2.10 A closed tank contains 1.5 m of SAE 30 oil, 1 m of water, 20 cm of mercury, and an air space on top, all at 20°C. If peotom = 60 kPa, what is the pressure in the air space? Solution: Apply the hydrostatic formula down through the three layers of fluid: Prowoen = Paie + Youle + Yovatee wate + mercury Maezcory or: 60000 Pa =p,., + (8720 N/m*)(1.5 m) + (9790)(1.0 m) + (133100)(0.2 m) Solve for the pressure in the air space: pair * 10500 Pa Ans.2.13 In Fig. P2.13 the 20°C water and gasoline are open to the atmosphere and are at the same elevation. What is the height h in the third Solution: Take water = 9790 Nim? and gasoline = 6670 N/m*. The bottom pressure must be the same whether we move down through the water or through the gasoline into the third fluid: Fig. P2.13 Prono = (9790 Nim? )(1.5 m) +1.60(9790)(1.0) = 1.60(9790)h + 6670(2.5—h) Solve for h=1.52m_ Ans.2.18 All fluids in Fig. P2.18 are at 20°C. If atmospheric pressure = 101.33 kPa and the bottom pressure is 242 kPa absolute, what is the specific gravity of fluid X? Solution: Simply apply the hydrostatic : = formula from top to bottom: Fig. P2.18 Photom = Prop + = 7h, or: 242000 = 101330 + (8720)(1.0) + (9790)(2.0) + 7, (3.0) + (133100)(0.5) Solve for 7x =15273 Nim}, or: SGy = 15273/9790 =1.56 Ans.2.21 In Fig. P2.21 all fluids are at 20°C. Gage A reads 350 kPa absolute. Determine (a) the height h in cm; and (b) the reading of gage B in kPa absolute. Air, 180 kPa abs Solution: Apply the hydrostatic formula from the air to gage A: A Pa =Paie + D7 Fig. P2.21 = 180000 + (9790)h + 133100(0.8) = 350000 Pa, Solve for h=649m Ans. (a) Then, with / known, we can evaluate the pressure at gage B: Pp = 180000 + 9790(6.49 + 0.80) = 251000 Pa= 251kPa Ans. (b)2.44 Water flows downward in a pipe at 45°, as shown in Fig. P2.44. The mereury manometer reads a 6-in height. The pressure drop p2 — pi is partly due to fiction and partly due to gravity. Determine the total pressure drop and also the part due to friction only. Which part does the manometer read? Why? Solution: Let “hk” be the distance down from point 2 to the mercuzy-water interface in the right leg, Write the hydrostatic formula from 1 to 2: Py +62 ssinas® +h 8) sio( ©) —62.4h=ps, 2 2 Py —Py = (846—62.4)(6/12)—62.4(S sin 45°) =392-221 ..friction loss... gravity head. The manometer reads only the friction loss of 392 Ibf/f?, not the gravity head of 221 psf.245 Determine the gage pressure at point A in Fig. P2.45, in pascals. Is it higher or lower than Patmosphere? Solution: Take y = 9790 N/m? for water and 133100 Nim? for mercury. Write the hydrostatic formula between the atmosphere and point A: Pain + (0.85)(9790)(0.4 m) ~(133100)(0.15 m) —(12)(0.30 m) + (9790)(0.45 m) =P. Water Mercury Fig. P2.45 OF Pa = Patm —12200 Pa=12200 Pa(vacuum) Ans.