Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Introduction
2. Driveline / Transmission / Shift Mechanism
3. The Synchronization
4. Basics for Synchronizer Calculation
5. Interfaces
6. Functional Problems and Solutions
7. HOERBIGER Capabilities
7.1. Design & Development
7.2. Manufacturing
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 2
1. Introduction
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 3
1. Introduction
This paper gives an overview of their function, layout and design and
explains possible problems and solutions.
Finally it is shown what tools and processes are needed to develop, test
and manufacture components and complete synchronizer systems.
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 4
2. Driveline / Transmission /
Shift Mechanism
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 5
2. Driveline / Transmission / Shift Mechanism
The layout and the design of synchronizer systems has to take into
account all these aspects. The validation and the assessment of the
synchronizer systems have to be made at test rig as well as in the
vehicle.
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 6
2. Driveline / Transmission / Shift Mechanism
Driveline
engine
transmission
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 7
2. Driveline / Transmission / Shift Mechanism
Driveline
shift lever
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 8
2. Driveline / Transmission / Shift Mechanism
Transmission
3
4 4 3
R
bell housing
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 9
2. Driveline / Transmission / Shift Mechanism
Shift Mechanism
Shift
Select
Inner shift
mechanism Outer shift
mechanism
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 10
3. The Synchronization
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Basics of Synchronizers 11
3. The Synchronization
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Basics of Synchronizers 12
3. The Synchronization
Single-cone Synchronizer
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Basics of Synchronizers 13
3. The Synchronization
Dual-cone Synchronizer
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Basics of Synchronizers 14
3. The Synchronization
Triple-cone Synchronizer
Basics of Synchronizers 15
3. The Synchronization
The Synchronization Process - Neutral
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Basics of Synchronizers 16
3 .The Synchronization
The Synchronization Process - Presynchronization
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Basics of Synchronizers 17
3. The Synchronization
The Synchronization Process - Synchronization
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Basics of Synchronizers 18
3. The Synchronization
The Synchronization Process - Blocking Release
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Basics of Synchronizers 19
3. The Synchronization
The Synchronization Process - Engagement
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Basics of Synchronizers 20
3. The Synchronization
The Synchronization Process - Gear shifted
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 21
3. The Synchronization
The Synchronization Process - neutral position
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Basics of Synchronizers 22
3. The Synchronization
The Synchronization Process - presynchronization
- The fork is moving the sleeve in axial direction until the detents
have contact with the blocker ring.
- The detent force (50-100 N) creates a friction torque in the
synchronizer.
- This friction torque positions the blocker ring radially. I.e. the
indexing lugs at the blocker ring bend to the pockets in the
hub. This positions the blocking teeth at the blocker ring 3D-picture
against the teeth of the sleeve.
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 23
3. The Synchronization
The Synchronization Process - blocking position
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 24
3. The Synchronization
The Synchronization Process - blocking release
3D-picture
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 25
3. The Synchronization
The Synchronization Process - free flight phase
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 26
3. The Synchronization
The Synchronization Process - engagement
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 27
3. The Synchronization
The Synchronization Process - gear shifted
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 28
4. Basics for Synchronizer
Calculation
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 29
4. Basics for Synchronizer Calculation
The following pages list the necessary input data which will enter into
the calculation sheets. The pages 34 to 40 show the basic formula
needed to calculate the blocking saftey and the load data for the
friction cones.
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 30
4. Basics for Synchronizer Calculation
Input
installation space
inertia to be synchronized
speed difference to be synchronized
torque to be transmitted
transmission oil
customers requirements (e.g. synchronizing time, shift travel,
shift impulse, shift force, drag torque, load cycles, ...)
interfaces (spline data, clearance of gear wheels, sleeve groove...)
