LAB. NO.3 Rectifier Circuits Reading: Floyd, Sections 2-2 through 2-4 Objectives: ‘After performing this experiment, you will be able t 1. Construct half-wave, full-wave, and bridge rectifier circuits, and compare the input and output voltage for each. 2 Connect a filter capacitor to each circuit in objective 1 and measure the ripple voltage and ripple frequency. Summary of Theory: ' Rectifiers are diodes used to change ac to de. They work like @ one-way valve, allowing Current to flow in only one direction, as illustrated in Figure.” 1. The diode is forward- biased for one-half cycle of the applied voltage and reverse-biased for the other half-cycle. ‘The output waveform is a pulsating de wave. This waveform can then be filtered to remove the unwanted variations. Input—ae = utput—putsating de 74 AA Figure Rectifiers are widely used in power supplies that provide the de voltage necessary for almost all active devices to work. The three basic rectifier circuits are the half-wave, the ccenter-tapped full-wave, and the full-wave bridge rectifier circuits. The most important parameters for choosing diodes for these circuits are the maximum forward current, Ip, and the peak inverse voltage rating (PIV) of the diode. The peak inverse voltage is the maximum ‘voltage the diode can withstand when it is reverse-biased. The amount of reverse voltage that appears across a diode depends on the type of circuit in which it is connected. Some characteristics of the three rectifier circuits are investigated in this experiment. Rectifier circuits are generally connected through a transformer, as shown in Figure 2. Notice the ground on the primary side of the transformer is not the same as the ground ‘on the secondary side of the transformer. The reason for this is that transformers isolate the ‘ground connection of the 3-wire service connection. The oscilloscope chassis is normally ‘connected to earth ground through the 3-prong service cord, causing the ground to be common; however, you cannot be certain of this. If there is no connection between the“2 LAB, HO, 2 grounds, the reference ground is said to be a floating ground. You can determine if the ground is floating by testing the voltage difference between the grounds. ‘Materials Needed: One 12.6 V ac center-tapped transformer with fused line cord Four diodes 1N4007 (or equivalent) Two 2.2 kQ resistors ‘Two 100 4 capacitors Procedure: Do this experiment only under supervision. ‘Warning! In this experiment, you are instructed to connect a low-voltage (12.6 V ac) twansformer to the ac line. Be certain that you are using a properly fused and grounded \tansformer that has no exposed primary leads. Do not touch any connection in the circuit. At no time will you make a measurement on the primary side of the transformer. Have your ‘connections checked by your instructor before applying power to the circuit. 1, Connect the half-wave rectifier circuit shown in Figure . 2. Notice the polariiy of the diode. The line indicates the cathode (negative) side. Connect the oscilloscope so that channel 1 is across the transformer secondary and channel 2 is across the load resistor. ‘The oscilloscope should be set for LINE triggering throughout this experiment as the ‘waveforms to be viewed will all be synchronized with the ac line voltage. View the ac voltage into the rectifier, Vip and load voltage, Vioxoy for this circuit and sketch them on Plot 1. Label voltages on your sketch. Plot 1 Measure the input voltage to the diode, Viy, and the output peak voltage, Vicay- Remember to convert the oscilloscope reading to rms voltage. Record the data in Table 32. cho er, Round oe erreur common-3- LAB. N03 WARNING § MOTE CAPACITOR POLARITY! 