W

EF
K

EF
K

EF
K

K EF

EF

FEF
KE

KW

- -


EElectric CurrentFW

EFK
EFEF
K
K

K
EF
E JF

K

- -


E JF
K
E JF
K
K

K3 K J2 K-1
E JF

F
IKE
WtQ
I dQ Coulomb /second ( C / s) (4-1)
dt

EampereF
1 Ampere = Coulomb /second

- -


EF
W
I Q Ampere (A) (4-2)
t

0.001 AEmAF
K(1/ 1000000)A
WE4-2F
I dQ (4-2-a)
dt

EE JF
K
nSKdtvdtv
dt
eKn.S.v.dt
Wdt

dq =e.n.v.S.dt (4-3)
dQ
I n.e.v.S (4-4)
dt

E JF

- -


W

W
J = I / S = n.e.v (4-5)

KSE JF
dS
W
J = dI / dS (4-6)

K

EQuantity of ChargeFW

K
EFQ

Q=I.t Ampere second ( Coulomb ) (4-7)

KtI

K
EElectric PotentialFW
K
K
K
K
- -


EElectromotive ForceFW

K
W
WEF

K K
K
K

KEVoltFE
WEF

K
KEK
EResistance and Ohms lawFW

??K
KRK
K
R=V/I (4-8)

RKIV(Resistance)R
EOhmFVolt / Ampere
(4-8)KEOmega) K

- -


VIE JFKEOhms lawF

KR
V _
+

R
I
E JF

IVK
KE JF
. R

.E JF

W J J

K
W
J
J
J
W

- -


W
W
K -
K -
K -
K J JW -
K
W

WW

KW

WW

K



WK

- -


WK
KE JF
EFE JF

E JF
8
[MV/m] 6
r

16 4
3 1.0007
27 3
- -


52 2.5
60 2 ()
120 7.5
200 5




W

W
W
K
1012
K
K
K
K
K

r0Z8.8 X 10-12
E JFK
K

K
K
K

- -


W
10610-6

K

K
KK

K

K
W
EF
EF
EF
EF

W
R = / A (4-9)

_EResistivityF
KAKEOhm_meterF
(ConductivityF
= 1 / = / R A (4-10)

K 1 siemens (S)= 1 (ohm)-1S /m(Ohm- meter) -1

GEConductance F
G = 1 / R ( mho )
- -


S (SiemensFEohm)-1mhoG


W
W
T = 0 ( 1+ 0 T ) (4-11)

0T
KE JF
W
RT = T /A , R0 = 0 /A
W
RT = T /A = 0 ( /A) ( 1+ 0 T )

RT = R0 ( 1+ 0 T (4-12)

WT2T1
RT1 = R0 ( 1+ 0 T1 ) , RT2 = R1 ( 1+ 1 T2 ) (4-13)

W
RT2 = RT1 [ 1+ T1 ( T2 T1) ] (4-14)

K
K
E JFEF

- -


10
K

E JF
KT J
KT J

T1 = 0 / ( 1 + 0 T1 ) (4-15)

KT1 T1
KTR

WE JF
5mm5m
1.72 10 8 . m 20C 20C
W
W
R=/A
A
A = D2 /4
WD
A = D2 /4 = ( 5 x 10-3 ) /4 = 6.25 x 10-6 m2

- -


WR
R = / A = (1.72 x 10-8) (5) / ( 6.25 x 10-6 ) = 4.38 m
WE JF
200 C 7.80OC 7
K 200 C
W
W
RT2 = RT1 [ 1+ T1 ( T2 T1)]

R0 = RT1 [ 1+ T1 ( T0 T)]


7 = 7.8 [ 1+ T1 ( 0 T)]
.005130 C-1ZE200CFT1

E JF
500 C1510%25
200 C
K 30
W
W
RT = R0 ( 1+ 0 T )

R15 = 25 = R0 ( 1+ 150 ) ,
R50 = 25+2.5 = 27.5 = R0 ( 1+ 500 )
W
0 = 0.0029850 C-1 , R0 = 23.9286
- -


W 30
RT =30 = R0 ( 1+ 0 T ) =23.9286 (1+ 0.002985 T )
T = 850 C
T
T = 85 20 = 65 C
Electric Power and EnergyW

RI
dQVK
Wdt
dQ = I dt
WEF
dW = V dQ = V I dt
W
P = dW / dt = V I dt / dt = V I (4-16)

joule / sP
(WattF
V=IR ,I=V/R
WP
P = VI = I2 R = V2 / R Watt (4-17)

