separate but dependent
processes. The analytical model is the simplified representative version of the drafting
collaboration between the drafters and the engineers. Using a program with a link
between the data used by the drafting and engineering departments can increase
efficiency of this collaboration. The parametric data stored in the Tekla database may be
leveraged for use to design connections or other details by using Teklas design by Excel
for components. The final step in the structural engineers role in the BIM workflow is
to finalize the design of the structural connections and all details necessary for the
must be produced for both project construction and filing with the appropriate
government agencies. Paper construction drawings are still necessary at this point
because of its ease of use and durability on construction sites. They are also necessary
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for permitting and city/state filing because there is no set standard for file formats nor is
there presently a widespread acceptance in the industry. While the technology is being
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To summarize, BIM has the potential for these major benefits:
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is the most costly in terms of delays and is also the most complicated in terms
project delivery.
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TEKLA STRUCTURES IN BIM
Tekla Structures is a BIM modeling program with origins in steel fabrication and
detailing. Tekla uses both program API and open-format exchange through the IFC
data format. It has API software links to multiple structural analysis programs (STAAD,
inserting of reference models in several open formats (including dxf, ascii, fem,
cimsteel, fabtrol xml, ifc, ifczip, ifcxml, 3dd, dgn, igs, and iges). Tekla has chosen to
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Tekla has also released a free BIM viewer called BIMsight. BIMsight allows
parties without the Tekla program to view IFC files in 3D as well as see identification
data associated with elements in the model. For instance, a building owner can take a
Tekla model of the project and query items such as beam sizes or materials. As seen in
Figure 2 below, BIMSight is viewer program that has many features to allow read-only
access to many aspects of the project. More importantly, it allows project members
simple digital pen tool, and notes that can be attached to views/elements.
models to be added and cross-checked for interferences. This allows more people to join
the design process and contribute. This also shows a commitment on Teklas part to
diversifying the user base of the BIM model, and incorporating more of the AEC
industry as a whole to join the process and interact with each other. Another important
feature is the ability to leave notes attached to specific views and allowing clipping
planes. Thus anyone can look at each consultants model, manipulate them to see
certain areas, and ask questions or make comments without having to own the specific
BIM software or need to describe the location of each area of interest. The main focus of
the BIMSight program is to make communication much easier between trades without
for its Tekla Structures program which allows any program configuration to use the
Construction Management tools such as the scheduler, material take-off generator, and
would have the data to create detailed weight, quantity, and fabrication information
necessary for many scheduling tasks. This module allows the building to be essentially
conflict resolution to take place. This analysis can be performed while design work is
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still being completed to give the construction manager a good grasp on the logistics of
All these programs, modules and workflows are leveraging the power of digital
model data that is organized. One of the many benefits of using Tekla to model is the
ability to have multiple users working on one central file. This thesis will now focus on
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STRUCTURAL ENGINEER WORKFLOW
PART I. MODELING
Principles of Modeling
There are three phases of design schematic design, design development, and
construction documentation. A good BIM strategy maintains the data throughout the
possible.
In schematic design, the basic mass and envelope of the building is decided and
details such as the main gravity and lateral resistive systems and basic beam and
column layouts are fleshed out. For structural engineers, BIM allows the engineer to
leverage the architects work for their own purposes. The advantage of digital data is
of data can be associated with every single line. The manufacturer, material type,
finishes, RFID tracking number, and even brief notes can be attached to model elements
to keep data organized in an easily searchable and functional format. In Figure 3 , it can
be noted that individual elements may have as detailed a set of notes as needed; RFIs
regarding elements can be tracked as well as detailed design, detailing, fabrication, and
erection data.
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Figure 3 - Element Properties & Attributes
In a way, BIM and Tekla are actively unifying and standardizing the project
workflow process. Requests For Information (RFIs) will be centrally located with the
project model and drawings instead of spread out in emails and hardcopy prints. This
makes tracking through the project in case of legal/contract issues less complicated and
more organized.
