Crack Opening Displacement Measurement Methods for Crack Arrest Experiments J. H, GIOVANOLA and T. KOBAYASHI Metallurgy and Fracture Mechanics Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA ABSTRACT |We present two methods for measuring th crack opening displacement (COD) in erack arrest Experiments, One method relies on fenote dynamic crack face opening displacement ‘adteurements, whereas the other is based on postestfractographie reconstruction of the crack Up deformation, COD measurements were performed using the two techniques for cleavage hack amest experiments simolating pressured thermal shock conditions in AS3SB pressure Gensel steel, he COD values measured by the two methods agreed well, and a food ‘Season was found beeween the COD history andthe facture events. From these results we Conclude that (1) dynamic crack face profiles can readily be measured in erack arrest Sxperimentssand these data can then serve to verily numerical simulations of the crack arrest Experiment (2) estimates of the COD ean be obtined froma remote displacement measurements End Gd) Factographie COD measurements ean help evaluate the influence of specimen size thickness and takial constraint on the arrest roughness KEYWORDS crack opening displacement; ack opening angle; cleavage crack extension; arrest toughness; ‘Gynamae dlsplocement measurement; topographic analysis of Factue surfaces; AS33B steel INTRODUCTION Inrecent years, many experiments have been prfamed establish he cleavage crack rest Capabiliies of nuclear pressure vessel secs Small transverse wedge-loaded compact tension Specimens, wide plate (deWit and Fields, 1988), and thick, axially cracked eylinders (Bryan et 3Pe9eo) have teen used in thene investigations. The arrest toughness has been characterized Slmost exclusively in terms of the stress intensity actor of linear elastic fracture mechanics Most crack arrest tests are valued by calculating the stress intensity factor at arrest using {iter dynamic. numerical simulations ofthe experiments or a quasistatic approximation to ‘Sbtain the sess tensity fator at avest from known state solutions. Several factors limit the reliability ofthese crack arrest evaluation methods, First, uncertainty bout the experimental boundary conditions (for example, in wide plate experiments) often Tims the elabilty of numerical simulations 10 calculate te stress intensity factor. Second, the influence on crack atest oughness values of the specimen size, georsecy, and thickness is 3517hot fully understood, so that comparison of results from different test configurations is Miia, “Thin, characterization ofthe arrest toughness in terms ofthe stress intensity Factor aeplents plese and viscoplastic effects, which may be signficant, particularly in small Specimens ‘These problems can be addressed by performing crack face opening displacement ra ae To venfy computed dislacements and validate boundary conditions used in the rations Tradition, since the COD is local parameter independent of any constitutive SSumpoon, COD measurements may serve as an alternative parameter for characterizing Gynume crack propagation and ares evens and for verifying arest toughness results. We ara and compa fw promising tchniques fr Obiaining crack opening displacement data Fe reais Hacture experiments, Measurements for cleavage crack arrest experiments in SIGH Class 1 pressure vessel stel are discussed to illustrate the potential of the two ‘tchniqucs. More details about the investigation are given in Kobayashi and Giovanola ‘des (COD MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES ‘We refer wo the crack opening displacement (COD) asthe displacement of the crack faces at 2 Pere tit behind the erat tip. ‘The associated concept of crack opening angle (COA) is Free ied asthe ratio ofthe eck opening displacement and the distance from the crack tip Our first measurement technique derives the COD fiom global specimen displacement Oar ee eS ie measured the cack face opening profile with castom-uil displacement measurement oe placement ansduces, EDITS) and combined these data withthe Ta Sa ey to reconsrus the ea rack Up profile. The HEDIT measures the SSehacneno a afer wa rope ta erpanent magnet 9 comeing reltve dace aetc fei strengi as of funcuon of postion into an electrical uput anges inthe aoe TT measure crack face opening displacement histones Gur Sr rc zine rE ee oe osrcerae he cack Ine wi the all effect sensor andthe magnet each fastened {o.one the opposite cack laces (Our second measurement technique derives the COD directly from measurements ofthe local eyoeiton atthe crack tip using an advanced postest fractographic method, fracture surface ‘Srommay analysis (RASTA). FRASTA uses a compute technique to compare quantitative Terre. anal topograpts of conjugate fracture surfaces (matching fracture surfaces rors rare Pf a uroken specimen or pat) and to reconstruct the deals of the fracture process. facts detailed description of the technique is given in Kobayashi and Shockey (1987). & ae ety advantage of FRASTA s that i ean feconsruct postmortem the crack opening Drolile for specemens tested under dynamic loading conditions. CRACK ARREST TESTS, “The COD measurements described inthis paper were performed on so-called moment- modified ‘Tiipact tension (MMT specimers, designed by Ayres and coworkers to simulate cleavage Stack propagaion and ares under pressurize