test definition for validation
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 31
4. Basics for Synchronizer Calculation
Limiting Factors
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Basics of Synchronizers 32
4. Basics for Synchronizer Calculation
Transmission Oil
cooling
lubrication / wear protection
corrosion protection
anti foam
friction characteristic
compatibility with elastomeres (sealings)
temperature and viscosity characteristic
low viscosity high viscosity
screening test is necessary to determine the c.o.f. level and characteristic
viscosity determines drag torque and influences shift quality
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 33
4. Basics for Synchronizer Calculation
Layout Calculation
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Basics of Synchronizers 34
4. Basics for Synchronizer Calculation
Calculation of Blocking Safety
Friction Torque: Blocking Release Torque:
nc d m Fa d D cos 2 D sin 2
TF = [Nm] TZ = Fa
[Nm]
2 sin 2 sin 2 + D cos 2
Basics of Synchronizers 35
4. Basics for Synchronizer Calculation
Calculation of specific friction work qA
1
qA =
W
[J/mm]
(
W = J 2 TV tR
2
)
A
= nSYN 2 / 60
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 36
4. Basics for Synchronizer Calculation
Calculation of mean specific friction power PmA
qA Pm W
PmA = [W/mm] or PmA = [W/mm] Pm =
tR A tR
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 37
4. Basics for Synchronizer Calculation
Calculation of max. sliding speed vmax
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 38
4. Basics for Synchronizer Calculation
Calculation of mean specific pressure pm
FN
pm = [N/mm] FN = (TF /( dm / 2)) / nc
( A / nc )
TF = J / tR
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 39
4. Basics for Synchronizer Calculation
Calculation of max. specific friction power Pmax
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Basics of Synchronizers 40
4. Basics for Synchronizer Calculation
Characteristic values for calculated parameters
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Basics of Synchronizers 41
5. Interfaces
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Basics of Synchronizers 42
5. Interfaces
The neutral position of the shift fork determines the clearance of the
synchronizer rings. Low clearance will cause drag torque and in
extreme cases overheat and destroy the friction lining.
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 43
5. Interfaces
Shift Fork / Gear Wheel
The neutral position of the shift fork should The clearance between hub and gear wheel
not exceed +/- 0,35 mm. should not exceed 0,4 mm.
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 44
6. Functional Problems and
Solutions
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 45
6. Functional Problems and Solutions
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 46
6. Functional Problems and Solutions
Shift Force Fa too high
2 sin J
Fa =
nc d m t F
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Basics of Synchronizers 47
6. Functional Problems and Solutions
Shift Quality - 2nd load bump
The 2nd load bump occurs when the sleeve enters into the engagement ring. If the
resistance is too high, it can be felt at the shift knob.
shift force
shift travel
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 48
6. Functional Problems and Solutions
Shift Quality - 2nd load bump
The 2nd load bump occurs when the sleeve enters into the engagement ring. If the
resistance is too high it can be felt at the shift knob.
Reasons for 2nd load bumps can be:
high drag torque, esp. in cold transmission > reduces input speed in free
flight phase
high friction torque TF, > oscillation of driveline
losses in shift system > high friction in cable shift
clutch not 100% open
Possible measures:
low viscosity oil, low friction bearings
reduced chamfer angle (blocking safety must be respected)
reduced losses in shift system (low friction cable shift)
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 49
6. Functional Problems and Solutions
Shift Quality - clash
Clash occurs when the blocking safety is not given. In this case the sleeve moves
towards the engagement ring before the speed difference has been synchronized.
TF
clash event
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 50
6. Functional Problems and Solutions
Shift Quality - clash
Clash occurs when the blocking safety is not given. In this case the sleeve moves
towards the engagement ring before the speed difference has been synchronized.
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 51
6. Functional Problems and Solutions
Shift Quality - clash
A specific reason for clash can also be extreme wear and/or drop of c.o.f. due to an
overheating of the friction rings
Possible measures:
instruction of drivers
reduce tolerances for gear clearance
install detent to center the sleeve to the hub
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 52
6. Functional Problems and Solutions
Shift Quality - gear jump out
After the gear has been shifted the sleeve decouples from the engagement ring.