Currently, the structural engineer must create his or her own structural models
for misinterpretation. The process is also a redundant one as the architect has already
created most of the relevant geometries. Even more coordination is required when the
architect makes inevitable revisions to their model as the project advances. The
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structural engineer must either spot the changes themselves or rely on the architect to
communicate the changes. Relying on other parties for information in this context is
concepts outside of their own expertise. Architects do not necessarily know how a
seemingly innocuous architectural change could have profound structural impacts and
structural engineers do not necessarily know how structural changes may throw entire
Import of Information
The first step to working with Tekla in a BIM workflow is to import the information
available from the architect and sub-consultants. Getting this information to a useful
Tekla uses reference models as the digital analogy of creating structural elements
at this point. Approximate column locations, level elevations, building footprint and
mass, and the building's gravity and lateral systems are being determined. The architect
sends the structural engineer preliminary information in one of three ways: paper
hardcopy drawings, AutoCAD drawings, or a BIM model (i.e. Revit model with the
basic 3D layout of the building). With Teklas reference model system, changes,
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additions, and deletions will be a matter of letting the program cross-reference the
current architecture model with the older one and displaying the changes
automatically. More often than not, the architect requires structural answers during the
initial concept phase. They provide architectural drawings that are constantly changing
as the project evolves. A lot of coordination effort is wasted as structural engineers have
to find the changes and then incorporate them into both the analysis
models/calculations and the drafting that has likely started. The structural engineer can
now use this information as a reference to begin modeling the structural system for the
building.
1.) Option 1 Non-BIM: Paper hard-copy architectural drawings are used for
manual reference. Begin the model in Tekla starting with Tekla Column
Grids.
3.) Option 3 BIM: Import Revit files as a reference model. Convert IFC objects
Option 1 uses no BIM and offers no way to quickly track changes. Manual
updating for architectural changes is required. Using Tekla still allows users to use BIM
in their portion of the project workflow between detailing and structural analysis. All of
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the geometric data produced by the architect must be reproduced by the structural
information.
imported and arranged in three dimensions in Tekla. This means that you can place
plans at their actual elevation and place elevation drawings wherever they apply.
Essentially, the 2D drawings are slices of the building that may be placed exactly
where they were sliced. The lines of the AutoCAD are automatically converted to
Tekla lines for ease of model creation. 3D CAD drawings may also be imported but in
both cases, there is no other information other than geometric and spatial. Extrapolating
from the current trend of the industry, there will be a transition period where project
teams consist of BIM participants and non-BIM participants. This option is still
inadequate to maintain high efficiency levels. This method still allows digital
Option 3, the Revit model import is the BIM workflow. At this point, there is no
direct link from Revit to Tekla, which means that the architectural model must be
exported as a compatible file format such as IFC. The intermediate step of conversion of
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Revit to IFC objects still loses information and is not perfect, but it still retains much of
the geometric spatial information and material specifications. Gridlines are also not
gridlines (presumably a CAD drawing derived from the Revit model to ensure
accuracy). A true BIM workflow allows seamless integration between all models of all
trades. From here on, the thesis will focus on Option 3, the Building Information
Tekla does not import Revit files (*.rvt) as reference models the best format to
use for interoperability with Revit is the IFC format. For the Revit model import, the
architect must use the Export to Tekla tool in the Revit program (alternatively, a generic
export to IFC model may be selected). This creates an IFCzip file that may be imported
into Tekla as a reference model. Import the IFC file by using File>>Insert Reference
Model...
This opens the Reference Model Properties dialog box (Figure 4) where the Layers
option allows the hiding of non-essential layers. For the structural engineer, this allows
the isolation of the structurally pertinent members such as the floor, walls, columns,
and openings.
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Figure 4 - Reference Model Properties
It would be prudent to convert objects piecemeal one layer at a time to apply the
firms visual modeling preferences to each element. For instance, the structural modeler
may want to apply a pre-defined setting for each type of element while only
transferring from the IFC model the member size/shape and physical
location/orientation. There are still many issues associated with the transfer of
information through the IFC class. Because the information is going from a native file
format to an open format like IFC and then to Tekla, there are inherent problems such
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Management of Data Revisions and Changes
After the import of the Revit model, subsequent changes made to the Revit
model will be re-imported and detected using the Change Detection section when
inserting the reference model. Select the previous version under Old File as well as the
Show option of New, Old, Unchanged, Changed, Deleted, and Inserted. This
step will prove extremely useful when re-importing updated revised architectural
reference models. The detected changes between the architectural models will be
highlighted and will let the structural engineer identify any changes that need to be
made to structural elements, if any. Figure 5 shows how Tekla would display Changed
elements between IFC files. The reference model can also be set to show only
unchanged elements, deleted elements, inserted elements, or just the old or new
IFC models.
