17 Performance of Steam Generator : re, eal Perhour is known as the evaporation rate. pee oper hour, or kilograms of steam per hour per pees Wee steam per hour per cubie metre of furnace ed as kilograms of steam per kilogram of fuel fired. Teally becomes misleading unless other information like the eee a Produced (wet, dry or super-heated with degree ind conditions of fuel, firing method and draught method of expressing the evaporation known as the equivalent ‘steam generating units has become popular. m and at 100°C © evaporation of 1 kg of water at 100°C to staam at 100°C. Also ‘corresponds to atmospheric pressure of 1.01325 bar. Therefore, of water from and at 100°C requires 2256.9 kJ = 2257 kd. the feed water temperature is not 100°C and the pressures heat required to evaporate 1 kilogram of water to form super-heated) at specified pressure from given conditions of from equivalent evaporation from and at 100°C. mption above feed water temperature for transformation to yy of evaporation at standard atmospheric pressure. d in kg per kg of fuel or kg of steam per hourof coal fired from feed wate, on, from and at 109°. ced is dry saturated, from the steam tables, Evaporation rate boiler has the iency. kS/kg ; at 20 bar alefficiency-667 a j ater = 4.1868, eye from and at 100°C in tion is writte Me = 2013.6 ky 'n down from steam tables. m, = (182.61 + 0.95 x 2013.6) - 4.1868 x 50 2257 x8 £2 of hoi i 4 Sete = explained on the basis ‘of any of the following terms a ‘essed as the ratio of the heat output to the heat i as the high calorific value ofthe fuel-dry or as fired por ke at fuel, absorbed by water and steam per kg of fuel fired. - rate. It is the rate of burning of fuel in kg per square metre of the grate space. It is the furnace volume in cubie metre per kg of fuel fired per btion. It is the equivalent evaporation from and at 100°C in kg of the ‘square metre of the heating surface. ed. It is the heat liberated per cubic metre of furnace volume per hour. these data ware made available only at rated or maximum loads for a tthe boilers as any other mechanical equipment, may operate over a range pacity, it isnot only desirable, but essential that its performance over a wide y may be determined and made available to be able to compare different fhe boiler to transfer heat liberated in the furnace, ‘does depend upon the performance of super- hoo lalla, ‘Thus boiler efficiency is the eof the capability oft ‘Thus, the boiler efficiet heaters, besides the furnace per its components. ney’ as used to describe t! ft ined efficiency o! io et "steam in the boiler per kg of fuel as, fir ne boiler performance is expressed as follows , furnace and grate is the ratio cee ed to the calorific ‘ficiency of the boiler, furnace and a fuels. The combined e! and gases 1s. The comb! kg or m® of fuel to eae Md steam in the boiler per ke to water and st heat transferred to wal ‘or m’ of the fuel.668. 17.4. Factors Influencing Boiler Efficiency ‘The factors on which the boiler efficiency mainly depends, mi distinct groups, i.e. (A) fixed factors, (B) variable factors. (A) Fixed factors @ Boiler design which includes the arrangement cst i surfaces, the shape and volume of the furnace, the arrangement 0° UUSS ay be classified in two jiveness of the heating the arrangement of steam and water circulation, ‘ 5 d Gi Built in losses which include the heat transfer properties of the settings an: construction materials, flue gas and ash heat losses. ; super-heater, air (iii) Heat recovery equipment which includes the economiser, preheaters and feed water heater. (iv) Properties and characteristics of fuel burnt. (v) Rated rate of firing, the furnace volume and heating surface. @) Variable factors (@ Fuel condition as it is fired. (i Change in draught from the rated, due to atmospheric conditions. (iii) Excess air fluctuations. (iv) The condition of the