W
P = E I Watt (4-18)

KE
- -


WW
W = P t ( Watt-sec or Joules ) (4-19)

EEfficiencyFW

W
= Po / P i (4-20)

EFPiEFPo
W
Pi = E I (4-21)

WPiKIE
Pi = Po + Ploss (4-22)

WPloss
Ploss = I2 R
KRI
W
= Wo / Wi
KWiWo

WE JF
K16V2K
W
W I
I = V / R = ( 16 / 2000 ) = 8 m A
KRV

- -


WE JF
K4A5
W
W

P = I2 R = (4)2 (5) = 80 W

WE JF

K60W

WW

W = P t = 60 (24) ( 365 ) / 1000 = 525.6 KWh

KtP

WE JF

8A80%

120 V

% = ( Po / Pi ) (100 %)
Pi = V I = (120) (8) = 960 W

WPo

0.80 = ( Po / 960)
Po = ( 0.8 ) (960 ) = 768 W
- -


WEhourse_ Power ( hpFF

Po = 768 W ( 1 hp / 746 W ) = 1.029 hp

WE JF

K20C110 V220W
200C 120 C110 V
K 0.00393 C- 1

WP120

P20 = V2 / R20
R20 = V2 / P20 = (110)2 / 220 = 55
R120 = R20 [ 1 + 20 ( 120 20 ) ] = 55 [ 1 + 0.00393 ( 100 )]
= 76.615
P120 = V2 / R120 = (110)2 / 76.615 = 157.93 W

- -


K

W

KE JF
WRT
I R1

+
E R2
-

R
3

KE JF

RT = R1 + R2 + R3
WN

RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + ---------------+ RN (5-1)

WIE JF
I = E / RT A (5-2)

KE
W

- -


V1 = I R1 , V2 = I R2 , V3 = I R3 , ----------, VN =I RN V (5-3)

F
WER1
P1 = V1 I1 = I12 R1 = V12 / R1 W (5-4)

W
Pdel = E I W
WN
Pdel = P1 + P2 + P3 +--------------+ PN (5-5)

K(Pdelivered)

WE JF
EFKEFWE JF
KR3R2R1V3V2V1
KR3R2R1EF
I
2
+
20 V 1
- 5


E JF
W
WE JFRTEF
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 = 2 + 1 + 5 = 8
I
I = E / RT = 20 / 8 = 2.5 A
- -


WR3R2R1V3V2V1EF
V1 = I R1 = (2.5) (2) = 5 V
V2 = I R2 = (2.5) (1) = 2.5 V
V3 = I R3 = (2.5) (5) = 12.5 V
WR3R2R1EF
P1 =I12 R1 = (2.5)2 (2) = 12.5 W
P2 = V2 I2 = (2.5) (2.5) = 6.25 W
P3 = V32 / R3 = (12.5)2 / 5 = 31.25 W
W
Pdel = E I = (20) ( 2.5) = 50 W

P1 + P2 + P3 = 12.5 + 6.25 + 31.25 = 50 W = Pdel
WRN
RT = N R ( 5-6 )
WE JF
KE JFV2IRT
W

E JF
WR1 = R3 = R4
RT = N R1 + R2 = (3) (7) + 4 = 25
I = E / RT = 50 / 25 = 2 A
V2 = I R2 = (2) (4) = 8 V

- -


WE JF
IRTE JF
KER1
W

E JF
RT = R1 + R2 + R3
12 = R1 + 4 + 6
R1 = 12 10 = 2 k
E = I RT = ( 6 ) (10-3) ( 12 ) (103) = 72 V
W

E F
WE JFKEF
ET = E2 + E3 - E1 = 9 + 3 4 = 8 V

E JF

- -


EKirchhoffs Voltage LawFW

W
K
K
E JF
K
KEF

E JF


W
-I1 R1 E1 + E4 +I4 R4 + E3 + I3 R3 E2 + I2 R2 = 0

-I2 R2 + E2 -I3 R3 - E3 I4 R4 E4 + E1 + I1 R1 = 0

- -


WE JF
KE JFV3


W

E JF

a
W
E V1 V2 V3 = 0

V3 = E V1 V2 = 10 5 2 = 3 V
WE JF
IV2E JF
KR3R1
W

E JF
- -


EF
-E + V3 + V2 + V1 = 0

V2 = E V1 - V3 = 54 18 15 = 21 V
I = V2 / R2 = 21 / 7 = 3 A
R1 = V1 / I = 18 / 3 = 6
R3 = V3 / I = 15 / 3 = 5
WE JF
7IE JF
K7
W

