1.

SeismicCodesandRelevantDataLayerforHazardandRiskAssessment

1.1 DescriptionofNationalCodeDevelopment

Indonesiahasdevelopedtheearthquakecodesince27yearsago.Ithadaimtoimprovethe
regulationoftheearthquakeresistanceforbuildingwhichwasinterpretedinthestandard
code(DesignMethodofEarthquakeResistanceforBuildings).Thiscodewasproposedby
Beca Carer Hollings, Ferner Ltd and Indonesians expert engineers. The result of this
investigation waspublishedinIndonesianEarthquakeStudiesvolume1until7at1979.
Based on this investigation, the hazard map was published for period 500 years. In the
hazard map, the earth quake zone map of Indonesia is divided into 6 zones and it is
classifiedby2(two)subsoilconditionstype,stiffsoilandsoftsoil.

Nowadays, there are many technologies and research to investigate the occurrences of
earthquakemuchmoredetails.Theimprovinganddevelopingofthisresearchispublished
intheBuildingCodethatmustbefulfilledinordertogeneralizethedesignscalculation
andgiveasafetyfactorforbuildingsandusers.Indonesiaisaoneofdangerouslocationsin
theworldasithasalotofearthquakeoccurrences;hencetheIndonesiagovernmentmakes
aregulationandreferenceforengineerstodesignabuildingandinfrastructurebyusinga
code which is called Design Method of Earth quake Resistance for Buildings Indonesia
Standard National 172602. This standard is intended as a replacement of Indonesian
NationalStandard(SNI0317261989).

IndonesiagovernmenthasstartedanewcodeafterTsunamidisasterwhichwasoccurred5
yearsago.Wewereawarethatthecurrentcodeisnotrelevantanymoretobeimplemented
fordesigningofbuilding.Manybuildingsandinfrastructuresweredestroyedbyearthquake
and tsunami due to lack of quality and wrong construction method. This code is being
accomplished by government which consider higher safety factor including construction
methodforhousingandhighbuilding.Thisisnecessarytogiveknowledgeforengineersand
architectstobuildabuildingaswellasnewcode.

1.2Recentcodesituation

1.2.1ElaborationofNationalSeismicZoningMaps

Currently,IndonesiahasthreeearthquakehazardmapsissuedbyDepartmentofPublic
Works.ThefirstmapisPeakGroundAcceleration(PGA)mapatbedrockfor500years
returnperiodintheStandardforEarthquakeResiliencePlanningStructureBuilding(SNI
0317262002). This hazard map is used for designing general buildings. The second is
thehazardmapsfordesigningwaterworks(dam).ThismapwasdevelopedbyTheoF.
NajoanandpublishedbyResearchcentreforWaterworksDepartmentofPublicWorks.
ThethirdmapisusedfordesigningbridgeandroadconstructionpublishedbyResearch

Page1of51

 CentreforRoadsandBridgeworks.ThismapisreferredtothemapdevelopedbyTheo
F.Najoanwithareturnperiodof50and100years.

The map for PGA at bedrock in the SNI 0317262002 (Figure 1e) was developing by
averaging values from four seismic hazard maps developed by four different research
groupsinIndonesia(Figure1ato1d).Thisseismichazardmapwasdevelopedusingtotal
probability theorem (Cornel, 1968) and by applying area sources model (2dimension
model).This2dimension(2D)modelhassomelimitationsinmodelingthefaultsource
geometries. Moreover, several great earthquake occurrences in Indonesia in the last
two years inquire revision of seismic hazard parameters in SNI 0317262002. These
earthquake events must be considered in determining seismic hazard parameters
especiallymaximumcredibleearthquakemagnitude(MCE).

Page2of51



Figure1. IndonesiaHazardMapfromfourresearchesandasinSNI0317262002.

1.2.2 SpecificationofCodeProvisions

1.2.2.1.GeneralRequirement.

Thisstandarddefinestheeffectofdesignearthquakethatmustbeexaminedin
thebuildingstructuredesignandvariouspartsandcomponentsingeneral.Due
totheeffectofdesignearthquake,overallbuildingstructuremuststayerected,
albeitinnearcollapsingcondition.Thedesignearthquakeisdefinedtohave a
reoccurrenceperiodof500years,soitsprobabilityinthe50yearsbuildinglife
spanis10%.

Thedesignrequirementsofearthquakeresistantbuildingstructuresdefinedin
thisstandarddonotapplyforthefollowingbuildings:
Buildingwithuncommonstructuresystemorbuildingsstillrequiringproving
oftheirworthiness.
Buildingsusingbaseisolationsystemtoabsorbearthquakeeffectonthe
upperstructure.
CivilEngineeringStructuressuchasbridges,irrigationbuilding,wallsand
piersofharbor,offshoreoilstructure,andothernonbuildings.
Onestoreyhouseandothernontechnicalbuildings.
Thisstandardhasaproposethatthebuildingstructurewhichitsearthquake
resistanceisdesignedconformingtothisstandardcanfunction:
Topreventhumancasualtiesbythecollapseofbuildingbecauseofastrong
earthquake

Page3of51

 Toreducebuildingdamageduetolighttomediumearthquake,sothe
buildingisrepairable.
Topreventtenantdiscomfortforbuildingtenantsduringlighttomedium
earthquakes.
Tomaintainatalltimevitalservicesofbuildingfunction.

1.2.2.2.ImportanceFactor
For various building categories, depending on the probability of building
structurecollapsingforthelifeandexpectedageofthe building,theeffectof
design earthquake on it must be multiplied with a significance factor I
(ImportanceFactor).

BuildingCategory SignificanceFactor
I1 I2 I(I1xI2)
Generalbuilding,suchasforresidential,tradeandoffice 1.0 1.0 1.0
Monumentandmonumentalbuildings 1.0 1.6 1.6
Post earthquake important buildings such as hospital,
clean water installation, power plant, emergency rescue 1.4 1.0 1.4
center,radioandtelevisionfacilities.
Buildings for storing dangerous goods such as gas, oil
1.6 1.0 1.6
products,acid,toxicmaterials
Chimneys,toweredtanks 1.5 1.0 1.5
Table1.Importancefactor
I1 = the significant factor to adjust the reoccurrence period of the earthquake related to
probabilityadjustmentoftheearthquakeoccurrenceforthelifeofthebuilding.
I2 = Significant factor to adjust earthquake reoccurrence period related to the building age
adjustment.

1.2.2.3.Regularandirregularbuilding
Abuildingstructureisdefinedasaregularbuildingunderthefollowingterms:
Height of the building structure measured from lateral clamping level may
notbemorethan10storiesor40m.
Shape of the building is rectangular without protrusion, if there is an
protrusion,thelengthoftheprotrusiondoesnotexceed25%ofthelargest
sizeofthebuildingstructureinthedirectionoftheprotrusion.
The building structure map does not show any corner notch, if there is a
notch, the length of the side of the notch does not exceed 15% of the
largestsizeofthebuildingstructureinthenotchsidedirection.
The building structure system is formed by the lateral load bearer
subsystems which direction is perpendicular to each other and parallel to
orthogonalmainaxisofoverallbuildingstructuremap.
Thebuildingstructuresystemdoesnotshowaleapofthefrontplane,ifa
leapofthefrontplane,sizeofthestructuremapofthebuildingprotruding
ateachdirectionisnolessthan75%ofthelargestsizeofstructuremapof

Page4of51

 thelow
werbuildingp part.Inthiscase,roofhou
usestructure whichislesssthan
2storeystallisnotn
necessarilycoonsideredtocausefrontp
planeleap.