The macro graphically displays the change in two IFC models while also providing a
text output displaying a change management report. The macro allows filtering to find
changes to any Tekla element properties such as material type, position, elevation,
length, or profile. Instead of using the Change Detection system described above, the
IFCChangeManagement macro may be downloaded from the Tekla Extranet for free.
Teklas reference model change detection system can only isolate elements that have
been moved, deleted, or inserted. The IFC Change Management macro is more
powerful in that it can essentially sort the selected IFC elements by any combination of
1 https://extranet.tekla.com/
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Figure 6 shows a list of properties that can be used to check between IFC models.
This makes the comparison between IFC models a highly customizable process where
requires both IFC models to be loaded as reference models into the Tekla model. The
original and new IFC models are selected, respectively, and compared according to the
parameters selected. A plain-text file is written each time models are compared and
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Data Conversions to Tekla Elements
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The main focus of the structural engineer is to provide structural support for
gravity and lateral loads while fitting the architectural vision and demands. The
architect will export their architectural BIM model into a pre-determined compatible file
format such as IFC. The structural engineer will then reference this model and create
the structural model. Geometric data can be used for modeling while material
properties can be used for weight estimation and analysis. From the structural model,
structural member sizes. This information can be returned to update the structural
model with member sizes. The structural model is then exported and sent back to the
architect for coordination and comments. Tekla does not import gridlines as they are
not true 3D objects. They are usually 2D projections of planes for construction
documents, which means grid-lines must be created in Tekla. Column grid-lines define
not only column locations, but are reference coordinates to allow for easier discourse
between trades. You can import an AutoCAD drawing with the gridlines and trace
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them in Tekla or create them with given dimensions. In Tekla, go to Modeling>>Create
Grid... to access the Grid dialog box as shown in the following figure. The grid X, Y, and
Z coordinates are the relative distances between each gridline. The magnetic option
forces objects directly on the plane to move automatically with the gridline.
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2D information such as the architectural IFC model or a CAD drawing with the added
benefit of seeing the changes in model updates. The reference model can be
manipulated without editing the original file by filtering layers on or off and also
Using the reference model, IFC objects can be converted, or Tekla elements can
be placed on the reference model. To convert IFC elements, highlight objects and use
Currently, Tekla can import nearly all standard linear elements (beams, girders,
columns, braces, and hangers) with its standard library. Custom shapes and materials
that do not exist in the Tekla libraries will have to be created in Tekla and manually
mapped to the element. Converting planar elements like walls and slabs was only
recently introduced in Tekla version 17. As with other BIM programs, the technology in
Teklas programming is still incapable of fulfilling the total potential of BIM. There are
elements such as curved slab edges and two-way waffle slabs in Tekla.
Figure 8 below illustrates some of the options that may be found under Settings
during the IFC Convert process such as checking for missing profiles or materials for
which Tekla could not identify a Tekla equivalent. Dimensional tolerances can also be
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set so that measurements made in models beyond the useful precision of the engineer
After the conversion, the report can be viewed under Report. The following
figure shows what IFC elements were converted to what Tekla elements. Here, a visual
check can be made to see if there were any mistakes or inconsistencies in the conversion
process.
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Figure 9 - IFC Convert Report
can be queried.
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Once the structural elements have either been converted from the architectural
reference model or added as Tekla elements, coordination will start parallel with the
initial structural analysis. As architectural changes are made, changes can be detected
Models from other trades can also be inputted when they join the project such as
mechanical systems as well as other elements such as sustainable energy systems. The
level of detail of each of the models will most likely be decided by the firm and/or
The structural engineer can add multiple models as reference models and then
use the clash check under Tools>>Clash Check Manager to detect interferences between
elements.
Figure 11 -
Clash Check
Manager
Dialog Box
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The clash check manager can zoom to objects identified as clashing as well as
give the element object names so you can identify the clashing elements. Based on
experience and suggestions from Tekla technical support, it is likely that a clash check
should be of specific element types or areas and not a project-wide clash check. This is
because of the current nature of modeling is not as precise in every area in order to
reduce complexity and file size of the project. There is no guarantee of the level of detail
is equal in every geographical location in the project or across all disciplines. Most
likely, performing a project-wide clash check would find thousands of false positives
that are easily resolved with common sense. A more likely scenario would be an
engineer selecting CMU walls in an area and performing a clash check with
architectural partitions, finishes, and MEP models in that same area. Again, a piecemeal
procedure would be easier to work with and allow a more thorough analysis.
