Bl Molecular Multiple choice questions ony ‘Act. Verbs Diff. Level ‘The nucleic acids are acidic in nature duc to the presence of u 8) Nitrogenous bases Lewpared b) Pentose sugars eae ©) Phosphate groups 4) Hydrogen bonds A monocyclic nitrogenous base present in DNA is uv a) Adenine cane b) Guanine a ©) Cytosine @) Uracil The chemical bond formed between pentose sugar and phosphate U group in DNA molecule is Establishes ‘a) Glycosidic bond (lationship b) Hydrogen bond ©) Phosphodiester bond 4) Ester bond ‘The components of Uridylic acid are u 2) uracil + ribose nae b) uracil + ribose + phosphate Simonet ©) uracil + phosphate 4) uracil+ any aci DNA is not present in K a) Episome Recognises ») Chondriosome isn ©) Nucleoid 4) Dictyosome The short lived highly unstable RNA is K a) m—RNA Recalls b) tRNA Easy ©) rRNA 4) mitochondrial RNA A ‘bacterium having radioactive DNA strands is allowed to A replicate in non-radioactive culture medium for two generations, Analyses The percentage of radioactive bacteria in second generation jg D'ult 13710. Th 12. 13. ‘The percentage of radioactive bacteria in second generation is a) 25% b) 50% ©) 75% 4) 100% ‘The codon recognition arm of RNA is 8) amino acid arm b) DHU arm °) T¥Cam 4) Anticodon arm The enzyme required for the synthesis of r-RNA in Eukaryotes is a) RNA primase b) RNA poly ©) RNA poly Il d) RNA poly Ill ‘The most acceptable gene hypothesis is ‘@) one gene-one character b) one gene-one enzyme ©) one gene-one protein 4) one cistron — one polypeptide ‘The ds DNA having 21% Thymine will have a) 21% Cytosine b) 29% Guanine ©) 79% Adenine @) 29% Adenine ‘The enzyme involved in the formation of Okazaki fragments in prokaryotes is a) DNA poly b) DNA poly I ©) DNA poly Ill 4) RNA poly IL Which of the following is the correct representation of semiconservative replication of DNA? 3! a) s 5 yO b) s » OTT relationshi ‘lationship Recalls Difficult ‘Analyses Difficult Recalls Difficult u Difficult 1384, 15. 16. 17. 18, °) 4) DNA —“> mRNA —“> protein. ca In the above flow chat ‘An amino acid which can be coded by three codons exhibits ( and (ii) denote ) translation and transcription b) transcription and translation ©) replication and transcription 4d) transcription and replication a) 3-fold degeneracy b) codon degeneracy ©) commaless codon d) 2-fold degeneracy ‘The enzyme coded by Lac ~ 7 gene in F. coli is Which of the following shows similar nucleotide sequence on m- 8) B- galactosidase 'b) B- galactoside permease ©) B~ galactoside transacetylase 4) Thiogalactoside transacetylase RNA with the exception of Uridylic acid ? What is the number of amino acids present in a nascent polypeptide translated from the m-RNA having 1011 nucleotides 8) Antisense strand of DNA b) Sense strand of DNA. ©) Anticodons of -RNA d) Template of DNA in the open reading frame? a) 1010 b) 1009 ©) 337 d) 336 Establishes relationship Difficult K Recalls Difficult Correlates Analyses Difficult u Establishes relationship Difficult 13919, ‘Wobble hypothesis supports a) universality of genetic code b) degeneracy of genetic code * ©) unambiguity of genetic code 4) colinearity of codon Very short answer questions 20. 21. 23. 24. 25. 26. 21. 28. 29. 30. ‘Name the scientist who discovered nucleic acids. ‘Name the scientist who coined the term nucleic acid. ‘Name the nitrogenous base present in DNA but not ‘Name the pentose sugar present in DNA. ‘Name the pentose sugar present in RNA. ‘Name the pyrimidine base present in both the DNA and RNA. What a Nucleoside? What is a Nucleotide ? Name the monomeric unit of a nucleic acid / DNA / RNA? (any one of the three to be mentioned in a question) Name the components of uridylic acid. ‘Name the components of deoxycytidine. Establishes relationship ‘Average Recalls Easy Recalls Recalls 14031. 32, 33. 34, 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. al. 42. 