1.2.2.4
4.Ductilityofthebuildingstructureand
dnominalearrthquakeload
ding
Building structure ductility factor ( o maximum deflection to the
) is a ratio of
buildingstrructureduetotheeffecto ofthedesignearthquakew whenreachin ngthe
conditionoofnearcollap
psing(m)and dbuildingstru ucturedeflecttionwhentheefirst
yieldingyoccurs,which
his:
m
1.0 = m
y

Buildingstructure
e
performanceLevel R f2 f

Full Ela
astic 1,0 1,,6 1 1.6

Partial Elastic 1,5 2,,4 1.09 1.7

2,0 3,,2 1.17 1.9
2,5 4,,0 1.26 2
2.0
3,0 4,,8 1.35 2
2.2
3,5 5,,6 1.44 2
2.3
4,0 6,,4 1.51 2
2.4
4,5 7,,2 1.61 2
2.6
5,0 8,,0 1.70 2
2.7
Full Du
uctile 5,3 8,,5 1.75 2
2.8

ble 2. Ductilityy for each performance levvel

Tab

Ve
R = . f1 =
Vn

Ve m
= =
Vy y

Vm
f2 =
Vy

Vy
f1 =
Vn

Vm
f = f1. f 2 =
Figure2.Du
uctilitycurve Vn

Page5
5of51

 Where:
Ve=Maximumloadingduetoeffectofdesignearthquakeabsorbablebyafully
elasticbuildingstructureintheconditionofnearcollapsing.
Vm=Maximumloadingduetoeffectofdesignearthquakeabsorbablebyafully
ductilebuildingstructureintheconditionofnearcollapsing.
Vy=Theloadingthatcausesthefirstyieldinginthebuildingstructure.
Vn=Thenominalearthquakeloadingduetoeffectofdesignearthquakewhich
mustbeexaminedinbuildingstructuredesign.
f1=theloadandmaterialextrastrengthfactorincludedIthebuildingstructure,
f1=1.6
f2=Thestructureextrastrengthfactor
R=Theearthquakereductionfactor

1.2.2.5.CapacityDesign
Theearthquakecode,whichiscalledSNI172602,explainsthefailure
mechanismwhichisstillinthesafezoneduetoearthquakeload.This
mechanismiscalledSideSwayMechanism(picture2)wheretheplastichinge
onlyoccursontheedgeofbeamsandcolumns.Toreachthismechanism,the
strongcolumnweakbeammustbefulfilledthecapacitydesign.Thisconcept
explainsthatthecolumnsmusthavenominalflexurecapacitywhichislarger
thanbeams.Sideswaymechanismisexpectedinthedesigntopreventthe
collapsemechanismatthecolumnwhereitiscalledasSoftStoreyMechanism
(Picture3).

figure3.SideSwayMechanism

figure4.SoftstoreyMechanism

Page6of51

 IntheStrongcolumnweakbeamconcept,thecapacitydesignneedsamultiplier
to enlarge the column capacity against beam, which is called Overstrength
factor(OF).Thisconceptcouldbeinterpretedinequilibriumasbelow:

M c OFx M g

Where:
Mc=Amountofcolumnmomentsinthejointbeamcolumn
Mg=Amountofbeammomentsinthejointbeamcolumn
OF=OverstrengthFactorvalue(6/5)

1.2.2.6.Typeofsoilandpropagationofearthquakewave

Soiltypesaredeterminedashardsoil,mediumsoilandsoftsoil.Forthe
uppermostlayeratamaximumthicknessof30m,therequirementinthetable
issatisfied:
SoilType Averageshearwave AverageStandard AverageNonFlowing
propagationspeed PenetrationTestResult shearstrengthSu
N (kPa)
HardSoil Vs350 N50 Su100
MediumSoil 175Vs350 15N<50 50Su<100
SoftSoil Vs<175 N<15 Su<50
Or,eachprofilewithsoftsoilhavingtotalthicknessofmorethan3mwith
PI>20,wn40%,andSu<25kPa
SpecialSoil Requiresspecialevaluationateachlocation
Table3.Shearwavevelocity

Theeffectofdesignearthquakeonthesoilsurfacemustbedeterminedfrom
theanalysisresultofearthquakewavepropagationfromthedepthofthebase
rocktosoilsurfacebyusinginputearthquakemovementwithpeakacceleration
forbaserock.

Minimum Ao (g) Ao (g) Ao (g)
Zone
PGA (g) Rock Stiff soft

1 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.08

2 0.1 0.12 0.15 0.2

3 0.15 0.18 0.23 0.3
4 0.2 0.24 0.28 0.34
5 0.25 0.28 0.32 0.36
6 0.3 0.33 0.36 0.38
Table4.Peakgroundaccelerationforeachseismiczone

Page7of51

 Consideringtheshortnaturalfrequencyperiodof0T0.2second,thereisan
uncertainty,bothinsoilmovementcharacteristicoritsstructureductilitylevel,
theearthquakeresponsefactorCisdeterminedbytheequationbelow:

ForTTc;C=Am
ForT>Tc;C=Ar/T

Where:Ar=Am.Tc

Zone HardSoil MediumSoil SoftSoil

Tc=0.5sec Tc=0.6sec Tc=1.0sec
Am Ar Am Ar Am Ar
1 0.10 0.05 0.13 0.08 0.20 0.20
2 0.30 0.15 0.38 0.23 0.50 0.50
3 0.45 0.23 0.55 0.33 0.75 0.75
4 0.60 0.30 0.70 0.42 0.85 0.85
5 0.70 0.35 0.83 0.50 0.90 0.90
6 0.83 0.42 0.90 0.54 0.95 0.95
Table5.Accelerationvalueforeachsoiltype

Page8of51



Figure5.ResponseSpectraGraphforeachzone

1.2.3 BasicEquationforPredictingtheEquivalentHorizontalForces

1.2.3.1.Limitationoffundamentalnaturalfrequencyperiod

Fundamentalperiodisbasicallyabletobedeterminedbyusingequationfrom
UBC97:
T=0.0853H3/4(forsteelframe)
T=0.0731H3/4(forconcreteframe)
T=0.0488H3/4(forothersframe)
WhereHistotalheightofbuilding
Topreventausageofoverflexiblebuildingstructure,thefundamentalnatural
frequencyperiodT1ofthebuildingstructuremustbelimited,dependingonthe
coefficient fortheSeismiczonewherebuildingislocatedanditsstoreytotaln
isaccordingtotheequation.
T1<n
Wherethecoefficientisdefinedaccordingtotablebelow:

Zone Coeff. ()

1 0.20
2 0.19
3 0.18
4 0.17
5 0.16
6 0.15
Table6.multiplierofmaximumnaturalperiodforeachzone

Page9of51

 Accordingtothetableabove,itcanbeclearlyseenthatthecriticalzone(6)is
expectedtohavelowerperiodratherthanotherzones.
Fundamentalnaturalfrequencyperiodofaregularbuildingstructureineach
mainaxisdirectioncanbedeterminedusingRayleighformulaasfollows:

n

Wi di2
T1 = 6,3 i =1n



g Fi di
i =1

Where:
Wi =Thefloorweightoftheithincludingcorrespondingliveload
Fi =Equivalentstaticnominalearthquakeloads
di =Thehorizontaldeflectionoftheithfloor
g =Gravitationalacceleration(9.8m/sec2)