2, The output isn’t very useful as a de source bécause of the variations in the output waveform, Connect a 100 nF capacitor (C,) in parallel with the load resistor (R,). Note the polarity of the capacitor. Measure the dc load voltage, Vioap» and the peak-to-peak ripple voltage, Vaurr in the output. To measure the ripple voltage, switch the oscilloscope vertical input to AC COUPLING. This allows you to magnify the small 2¢ ripple voltage without including the much larger de level. Measure the peak-to-peak ple voltage and the ripple frequency. The ripple frequency is the frequency at whi 1e waveform repeats. ata 1 the waveform repeats. Record all data in Table REPEAT FOR C,=200uf4, ‘Table __1_Half-Wave Rectifier Cireult__2- /QO-uFd 17 PARALLEL Without Fer Capacitor be Witn Fier Capecons measured | Means | Compt] niece [meAsuttD Measured Ripple Freq Vou (PEAK)| Vu (rms) | Vin @€6R) | Yiouo (Peat) | ised (OC) | Yuan (e) | Vowna faa —_ Disconnect power and change the circuit to the full-wave rectifier circuit shown in Figure 3. Notice that the ground for the circuit has changed. The oscilloscope ground needs to be connected as shown. Check your circuit carefully before applying Power. Compute the expected peak output voltage. Then apply power and view the Vqy and Vioyp Waveforms. Sketch the observed waveforms on Plot 2. Plot 2 ‘Measure Viy (fms) and the peak output voltage (Vioan) without a filter capacitor. Record the data in Table <.: 2, [Note ground [position Connect the 100 nF capacitor in parallel with the load resistor. Measure Vga. the Peak-to-peak ripple voltage, and the ripple frequency as before. Record the data in Table 2. a£AB.N0.3 Ke Table __ 2 Foll-Wave Rectifier Cireut REPEAT WITH C =200mPd Without Fier Capacitor vm =e With Filter Capacitor mesure | Mesuet | ESURED | mela [nensun ed Measured Ripple Winere AR) | Vu coms) | Vi (peak) | View (peat |Vicnd OD | Vinws ) | Vane | PMY 5. Investigate the effect of the load resistor on the ripple voltage by connecting a second 2.2 kO load resistor in parallel with R, and C, in the full-wave circuit in Figure 3. Measure the ripple voltage. What can you conclude about the effect of additional load current on the ripple voltage? 6. Disconnect power and change the circuit to the bridge rectifier circuit shown in Figure -4. Notice that no terminal of the transformer secondary is at ground potential. The input voltage to the bridge, Vp is not referenced to ground. The oscilloscope cannot bbe used to view both the input voltage and the load voltage at the same time. Check your circuit carefully before applying power. Compute the expected peak output voltage. Then apply power and use @ volimeter to measure Vyy (tms). Use the oscilloscope 10 measure the peak output voltage (Vioqg) Without a filter capacitor. Record the data in Table 3 Figure 32-4 FWBR 7. Connect the 100 i capacitor in parallel with the load resistor. Measure Vioam the peak-to-peak ripple voltage, and the ripple frequency as before. Record the data in Table 3, : WEXT PAGE BETES STEP FET Pte 3 bridge Rectier Creat’ REPEAT. wiTH C=200ud spp Goncier ovate Wi Fier Capacitor amped | “Reka [mencuney | MiGerea [measure D Measured Ripple Vu(PEAK)| Ves) | Yuow (OC) | Vinwt pest) [Veond COC) | Viaw ed | ama | Mem STEPE Neon (DC )=| ~10- 636.4408 Simulate an open diode in the bridge by removing one diode from the circuit. What happens to the Love Dovoltage? The ripple voltage? The ripple frequency? q, ZENER REGULATORS R RS 2 ~ Vacour) RstRe Vaan ROM TON. Vaun & Vatoury OMEASURE Vac} VR Cour) ne wrsia Row) CON ePLk vouTnee Verb) 4 @ carcuc sre Re Evaluation and Review Questions: 1. What advantage does a full-wave rectifier circuit have over a half-wave rectifier circuit? 2. Compare a bridge rectifier circuit with a full-wave rectifier circuit. Which has the higher output voltage? Which has the greater current in the diodes? 3. In step 3, you moved the ground reference to the center-tap of the transformer. If you ‘wanted to look at the voltage across the entire secondary, you would need to connect, the oscilloscope as shown in Figure 5 and subtract channel 2 from channel 1. (Some oscilloscopes do not have this capability.) Why is it necessary to use Dv0 channels to view the entire secondary voltage? 4. Explain how you could measure the ripple frequency to determine if a diode was open in a bridge rectifier circuit. fi| RECT IEIERS | MESURE 5 Vir (0c) AMD VrecaPee) Welle CL 1 DUAL VOLTAGE PosITIVE FW ET BRibcE (ovFwc7B) -—— Lavke at oak _ 3, DUAL VarrAek RosITVE/WREATIVE HWuA Y