12.5 VE JFK
K4
R T = 4 + 4 + 7 = 15
I = E / R T = (50-12.5) / 15 = 37.5 / 15 = 2.5 A
V7 = I R = (2.5) (7) = 17.5 V
P7 = I2 R = (2.5)2 (7) = 43.75 W

E JF

E JF

- -


EVoltage Divider RuleFW

K
WE JF
RT = R1 + R2
WRT
I = E / RT
V1 = I R1 = (E / RT ) R1 = (R1 E/ RT )
V2 = I R2 = (E / RT ) R2 = (R2 E/ RT )
W
Vx = (Rx E/ RT ) (5-7)
EV1, V2, V3FER1, R2, R3Fx
R66
V6 = (R6E/RT)V6

E JF
WE JF
KE JFV3V1
W

- -


E JF
WV3V1
V1 = (R1 E/ RT ) = (2 103) (45) / ( 2 + 5 + 8 ) 103
= 90 / 15 = 6 V
V3 = (R 3 E/ RT ) = (8 103) (45) / ( 2 + 5 + 8 ) 103
= 360 / 15 = 24 V

- -


K
K
W


K
WGTG
GT = G1 + G2 + G3 + --------- GN (6-1)
W(R = 1 / G )REFG
1 / RT = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3 + ---------+ 1 / RN (6-2)
KE JFRT

KE JF
WE JF
KGTRTE JF

- -


E JFF

1 / RT = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3
= 1 / 2 + 1 /4 + 1 / 5 = 0.95 S
RT = 1 / 0.95 = 1.053
GT = 0.95 S
W

RN
W
1 / RT = 1 / R + 1 / R + 1 / R + ---------+ 1 / R = N ( 1 / R )
RT
RT = R / N
WGNGT
GT = N G
WE JF
KRTE JF
W

E JF
WRTE JF
RT = R / N = 2 / 4 = 0.5
- -


W
RTR2R1K
1/ RT = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 = (R1 + R2 ) / R1 R2

RT = R1 R2 / ( R1 + R2 ) (6-3)
WRTR3R2 R1 K
RT = R1 R2 R3 / ( R1 R2 + R1 R3 + R2 R3 ) (6-4)

WE JF
KE6-3FE JF RT
W

E JF
WRTE6-3F
RT = R1 R2 / ( R1 + R2 ) = (2) (4) /( 2 + 4 ) = 1.3333
WE JF
KE6-4FE JF
W
WE JFRTE6-4F

E JF
RT = R1 R2 R3 / ( R1 R2 + R1 R3 + R2 R3 )
= (2) (4) (5) / [(2) (4) + (2) (5) + (4) (5)] = 40 / 38 = 1.053
- -


WE JF
R2 = 2 R1E JFR3R2R1
KRT = 16 k R3 = 2 R2

W

E JF
WE JF
1 / RT = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3
R2R3 = 2 R2 =2 ( 2 R1 ) = 4 R1R2 = 2 R1
WRTR3
1 / 16 = (1 / R1 )+ (1 / 2R1 ) + (1 / 4R1 ) = 1.75 ( 1 / R1 )
R1
R1 = 1.75 (16) = 28
WR3R2
R2 = 2 R1 = 2 (28) = 56 , R3 = 4 R1 = 4(28) = 112

WE JF
WE JF
KI2I1IS RTEF
KEFEF

- -


E JF
WI2I1IsRT EF
RT = R1 R2 / ( R1 + R2 ) = (9) (18) /( 9 + 18 ) = 162 / 27 = 6
IS = E / RT = 27 / 6 = 4.5 A
I1 = V1 / R1 = E / R1 = 27 / 9 = 3 A
I2 = V2 / R2 = E / R2 = 27 / 18 = 1.5 A
K4.5 = 3 + 1.5IS = I1 + I2
WEFEF
P1 = V1 I1 = E I1 = (27) (3) = 81 W
P2 = V2 I2 = E I2 = (27) (1.5) = 40.5 W
PS = E IS = (27) (4.5) = 121.5 W
K 121.5 = 81+ 40.5PS = P1 + P2

WE JF
WE JF
KISER3EF
KP2R2I2EF
W

E JF

- -


WISER3EF

1 / RT = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3
1 / 4 = 1 / 10 + 1 / 20 + 1 /R3
0.25 = 0.1 + 0.05 + 1 / R3
0.25 = 0.15 + 1 / R3 , 1 / R3 = 0.1 , R3 = 10
E = V1 = I1 R1 = (4) ( 10) = 40 V
IT = E / RT = 40 / 4 = 10 A