The clash check is not a catch-all solution to coordination, which is the main
focus of every construction project. It is merely to identify possible problem areas and is
a very basic assessment of geometric overlaps. Some of the clashes identified by the
detected between the steel column and concrete slab. In reality, a quick engineering
judgment will reveal that the slab would simply be poured around the steel column and
the clash is a modeling simplification and the error in material volume is nearly
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negligible. The program may also miss other clashes that may not be revealed by simple
geometric overlap checks. For example, clearances for door openings, headroom
heights, and construction erection clearances may not be recognized as these involve
open spaces that will not clash with any modeled elements. These exceptions serve as
another reminder that BIM is just a tool to assist in the project workflow, not a transfer
The next section will discuss the analysis and design portion using Tekla in a
structural engineers workflow the structural analysis and design using modeled
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PART II. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
the building in a structural analysis program such as SAP2000, RAM Structural System,
separate process with the structural analysis; drafting is simply the representation of the
and the drafted information. Any structural changes require manual updating of
models and all associated details, sections, and elevations as well as manual
The BIM approach is to create one 3D model that is used for both structural
analysis and drafting. Each detail and section would be just views of different portions
of the model. This ensures that all changes propagate through all drawings. The
analytical model could have a simplified version of many of the more complex areas
where the intricacy is important for detailing but less important for structural analysis.
For example, many structural analysis programs do not recognize eccentric connections
of the beams to the columns during the import process. It would be better practice to
simplify the structural analysis model to have beams connect directly to columns and
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account for the eccentric connection during the lateral analysis and connection design.
Another issue with importing the entire 3D model into structural A&D software is the
lack of necessity to model every part of the project. For most applications, it is enough
to simplify the problem to a very simple structural model that does not need to be 100%
accurate in terms of minute details but represents the physical condition of the area
under scrutiny. This is where a large portion of engineering judgment takes place to
ensure that a conservative approach to a given problem is utilized and that the design is
reduced in terms of complexity but not in terms of safety or accuracy. That being said, it
would be wise to perform the export from Tekla to structural analysis software as few
times as possible. Often a handful of analyses will be required for conceptual design to
give the architect an idea of the size of elements required and feasibility of the project.
The most important feature of incorporating the analysis and design of the
project into the BIM cycle is the fact that now all A&D models will remain up to date
with the need to modify both the drafting representation of the structure and the
analysis portion. The implications of such a system are that with the central database of
direct connection to the current model information. This means reducing the waste of
time spent updating each model for every different portion of the project. If the
foundations, gravity system, lateral system, beam connections, and cladding are
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designed in five separate programs, each can have its own Tekla Analysis model
associated with it. Each Tekla Analysis model will have only the pertinent elements
assigned to it, but all elements are part of the Tekla database. This multiple analysis
models from one database allow many different portions of the project to be analyzed
combinations, and different load types (distributed, line, point, area, etc). There are
two possible routes to go with the structural analysis. The first choice is the full BIM
choice where the restraints and loads (cases and combinations) are defined within Tekla
and only exported to a structural analysis program for analysis. The second choice is to
export the geometry and member information from Tekla and create all loads and
disadvantages to both paths. The only reason to choose Option 2 would be the lack of
software compatibility with the engineers structural analysis program. If Tekla has not
yet developed a fully functioning API link to the A&D program, the engineer has no
choice but to export the geometry and member data only. If the engineers firm has a
program such as STAAD, SAP2000, or Robot that has the proper API to perform a back-
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The model export process is as important as the analysis portion. To export the
model to analysis and design software, first a Tekla Analysis model must be created,
which can then be exported to design software such as SAP2000. In Tekla, the
6.) Check the analysis model in Tekla structures for integrity and
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Structural Analysis & Design Step By Step Procedure
At this point, the superstructure of the Tekla model should have been created.
The first step in creating the creating the analysis model is Analysis>>Analysis &
Design Models.
Here, multiple structural models can be created depending on whether the user
wants a full model of the entire project, or just selected parts or even select loads. This
separation of analysis models using the main model as the basis is another powerful
concept in BIM as it allows a finer degree of control for the structural engineer in terms
of analysis techniques and approaches. The engineer can diversify his/her analysis
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using specialized programs as necessary on the appropriate area of the project. For
example, the lateral system can be analyzed in ETABS and the gravity system in
creation process. This opens the Analysis & Design Models dialog box shown in the
figure below.