43. Name the chemical bond formed between nitrogenous base and U tose sugar in a nucleotide. fies pentose sugar in a nucleotide. a Name the chemical bond formed between pentose sugar and U phosphate group in a nucleotide. noe ‘Name the chemical bonds formed between the complementary U it entities ygenous bases in DNA. ae How many nuclelotide pairs are present in one complete turn of K DNA helix? Recalls Easy What is the percentage of adenine in a ds DNA, having 30% of S eros — Mention the functions of Unwindase / Gyrase / RNA primase/ DNA K polymerase I / DNA Polymerase II / DNA Polymerase II] / SSBP / Recalls Windase / Topoisomerase / DNA ligase. (Function of each enzyme is a separate question). ‘What is a lagging strand of DNA ? K Defines Difficult What isa leading strand of DNA ? K Difficult What is ORI site? K Defines ‘Average What are Okazaki fragments? K Defines ‘Average ‘What is RNA primer ? K Defines ‘Average ‘Name the short lived/ unstable / least occurring type of RNA. K (Each alternative must be a separate question). Recalls y Name the soluble RNA / Adapter RNA / smallest RNA / RNA that K carries amino acids. Recalls ‘Each alternative must be a separate question). eal 4145. 41. 49, 50. sl. 52. 53. 54, 55. 56. 37. ‘Name the most abundant RNA / largest RNA. (Each alternative must be a separate question). ‘Name the scientist who proposed the clover leaf (trifoliate) model of tRNA. Which is the amino acid binding site of -RNA ? Which is the ribosome recognition site of t~ RNA? Which is the decoding (loop) site of -RNA ? Name the scientist who discovered m-RNA. Mention the function of t-RNA. Mention one function of m-RNA. Mention one function of r-RNA. Which part of the t-RNA is recognized by aa-t-RNA synthetase enzyme? ‘What is monocistronic m-RNA ? ‘What is polycistronic m-RNA ? ‘What is Hn-RNA / heterogeneous nuclear RNA ? ‘Name the scientist who proposed the fine structure of gene. Recalls Tdeatifies ‘Average Tdentifies Average dentifies ‘Average Recalls Explains Average Explains ‘Average Explains u Explains Average Average Defines Average Recalls Average Recalls Easy 14258, 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 65. 66. 67. 68, 10. n. What are split genes? ‘What are unsplit genes? Define Cistron / Muton / Recon / Replicon / Operon / Lac — Operon/ Codon / Anticodon. ‘Each alternate term must be a separate question). Define initiator codon. ‘Name the most common initiator codon. ‘Name the amino acid coded by initiator codon, ‘Name the enzyme that tes amino acid during protein synthesis. Name the enzyme that helps in the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids during protein synthesis. Define transcription. Define Translation. Name the enzyme coded by Lac z / Lac y / Lac a genes of lac- ‘operon, Each alternative must be a separate question), Which gene of operon produces the repressor protein? ‘Name the inducer of Lac-operon in E.coli. Name the scientists who proposed operon concept. Average Recalls Average Defines Easy Defines Easy Recalls Average Recalls Recalls Easy Recalls Easy 14372. Which enzyme catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a RNA K template? Recalls Easy 73. Name the codon with double function, K Recalls Average Give reasons for the following (Questions 74 — 92) 74, DNA is acidic in nature / nucleotides are acidic in nature. v Establishes relationship ‘Average 75. DNA replication is semi conservative / semi discontinuous! bi- U directional. Explains (Each alternative must be a separate question.) ee 76. How is DNA replication initiated? 77. Chargoff’s base rule is not applicable for RNA. A 78. GC Pairing is stronger than A —T Pairing. u Establishes relationship Difficult 79. The nucleotide ratio in RNA is not usually constant (or) highly A variable. reas 80. The processed m-RNA in eukaryotes is shorter than its gene or in A _ Eukaryotes the length of processed m-RNA does not match the Predicts length of its gene. 81. Pr tic gene i it gene. v rokaryotic gene is an unsplit gene. ae, Difficult 82. Eukaryotic gene is a split gene. v ae a Correlates, Difficult 83. UAA isa terminator codon (non-sense codon) u Establishes relationship Difficult 14485. 86. 87. 88, 89. 91. AUG is the initiator codon. 