INTRODUCTION

Self Potential (SP) geophysical surveys measure the potential difference between
any two points on the ground produced by the small, naturally produced currents
that occur beneath the Earth's surface. The SP method is passive, non-intrusive and
does not require the application of an electric current. Small potentials of the
order of a few millivolts are produced by two electrolytic solutions of differing
concentrations that are in direct contact, and by the flow of groundwater through
porous materials (streaming potential). Larger ground potentials are produced by
conductive mineralised ore bodies partially immersed below the water table.

Data acquisiton in progress during an SP survey

Passive measurement of ground potential using the SP method

SP SURVEY OPERATION

Standard SP surveys utilise non-polarising, porous pot electrodes, which have been
specially adapted to minimise contact voltages. Readings are typically taken with
one electrode fixed at a base station and a second, mobile 'field' electrode that
is moved around the survey area. Reading stations are spaced at regular intervals
along linear profiles, closed loops or grids depending upon the desired
application.

The self potential method is traditionally used as a mineral exploration tool and
for downhole logging in the oil industry. More recently it has been adapted for
hydrogeological and water engineering applications, by the use of more sensitive
equipment and the careful application of data correction processes.

STRAY CURRENT TESTING

The SP method also detects the presence of sporadic, man-made electrical currents
in the ground, known as stray currents. Faults in high voltage electrical plant
such as generators, industrial machinery and sub-stations can produce stray
currents. The resultant changes to the natural electrical field are dynamic and
random in nature. They can cause localised enhanced corrosion of buried steel
structures and in rare circumstances, create an ignition risk to buried fuel tanks
and fuel pipelines. Stray currents are identified by customised SP equipment that
detects changes to the electric field vector in the ground.

APPLICATIONS

Finding leaks in canal embankments

Identifying seepage in dams and reservoirs

Locating leachate leaks at landfill margins

Assessing the effectiveness of water-engineering remedial measures

Defining zones and plumes of contaminants

Mineral exploration of massive sulphide ore bodies

Stray current testing