1.2.3.2.Eccentricityofcenterofgravityagainsttherotationcenterofstoreyfloor

Thecenterofgravityofstoreyfloorofabuildingstructureistheresultantpoint
of dead load, including corresponding live load working at that floor. On the
building structure design, the center of gravity is the resultant point of
equivalentstaticloadordynamicearthquakeforce.
Storeylevelrotationcenterofabuildingstructureisapointatthestoreyfloor
whichifa horizontalload isworkingonit, thestoreyfloorwill notrotate, but
only translates, while the other levels not experiencing horizontal load will all
rotateandtranslate.
Betweenthecenterofgravityandthecenterofrotation,adesignedeccentricity
ed must be examined. If the largest horizontal size of the building structure a
storeyfloor,measuredperpendiculartoearthquakeloadingdirection,isstated
asb,thedesignedeccentricityedmustbedeterminedasfollows:
For0<e0.3b
ed=1.5e+0.05b or ed=e0.05d

andselectedbetweenbothwhicheffectisthemostdeterminingforthe
examinedbuildingstructurecomponentorsubsystem:
Fore>0.3b
Ed=1.33e+0.1b or ed=1.17e0.1b

1.2.3.3 Equivalentstaticnominalearthquakeload

Aregularbuildingstructurecanbedesignedagainstnominalearthquakeloading
due to effect of design earthquake in the direction of each main axis of the
structuremap,informofequivalentstaticnominalearthquakeload.
TheequivalentstaticnominalbasicshearloadVoccurringatthebaselevelcan
becalculatedaccordingtotheequation:

Page10of51

 C1 I
V= W1
R
Where: C1 =Theearthquakeresponsefactor
I =Importancefactor
W1 =Thetotalweight
R =earthquakereductionfactor

NominalbasicshearloadVmustbedistributedalongtheheightofthebuilding
structuretobeequivalentstaticnominalearthquakeloadsFiworkingatthe
centerofgravityattheithlevelaccordingtoequation:
Wi zi
Fi = n
Wi zi
i =1

Where:
Wi =Thefloorweightoftheithincludingcorrespondingliveload
Z i =Thefloorheightoftheithfloormeasuredfromlateralclampinglevel.

Iftheratiobetweentheheightofthebuildingstructureanditsmapsizeinthe
earthquake loading direction equals or exceeding 3, then 0.1 V must be
considered as a horizontal loads centralized at the center of gravity of the
uppermostlevel,whiletheremaining0.9Vmustbedistributedalongtheheight
ofthebuildingstructuretobeequivalentstaticnominalearthquakeload.

1.2.3.4.ServiceLimitPerformance

Service limit performance of a building structure is defined by the interlevel

deflection due the effect of design earthquake which limit the occurrence of
steel yield and excessive concrete cracking. To satisfy this requirement, inter
level deflection calculated from the building structure deflection may not
exceed0.03/Rofheightoftherespectivelevelor30mm.

1.2.3.5UltimateLimitPerformance

The ultimate limit performance of the building structure is determined by the

deflectionandmaximuminterleveldeflectionofthebuildingstructuredueto
effect of design earthquake when the building structure is near collapsing. To
limittheoccurrencepossibilityofbuildingstructurecollapsingwhichcancause
human casualties and to prevent dangerous collisions between buildings or
between earthquake load parts separated by separation space (dilatation
clearance).
Forregularbuildingstructure
=0.7R
Forirregularbuildingstructure

Page11of51

 0.7 R
=
scale _ Factor
WhereRisearthquakereductionfactorofthebuildingstructure.
Tosatisfythebuildingstructureultimatelimitperformancerequirements,inall
conditions, the interlevel deflection calculated from the building structure
deflectionmaynotexceed0.02oftherespectivestoreyheight.

1.2.3.6ResponseSpectrumAnalysisbySRSS

Thisapproachpermitsthemultiplemodesofresponseofabuildingtobetaken
intoaccount(inthefrequencydomain).Thisisrequiredinmanybuildingcodes
for all except for very simple or very complex structures. The response of a
structurecanbedefinedasacombinationofmanyspecialshapes(modes)that
inavibratingstringcorrespondtothe"harmonics".

Combinationmethodsincludethefollowing:

absolutepeakvaluesareaddedtogether
squarerootofthesumofthesquares(SRSS)
completequadraticcombination(CQC)amethodthatisanimprovement
onSRSSforcloselyspacedmodes
Inthisreport,IwillcomparetheEquivalentstaticresultwithSRSSresult.
TheequilibriumofSRSSmethodis:
N m
Fi =
m ( MPF )
N i i
2 V
i = N

m
k kj
ij j
MPFj = k =1
N
j =1 k k
k =1
m
k =1
2
k kj

1.3ElaborationofFurtherInformation

1.3.1GeneralInformation

Indonesia,locatedinSoutheastAsia,isanationconsitingofover13,000islands(some
publications cite more than 17,000 islands). Only 6000 of these islands are inhabited.
TheislandsspreadbetweentheIndianandPacificoceans,linkingthecontinentofAsia
and Australia. The main islands are Sumatera (473,606 sq.km), Kalimantan (539,460
sq.km),Sulawesi(189,216sq.km),IrianJaya(421,981sq.km),andJava(132,187sq.km).
Indonesia shares the islands of Kalimantan with Malaysian, and Irian with Papua New
Guinea.

Indonesia is recognized as archipelagos country which has more than ten thousand
islands.60%ofpopulationisconcentratingintheJavaIslandandtherestaredistributed
inSumatra,Kalimantan,SulawesiandIrianIsland.

Page12of51

MostofbigcitiesinIndonesiahavebigpotentialtohaveearthquakeduetothelocation
isneartothetectonicplateandactivemountain.

Figure6.populationdensityinIndonesia

1.3.2Geologicalandtopographicalmaps

ThemapsbelowaredrawingthegeologicalandtopographicalconditioninIndonesia.It
isconsistedofseveralofsoiltypesforinstance,metamorphicrock,Mesozoicformation
andvolcanicformation.Itiscausedbymanyactivevolcanosandmanytectonicplatesin
Indonesia.

Figure7.GeologymapofIndonesia

Page13of51


Figure8.GeologymapofSumateraIsland

1.3.3GovernmentandPoliticalconditions

Indonesia is a republic based on the 1945 constitution providing for a separation of
executive, legislative, and judicial power. Substantial restructuring has occurred since
President Suharto's resignation in 1998 and the short, transitional Habibie
administrationin1998and1999.TheHabibiegovernmentestablishedpoliticalreform
legislation that formally set up new rules for the electoral system, the House of
Representatives (DPR), the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), and political parties
without changing the 1945 Indonesian constitution. After these reforms, the
constitutionnowlimitsthepresidenttotwotermsinoffice.

2SeismicForcesforanIdealizedRCFrameSystem

2.1Analysisofconcreteframe

2.1.1ModelofStructure

Inthisyellowproject,thetypicalstructuregivenfordesigningisa4storeybuilding
whichisconstructedbyReinforcedconcrete.Theanalysisusesastructuressoftware
(ETABSv.9.0.9).Thedimensionofframeelementsandlayoutareexplainedasfollows:

Page14of51

 1. Column 2. Beam

3. Slaab
Slabis16cm

Figuree9.Layoutof
f buildingstru
ucture

Page15
5of51

2.1.2.MaterialProperties

Intheetabssoftware,wecouldapplythematerialpropertiessuchasbelow:

Figure10.Materialproperties

Accordingtopictureabove,
concretedensityis2500kg/m3
concreteCompressionStrengthis2800000kg/m2
Reinforcementyieldstressis42000000kg/m2


2.1.3LoadCases

Thereareseveralloadcaseswhichareappliedintoaccount.TheseloadcasesareDead
Load(DL),LiveLoad(LL)andEarthquakeLoad(E).