61 codons code for only 20 amino acids. Lac-operon switches off in the absence of inducer (lactose) in Ecoli, ‘When the extract of heat killed S-cells of Pneumococcus treated with DNA is introduced into the culture of live R-cells, there is no transformation. Codons are universal. Codons are redundant/ sensible. All polypeptides start with methionine as first amino acid, but all proteins do not have methionine. Methionine is always the first amino acid brought to the site of protein synthesis. Redundancy concept of genetic code does not apply to all amino acids. Short answer questions 93. 95. 96. Draw a neat and labeled diagram of m-RNA. Mention any four structural differences between DNA and RNA. Name the nitrogenous bases of DNA/RNA. ‘(Each alternative must be a separate question) ‘Name the pyrimidines present in DNA/RNA. 14598. 100 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. Mention the types of nucleotides in DNA. Mention the types of nucleotides in RNA. List two differences between a nucleoside and nucleotide. Draw a neat and labeled diagram of the DNA molecule. Draw a neat and labeled diagram of -RNA molecule. Mention two func each for DNA and RNA. List four functions of DNA. Mention two differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes. List four functions of RNA. Mention 4 characteristic features of genetic code. ‘What are terminator codons? Mention two of them. ‘What are non-sense codons? Name any two. Mention two structural and two control genes of lac operon. Name the three types of RNA in a eukaryotic cell. Compares Lists Average Mentions ‘Average Recalls Average Recalls Average Recalls ‘Average Recalls 146a. 112. 113. Explain the two steps in the activation of amino acid during protein synthesis. During translation, if the codon is AUG then i) what is the anti-codon present on the complementary t- RNA? ii) Name the amino acid carried by this t-RNA. How many amino acids are present in a nascent polypeptide decoded from the m-RNA with the reading frame having 1002 nucleotides/ 334 codons? Long answer questions 114. 1s. 116. 117. 118, n9 120 121. Describe the double helical model of DNA. with a neat labeled diagram. Explain the semiconservative replication of DNA molecule with the help of labeled diagram. Describe the clover leaf model of tRNA molecule with a neat labeled diagram. Explain the experiment of O.T. Avery that proved DNA as the genetic material. List five differences between DNA and RNA. Explain five characteristic features of the genetic code. Explai diagram. the process of Transcription with the help of labeled Explain amino acid activation and chain initiation steps of protein synthesis. us explains Difficult u Explains Difficult u Compares Average u Explains Average us Draws, explains ‘Average u Explains Difficult 147122, Mention the genes of Lac-operon and their functions. 123. Explain the structure of m-RNA with a neat labeled diagram. Explains ‘Average us Draws, explains Difficult 148ANSWERS Multiple choice answers (one mark each) caoceeceogacagsacaoe ‘Very short answers (one mark each) 20. 2. 22. 23. 24, 25. 26. 21. 28. Friedrich Meischer Altmann ‘Thymine Deoxyribose Ribose Cytosine It is a combination of nitrogenous base and pentose sugar. tis a combination of nitrogenous base, pentose sugar and phosphate. ‘Nucleic acid - Nucleotide DNA - Deoxyribose nucleotide RNA - Ribose nucleotide 14929. 30. 31. 32. 33, 35. 36. 37. 38, 39. 40. al. 42. Uracil, ribose sugar and phosphate. ‘Cytosine and deoxyribose sugar. N-B - Glycosidic bond /N B glycosylic bond Ester bond / phospho ester bond. Hydrogen bonds. Ten pairs 20% of adenine Unwindase - unwinding the two strands of DNA molecule during protein synthesi Gyrase - relieves the tension of supercoiled regions of DNA. RNA primase - produces RNA primers to initiate (replication)- polynucleotide formation complementary to the template strands of DNA. DNA polymerase I - replaces RNA primers by polydeoxy ribonucleotide fragments. DNA polymerase II - it helps in proof reading and DNA repairing. DNA polymerase III - catalyses the polymerization of deoxy ribonucleotides in 5° =3' direction. SSBP (Single Strand Binding Protein) - these are helix destabilizing proteins that keeps two strands of DNA in separated condition during replication. Windase - it helps in winding of the polynucleotide strands of DNA. ‘Topoisomerase — breaks and reseal the DNA strands. DNA ligase - joins the fragments of DNA or Okazaki fragments. It is the strand of DNA formed discontinuously against the sense strand during replication. It is the daughter strand of DNA formed continuously towards the replica fork duting replication. ‘The point at which the uncoiling of DNA begins during replication is called ORI site. . Short single stranded discontinuous DNA fragments formed away from the replication fork during replication. It is a short fragment of RNA formed by RNA primase at the beginning of DNA replication. m-RNA / messenger RNA 15043, 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. sl. 52. 