To change the elements selected, choose the Creation Method shown in Figure
13, where the user can select one of the following options: full model, by work area, by
selected parts, by selected pars and loads, or floor model by selected parts and loads.
Create analysis models by selected parts and loads to create partial models as needed.
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The information that is returned to Tekla after analysis can be viewed and
decide what values will be useful for the Tekla model. The element forces may be
important to display as an end reaction on Plan drawings for the steel detailer to design
connections. The member information may be important for updating the element
size/shape. The support reactions may be important to label on a plan drawing for the
geotechnical engineer to determine the foundation type or check existing soil conditions
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Options relating to the analysis model can be modified to suit the needs of the
structural engineer. Different analysis software can be chosen as well as options related
to steel, concrete, and timber design codes & defaults. The figure below shows the
selected AISC Allowable Stress Design 1989 code is selected as well as the given
Also important to note is the fact that these settings may be saved at the top of
the dialog box as are most property dialog boxes in Tekla. This allows the engineer to
specify these settings once and save them with a descriptive name for later use.
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Now it is important to create the load groups and combinations. The self-weight
of all modeled elements can be toggled in settings. Create the individual load cases
from the design code you would like to use. Load groups in Tekla are synonymous
The main loads for a building are the anticipated Live Load that will be listed on
the Certificate of Occupancy of the address, the wind loads for the main lateral wind
resisting system (MWRS), dead load (wall partitions, hung mechanical piping, HVAC
load, rain/snow/ice load, and any concentrated loads that might occur. Next, define the
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load combinations either by selection the appropriate code or defining each load
combination. The figure below shows the AISC LRFD code load combination factors.
elements. The analysis model is displayed as simplified centerlines while the elements
(absolute coordinates) or applied on the elements (local coordinates). The loads may be
the analysis centerline and selecting Properties shown in the figure below.
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Figure 18 Slab Analysis Properties Dialog Box
should be considered.
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Load paths may be transferred through the connectivity of the element. For
example, the figure below shows the Position tab of the Analysis Properties.
The connectivity transfers load from the slab to the beam by setting the Axis to
Bottom plane and the Connectivity to Automatic. This allows the movement and
alteration of the element and a consequential adjustment to the load. The default setting
is for loads to be positioned in absolute space. Figure 21 below is the whole Tekla
analysis model.
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Figure 21 Overview Analysis Model
Tekla automatically creates support nodes at the end of the columns but the nodes
should be checked for accurate and realistic support conditions depending on the
foundation system and soil conditions. In the figure, the support nodes are all set to
fixed to reflect the assumption that there will be piles driven at each column base.
More modeling-analysis issues may arise such as beam setbacks not being considered as
connections. These types of problems may be corrected through the use of rigid links or
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Export to SAP2000
Once the analysis model is created, the analysis model may be exported to the
chosen analysis software in at least five different ways. Tekla uses Analysis application
interface to interact with the A&D software as shown in the Analysis & Design Models
The right side of the figure above shows what each export option executes,
depending on the preference of the engineer. The option may also depend on the stage
of the analysis workflow at which the export is being performed. A practical example of
using various export options would be this; a full export may occur after 75% design is
subsequent exports would utilize Get Results to pull result data in Tekla.
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The actual structural analysis and design in SAP2000 is left as an exercise to the
reader. The next step in the BIM workflow would be to finalize the design to prepare for
For simplicity sake and to speed up the analysis and import/export process, a
partial model of just one column bay will be created and used as the example analysis
model. The next figure shows the activity list of the export from Tekla to SAP2000
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Figure 24 Analysis Export List
As seen in the figure above, section properties were apparently different in Tekla
and SAP2000.The import/export and model merge process is far from perfected.
Currently there are known issues with load cases from Tekla and SAP2000 conflicting
due to different names for the same type of load (one for Tekla loads and one for SAP
loads) where loads created or deleted in SAP will not be recognized when exported
back to Tekla. It is still the responsibility of the engineer to ensure the analysis
When the structural analysis is completed and the element sizes are re-imported
into Tekla along with the reaction forces, connection design can be performed. Many of
the standard connections can be automatically designed using Teklas Design by Excel
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technique where the information stored in Teklas model can be exported to Excel to be
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PART III. DETAILS AND DRAFTING
The strength of BIM workflows is the multiple uses of one set of information.