WP2R2I2EF

I2 = V2 / R2 = E / RT = 40 / 20 = 2 A
P2 = I22 R2 = (2 )2 (20) =80 W
EKirchhoffs Current LawFW

K
WE JFK

I = I1 + I 2

KI2 I1 I

E JF

- -


WE JF
KKE JFI5I3
W

E JF
WI3
I3 = I1 + I2 = 4 + 3 = 7 A
I5
I3 = I4 + I5
7= 1 + I5
I5 = 7 1 = 6 A
W

RxIx
KE JF
V = Ix RxRxVI = V /RTI
WE JF

E JF
I = V / RT = Ix Rx /RT
- -


RT
I x = ( R T / Rx ) I (6-5)
I1K
W
I 1 = ( R T / R1 ) I
K E9 J7F
I2
I 2 = ( R T / R2 ) I

WRTE JF
RT = R1 R2 / ( R1 + R2 )
I1 = ( RT / R1 ) I = [( R1 R2 / ( R1 + R2 )) /R1] I
I1
I = I R2 / ( R1+ R2 )
1 ( 6-6 )

E JF
I2
I2 = I R1 / ( R1+ R2 ) ( 6-7)

WE JF
KE JFI1
W
RT1 = 24 /2 = 12
RT
RT = RT1 R1 / ( RT1 + R1 ) = (12) (6) / ( 12 + 6) = 72 / 18 = 4

- -


I1

E JF
I1 = ( RT / R1 ) I = ( 4 / 6 ) (42) = 28 mA
WE JF
KE JF I3I2I1
W

E JF
I1
I1 = [ R2 / ( R1+ R2 )] I = [ (4) / ( 2 + 4 ) ] (12) = 8 A
I2
I2 = [ R1 / ( R1+ R2 )] I = [ (2) / ( 2 + 4 ) ] (12) = 4 A
I2
I2 = I I1 = 12 8 = 4 A
I3
I3 = I1 + I2 = 8 + 4 = 12 A

R1I3
R2
I3 = I = 12 A

- -


WE JF
KE JFR1
W
I1E JF
I1 = [ R2 / ( R1+ R2 )] I

( R1+ R2 ) I1 = R2 I
R1 I1 + R2 I1 = R2 I

E JF

R1 I1 = R2 I - R2 I1 = R2 ( I I1 )
R1 = [R2 ( I I1 ) ] / I1
R1R2I1I
R1 =[R2 ( I I1 )] / I1 =[(7) ( 27 21 )] / (21) = (7) (6) / (21) = 2
W
I2
I2 = I I1 = 27 21 = 6 mA

WR1V1V2

V2 = I2 R2 = (6) (7) = 42 mV
V1 = I1 R1 = V2 = 42 mV
R1 = V1 / I1 = (42 mV) / (21 mA) = 2

- -


EOpen and Short CircuitsFW

aE JFK
KI = 0Vab = EWb

E JF

E JFK
R
V = I R = (I) (0) =0 V
RE JF
I = E / R = E / 0 A

E JF
WE JF
IE JFVI
KR2 V

- -


E JF
R2R1I
KR3
RT = R1 + R2 = 2 + 10 = 12
I = E / RT = 6 / 12 = 0.5 A
V= I R2 = (0.5) ( 10) = 5 V
RT=R1R2
IE JF

E JF
I = E / RT = E /R1 = 6 / 2 = 3 A
V
V = I R2 = (I ) (0) = 0 V

- -


W

E JF
WRT
R2

R1

R3

RT

E JF

RT = RS + RP
RP RS
WE JFK
RS = R1 , RP = ( R2 R3 ) / (R2 + R3 )
W
RT = RS + RP = R1 + ( R2 R3 ) / (R2 + R3 )

- -


WE JF
2 ab
KE JF10 V

1 2 I
a
+ I1 I2
V 6 12

-
b
KE JF

E JF
10
I 5A
2

6 12
RT 4
6 12
R T 1 2 4 7
V I R T 7 5 35 V

WE JF
KI2I16E JF
W
V6 V V2 V1 35 10 5 20V

20
I1 3.333 A
6
20 10
I2 A
12 6

- -


WE JF
230V110V60W
K110V
W
E JF
P = 4 x 60 = 240 W

I = P / V = 240 / 110 = 2.1818 A
R
VR = 230 110 = 120 V
R
R = VR / I = 120 / 2.1818 = 55

I R
+

230 V 110 V

-
E JF
WE JF
E J)E JFF
K

- -


W
I R
+

230 V 220 V

-
E J)