Thedetailofeachloadcaseiscalculatedinthetablebelow:

kN/m
2
c h b L1 Load
3
Load [kN/m ] [m] [m] [m] [kN/m]
DeadLoad
Slab 25 0.16 5 20
Plastering 1.25 5 6.25
Partitions 1.25 5 6.25
Superimposed Load 32.5
Roof 5.75 5 28.75
LiveLoad 2 5 10
FrameLoad
Column300mmx300mm 25 0.3 0.3 2.25
Column400mmx400mm 25 0.4 0.4 4
Beam300mmx450mm 25 0.45 0.3 3.375

Table7.LoadCasescalculation

Page16of51

 2.1.4EquivalentstaticnominalearthquakeloadCalculation

Beforecalculatingtheshearforce,wehavetodeterminetheweightateachstorey
whichiscalculatedastablebelow:

Weight each Storey
h1 h2 h3 h4 L2
n-slab n-beam n-column Sub Total (KN)
[m] [m] [m] [m] [m]
w4 3.2 3 5 24 16 893.85
w3 3.2 3 5 24 16 1101.45
w2 3.2 3 5 24 16 1191.05
w1 3.05 3 5 24 16 1186.25
4372.6

Table8.Weightdistributionforeachstorey

Accordingtotheequivalentstaticequilibrium,thebaseshearforeachseismiczoneis

Wi zi Wi*zi
Storey
[kN] [m] [kN.m]
4 893.85 12.65 11307.20
3 1101.45 9.45 10408.70
2 1191.05 6.25 7444.06
1 1186.25 3.05 3618.06
4372.60 32778.03

Table9.Equivalentstaticdistribution

Page17of51



Zone zone1 zone2 zone3 zone4 zone5 zone6

0.2 0.08 0.05 0.5 0.23 0.15 0.75 0.33 0.23 0.85 0.42 0.3 0.9 0.5 0.35 0.95 0.54 0.42
Cv hard medium soft hard medium soft hard medium soft hard medium soft hard medium soft hard medium soft
Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil
Base Shear
218.63 87.45 54.66 546.58 251.42 163.97 819.86 360.74 251.42 929.18 459.12 327.95 983.84 546.58 382.60 1038.49 590.30 459.12
(kN)
4 75.42 30.17 18.85 188.55 86.73 56.56 282.82 124.44 86.73 320.53 158.38 113.13 339.39 188.55 131.98 358.24 203.63 158.38
3 69.43 27.77 17.36 173.57 79.84 52.07 260.35 114.55 79.84 295.06 145.80 104.14 312.42 173.57 121.50 329.77 187.45 145.80
Storey
2 49.65 19.86 12.41 124.13 57.10 37.24 186.20 81.93 57.10 211.02 104.27 74.48 223.43 124.13 86.89 235.85 134.06 104.27
1 24.13 9.65 6.03 60.33 27.75 18.10 90.50 39.82 27.75 102.56 50.68 36.20 108.60 60.33 42.23 114.63 65.16 50.68
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
218.63 87.45 54.66 546.58 251.42 163.97 819.86 360.74 251.42 929.18 459.12 327.95 983.84 546.58 382.60 1038.49 590.30 459.12

Table10.Shearforceresultforallzones

Page18of51



Figure11.baseShearforcedistributionforeachzone

Page19of51

 HardSoil
4

3 zone1

Storey
zone2
2
zone3
1 zone4

0 zone5

0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 zone6

BaseShear(kN)

MediumSoil
4

3 zone1
Storey

zone2
2
zone3
1 zone4

0 zone5
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 zone6

BaseShear(kN)

SoftSoil
4

3 zone1
Storey

zone2
2
zone3
1 zone4
zone5
0
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 zone6

BaseShear(kN)

Figure12.BaseShearForceforeachsoiltype

Page20of51

 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
UY UX RZ UY UX RZ UY UX RZ UY UX RZ
STORY4 -0.0057 0.0058 -0.00085 -0.0045 0.0044 -0.00069 -0.0032 -0.0032 -0.00052 -0.0004 -0.0004 0.0001
STORY3 -0.0046 0.0046 -0.0007 0.0015 -0.0015 0.00015 0.0059 0.006 0.00088 0.0016 0.0016 -0.00034
STORY2 -0.0026 0.0026 -0.00044 0.0053 -0.0053 0.0008 -0.0021 -0.0021 -0.00021 -0.0046 -0.0046 0.00073
STORY1 -0.0011 0.0011 -0.00019 0.0033 -0.0033 0.00053 -0.0034 -0.0033 -0.00057 0.006 0.0061 -0.00086

normalization
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
UY UX RZ UY UX RZ UY UX RZ UY UX RZ
4 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
3 0.81 0.79 0.82 -0.33 -0.34 -0.22 -1.84 -1.88 -1.69 -4.00 -4.00 -3.40
2 0.46 0.45 0.52 -1.18 -1.20 -1.16 0.66 0.66 0.40 11.50 11.50 7.30
1 0.19 0.19 0.22 -0.73 -0.75 -0.77 1.06 1.03 1.10 -15.00 -15.25 -8.60
base 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Table11.eigenmodeforeachstorey

Page21of51



Page22of51



Figure13.modeshapeforeachmode

Page23of51

 1 2 3 4 5 6
UY UX RZ UY UX RZ
4 893.85 893.85 893.85 893.85 893.85 893.85 893.85 893.85 893.85 893.85 893.85 893.85 893.85
3 1101.45 888.89 717.35 873.56 692.83 907.08 747.00 -367.15 122.38 -375.49 128.01 -239.45 52.05
2 1191.05 543.29 247.81 533.92 239.34 616.54 319.15 -1402.79 1652.18 -1434.67 1728.13 -1380.93 1601.08
1 1186.25 228.93 44.18 224.98 42.67 265.16 59.27 -869.92 637.94 -889.69 667.27 -911.18 699.89
2554.95 1903.19 2526.31 1868.69 2682.63 2019.28 -1746.01 3306.35 -1806.01 3417.25 -1637.70 3246.87
MPF 1.34 1.35 1.33 -0.53 -0.53 -0.50
7 8 9 10 11 12
UY UX RZ UY UX RZ
893.85 893.85 893.85 893.85 893.85 893.85 893.85 893.85 893.85 893.85 893.85 893.85
-2030.80 3744.28 -2065.22 3872.29 -1863.99 3154.45 -4405.80 17623.20 -4405.80 17623.20 -3744.93 12732.76
781.63 512.94 781.63 512.94 481.00 194.25 13697.08 157516.36 13697.08 157516.36 8694.67 63471.05
1260.39 1339.17 1223.32 1261.55 1300.31 1425.34 -17793.75 266906.25 -18090.31 275877.27 -10201.75 87735.05
905.07 6490.24 833.58 6540.63 811.17 5667.89 -7608.63 442939.66 -7905.19 451910.68 -4358.17 164832.72
0.14 0.13 0.14 -0.02 -0.02 -0.03