heat absorbing surfaces. (v) Actual firing rate. (vi) Humidity and temperature of the combustion air. (vii) Incomplete combustion and combustibles in the refuse. Boiler efficiency may be expressed in any one of the following methods : 7 __ Steam mass x (Steam heat - Feed water heat) =a) Miler weerheat) 100 (17.2) : Fuel mass x Heating value of fuel [here steam weight in kg and fuel weight in kg are the quantities for the same duration of the eee ee st ar see aamibelimportance of « is obvi uch curves is obvious. likely torun at paret™ pane fn he Fated output. If the boiler — , e time the performance curves curves for three pee tated output. Fig. 7.3 gives an. te i etve® Maximum efficiency at about “ aa ; ey at abou continuously ing att elficiency at about 95% of rated Too 3807085 RATED OUTPUT.*n. Fig. 17.3 obncenr oF karts cata Fig. 17.4 of conducting a test or a trialon an existing steam boileris to determine e eapacity of the boiler and also to compare the performance with the rate heat account of the energy input and output including various losses following data were obtained in a boiler trial : 680 kg/hr of feed water 2° 3" : 1Sbar re 7™ “sore 1 96 kg/hrwith calorific value = 26500 kel |kg coalinashpit : 4 kg/hr with calorific value = 2200 kJ /hg : 18kg/kg of coal supplied reat chimney : 300°C re pee heat of flue gases : 1.025kJ/hg°K evaporation from and at 100°C a i a si column if the height of the chimney is 50 m. in steam tables at 15 bar a 198.29°C, y= 844.66 Sieg, jg = 1940-2 klk 2789 9 kdikg and hiyyp at 300°C = 3038.9 kJ/kg.steam/kg of fuel heat in ashpit/kg of fuel 1 4 8 1 | 284273 17 * oe | cies aculate the heat absorbed by feed ‘bed.EE on + hig = 2013.6 ke eg 340.58 kd kg : bed in super-heator = 2943 ~ (762.61 4 0.95 2013.6) by one kg of food water = 267.47 deg = hj + 91 + G2 = 230, - 27 + 2340.58 +26; i 7.47 = 2838.32 a 32 kd kg eae absorbed in econ = 3896-39 <100= 8.113%, |in boik ~ 2340.58 Anois drum = Pepa aa * 100 = 8.404% 267.4" 2838.99 * 100 = 9.423, 1000 Beer eel fired w= 588 ky of lon per kg of aoa mal efficiency of the boiler is given by 9.938 x 2838.32 M000 = 0-779 oF 77.9%, the thermal efficiencies of two boilers having the following 14 bar 10kg 09 i BFC value of coal fired a 84x10 hel hg . 14bar Id kg 240°C penser heat value of oil a 6x IP kT hg feed water 4.1868 hi /kg °K. [pressure im produced |kg of oil fired ity of steam (Super-heated) ed by feed water per kg ; — Sensible heat in feed water supplied $09 x 1958 — 27 x 4.1868 = 2479.2 kd /kg of steam ‘k, cal x Heat in steam , 499 - 1ox2in? x 100 = 72.92% sting value of kg coal 34x10" bles at 14 bar and 240°C.Therefore, feed water per kg 3 ae Beis 1 eet cheat in feed water supplied = (2903 —27 x 4.1868) = 2609.924 kJ/kg of feed water. 14 x 2609.924 + L, ae Whermal = 45 x10" et oid at a pressure of 15 bar and is iler is at a P Be empeninc6nc ‘The boiler is oil fired and the calorific aa ieee ad? 10° ki hg. The ultimate analysis of the fuel is C—85%, Hy—15%. Determine (@) minimum weight of air © the gross calorific value of the fuel. (c) the overall efficiency of the boiler if Assume the latent heat of water vapour in is 4.1868 hd /hg °K. Solution. Oxygen required per kg of coal 0, =0.85 x 24 0.15 x 8 = 3.465 kg per kg of coal. required for complete combustion of the fuel ite steaming rate is 12.2 kg per kg of fuel fired. the flue gas at 2600 kJ/kg. C, for feed water Hence air required Sate = 15.05 kg per kg of coal. Vapour formed 0.15 = 1.35 kg per kg of coal. Heat given up to condensation .85 x 2500 = 3375 kd Henee higher ealorifie value of fuel = 47 x 10° + 3875 = 50,375 ke/kg of coal. From steam tables at 15 bar and 350°C hap = 3149 kJ/kg. (149 ~ 4.1868 x 65) x 12.2 2876.858 x 12. Ans ne an reEnSTS 12:2. 