Data is not recreated specifically for each purpose it is remolded or converted to the
appropriate form so that it may be used for different functions. The more complex the
project, the more efficient this recycling of database information becomes. Examples
of useful component design using parameter data would be designing slab edge
Like many structural BIM programs, Tekla has a system of allowing access to the
information stored in the model called Tekla Open API. Tekla Open API uses Microsoft
.NET technology in conjunction with database applications such as MathCAD and Excel
to allow the user to produce plug-ins and user-generated applications to suit the firms
needs. This is a major advantage in using BIM on a project as it is leveraging the full
structural analysis with structural detailing. In New York, standard connection design
traditionally falls under the responsibility of the steel fabricator/erector with the
structural engineers approval through the shop drawing review process. BIM allows
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the structural engineer to not only design the structural system, but to prepare all the
geometry and parametric data required by the detailer during the design process. This
design. Currently, the steel fabricator must use paper drawings or CAD files with
geometric data and written annotation regarding material type, member sizes, and
other specifications. With BIM, this parametric database is established once and
available for all project members to use so that all data is cumulative and not simply
derivative.
1.) The user must complete a few tasks to set up the model for the Excel
2.) Create the analytical model and export to a compatible structural analysis
program.
3.) Import the element information (the required parameters depend on the
component using the Excel Design option) from the analysis program back into
Tekla.
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5.) Enable Design by Excel Option by opening the component properties dialog
box, going to the Design Tab, and selecting Excel under External Design.
Teklas pre-defined components are all Design by Excel enabled and can be used
with the addition of the calculation spreadsheet to the component design spreadsheet.
Custom components require a bit more work as the component design spreadsheet
must be created using the component template spreadsheet. The figure below shows
Tekla default AutoConnections modeled, which can be designed using the Design By
Excel option.
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First, the excel design spreadsheet must be finished. Next, the necessary inputs for
the spreadsheet can be mapped from Tekla. That is to say that the variables or
attributes listed on the Inputs sheet of the excel spreadsheet are the variables that excel
will pull from Tekla for calculation purposes. The figure below shows the inputs for
Tekla connection component 141, which is a double clip angle beam end connection.
the attributes. To find attribute names, find the InsertProperties.xls excel file
somewhere in the Tekla file folders. The excel spreadsheet was a macro function in
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Tekla versions 16 and older while Tekla 17 maintains the spreadsheet as a standalone
file. The excel file is used to map attribute names from custom components by using
unique values saved to a property file. The user inputs unique values for the attributes
and the excel file will show the unique value and the attribute name associated with
that value so that the user can correctly identify input names.
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The next sheet in the component excel spreadsheet is the Outputs sheet, where values
can be added. As shown in the directions, the variables simply need to be above the
END line.
The calculation sheet is last sheet in the excel spreadsheet and is where the
structural engineer performs calculations to determine the design and thus outputs to
return to Tekla. This sheet is where some engineering choices may be made such as
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Figure 29 - Component 141 - Excel Calculation Sheet
After completing the excel design spreadsheet, the component must be selected in
the Tekla program and the design by excel option will automatically invoke the
spreadsheet (the name of the spreadsheet is important as Tekla was search for the
number). Debugging mode forces Tekla to open the excel spreadsheet when the
Design By Excel Option is selected. This lets the user see the steps where the Tekla
parameters inputs are shown, and the outputs after the design is completed. It is means
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OVERALL STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS BIM PROCEDURE
1.) During the pre-design phase of the project, the BIM objectives and standards
must be decided and agreed upon by the architect and project consultants. A
system of transferring the project files must be established as BIM models can as
much as a few hundred megabytes of data; far beyond what most company
email systems can attach or handle. Project files may be shared by ftp sites hosted
Center that can handle large filesizes and allow a centralized location for project
files.
involved early during the design process. Use the Publish to Tekla BIMsight
add-on to allow free viewer access to the Tekla model. Read-only access allows
the IFC class associated with each Revit family. Run Export to Tekla Structures
4.) Insert the IFC or IFCzip files as a reference model into Tekla to a predetermined
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5.) Convert reference components to Tekla model elements. Tools>>Convert IFC
Objects. Isolate single layers in Revit IFCzip file such as S-Col, S-Beam, or A-
Flor-Otln to convert the reference objects one type at a time this allows a
modeling standards. The standards can include such things as column handle
orientation, which may allow Open API Macros that design footings to properly
execute. Different attribute settings may be saved at the top of the element
properties dialog with different names and loaded as required uncheck the
properties that should be pulled from the Revit reference model (profile name,
material, and position) to load Tekla standards while still applying the metadata
6.) Perform a Check Catalog to ensure that IFC classes are being properly mapped to
Tekla elements and materials. Check for missing profiles and missing materials.
appropriate.