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
MPF 1.34 1.35 1.33 -0.53 -0.53 -0.50 0.14 0.13 0.14 -0.02 -0.02 -0.03
4 1.80 1.83 1.76 0.28 0.28 0.25 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 1.17 1.15 1.20 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.01
2 0.37 0.37 0.47 0.39 0.41 0.34 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.04
1 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.07 0.05
3.42 3.41 3.52 0.85 0.87 0.76 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.10
1.85 1.85 1.88 0.92 0.93 0.87 0.34 0.31 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.31

mi i UY mi i UY mi i RZ
4 1652.53 1650.68 1677.74
3 1013.48 1029.80 959.30
2 405.45 372.12 389.77
1 394.20 405.47 370.86
i i
m 3465.67 3458.08 3397.66

Table12.SRSScalculation

Page24of51

 Zone zone1 zone2 zone3 zone4 zone5 zone6
0.2 0.08 0.05 0.5 0.23 0.15 0.75 0.33 0.23 0.85 0.42 0.3 0.9 0.5 0.35 0.95 0.54 0.42
Cv medium hard medium soft medium hard medium medium medium
hard Soil soft Soil hard Soil soft Soil soft Soil hard Soil soft Soil hard Soil soft Soil
Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil
Base Shear (kN) 218.63 87.45 54.66 546.58 251.42 163.97 819.86 360.74 251.42 929.18 459.12 327.95 983.84 546.58 382.60 1038.49 590.30 459.12
4 104.25 41.70 26.06 260.62 119.89 78.19 390.93 172.01 119.89 443.06 218.92 156.37 469.12 260.62 182.44 495.18 281.47 218.92
3 63.94 25.57 15.98 159.84 73.53 47.95 239.76 105.49 73.53 271.72 134.26 95.90 287.71 159.84 111.89 303.69 172.62 134.26
Storey
2 25.58 10.23 6.39 63.94 29.41 19.18 95.92 42.20 29.41 108.70 53.71 38.37 115.10 63.94 44.76 121.49 69.06 53.71
1 24.87 9.95 6.22 62.17 28.60 18.65 93.26 41.03 28.60 105.69 52.22 37.30 111.91 62.17 43.52 118.12 67.14 52.22
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Zone zone1 zone2 zone3 zone4 zone5 zone6

0.2 0.08 0.05 0.5 0.23 0.15 0.75 0.33 0.23 0.85 0.42 0.3 0.9 0.5 0.35 0.95 0.54 0.42
Cv medium hard medium soft medium hard medium medium medium
hard Soil soft Soil hard Soil soft Soil soft Soil hard Soil soft Soil hard Soil soft Soil
Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil
Base Shear (kN) 218.63 87.45 54.66 546.58 251.42 163.97 819.86 360.74 251.42 929.18 459.12 327.95 983.84 546.58 382.60 1038.49 590.30 459.12
4 104.36 41.74 26.09 260.90 120.02 78.27 391.35 172.20 120.02 443.53 219.16 156.54 469.62 260.90 182.63 495.71 281.77 219.16
3 65.11 26.04 16.28 162.77 74.87 48.83 244.15 107.43 74.87 276.71 136.73 97.66 292.98 162.77 113.94 309.26 175.79 136.73
Storey
2 23.53 9.41 5.88 58.82 27.06 17.65 88.23 38.82 27.06 99.99 49.41 35.29 105.87 58.82 41.17 111.75 63.52 49.41
1 25.64 10.25 6.41 64.09 29.48 19.23 96.13 42.30 29.48 108.95 53.83 38.45 115.36 64.09 44.86 121.77 69.21 53.83
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Zone zone1 zone2 zone3 zone4 zone5 zone6

0.2 0.08 0.05 0.5 0.23 0.15 0.75 0.33 0.23 0.85 0.42 0.3 0.9 0.5 0.35 0.95 0.54 0.42
Cv medium hard medium soft medium hard medium medium medium
hard Soil soft Soil hard Soil soft Soil soft Soil hard Soil soft Soil hard Soil soft Soil
Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil
Base Shear (kN) 218.63 87.45 54.66 546.58 251.42 163.97 819.86 360.74 251.42 929.18 459.12 327.95 983.84 546.58 382.60 1038.49 590.30 459.12
4 107.96 43.18 26.99 269.89 124.15 80.97 404.84 178.13 124.15 458.82 226.71 161.94 485.81 269.89 188.93 512.80 291.49 226.71
3 61.73 24.69 15.43 154.32 70.99 46.30 231.48 101.85 70.99 262.34 129.63 92.59 277.78 154.32 108.02 293.21 166.67 129.63
Storey
2 25.08 10.03 6.27 62.70 28.84 18.81 94.05 41.38 28.84 106.59 52.67 37.62 112.86 62.70 43.89 119.13 67.72 52.67
1 23.86 9.55 5.97 59.66 27.44 17.90 89.49 39.37 27.44 101.42 50.11 35.80 107.39 59.66 41.76 113.35 64.43 50.11
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table13.BaseshearforcebasedonSRSS

Page25of51



Figure14.BaseshearForceforzone6

Page26of51

2.1.5AxialForce,ShearForceandBendingMomentDiagram

AccordingtotheresultfromETABSsoftware,theforcesandmomentdiagramaregivenasfollows:

a. DeadLoad(DL)

AxialForce ShearForce

BendingMoment
Figure15.LoaddiagramsforDeadLoad

Page27of51

 b. LiveLoad(LL)

AxialForce ShearForce

BendingMoment
Figure16.LoaddiagramsforLiveLoad

Page28of51



c. EarthquakeForce

AxialForce ShearForce

BendingMoment
Figure17.LoaddiagramsforEarthquakeLoad

Page29of51

3.BehaviorofBuildingTypesDuringRecentEarthquake

3.1RecentEarthquakes

In this recent century, Indonesia has been impacted by a lot of Earthquakes every year.
MostofbigislandsandcitiesinIndonesiahaveearthquakeoccurrenceswhichcausesmall
and big damage. There are many historical earth quake including magnitudes and
intensitieswhichwererecordedbygeologists.
Date Location Magnitude Fatalities Description
TherewasTsunamithatwasparticularlysevere
117970210 Sumatra 8.4 >300 nearPadang
alargetsunamithatfloodedthesouthwestern
coastoftheislandTherearenoreliablerecordsof
218331125 Sumatra 8.89.2 'numerous' thelossoflife
adevastatingtsunamiwhichledtoseveral
thousandfatalities.Theearthquakewasfeltasfar
'several awayastheMalaypeninsulaandtheeasternpart
318610216 Sumatra 8.5 thousand' ofJava
419170120 Bali 1,500

itwastheninthlargestearthquakeinthe20th
centuryItgeneratedTsunamisofupto1.5metres,
519380201 BandaSea 8.5 butnohumanlivesappeartohavebeenlost.
619760625 Papua 7.1 5,000
719921212 FloresRegion 7.8 2,500
820000604 SouthernSumatra 7.9 103
920021010 WesternNewGuinea 7.6 8
1020021102 NorthernSumatra 7.4 3
1120030526 Halmahera 7 1
1220040128 Seram 6.7
1320040205 WesternNewGuinea 7 37
1420040207 WesternNewGuinea 7.3
1520040725 SouthernSumatra 7.3
1620041111 KepulauanAlor 7.5 34
1720041126 Papua 7.1 32
inundatingcoastalcommunitieswithwavesupto
1820041226 SumatraAndamanIslands 9.3 283,106 30meters(100feet)high
OfftheWestCoastof
1920050101 NorthernSumatra 6.7
2020050219 Sulawesi 6.5
2120050226 Simeulue 6.8

approximately500kmfromEastTimoronMarch2,
2005.ResidentsofDarwin,Australiafelttheimpact
quitestrongly,despitetheepicenterbeinglocated
2220050302 BandaSea 7.1 approximately140kmaway