P 240
I 1.0909A
VL 220

VR 230 220 10V R I

R
10
R 9.167
1.0909

E Ploss 1202 / 55 261.82 W FE JFE I 2R F

KE Ploss 10 2 / 9.167 10.9W F
K

WE JF
E JFR
K300 W3

W
1 R I
+ +
90 V V3 3 6
-
-

E JF

- -


2
P3 V3 300W
3

V3 30V

I 3 V3
30
10A
3 3

V3 30
I 6 5A
6 6
V V
I 105 15A
1 R (63) /(63) 3 R

V 45 15R 90 V

90 45
R 3
15
WE JF
E JF
K

W

Ploss ( 30 2 / 6 ) ( 30 2 / 3 ) 3 15 2 1 15 2 1350 W

P = 15 x 90 = 1350 W
K

- -


WE JF
E JF15V
I I2
I1

+
15V
-
I4
I3

E JF

E JF
WI RTE JF

I

I1
I2
+
15V
-

E JF
(2) (6)
RT 1 1 (3 / 2 ) 5 / 2
2 6

I
V 15
I 6A
RT 5 / 2

- -


WE-F
E JFE JF2
W
EI=6AFE JF
E JF
I 2 2 /(2 6)6 1.5 A
W2

P 2 I 2 (2) (1.5) 2 4.5W

2 2

WE JF
E JFE JF
K
W

E JFE JF
I1 = 6 [ 6/ ( 2+6 ) ] = 4.5 A
E JFE JF
6
I3 ( 4.5) 3A
36
3
I4 ( 4.5) 1.5A
36
( I2 = 1.5 A)E JF
P = I2 R

P3 (3) 2 3 27 W P2 (1.5) 2 2 4.5W P1 (6) 2 1 36 W

P6 (1.5) 2 6 13.5W P4 (1.5) 2 4 9 W

WPT
PT = 36 + 4.5 + 27 + 9 + 13.5 = 90 W

- -


W
Pbattery = V I = 15 x 6 = 90 W = PT
KPbattery
W( Y F

Y
K T

Y
K
K
E JFY
N1 N3 Y
W

E JF
Y

(7-1)

- -


(7-2)

WE JF
34 , 12 , 1E JF R2 R1R3
KYKEE JF F
KRa, Rc, Rb

W
KE JF(7-1)

R3 [ ] R1 [ ] R2 [ ] Rb [ ]? Rc[ ]? Rc[ ]?
1 1 12 34 13.353 37.833 454
2 18.5 45.36 16.78 113.87 42.124 103.283
3 1264 2345 657 8121 2275 4221
4 0.354 1.216 18.402 1.593 24.113 82.829
5 87.5 132 220 272 453.333 683.886
6 13546 12868 66453 29078 147864 140463

E JF

- -


E JF
76 ,27 ,16E JF RB RCRA
KYKEE JFF
2, R1, R3
KR
KE JF(7-2)
W

RA [ ] RC [ ] RB [ ] R3 [ ]? R1 [ ]? R2 [ ]?
1 16 27 76 3.63 10.218 17.244
2 158 545 227 92.591 38.566 133.027
3 1320 725 38 459.434 24.081 13.226
4 0.76 1.45 3.12 0.206754 0.444878 0.84878
5 12000 45625 27210 6454 3849 14634

WE JF

KABKE JF

KE JF

- -


WE JFE JF
Rao = (9)(3) /(3+6+9) = 1.5

Rbo = (6)(3)/(3+6+9) = 1

Rco = (6)(9) /(3+6+9) = 3

E JF
WL

E JF

Rad = (1.5 + 4.5) (3+3)/(1.5 +4.5+3+3) = 3

Rab = Rbo +Rod = 1+ 3 = 4

- -


W

mm0.4m4K
1.72 10 8 . m 20C20C
20C1812%28K
20C
K 35
K20V4K

850WK
K120V8A

KEFK

EFEF

EF

EF K
KI

EF

- -


EF

WEFK

KEF

EF
KEF

EF

EF

EF

- -


KEFERK

EF
KREFK

EF
EFK

EF

EF
EF

- -


KEFK

EF

EF
EF
IS K
KEF

EF

EF
EF

- -


EF K
K

EF
KEFK

EF
WEFK
KVL J
KVL2.2 K J
KVL J

EF

- -


KEFK

EF
KEFK

EF
KEFK

EF

- -


KI1, I2, I3IEF J

()


KEF J

EF

- -