7.) Model unconvertible and additional elements. Examples include slab openings,
AutoCAD files and arrange them in 3D to model gridlines and assist with
dimensioning.
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8.) Gather information for loads from model material information. Right-click on
9.) Add structurally pertinent information from the mechanical, electrical, and
pumps, heat exchangers, cooling towers, and water tanks), electrical riser or duct
conditions, member end fixities, and define all load groups & combinations.
Include dead loads, live loads, wind loads, seismic loads, soil loads, flood loads,
11.) Select Analysis Application as SAP2000 14 (1.52). Select desired design codes
for steel, concrete, timber, and seismic design. Select desired numerical output
options these values are analysis values that you want to be transferred from
the analysis software to Tekla. The application of these values will be explored in
the next section where Open API may be used for additional engineering design
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12.) Run preliminary structural analysis for member sizes. Check if analyzed
members sizes are the same as design sizes. If not, send new sizes back to Tekla.
13.) Create drawings with plans, sections, and details. Modify member sizes as
necessary for detail purposes. Re-run structural analysis to check adequacy and
14.) Use Export to Revit add-on to send IFC structural model to architect.
15.) Receive updated architectural IFCzip files. Use change detection in reference
model properties dialog box and manually update the Tekla model. As an
update the Tekla model with the changes. Update analysis model as necessary.
16.) Re-run structural analysis. Update structural element member sizes and
18.) Use clash detection to check for clashes between structural elements and
19.) Use structural analysis model outputs to design beam and girder connections,
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common or repetitive designs. Examples include the Design by Excel option
for connections.
20.) Create 2D drawings to properly document all plans, elevations, schedules, and
details. During this transition period where the technology of BIM is still being
tested for fidelity and longevity (both necessities in the construction industry),
drawing production is beyond the scope of this thesis but worth exploring as an
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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The responsibility of the structural engineer is the design and analysis of the
structural system of a project. But this is only half of the work the other half is creating
the construction documents that are used during construction. The famous phrase, The
devil is in the details is particularly applicable here as the details may change or even
Another concept that is needs addressing is one of legal liability. When elements are
being shared and models are being combined, who takes responsibility for changes or
model?
What about companies that spend time and resources developing custom elements,
connections, and objects? Most companies do not share trade secrets and the open
sharing of BIM models results in the transfer of valuable information. This concept is
BIM data with the use of three-dimensional PDFs or sharing objects via readers such as
Teklas BIMsight software. This does not resolve the issue completely as the full
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One other issue that requires further study is the technical limitations of
modeling software. Tekla only recently introduced the conversion of planar elements
such as walls and floors into native Tekla elements. The conversion progress is far from
perfect and does not properly import many objects just as concrete slab on metal deck
or waffle slabs. API can be developed to properly model objects such seismically
An issue with using Tekla in a BIM workflow is the fact that there are many
different types of objects that does not have a native Tekla object. Teklas objects are all
Although standards in CAD design were only developed at company and local
greatly in quality, consistency, and data format. The buildingSMART alliance project
the importance of BIM to the industry as well as the goals of BIM standards.
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A SOFTWARE
1.) Tekla Structures 16.1 Service Release 1 (Build 627153)
IFCConverter Macro
2.) Tekla Structures 17.0 Service Release 1 (released April 19th, 2011)
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Albright, K. (2011, April). New Revelation of BIM. Structural Engineering & Design ,
pp. 32-25.
Gane, V., & Haymaker, J. (2008). Benchmarking Conceptual High-rise Design Processes.
Center for Integrated Facility Engineering , #TR174.
Gayer, A. W. (2009, October). BIM Power: Interoperability. Structure Magazine , pp. 14-
16.
Robinson, C. (2011). Structural BIM: Discussion, Case Studies and Latest Developments.
Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings , 16 (4), 519-599.
Tekla Basic Concepts. (2011). Retrieved April 27, 2011, from Tekla Web site:
http://www.tekla.com/us/solutions/Pages/basic-concepts.aspx
Eastman, Charles M. BIM Handbook: a Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners,
Managers, Designers, Engineers, and Contractors. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2008. Print.
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