Page30of51

2320050328 NorthernSumatra 8.6 1,313 mostlyontheislandofNias
KepulauanMentawai
2420050410 Region 6.7
2520050514 NiasRegion 6.7
2620050519 NiasRegion 6.9
2720050705 NiasRegion 6.7
2820051119 Simeulue 6.5

2920060127 BandaSea 7.6 Thelocationwas200kmsouthofAmbonIsland

3020060314 Seram 6.7 4
3120060516 NiasRegion 6.8
36,299peoplewereinjured,135,000houses
damaged,andanestimated1.5millionleft
3220060526 Java 6.3 5,749 homeless
itshypocentreatadepthof48.6kmbelowthe
3320060717 Java 7.7 730 seabed
3420060723 Sulawesi 6.1 itshypocenteratadepthof86.2km
3520061218 NorthSumatra 5.8 7
3620070121 MoluccaSea 7.5 4
hitnearthenorthernendofLakeSingkarakin
Sumatra,Indonesia,Over60fatalitiesand460
3720070306 Sumatra 6.4,6.3 68 seriousinjurieshavebeenreported
Thequakewaslocated70miles(110km)east
northeastofJakarta,atadepthof175miles
3820070809 Java 7.5[2] (282km).[3]
ItcausedbuildingstoswayinJakarta,andsome
buildingswerereportedtohavecollapsedinthe
3920070912 Sumatra 8.5,7.9,7.1 23 cityofBengkulu
4020080220 Simeulue 7.4 3
KepulauanMentawai
4120080225 Region 7.0,6.4,6.6

4220081116 Sulawesi 7.5,5.6 4 Fourpeoplewerekilledinthequakeand59injured

tenbuildingshadbeentotallydestroyed,including
severalhotelsandthehouseofagovernment
4320090104 WestPapua 7.6 4 official
Theepicentreofthequakewaslocated43
kilometres(29miles)southeastofSiberutIslandoff
4420090816 Siberut,MentawaiIslands 6.7 westernSumatra
killingatleast79people,injuringover1,250,and
4520090902 Java 7 15 displacingover210,000

around135,000houseswereseverelydamaged,
65,000housesweremoderatelydamagedand
4620090930 Sumatra 7.6 1,117 79,000houseswereslightlydamaged

Itwasoneofasequenceoflargeearthquakes
4720100519 Sumatra 7.2 Unreported alongtheSundamegathrustin2000s

Page31of51

 Table14.MaximumearthquakeinIndonesia

Figure18.MaximumEarthquakedistributionmapinIndonesia

3.2Damagecaseson26December2004

TherearesomedamagecasesaffectedbyearthquakeinIndonesia.Itisdependentonbuilding
stocksandvulnerabilityclasses.Inthisreport,Iwilldescribesomeearthquakecaseswhichoccur
severalyearsago.

The2004IndianOceanearthquakewasanunderseamegathrustearthquakethatoccurredat
00:58:53 UTC on December 26, 2004, with an epicenter off the west coast of Sumatra,
Indonesia. The quake itself is known by the scientific community as the SumatraAndaman
earthquake.

Theearthquakewascausedbysubductionandtriggeredaseriesofdevastatingtsunamisalong
the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean, killing over 230,000 people in
fourteencountries,andinundatingcoastalcommunitieswithwavesupto30metershigh.Itwas
one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. Indonesia was the hardest hit,
followedbySriLanka,India,andThailand.
USGSrecordedthiseventwherewecouldfinditintheUSGSwebsiteasfollowingbelow:

Magnitude 9.1
DateTime Sunday,December26,2004at00:58:53(UTC)
Sunday,December26,2004at7:58:53AM
TimeofEarthquakeinotherTimeZones
Location 3.316N,95.854E
Depth 30km(18.6miles)setbylocationprogram
Region OFFTHEWESTCOASTOFNORTHERNSUMATRA
Distances 250km(155miles)SSEofBandaAceh,Sumatra,Indonesia
300km(185miles)WofMedan,Sumatra,Indonesia
1260km(780miles)SSWofBANGKOK,Thailand
1590km(990miles)NWofJAKARTA,Java,Indonesia
LocationUncertainty horizontal+/5.6km(3.5miles);depthfixedbylocationprogram
Parameters Nst=276,Nph=276,Dmin=654.9km,Rmss=1.04sec,Gp=29,

Page32of51

 Table15.Earthquakeon26December2004
Numerous aftershocks were reported off the Andaman Islands, the Nicobar Islands and the
region of the original epicenter in the hours and days that followed. The largest aftershock,
whichoriginatedoffthecoastoftheSumatranislandofNias,registeredamagnitudeof8.7.

The earthquake that generated the great Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 is estimated to have
released the energy of 23,000 Hiroshimatype atomic bombs, according to the U.S. Geological
Survey(USGS).

The earthquake was the result of the sliding of the portion of the Earth's crust known as the
India plate under the section called the Burma plate. The process has been going on for
millennia, one plate pushing against the other until something has to give. The result on
December 26 was a rupture the USGS estimates was more than 600 miles (1,000 kilometers)
long, displacing the seafloor above the rupture by perhaps 10 yards (about 10 meters)
horizontallyandseveralyardsvertically.Thatdoesn'tsoundlikemuch,butthetrillionsoftonsof
rock that were moved along hundreds of miles caused the planet to shudder with the largest
magnitudeearthquakein40years.

Therearetwotypesofdamagecasesoverbuildingsandinfrastructuresduetoearthquakeand
tsunamion26December2004,whichis:
a. Structural(Engineered)buildings.
b. Nonstructural(nonengineered)buildings.
c. RoadAccess
d. Port
e. Powersupply
f. Telecommunication
g. WaterSupply
h. Industrial

3.2.1 Structural(Engineered)buildings.

The causes of typical damage of reinforced concrete engineered buildings during the
SumatraearthquakeinBandaAcehweremostlyduetoverticalirregularitiesincertain
RC buildings creating abrupt changes in stiffness and strength that may concentrate
forcesinanundesirableway.Alsopoorqualityofconcreteanddetailingcontributedto
thecollapseofthoseengineeredbuildings.

Page33of51

 Figure19.ThemostobviousdamageoccurredtoKualaTripahotel,a5storyRCbuilding.
Itsufferedafirstsoftstorycollapse.Thesecondandthirdfloorwasseverelydamaged
because of the impact but the building as a whole did not collapse. The collapse was
causedbypoordetailing.

Figure 20. Another visible collapse was a three story supermarket, the Pante Pirak. The
collapsewasduetopoorqualityofconstruction.

Figure 21. Another building that partially collapsed was the office of the department of
finance. One of the wings suffered a pancake type of collapse. From the damaged
columnsitcanbeseenthatthedetailingwaspoor.

3.2.2 Nonstructural(nonengineered)buildings

ThemajorityofthebuildingsthatcollapsedinBandaAcehcity,andvillagesinLhokNga,
KruengRaya,andMeulabohcity,arenonengineeredbuildingsconsistingoftwotypes.
The first type is a one or two stories buildings made of burnt brick confined masonry
using sand and Portland cement mortar. The roof mostly consists of galvanized iron
sheets.AllthosebuildingsusedRCpracticalcolumnsandbeamsasconfinement.The
secondtypeistimberconstructionconsistingofatimberframeandalsotimberplanks
wallsandusuallyusegalvanizedironsheetsasroof.

