Professional Documents
Culture Documents
*In 1678 the great Dutch physicist Christian Huygens (1629-1695) wrote a treatise called
Traite de la Lumiere on the wave theory of light, and in this work he stated that the wavefront
of a propagating wave of light at any instant conforms to the envelope of spherical wavelets
emanating from every point on the wavefront at the prior instant. From this simple principle
Huygens was able to derive the laws of reflection and refraction
incident ray reflected ray
refracted ray
Types of Reflection
When light reflects from a
smooth surface, it undergoes
specular reflection (parallel
rays will all be reflected in the
same direction).
image height hi di
m= = =
object height ho do
Real image
Plane Mirrors
A plane mirror image has the following properties:
*The mirror in your bathroom is a piece of plate glass with a coating on the
backside so they are second surface mirrors.
mirror
you
Spherical Mirrors
concave
A spherical mirror is a mirror
whose surface shape is
spherical with radius of curvature
R. There are two types of
spherical mirrors: concave and
convex. **The principal axis (optical axis,
vertex) is the straight line between C and the
midpoint of the mirror
convex
concave convex
Virtual image
Real image
applet mirror/lens
Theorem of intersecting lines
h0 d0 h0 d0 R
= =
hi d i hi R d i
Mirror Equation
R di di with
= 1 1 1
= +
do R do f= R
f d0 di
The Mirror Equation
The ray tracing technique Sign Conventions:
shows qualitatively where the
image will be located. The do is positive if the object is in front of
distance from the mirror to the the mirror (real object)
image, di, can be found from do is negative if the object is in back of
the mirror equation: the mirror (virtual object)
di is positive if the image is in front of
1 1 1 the mirror (real image)
+ =
do di f di is negative if the image is behind
the mirror (virtual image)
do = distance from object to
f is positive for concave mirrors
mirror
f is negative for convex mirrors
di = distance from image to
mirror m is positive for upright images
f = focal length m is negative for inverted images
The Refraction of Light
The speed of light is different in different materials. We
define the index of refraction, n, of a material to be the ratio
of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the
material:
n = c/v
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hall/6645/propagation/propagation.html
Snells Law
In general, when light enters a new material its direction will
change. The angle of refraction 2 is related to the angle of
incidence 1 by Snells Law: sin1 sin 2
= = constant
v1 v2
where v is the velocity of light in the medium.
Normal line
1
Snells Law can also be written as:
n1sin1 = n2sin2 Air
The angles 1 and 2 are Glass
measured relative to the line 2
normal to the surface
between the two materials.
Example: Which way will the rays bend?
n = 1.4 n=2
n = 1.6
n = 1.2
http://www.sundog.clara.co.uk/rainbows/primrays.htm
Refraction in a Triangular Prism
n=1
n>1
The P ray propagates parallel to the principal axis until it encounters the
lens, where it is refracted to pass through the focal point on the far side of
the lens. The F ray passes through the focal point on the near side of the
lens, then leaves the lens parallel to the principal axis. The M ray passes
through the middle of the lens with no deflection.
Ray Tracing Examples
The Thin Lens Equation
The ray tracing technique shows qualitatively 1 1 1
where the image from a lens will be located. + =
The distance from the lens to the image, di, do di f
can be found from the thin-lens equation:
Sign Conventions:
do is positive for real objects (from which light diverges)
do is negative for virtual objects (toward which light converges)
di is positive for real images (on the opposite side of the lens from the
object)
di is negative for virtual images (same side as object)
f is positive for converging (convex) lenses
f is negative for diverging (concave) lenses
m is positive for upright images
m is negative for inverted images
Lens makers formula
The equation in the box is the thin lens equation. The
focal length is given by the lens makers formula:
1 1 1
= (n 1)
f R 1 R2
http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/Lens/lens_e.html