McGill University Faculty of Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering FINAL EXAMINATION December 2007 SUBSONIC AERODYNAMICS Course MECH-533 Examiner: Prof. Dan Mateescu 5 ee Date 11 December 2007 Time: 14:00 = 17:00 INSTRUCTIONS: ‘This is a CLOSED BOOK examination ‘Three erib sheets (both sides) are allowed (10 be handed in atthe end of the examination) Answer question 1 snd four questions from the remaining five Questions 2 and 1(¢) are compulsory for the students who missed the mid-term examination.McGill University FINAL EXAMINATION Faculty of Engineering December 2007 Department of Mechanical Engineering SUBSONIC AERODYNAMICS Course MECH-533 Examiner: Prof. Dan Mateescu Date: 11 December 2007 ‘Time: 14:00 — 17:09 Answer question 1 and four questions from the remaining five. CLOSED BOOKS. 1. Give brief answers to the following questions, using skerches as much as possible. (a) Estimate the wing-fuselage interference in the case of a rectangular wing of span 26 and a cylindrical fuselage of radius R (consider R=0.2b), Denote by I° the intensity ofthe equivalent hhorseshoe vortex of the isolated wing (assumed known) and by s the distance between the free vortices and the axis of symmetry of the fuselage Determine first the image vortices ofthe equivalent horseshoe vortex of the wing, representing the effect of the circular fuselage according to Milne-Thomson's circle theorem and the Helmholte vortex theorems (give complete explanations) Indicate clearly these image vortices ina sketch, Determine the total lif ofthe wing-fuselage system, as well asthe lit contributions ofthe wing and of the fuselage. Indicate in a clear sketch the spanwise distribution of the lit (or the spanwise istibution of F), (B)Diseuss briefly D'dlembert’s paradox related to the drag force in inviscid subsonic flows. Explain the formation of the vorter-induced drag aeting on three-dimensional wings of finite span, and stat if this drag force is related or not to D’Alemibert’s paradox. [ Use sketeles (©) _Aniincompresible iroational flow is defined by the complex potential F@)=WFaE , where Vis real constant Calculate the complex velocity and the velocity components. Determine also te fui velocity at infinity Determine the velocity potential and the stream function, as well as the steanline pattern of this flow. Show that this represents the potential flow past a vertical flat plate situated in « horizontal uniform stream and determine th location of the stagnation and singular points, i such points exist inthis flow. [ifint; You may use the pola representations with respect to the points the real and imaginary pats of the complex functions. hin order to separate(@)_ State the main Helmholts vortex theorems and explain in their light the lfing-line model developed by Prandtl for shree-dimensional wings of finite span, based on he horseshoe vortex model, Explain physically if the sheet of ffee vortices behind the wing is stable up to large distances downstream. Explain the formation of a pair of two strong semi-infinite free vortices, Determine the span ofthe equivalent horseshoe vortex. 2. A horizontal plate AyA2 of span 4a is placed in a horizontal uniform stream of velocity U,. Consider a vortex of intensity I"=2xa0, y (in the trigonometric sense) situated atthe distance /+2a behind the Teading edge ofthe plate (consider 7=5u/2). [You may wsounse that this vortex was produced by vortex shedding atthe tailing edge of the plate due toa sudden change of its incidence. ] (@) Show that the horizontal plate situated in the complex plane == x+y, ean be transformed into a circle of radius a in the auxiliary complex plane Z=X+iF by the conformal transformation (4.77 —4aF ), orits inverse transformation 2=Z-+a"/Z (0) Use Mine-Thomson’s crcl theorem to model the low around te circle inthe suxiliry complex plane Z in the presence of the vortex (by adding the corresponding image vortices). Determine the complex potential and the complex conjugate velocity fortis flow in the complex plane Z_ (©) Determine the complex potential and the complex conjugate velocity inthe complex plane = for the incompressible irotational flow around the horizontal plate inthe presence ofthe vortex T Determine the velocity potential, the steam fiction andthe velocity components for this flow Indicate how you can determine the location ofthe stagnation points, i sich points exit inthis flow { Hint You may’use the polar epresentations in the silary complex plane Z with respect othe locations of the vortices inthe complex plane Z in onde to ssparate the rel nd imaginary parts of the complex functions (@ Determine the Aud velocity, andthe pressure coeticient, Cy, atthe centre of the horizontal plate, :=0 [ Note: The question 2 is compulsory for the students who missed the mid-term examination, 3. A biplane of infinite span is formed by two parallel flat-plate airfoils ofthe same chord , situated atthe vertical distance =c/2. The leading edge Lz of the upper aitfil is situated at @ horizontal distance Ise/2 behind the leading edge Ly ofthe lower one, and at a vertical distance hi=/2 above i, that is La (4, =1, yy =A) and Ly (x, = 0, y, = 0). Both airfoils have the same incidence a with respect to the uniform stream velocity U. (2) Determine the lift forces acting on each ofthe biplane airfoils, and compare them withthe lift forces ofthe isolated airfoils [[Hiint: Use the ampedt-varter method to determine the circulation around each aerofol. J (b) Determine the lift forces acting on each ofthese airfoils in the presence of the ground, and compare them with the results obtained in (a). Consider that the ground is situated at a distance under the leading edge of the lower airfoil (and almost parallel to its chord — assuming a small angle of attack a) [Hlint: You may use the method of images and assume thatthe angle of atack is small. ] 241. Consider a flat tapezoidal wing of taper ratio g=1~c,/e, = 05, span 2B and aspect ratio 3, =8 The values of the lit and induced drag coefficients at the angle of atack a, =6" are denoted by C,, and Coys Which represent the corected experimental values obtained in a uniform steam of velocity U, =60m/s, sate pressure p, =10" Nm! and speed of sound a, = 340m (a) Based on the coefficients C,, and Cp, evaluate the lift and induced drag coefficients C,, and Cys tor another tat trapezoidal wing of aspect ratio 2, =6 (and the same taper ratio q = 0.6) atthe angle of attack a,=4° with respect to the free Aight velocity U,=100m/s (p,=10°N/m, a, = MOm/s), (b) Consider the trapezoidal wing of 4, =6 defined in (a) flying at Mach number M_=0.8 at an incidence a, =2°. Determine the lift coefficient C,, using the result obtained for C, [ Shove first in whet conditions you can apply the Prandl-Glauert similarity rule. ] 42, Consider a twisted rectangular wing of chord ¢ and span 2 B , coresponding to an aspect ratio L=2bfe=6. This wing is placed in a uniform ow of velocity U, =80m/s (p,=10° N/m, 4, =340m/s). As a result ofthe spanwise twist, the local wing incidence varies along the spn, tha is =a). The angle of atack of the cental section ofthe wing is denoted by a = a0). Determine the spanwise variation of the wing incidence, a ~ «(’), which corresponds to an elliptical ‘spanwise variation of the aerodynamic loading, that is T=1,,(1- 7/67)!” , for a specified incidence a, ofthe central wing section Determine the lift and induced drag coefficients, C, and C,,, for this eliptially-Loaded wing. [ Hint: Show first that in this ease the vortex-induced incidence on the wing is constant, 4, = /U_ =—1,/(4bU,) 1 [No numerical calculations are required. Determine only the theoretical expressions. Assume that the ‘coefficients 8 and + in the variation with 3. of the induced drag and incidence can be neglected. } 5. A thin flat airfoil of chord ¢ is placed in a uniform flow of velocity U.., static pressure p., and speed of sound a... The downstream portion of length ¢, =0.2S¢ ofthis airfoil represents a flap which can be rotated withthe deflection angle (with respect fo the upstream portion of the airfoil) around a hinge, situated at a distance s =0.75¢ from the leading edge. ‘The upstream portion ofthe airfoil i placed at an angle of attack cr with respect tothe uniform stream. (@) Determine the velocity components and the pressrecoefiientdstibtion along the sil, C, (2), 48 well asthe lift coefficient, C forthe folowing incompressible flow cases: () the airfoil at incidence o with an undelete fap, = 0; Gi) he flap is deflected at an angle = 4a. wih respect tothe upstream portion ofthe sre, which placed atan incidence « [ You may use the classical thin airfoil theory (developed by Birnbaum and Glauert), or the method of velocity singularities (developed by Mateesc(b) Based on the above incompressible flow results, determine the velocity components and the pressure ‘coefficient distribution on the aerofoi, as well a the lft coefficient, in the case when the free stream velocity is U_=240 m/s and @,=300 m/s [Hint Show first in what conditions you ean apply the Prandil-Glauert similarity rule. {No numerical calculations are required. Determine only the theoretical expressions. 66. A small aiplane of wing span 2, =8m is lying ata distance J behind a large aireraft having the wing span 2b,=20m at the same level and with the same speed U. You may consider that the distance between the two aizplane is much larger than the wing span 26, ofthe large aireraft (J >> 26,) () Determine the airflow deflection angle, 6, , generated bythe large the smal airplane. [ Hint: For this three-dimensional interference problem, you may consider the two equivalent horseshoe vortices of intensity F: and T and of span 25, = «(26,) and 2s, = x(26,), indicating the value and significance of x) ‘Show briefly that for 1>> 24, the effect ofthe bound portion of the horseshoe vortex T on the small atplane can be neglected, and hence the deflection angle y can be calculated as being entirely induced by the free infinite vortices of intensity T. Similarly, show briefly that for 1>> 24, the influence ofthe small airplane onthe large aircraft can be considered negligible. } craft atthe central wing chord of (6) For both sinplanes, the required Hi forces Z, and, are known fom the airplane equations of motion jin level flight. Denote by ct, the geometric angle of attack of the small airplane wing required to achieve the neded if fore Zin isolated level ight. For simplification, consider thatthe small simlane is equipped with an elliptic wing, characterized by a uniform spanvise dstabution of the induced incidence conesponding to its own fe vortices, Gg =-T,/(4bU). Assame that al the aerodynamic characteristics ofthis ellipti wing in isolated light are known Determine the modified lift fore, L,,, when the small ile is flying behind the lager one Calculate the increase inthe angle of aac ofthe small airplane, da, needed to obtain the same lift fore 1, inthe Might behind the lrg rer (by compensating the effec ofthe defection 8 [ Hint: Use first the Kutta-Joukowsky theorem to determine the intensities I and I, of the ‘equivalent horseshoe vortices in order to obtain the lift forces in isolated flight. Then, consider the deflection angle 8, determined in (a), to calculate the modified lift force I, forthe small airplane ‘ying bebind the larger one. | [No numerical calculations are required, Determine only the theoretical expressions. ]