Almostnoneofthepeopleshousing,onetotwostorymasonrybuildingscollapsedby
theshaking,eventhoughsomehadcracksinthewalls.Thedestructionwascausedby
thetsunamiforces.

Page34of51

 Mostofthe buildingsinthecoastalareasconsistofnonengineeredtimber structures
andconfinedmasonrystructures.Theratioofthosetwotypesofstructuresisestimated
tobe30%to70%.

Figure22.burntbrickconfinedmasonry

Figure23.timberconstruction


3.2.3 RoadAccess

SomeroadsinBandaAcehwerescouredbytsunamibut the majoritywasstillintact.

Most of the main roads in zone 1 were covered by huge amount of tsunami debris.
SeveralpartsoftheroadfromBandaAcehtoMeulabohwerewashedawaybytsunami.

Figure24.SomeoftheDamageofRoads Figure25.UlhueLhebeach
andBridgesfromBandaAcehtoMeulaboh

Page35of51

 Figure26.LhokngaBeach Figure27.UlhueLhebeach

3.2.4 Bridges

InBandaAceh,severalbridgesweredestroyed,theoneatJlIskandarMudaandtheone
leadingtoLhokNga.TheLhokNgaBridgehasamainspanof20mandsecondaryspan
of10mmadeofgalvanizedsteelframes.Bothweredumpedintotheriver.Alongthe
road from Banda Aceh to Meulaboh (distance approx 270 km), several bridges were
washedawaybytsunami.

Figure28.TheLhokNgaBridge

3.2.5 Ports

Generally, jetties and wharf of ports in Banda Aceh and in Kreung Raya as well as the
jettyofthecementfactoryLhokNgawereslightlydamagedbutcouldstillfunction.Part
oftheplatformofthejettyinMeulabohwaswashedawaybytsunami,butthesupports
werestillintact.ThemainbuildingoftheUlhueLheharborinBandaAcehwasdamaged
andonlytheframeremained.

Page36of51

 Figure29.LhokNgaCementFactoryJetty

3.2.6 Powersupply

MainPowergeneratingplantinBandaAcehwasnotaffectedbytheshakingortsunami.
However,manydistributionpolesandwiresindevastatedareascollapsed.

Figure30.MainPowergeneratingplantinBandaAceh

3.2.7 Telecommunication

Somemobilephoneantennastowersweredismantledbythetsunamianddraggedup
to 2 km from its foundations. Many telephone junction boxes were practically
destroyed.

Figure31.mobilephoneantennastowers

Page37of51

 3.2.8 Watersupply

WaterTreatmentplantinBandaAcehwasnotaffectedbyneithertheshakingnorthe
tsunami,however,thepipingsystemsweredestroyedbyscouringofthetsunami.

Figure32.WaterTreatmentplantinBandaAceh

3.2.9 Industrial

Figure33.CementFactory,LhokNga

Figure34.PertaminaOilDepot,KruengRaya

Page38of51

3.3BuildingCodeBeforeandAftertheEarthquake

ThelateststandardcodeusedforearthquakeisSNI17262002whereitwaspublishedbaseon
somereferences,whichis:

1. SNI0317261989,EarthquakeResistanceDesignMethodforHousesandBuildings.
ItwaspublishedbytheOfficeoftheStateMinisterofCivilWorks,TheDirectorateofthe
TechnologyEducationandtheDirectorateGeneralofCiptaKaryain1997.
2. National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHERP). This was proposed for
Seismic Regulation for New Buildings and Other Structures in 1997, and FEMA 302 in
1998.
3. Uniform Building Code (UBC) 1997, Volume 2, for Structural Engineering Design
Provisions,InternationalConferenceofBuildingOfficials,April1997.

In2010,IndonesianGovernmenthasintroducedarevisedcodewhichwasdevelopedbyateam
ofIndonesianscientistsinrecognitionoftheseriousearthquakeriskIndonesiaisproneto.It
estimatesthechancesofgroundshakingcausedbyearthquakesacrossIndonesiaandrevises
nationalbuildingstandardstoensurethatbuildingsandinfrastructureareresilientto
earthquakesinordertoreducethenumberoffatalities.

Thenewhazardmapincorporatesthelessonslearntfromrecentdeadlyearthquakesin
IndonesiasuchasthoseinSumatraandJava.Ithasbeendevelopedusingbetterinformation
andmoreadvancedmethodologiesthanpreviousearthquakehazardmaps.Itaimstosupport
buildingstandards,tobeusedtoeducatepeopleabouttheearthquakerisksthattheyface,and
tohelpthemtobetterprotectthemselvesandtheirfamiliesfromfutureearthquakes.
Thiscodeisbeingdevelopedbyexpertteams.Itwillbeaccomplishedsoonasanewhazardmap
whichconsidersallearthquakeoccurrences.


4.ElaborationsoftheTypicalNationalBuildingTypesanditsVulnerabilityClasses

4.1TypicalBuildingTypes

Indonesiahasalotofbuildingtypeswhicharestillexistineverylocationevenitisallocatedin
thecriticalearthquakezone.Thesebuildingtypesareassociatedinsomecategories,whichare:

1) Masonry
a. Adobes
b. Temples
c. UnreinforcedwithRCFloors
d. ReinforcedorConfined
2) ReinforcedConcrete
a. FramewithModerateLevelofEarthquakeResistantDesign
b. WallswithModerateLevelofEarthquakeResistantDesign
3) Steel
a. SteelStructures
b. LGSstructures
4) Wood

Page39of51

 a. TimberStructures
b. BambooStructures

4.2MacroseismicIntensityScale

Thebuildingtypesabovearecomparablewithmacroseismicintensityscalewhichisgenerated
byEMS(EuropeanMacroseismicScale)98andtheworldhousingencyclopediafromEERI
(EarthquakeEngineeringResearchInstitute).

ThisisatableforvulnerabilityclassfromEMS:

Figure35.EMS(EuropeanMacroseismicScale)98

Page40of51

 4.3VulnerabilityClass

4.3.1Masonry

Mostofbuildings/housingsinIndonesiaareconstructedbymasonry.Therearesome
pictureswhichdescribetypicalmasonrybuildinginIndonesia.

Adobe StonebuildinginBali

Unreinforcedbuilding Reinforcedbuilding

Figure36.VulnerabilityClassformasonry

IfitiscomparedwithworldhousingencyclopediafromEERI,theSeismicVulnerabilityofUnreinforced
MasonryBuildingis:

Page41of51

 Structural and Architectural Features

Structural/ Most appropriate

Architectural Statement type
Feature TRUE FALSE N/A
The structure contains a complete load path for seismic force
Lateral load path effects from any horizontal direction that serves to transfer inertial
forces from the building to the foundation.
Building The building is regular with regards to both the plan and the
Configuration elevation.
The roof diaphragm is considered to be rigid and it is expected
Roof construction that the roof structure will maintain its integrity, i.e. shape and
form, during an earthquake of intensity expected in this area.
The floor diaphragm(s) are considered to be rigid and it is
Floor construction expected that the floor structure(s) will maintain its integrity during
an earthquake of intensity expected in this area.
There is no evidence of excessive foundation movement (e.g.
Foundation settlement) that would affect the integrity or performance of the
performance structure in an earthquake.
Wall and frame
structures- The number of lines of walls or frames in each principal direction
redundancy is greater than or equal to 2.
Height-to-thickness ratio of the shear walls at each floor level is:
Less than 25 (concrete walls);
Wall proportions
Less than 30 (reinforced masonry walls);
Less than 13 (unreinforced masonry walls);
Vertical load-bearing elements (columns, walls) are attached to the
Foundation-wall foundations; concrete columns and walls are doweled into the
connection foundation.
Wall-roof Exterior walls are anchored for out-of-plane seismic effects at each
connections diaphragm level with metal anchors or straps
The total width of door and window openings in a wall is:
For brick masonry construction in cement mortar : less than
of the distance between the adjacent cross walls;
For adobe masonry, stone masonry and brick masonry in mud
Wall openings
mortar: less than 1/3 of the distance between the adjacent cross
walls;
For precast concrete wall structures: less than 3/4 of the length
of a perimeter wall.
Quality of building Quality of building materials is considered to be adequate per the
materials requirements of national codes and standards (an estimate).
Quality of workmanship (based on visual inspection of few typical
Quality of
buildings) is considered to be good (per local construction
workmanship
standards).
Buildings of this type are generally well maintained and there are
Maintenance no visible signs of deterioration of building elements (concrete,
steel, timber)
Other
Table16.Structural and Architectural Features

Page42of51

 Seismic Features

Earthquake
Structural Earthquake Damage
Seismic Deficiency Resilient
Element Patterns
Features
Wall 1. Clay-brick with very low compressive Shear crack, flexure crack
strength 2. The quality of clay-brick varies or combination of both in
depends on the local clay-soil material 3. The clay brick walls.
clay-brick material is very brittle and doesn't
have any ductility.
Frame
(columns,
beams)
Roof and Timber truss system for roofing without any The roof sliding off from
floors special connection with the clay brick walls. the clay brick walls.
Table17.Seismic Features

Overall Seismic Vulnerability Rating

medium- medium-
Vulnerability high medium low very low
high low
very poor poor moderate good very good excellent
Vulnerability A B C D E F
Class
Table18.Overall Seismic Vulnerability Rating

4.3.2 ReinforcedConcrete

FramewithModerateLevelofEarthquake WallwithModerateLevelofEarthquakeResistant
ResistantDesign Design

Figure37.VulnerabilityClassforReinforcedConcrete

Page43of51

 4.3.3 SteelStructure

SteelStructure LGS(LightGaugeSteel)structure

Figure38.VulnerabilityClassforSteel

4.3.4TimberBuilding

Timberstructure BambooStructure

Figure39.VulnerabilityClassforTimber

Page44of51

4.4 DamageGrades

AccordingtoEMS98,therearesomedamagegradeswhichareusedtoinvestigatethecertainconditionofbuildingsafterearthquake
occurrences.

Figure40.DamageGradesaccordingtoEMS98

Page45of51

 4.4.1Masonry

Afterearthquakeoccurrence,somebuildingsweredevastatedanddestroyedbyearthquake
oversomemasonrybuildingsandhistoricalbuildings.Thesearesomedocumentationwhich
explainssomedamagecasesinthemasonrybuildingtypes.

Adobe Unreinforcedbuilding
DamageGrade DamageGrade
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

Stonebuilding(temple) Reinforcedbuilding
DamageGrade DamageGrade
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

Figure41.Damagegradesformasonry

Page46of51

 4.4.2 ReinforcedConcrete

FramewithModerateLevelofEarthquakeResistantDesign
DamageGrade
1 2 3 4 5


Figure41.DamagegradesforReinforcedConcrete


4.4.3 Steel

SteelStructure LGSStructure
DamageGrade DamageGrade
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

Figure42.DamagegradesforSteel

Page47of51

 4.4.4 Timber

Timberhouse Bamboohouse
DamageGrade DamageGrade
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

Figure43.DamagegradesforTimber

4.5AfterEarthquake

4.5.1Masonry

Some International Organizations and countries donated some money to help reconstruction
and retrofit program in Indonesia after Earthquake disaster. They just consider constructing a
reinforcedbuildingforhousesasitisusableforlongtimeandthematerialshavetobeprovided
bylocalareatomakeitmucheasiertobuild.Thetypeofbuildinghastobeeasyimprovedifthe
housesownerneedstoexpandthesizeofhouse.Thesearesomedocumentationofbuildings
whichwerereconstructedafterearthquakeandtsunamidisaster.

Figure44.ReinforcedConcreteforhousesfromGermanyGovernment

Page48of51

 4.5.2 ReinforcedConcrete

Figure45.FramewithModerateLevelofEarthquakeResistantDesign

4.5.3 Steel

Figure46.LGSstructureforhouses

4.5.4 Timber

Figure47.BuildingStockisstillexistduetobracing Figure48.Timberhouses

Page49of51

5.Conclusions

Accordingtodescriptionsabove,wecouldconcludesomerecommendations,whichare:

1) NewEarthquakeandTsunamiCodearebeingdevelopedbyexpertteamwhoisresponsibleto
concludeitaccordancewithoccurrenceofthesecatastrophes.
2) ShearforcesdistributionfromSRSShasinclinationtobesoftstoreyat2ndfloor.Itisdifferent
fromShearforcesdistributionfromequivalentstaticinclination.
3) Mode shapes for each direction are relatively similar as the shape of building is rectangular
andpositionofelementsissymmetric.
4) Base on figure 11, shear force distribution for hard is relatively higher compare to medium
andsoftsoilatzone3,4,5and6.
5) Base on figure 12, it can be clearly seen that shear force distribution for hard, medium and
softsoilatzone3,4,5and6havethesameinclination,whereaszone1and2isrelatively
differentinclinationcomparetootherzones.
6) Vulnerability class is important to be developed in each country where it has a lot of
earthquakeoccurrences.
7) Bracingelementsarereallyimportanttobeconstructedinsimple(traditional)housewhichis
usedtoresistearthquakeload.
8) Routine maintenance for steel building should be done to investigate the construction
elementfromcrackorcollapseduetoearthquakeoccurrences.Thisisimportantasthesteel
elementsarecoveredbyconcretewhichisnotvisuallyseen.
9) ForbuildingwhichisneartoTsunamiregion,weshoulddesignitbyconsideringminimumtwo
storeybuildingwherethepeoplecouldescapefromlowtsunami.Atleast,thehighofthefirst
storeyishigherthanmaximumfloodlevel.
10) LGS (Light Gauge Steel) elements are used as main frame of building as long as the type of
buildingissimplestructureandithasrigidfoundation.
11) Qualityandquantityofshearreinforcementshouldbeimprovedforresidentialbuildingand
highrisebuilding.
12) Additionalbeamandcolumnareneededtoinstallneartotheopeningsectiontoenlargethe
buildingcapacity.
13) For ancient building (temple) should be conducted a retrofit treatment to increase the
buildingcapacityforlongperiod.

Page50of51

6.References

1. IndonesiaNationalStandardforearthquake17262002.
2. WorldhousingencyclopediafromEERI(EarthquakeEngineeringResearchInstitute),theSeismic
VulnerabilityofUnreinforcedMasonryBuilding.
3. MacroseismicintensityscalebyEMS(EuropeanMacroseismicScale)98.
4. UniformBuildingCode(UBC)1997
5. ComputersandStructures,Inc,Berkeley,California,USA,ETABSv.9.0.9softwaremanual,
November2005.
6. SumateraEarthquake26December2004,TeddyBoen.

Page51of51