53, 34, 55. 56. 37. 58. 59. RNA / Transfer RNA. FRNA / ribosomal RNA. Robert W. Holley. CCA 3'0H end / 3" OH end of -RNA/CCA end. T yC loop / T loop Anticodon / NODOC loop Volkin It transfers amino acid to the site of protein synthesis/ Transfer of aa to the site of protein synthesis. It carries the genetic message from DNA (genes) in the form of codons for the synthesis of a polypeptide or protein. It is a structural component of ribosomes that helps in translation process of protein synthesis. Dihydroxy Uridine Loop / DHU loop ‘The m-RNA transcribed by a single cistron / The m-RNA that carries codes for a single polypeptide. ‘The m-RNA transcribed from many cistrons / The m-RNA that carries codes for many polypeptides. ‘The RNA transcribed by eukaryotic gene having coding exons and non-coding introns. Seymour Benzere ‘The genes having coding exons and non-coding introns. ‘The genes having only coding sequences (exons) are called Unsplit genes. Cistron : It isthe functional unit of gene that codes for a single polypeptide. ‘Muton : It is a unit of cistron that undergoes mutation. is a unit of cistron that undergoes recombination. It is a unit of DNA that undergoes replication. Operon : It is a co-ordinated assembly of regulatory and structural genes meant to perform a specific metabolic activity. 15161. 63. 67. 68. 69. 70. 1. 72. RB. 74, 7S. Lac-operon : It is an operon concemed with lactose metabolism found in E.coli bacterium. Codon : A unit of three nucleotides on m-RNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis. Anticodon : A unit of three nucleotides on t-RNA that decodes the codon of m- RNA. ‘The codon on m-RNA where the formation of polypeptides is initiated. AUG. Methionine/ f-methionine Amino acyl -RNA synthetases. Peptidyl transferase ‘The process of formation of m-RNA/RNAs from the antisense strand of DNA with the help of RNA polymerase. ‘The process of decoding of codons on m-RNA into a sequence of amino acids forming a polypeptide chain. a) Lacx- B galactosidase ) Lac y - B galactoside permease (m_— protein) ©) Laca-B galactoside transacetylase (thiogalactoside transacetylase) Regulator gene Lactose Francis Jacob and Jacques Monad. Reverse transcriptase (RNA dependent DNA polymerase) AUG. Due to the presence of phosphate group. Semi conservative : The parental strands are conserved in daughter DNA molecules OR the daughter DNA molecules have one parental and one new strand. ‘Semi discontinuous: Because the leading strand is produced continuously and lagging strand is produced discontinuously. Bi-directional: Because the leading strand is produced towards the replication fork and lagging strand is produced away from the replication fork. 15216. 71. B. 19. 80. 81. 22. 85. 86. 87. 88, 89, 91. The two strands of DNA molecule are antiparallel and the enzymes are direction specific. RNA primer initiates the formation of polynucleotide in 5" > 3' direction by providing pre-existing 3' - OH end. Because it is single stranded. Because 3H bonds bind G and C but only 2H bonds bind A and T. Due to the absence of complimentary base pairing itis single stranded. Because the eukaryotic gene is a split gene and the transcribed and processed m- RNA has intron portions. Because it contains continuous coding sequences or exons. Because it contains coding exons and non-coding introns. Because it terminates protein synthesis as it does not code for any amino acid. Because it initiates the process of polypeptide synthesis / protein synthesis. Due to the property of genetic code called degeneracy, most amino