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 53
6. Functional Problems and Solutions
Shift Quality - blocking of 1st- or R-gear
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 54
7. HOERBIGER Capabilities
7.1. Design & Development
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 55
7.1. Design & Development
Strategic Target of HOERBIGER Product Development is
Under Technological Cost Leadership we assume the capability to simplify the overall
synchronizer system to generate functional high-value synchronizer systems at costs
below those of todays state of the art synchronizers
The Technological Cost Leadership enables us to offer to our customers taylored system
design with the best price-performance ratio.
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 56
7.1. Design & Development
Development Tools
Development follows Stage-Gate Pocess
Simulation
Testing
Tribology
Design
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 57
7.1. Design & Development
Development Tools
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 58
7.1. Design & Development
Development Tools
Modeling
modular model design
efficient modeling
adapted to vehicle environment
dynamic 3-dimensional visualization
Simulation
statistical parameter variation
parameter variation with DoE
analysis of complex interactions
and optimization of subsystems
Validation
check of characteristic values at components
system validation by rig and vehicle measurements
Catch
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 59
7.1. Design & Development
Development Tools
tribometer
synchronizer test rig HOERBIGER -comp
synchronizer test rig ZF SSP180
torsional and linear pulser
transmission test rig
drive train test rig
in vehicle shift quality measurement
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 60
7.1. Design & Development
HOERBIGER comp Synchronizer Test Rig
Center
Shaft
Synchro
Unit
Base
Frame
El. Engine Flywheel(s) Oil Outlet Measurement
Device
Hoerbiger
Antriebstechnik -
1097RR
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 61
7.1. Design & Development
HOERBIGER Shift Simulator
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 62
7.2. Manufacturing
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 63
7.2. Manufacturing
As a result of the efficient and flexible use of metal forming technology, machining, heat
treatment, and friction lining production, HOERBIGER has efficient manufacturing
technologies at its disposal - with sustainable cost advantages for the customer.
Heat treatment
Modern heat treating equipment assures high-quality as well as careful finishing of HOERBIGER
synchronizer components.
Basics of Synchronizers 64
7.2. Manufacturing
Production Technologies - overview
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 65
7.2. Manufacturing
Production Technologies for Sleeves + Engagment Rings
turning
milling
broaching
chamfering
back taper milling
heat treatment
washing
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 66
7.2. Manufacturing
Production Technologies for Synchro Rings
deep drawing
stamping
fine blanking
cold forming
bending
heat treatment
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Basics of Synchronizers 67
7.2. Manufacturing
Production Technologies for Friction Linings
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Basics of Synchronizers 68
7.2. Manufacturing
Assembly and Testing
friction systems
sleeve/hub systems
complete synchronizer groups
running-in
functional testing
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Basics of Synchronizers 69
8. HOERBIGER Product Portfolio
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 70
8. HOERBIGER Product Portfolio
Synchronizer Systems
Most innovative and competent partner for
synchronizer development
HOERBIGER - Classic Line
The proven synchronizer for all applications
Unique portfolio of development tools for
simulation, testing & assessment
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 71
8. HOERBIGER Product Portfolio
Friction Systems
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 72
8. HOERBIGER Product Portfolio
Blocker Rings
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 73
8. HOERBIGER Product Portfolio
Synchronizer Sleeves
HOERBIGER - Classic Line HOERBIGER produces sleeves with an
experience of more than 75 years
The proven synchronizer for all applications
Most modern production equipment has
been developed exclusively with leading
machine suppliers like Prwema
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Basics of Synchronizers 74
8. HOERBIGER Product Portfolio
Engagement Rings
HOERBIGER - Classic Line HOERBIGER combines in-house know how
on stamping and machining
The proven synchronizer for all applications
High volume production since decades
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Basics of Synchronizers 75
9. Summary
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Basics of Synchronizers 76
9. Summary
Copyright by HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH (Germany), 2013. Any kind of use in part or in full provides HOERBIGER Antriebstechnik GmbH's prior written consent.
Basics of Synchronizers 77
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Basics of Synchronizers 78