190 = 69.67%. Problem 17.8. If P, Q and R denote the volumetric percentages of CO,, CO and O, in the dry flue gas from a boiler using coal containing C per cent of earbon, show that the quantity of excess air per kg of coal burnt can be expressed in the form : CR P+Q obtain the value for numerical constant K. A boiler with economiser uses coal having th i F cs ing the following gravimetric composition : C = 84% ; Hy = 4.5% ; Op = 3.5% ; Moisture = 1% ; Ash = 7%. eas percentage volumetri itic etait ‘te composition aie flue gas when entering and leaving the Hence‘coal = | 2800+16P + 4R BPD 0+ 16P +4R the excess left after combustion and not in excess of is given by = | x { 2800+ 16P + 4k 12(P+Q) CxR ‘gas entering the economiser R= 11.4, Q=0.42 84 |i = 2 Bsr 100 kg of coal. +12 41.5 kg per 100 kg of coal. tering the economiser ‘AL5 = 2441.5 kg per 100 kg of coal. sg and suffix 2 denote leaving the economiser. ee a uis0xet| 75-37 | +O: P+ E pel 100 kg of coal. 0CO “OAR x84 _ 4.05 ke per 100 kg of coal a674 ‘ Heat i mbustion 220 ee incor (94000 10170) = oe : 23 ina kg of coal. = 965115 areltit caleulations of the heat loss due to incon, jmes monograms are Prel C : Sometimes mono kre gr is own im FE V7 combustion. “& 0,+¢0, pence 23 6 7800 Te 18 uT LOSS PERCENT 5 sas eget CORBLSTON HEH Fig. 17.5 in pipe. One boiler oper: x steam boiler feed the same steam matn pipe. sperates at 10 Sree ae cae of 240°C ; other borler operates at 10 bar but produces 0.9 ‘dry steam. Ifthe steaming rate of one is 2000 hg per hour and that of the other. ‘only 1600 kg per hour, determine the condition of steam in the main pipe. Solution. From steam tables, the enthalpy of steam is given as follows : At 10 bar and 240°C, hay = 2920.6 kd /kg ; and 10 bar, 0.9 dry h=hpt chp = 762.61 + 0.9 x 2013.6 = 2574.85 kJ/kg Hence total heat input to the main pipe per hour by boiler No. 1 = 2000 x 2920.6 = 5841200 kJ/kg. Similarly total heat input to the main pipe per hour by boiler No. 2 = 1500 x 2574.85 = 3862275 kJ/kg. ‘Thus total heat content per kg of steam in the common main pipe 5841200 + 8862275, = ~50004 1500 = 2772-4 kd kg, From steam table at 10 bar, hy = 2776.2 kJ/kg, Therefore, steam in the main pipe is approximately dry saturated. Exact quality is given by x = 2272-4 ~ 762.61 r a 2013.6 = 9-99811. follow efficiency and equivalent ev. d n temperat. i aa: |aporation from an ‘calorifi 200°C; feed agen ined during a trial : Steam pressure of ealorific value 33700 hI/kg. 14?® 38°C ; water evaporated 10 hs P” supplies steam to an engine in 1}: ‘supplied, determine | the Se the heat equivalent of brake work i$ ‘major heat losses which ee of the plant ? ()inthe engine.7s 68) x 10 337 evaporation from and ae 84 or 84% m, = 2990.6 ~ 38 x 4.1868 2257 % 10 = 12.545 ke/kg coal Mover = Heat in brake work man x10 ific value x 100 = 0x10 of coal 83700 = 9-089 or 8.9% (@) Incomplete combusti @) Radiation, steontent ofexhaust steam. (ii) Radiation, 17.11. The gravimetric : The volumetric unciyeiecPeis ons i belle i: C899 ; zB; Or 7.67% 5 Na 80. tn 3 aseous products of combustion ia: CO tem; i 1gas temperature and the air temperature are 220°C and 26°C respectively. ie total quantity of air supplied per hg of coal. Partial pressure of the steam in hot flue gas, if the pressure of the flue is heat carried away by the moist flue gas per kg of coal fired, including that due MasPofdry fine gas is 0.963 hi] 23.1% of O» by mass. Calorific hg °K and of super-heated steam is 2.05 ke /ke value for 1 kg of coal burning form CO to COz . By tabular method, we get Volumetric | Molecular mass | Proportional Carbon content | Carbon content analysis A B marC=AxB | constituentD | E=CxD 0.1050 44 4.62 12/44 126 0.013 28 0.364 12/28 0.156 0.0767 32 2.46 ay 0.8053 28 22.55 - ‘ZA = 1.00 ‘DC = 29.994 TE = 1416 29,994 29.994 » 0,83 = 17.6 kg. rary flue gas per ke of 4] = "1416 x08 kg. ; d due to combustion ™y = Ses 9 cv ao of coal. 54 = . por lg of coal fired = 174 "" 7.2 kg per of coal. Ee An (10.06) since ach = 0.08 KEKE