acids are coded for by more than one codon, Hence the number of codons exceed the ‘number of amino acids. ‘The repressor binds to operator and prevents transcription. Because heat hydrolyses DNA. A codon codes for the same amino acid in all organisms. Redundant - A single amino acid can be coded by 2 or 3 codons. Sensible - A codon codes for a specific amino acid. Although methionine is the first amino acid translated, it is removed subsequently during polypeptide maturation in many proteins. The initiator codes — AUG codes for methionine. ‘Some amino acids like tryptophan and methionine have one codon each. 153Short answers 93. 94. 95. 98. 99. Diagram with any 4 labels. m-RNA, codon, 3’ end, 5’ end, nucleotide (4x 422 marks) DNA RNA ‘* Double stranded molecule. ingle stranded molecule, ‘¢ Itcontains adenine guanine It contains adenine, guanine, cytosine cytosine and thymine. and uracil. * Pentose sugar is deoxyribose.» Pentose sugar is ribose. © Itcontains large number of» It contains fewer nucleotides. nucleotides. © Being a single chain does not exhibit Chains are antiparallel, antiparallel nature, (4x 4=2 marks) DNA - Adenine / Guanine / Cytosine and Thymine RNA - Adenine / Guanine / Cytosine and Uracil (At 4+ 4+ %=2 marks.) DNA - Cytosine (C) and ‘Thymine (T) RNA - Cytosine (C) and Uracil (U) Pyrimidines of DNA ~ I mark, RNA — I mark = 2 marks) a) Deoxy adenosine monophosphate / dAMP/ d-Adenylic acid b) Deoxy Guanosine monophosphate/ dGMP / d-Guanylic acid ©) Deoxy Cytidine monophosphate/ dCMP/ d-Cytidylic acid 4) Deoxy thymidine monophosphate/ dTMP / d-Thymidylic acid. (Att e+ = 2 marks.) RNA nucleotides are i) Adenosine monophosphate / AMP / Adenylic acid ii) Guanosine monophosphate / GMP / Guanylic acid iii) Cytidine monophosphate / CMP / Cytidylic acid iv) Uridine monophosphate / UMP / Uridylic acid (A+ %+ et Yo=2 marks.) Nucleoside Nucleotide * It is made up of © It is made up of nitrogenous base, nitrogenous base and pentose sugar and phosphate. pentose sugar. © Itis acidic in nature. © Itis slightly alkaline. (+1 =2marks.) 154100. 101. 102. 103. 104, 105. 106. Diagram with any 4 labels. Helix 1, helix 2, nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, phospho-di- ester bond, 3” end, 5" end, (Diagram — 1 mark, labels (any four) — 1 = 2 marks) iagram with any 4 labels. CCA, 3° end, S'end, DHU arm, TYC arm, anticodon arm, anticodon, central petal, lateral petals (arms), small arm, amino acid arm. (diagram — 1, labels (any four— 1 = 2 marks) DNA RNA © Itis a hereditary mater * Itis hereditary material in a few viruses. © Itis self replicating. © Itis synthesized against a DNA * Itdirects protein synthesis. template. ‘It can produce RNA. © Itassists in protein synthesis. RNA usually does not produce DNA. (4x2%2=4 marks) © Its the genetic material. ‘* It is the master molecule of metabolic activities as it contains codes for all the proteins. ‘* _Itshows autocatalytic function. *- Itcan undergo mutations. * It synthesizes different types of RNA by transcription. (4x 4=2 marks) Prokaryotic gene . Eukaryotic gene ‘+ Transcribes polycistronic ¢ ‘Transcribes monocistronic m-RNA. m-RNA. + Split gene. ‘© Unsplit gene. © Introns and exons © Only exons (4x2%2=2 marks) * Genetic RNA carries hereditary characters. * m-RNA carries the message from DNA (gene) in the form of triplet codons. © ERNA carries specific amino acids to the site of ribosome, * RNA helps in binding of m-RNA and t-RNA to the ribosomal surface. (Ax 4=2 marks) Any four of the following : ‘© Genetic code consists of triplet codons. * Genetic code is unambiguous. 155107. 108. 109. 110. 1. 112, 113. Genetic code is universal. Genetic code is degenerate. AUG is the ing codon. Itis commaless. 