thermal shock conditions (Ayres ea, 1988), Fae Me Specimen ad is main planar dimensions are shown schematically in Figure “The tpeelmes consis of a ansversely wedge-leaded compact tension specimen, 10 which es ietgepull abs have been added. ‘The tensile load applied by the pull tabs simulates pressure idduced foads and produces a sae stress intensity, which inereases with crack Faith load applied bythe wedge atthe starter fatigue precrack simulates the effect ofthe (i rene nse i oa es toughness field rh crack path ff acheved by imposing sinear temperature gradient over the specimen iength C40°C at the inital crack ip, 100°C at the opposing ede) 3518 O spo =e Oe Fig. 1, Momentmodified compact ten mn specimen and position of HEDIT slong crack path. We measured dynamie crack face opening displacements using HEDITs during one MMCT ‘Soettsent MMT), Four HEDIT® were mounted on the specimen atthe locations indicated {eFigure 1. Duriag this experiment, the crack velocity was also measured using stain gages Moni the crack path The inital rack velocity was over 900 m8, “The FRASTA measurements were performed on another specimen fractured in a test (est MMCT?), which was an exact duplicate of est MMCTS, Fractographic evidence shows that in {ests MMCT7 and MMIC, the erack propagated in cleavage for about 170-190 mm, arested rs locetion were the temperscore was 36" to 38°C, then reintinted, again in cleavage, and finally arzested after approximately 20-30 mm of additional extension RESULTS HEDIT Measurement Results “The crack face opening displacement histories measured with four HEDITs during tests MIMCTO sve shown in Figure 2, together withthe imes of the first crack arrest 480 js) MeMiiation (990 ns), and second rack arest (1060 Hs). Note that all the displacements Tonunue to inrense monotonically after the fst crack arrest Figure 3 shows plots of the oun pres conrad nau of tse, om he ln Fr Kare 30) shows the overall rack opening profile during the entre experiment. Figure Fee ae oar of the ack euenion ihe crack profile remain Sharp. Marcovers's more deluicd analysis of the profiles reconstructed from the HEDIT ersmements suggests that during the last 30 mim of extension the near tp opening angle ‘Bereaeec opel, suggesting in tm thot the resistance ro crack extension also rises, This point iat in get whch ne egies of nme he nar cick aie fring te arrest phase, To const Figure (0), the emote crack face opening profiles for da geet were const rom the HEDIT sand s displacement values. The Ma eepondig crack tip postion was coumated from the crack extension history, and correngmate ear Up opening profiles were drawn by connecting the erack tip location withthe oka representing he Fee Opening proie 1 em behind the crack tip. 3519CRACK FACE OPENING DISPLACEMENT TIME (rs) Fig. 2. Crack face opening displacement histories in specimen MMCT9 IT, = time of crack initiation from fatigue procrack ip, T,y= 480 Hs, time of first crack arrest, “T.= 99035, time of crack tenitation, Ty = 1060 ps, second and permanent crack arest) “Table {tists the values ofthe crack epening displacement measured 1.5 mm behing the crack lip in Figure 3) for times Between wevest and reinitiaion. ‘Columns at let present the data “obtained forthe average positon of be rack tip; columns at right present the data obtained for the leading partof the efack from, sswmning that it precedes the average crack position by 9 inimy as observed on the fracture suze. ‘The data in Table T indicate that signifteant blunting of the eck tip occurs after ares ‘Table 1, Summary of HEDIT results for specimens MMCT9 ‘Average Cratk Front Leading Edge of Crack Front COD, 1.5 mm COD. 1.5 mm, Time Behind Crack Tip, COA_—Behind Crack'Tip COA. as) ‘Gum (eadians) um) radians) 300 130 0.087 90 0.060 30 10 0.127 90, 0.060 430 240 0.160 140, 0093 4480 (arrest) 320 0213 210 0.140 600 480 340 500 40 40 #00 800 580 900 970 740 7 990 (reinitaion) 1140 560 3520 CCARCK FACE OPENING (rem) o 0 150 ‘second Fatgué PecrackTp —--ORACK EXTENSION (mm) Fist Artest ares! E g z 2 3 iso We «170 ~—«t80—«190:=— 200 CRACK EXTENSION (rn) ig. 3. Crack face opening profiles at various times during Fis 3 Cyperimeat MMCIS, (2) Overall erack profiles © Bate of ear crack bp profes. RASTA Results present ihe rests ofthe FRASTA analysis in the fit crack rest region of ex MMICT7 We pee of eee opening pote re reconstructed bythe FRASTA analysis Bosh crack exes ic fn of close secon! pt, with te cone-setonal Pane i er tube the eck plane and othe eck fone 3521Figure 4 shows a series of eross-seconal the midsection of ional views at the midsection of specimen MMCT7 for Snsreasing scparaton diane bomen th wo specie halves, “The msecuon postion Goresponds the postion of maxima crack Fro extension. Figures 40 and 4 state the let pac of the crack popagnion phase” Figure 8) shows the cack fate pre ‘medal after rest igre a) trough iden tha tecrack mains a Sharp tp ‘up to the point of arvesi, but that alhough the crack tip remains sharp, the COD and COA. Increase significantly during the last millimeter of extension, Figure 4(@) shows blunting of ‘he crack shorty after arrest and Figure 4) shows the blunted crack just before reintiation, re Tw] gM Te ia / gi ; ae | ae an ei gee 1 Fall in CICK FACE OPENING ir nACK FACE CPEHING i) Fig. 4 extoppnget eis MHCT sentence maaoeai 3822 ‘Table 2. Summary of FRASTA results for specimen MMCT7 (Crack Tip Position Relative fo Arrested Crack ‘Tip Position mm) cop (um) COA radians) -16 0 2 140 ‘amest ‘20 BBlaning 340 einitiaion 850 = ‘Values of the COD 1.5 mm behind the crack tip (ad when appropriate ofthe COA) obtained amen OURASTA reconstruction are sted in Table 2. The arested crack blunts significantly from the pean ofthe second renibation. This observaiion is consistent with the behavior ‘Seduced from HEDIT measurements DISCUSSION “The remote crac face opening displacement measurements performed during test MMCT9 Fees Sat wath ppropete tansducers crack face opening profiles ean be readily Caaa ee a peebaghion and arrest experiments and that valuable information about se apecimen dynamics on the fractre events can be objained from such the influence oF Pesca, as suggested in the Inuoduction, measured crack opentn aa ee compare profes clclaed in numerical simulations to vert the numeri Profiles can be cored boundary conditions. ‘This approach was applied successfully by Tests NORE). We believe tat t would also help the interpretation of large-seale ‘Rperent Such a wide pate crack arrest experiment Comparison ofthe COD data obttined withthe HEDIT method and with FRASTA indicates coerPwalitadve agreement between the (wo methods, since both show a significant increase in Fb saa GOA atthe postion of crack atest is approached and also large amount of blunting eee cod Sick lp. Comparison ofthe datz in Tables | and 2 shows good quantitative Of are econ the (wo tecbmigacs when the COD values at and after arrest ae compared ieee nding pontons along the cack front (cat the center of he specimen). For the Ree eoeson phaxe. immediately before arrest, the HEDIT measurements seem to crack donate the COD. This overestimate may be duc to a component of the displacement ores ah plas deformation ofthe uncracked specimen ligament before passage of the running erack. “The overall good agreement between HEDIT and FRASTA results gives confidence. in the aa oer weshaagues and indicates tha reasonable estimates of the COD and the near Profiles can be obtained from remote dynamic displacement measurements, Therefore, it prot Guossble to estimate the near tp crack opening profile during crack arrest and tppear ibn events by placing a number of dynarmic displacement transducers on fracture eenrietee provided the crack extension history is also independently measured, This areetnch magy prove useful in crack arrest experiments using small Compact crack arrest saeremens ta chrain dieect estimates of the arrest toughness in terms ofthe COD. ‘Since FRASTA is a postest measurement technique it requires no dynamic instrumentation of ‘Aitinie Racure specimens fo obtain COD dita Contrary to calculated toughness values, the RASTA obtained COD does not require knowiedge ofthe transient boundary conditions and 3523does not rely on two-dimensional field assumptions. As a local measurement, the FRASTA-obtained COD truly refiess the influence of through-the-thickness deformations on thecrack up deformation fel, Therefore, comparison of FRASTA-measured COD valves and Sess intensity factor based toughvess Values could help explain some differences in arest ipchavior observed for similar matesals tested at comparable temperatures but using different Spectinen sizes geometries, and thicknesses. Indeed, the good correlation between the crack ‘propagation and arrest events and the evolution of the COD and COA observed in our Ervenlgaon Suge hat te COD and COA sould be sil pret for Cut jyoame fracture inthe presence of plasticity and viseoplatiiy. ‘This point is addressed in ‘more det in Kobayashi and Giovanola (1988), ‘CONCLUSIONS Measurements of COD and COA during cleeage crack test experiments eng wo Inicpendont tcchnigues~one based on global cack face displacement measurements andthe ‘het on direct measurements ofthe cack ip deformation lad tothe following conclsions + Crack face opening profiles can be readily measured during dynamic eraek propagation cxperinents and can serve to verify numerical simulations ofthe Experiments + Estimates of the COD during dynamic erack propagation and arrest can be ‘biained from globsl crack Face displacement measurements and from crack extension history information. + Measurements of the local COD with FRASTA can provide a way to evaluate Crack arvest data fren diferent test geometries and to assess the influence of Specimen size. specimen thickness, and triaxial constraint on the arrest roughness. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS “This investigation was supported by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRD) under Contract RPS#55-7, Dr. D. M. Nofis and Mr. T. Griesbach, Program Managers. ‘The authors Ste also indebted © Drs... Ayres and RJ. Fabi and Messrs RY. Schonenberg and D. A. Peck of Combustion Engineerg. Inc.. for their collaboration during the HEDIT feasuremnents and for making the facture surfaces and their experimental results avaiable, REFERENCES ‘Ayres, D. Ju, RJ. Fabi, RY. Schonenberg, and D. M. Norris (1988). In: Fracture ‘Mechanics: Nineteenth Volume, ASTM STP. in preparation, American Society for Testing and Material, Philadelphia. Bryant RH. BR. Bass, J. G, Merkle, C. E, Pugh, G. C, Robinson and G. D. Whitman (1986). The heavy-section eel technology pressurized-thermal-shock experiment, PISE-i, Eng. Fract. 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