61 out of 64 codons code for amino acids. ‘* 3 codons are terminator codons — UAA, UAG and UGA. (Ax 4=2 marks) ‘The codons that terminate the polypeptide chain synthesis (translation) are called terminator codons. UAA, UAG and UGA (Ochre, Amber, Opal) (Definition — 1, two examples = %4 + 4 = 2 marks) ‘The codons that do not code for any amino acids are called non-sense codons. ‘Also called chain terminator codons. Ochre /Amber / opal or UAA'/ UAG/ UGA. (Definition — 1 mark, examples —% + %- 2 marks) ‘Structural genes ~ Lac —Z, Lac— Y, Lac~ A (any 2) © Control genes ~ Regulator (R), Promoter (P) and Operator (O) (any two) (structural genes — % + %; control genes %4 + Y= 2 marks) Genetic RNA m-RNA tRNA RNA (All 3 = 2 marks; %4 mark less for each type that is not mentioned. ‘Amino acid + ATP. —“=222"> aminoacyl adenylate + PP The amino acyladenylate combines with specific -RNA molecule to form aminoacyl RNA. ‘Aminoacyl adenylate + -RNA —» aminoacyl tRNA + AMP (cach step 1 mark x 2= 2 marks) ) UAC ii) _ Methionine (1+ 1=2 marks) 333 amino acids. 156Long answers 14. 1s, 16. Diagram and any 4 correct labels . ‘Antiparalle! complementary helically coiled 2 polydeoxyribonucleotide strands. Double stranded Left handed helix Backbone formed by deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups held together by phosphodiester bond. «The complementary base pairing (A=T, C= G) between the helices is by hydrogen bonds. * One complete tum measuring 34A° having @ major groove and a minor groove. (Diagram — 2, labels (at least 4) — 1, explanation (6 points) = marks) iagrams and any six points. © ORI site ‘* Unwinding by the enzyme unwindase / helicase ‘+ SSBP destabilizes the strands and stress is relieved in supercoiled regions by gyrase. RNA primase — RNA primer. Leading strand formation towards replication fork — DNA poly Ill. ‘* Formation of Okazaki fragments — away from replication fork. Replacement of RNA primers — DNA poly I DNA fragments are joined by DNA ligase. Proofing of strands (DNA poly Il and Topoisomerase) Winding of parental strands with lagging and leading strands to produce 2 similar daughter molecules by the enzyme windase, (Diagrams — 2, labels (any four) ~ 1, explanation (6 points) — 2 = 5 marks) Single stranded / discovery /trifoliate 30H end having terminal nucleotides ~ CCA 5 end ends in G T loop (TyC loop) DHU loop Anticodon loop Variable short arm gram — 2, labels (any 4)~1, 4 points x %-2= marks) 157417. 118. 119 120 121. ‘* Based on the Griffith's experiment OT Avery, Mccleond, Mccarty, carried out experiments which proved that the transforming principle is DNA. Separate the Organic molecules from the extract of S-strain. (J mark for each step x 5 = 5 marks) DNA RNA ‘© Mostly double stranded © Single stranded except © Nucleotides are AGCT some viruses. © Deoxyribose sugar © Nucleotides are AGCU. * It acts as the template for © Ribose Sugar ‘transcription. * It is involved in the process + B-DNA, A-DNA and Z- of protein synthesis. DNA types—coexist ina © Many types like m-RNA, r- DNA molecule. RNA, tRNA. (DNA points % x 5=2'%; RNA points % x 5=2% =5 marks) Any five of the following : Genetic code consists of triplet codon. Genetic code is unambiguous. Genetic code is universal. Genetic code is degenerate. AUG is the initiating codon. Itis commaless. 61 out of 64 codons code for amino acids. 3 codons are terminator codons — UAA, UAG and UGA. (Each feature + explanation (%4 + %4= 1 markx 5 = 5 marks) ‘Unwinding by unwindase/helicase Sense strand Antisense strand Roles of RNA polymerases m-RNA ‘+ Rewinding of separated strands. (Diagrams — 2, labels (any 4)— 1, explanation — 2 = 5 marks) ‘Amino acid activation : 2 steps ~ I mark each. ‘Amino acid + ATP —“==2"> amino acyladenylate + pp ‘Aminoacyl adenylate + t-RNA ~jojeq aminoacyl t-RNA + AMP 158122. 123. Chain Initiation: inding of smaller sub-unit of ribosome to 5" end of m-RNA. ‘* Binding of methionine - tRNA to the initiating codon of m- RNA with the help of IF, IF2, IF and ATP. © Attachment of larger sub-unit of ribosome. Diagram must show smaller unit and larger units of ribosome, m- RNA, aa, -RNA with UAC anticodon binding to AUG codon on m- RNA. (Amino acid acti explanation ~ 2 jon — 1 mark, diagram of marks) ‘© Mentioning of 5 genes (4 mark each.) ‘* Mentioning of 5 functions (’4 mark each.) = 2 % marks Total = 5 marks Structure of m-RNA: S'P leader and with cap. 3’ OH end with poly A tail Leader sequence Initiator codon region — reading frame Variable coding region — reading frame ‘Terminator codon region — reading frame (Diagram — 2 marks, explanation (6 points x %4 - 3) = 5 marks) 159