= ; — : Bungale S. Taranath Bie emioe: | i =e i ye Ese || oe i Structural Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings NAT CODE COUNCIL »CRC Prose Taylor & Francis Group ‘(U0 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Sule 300 L 3M87-2742 012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press isan imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original US, Government works. ‘Version Date, 20110708 International Standard Book Nuruber-13:978-1-4398:5090-9 (ebook: PDE) ‘This book contains information ablained from authe lc and highly regarded sources. Reasonable elforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials fr the consequences oftheir use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders ofall material repro ‘ducod in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. Ifany copyright material has not been acknowledged please waite and let ws hnowso we may cecil in any future reprint, Exceptas permitted under U.S. Copyright Law,no partol thisbook may be reprinted, ceproduced, transmitted, or uilized inany form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, orn any’ information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers Forpermission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (httys//wwwicopy right.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 22 Rosewood Deive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC isanot-tor-protitorganization that provides licenses and registration fora variety of users. or organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separatesystem of payment has been arranged. ‘Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks oF registered trademarks, and are used only for iéentifiea- tion and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at Ittp://ewwtaylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at httpei/wewwcerepress.comContents List of Figures List of Tubles.. Foreword ICC Foreword... Pretace. Acknowledgments Special Acknowledgment Author . cn pter 1 Lateral Load Resisting Systemts for Steel Buildings Preview 11 Rigid Frames Frames with Partially Rigid Connections... Review of Connection Behavior. 1.12.1 Connection Classification 1.1.2.2. Connection Strength 1.1.2.3. Connection Duciility 1.1.2.4 Structural Analysis and Design... 1.1.3 Beam Line Concept. - 1.2. Frames with Fully Restrained Connections 1.2.1 Special Moment Frame, Historic Perspective 13 1.2.1.1 Detection Characteristics. Cantilever Bending Component Shear Racking Component Methods of Analysis. Drift Calculations ‘Truss Moment Frames. wentric Braced Frames. | Behavior fi 2 Types of Concentric Braces. 1 1 ‘on nttic Braced Frames. Behavior Deflection Characteristics Seismie Design Considerations 1.43.1 Link Beam Design 1.4.3.2 Link-to-Column Connections. 1.4.3.3. Diagonal Brace and Beam outs 1.43.4 Link Stiffness 1.4.3.5 Columns 1.4.3.6 Schematic Details 1.5. Buckling-Restrained Brace Frame... 1.6 Steel Plate Shear Wall 1.6.1 Low-Seismic Design 1.6.2 High-Seismic Design 1.6.2.1 Behavior. 8 1.6.2.2. AISC 341-05 Requirements for Special Plate Shear Wall ....33 BERG ceprrercccc *Chapter 2 Contents 1.6.2.3 Modeling for Analysis 33 16.2.4 Sonaclty Design Methods... 1.7 Staggered Truss 7 LT. Behavior 1.72. Design Considerations 1.7.2.1 Floor Systems 1.72.2 Column: 17.2.3 Trusses 1.7.3 Seismic Design of Staggered Truss System... 1.7.3.1. Response of Staggered Truss System to Seismic Loads.....3! 1.8 Interacting System of Braced and Rigid Frames L8.1 Behavior 1.9 Core and Outrigger Syste 1.9.1 Behavior 1.9.1.1 Outrigger Located at Top eo 19.2 Outrigger Located at Three-Quat 1.9.1.3 Outrigger at Mid-Height 1.9.1.4 Qutriggers at Quarter-Height from Bottom 1.9.2. Optimum Location of a Single Outrigger 1.9.2.1 Analysis Outline 1.9.2.2 Detail Analysis 1.9.2.3. Computer Analysis 1.9.2.4 Conclusions 1.9.3. Optimum Locations of Two Oatriggers 1.9.3.1 Recommendations for Optimum Locations 1.94 Vulnerability of Core and Outrigger System to Progressive Collapse. 1.9.5 Offset Outriggers 1.9.6 Example Projects 1.10 Frame Tube Systems. 1.10.1, Bekavior 1.10.2 Shear Lag 1.11 rregular Tube.. 1.12. Trussed Tube. 1.13 Bundled Tab 1.13.1 Behavior 1.14 Ultimate High-Efficiency Systems for Ulera Tall Buildings er Height from Bouon.....49 Lateral Load-Resisting Systems for Composite Buildings Preview 1 2.1 Composite Members 2.1.1 Composite Slabs 1.2 Composite Girders. 1.3 Composite Columns 1.4 Composite Diagonals 2.1.5 Composite Shear Walls Composite Subsystems 2.2.1 Composite Moment Frames 87 2.2.1.1 Ordinary Moment Frames 2.2.1.2 Special Moment FramesContents Chapter 3 xi Composite Braced Frames Composite Eccentiieally Braced Frames Composite Construction ‘Temporary Bracing. miposite Building Systems. Reinforved Concrete Core with Steel Surround Shear Wall-Frame Interacting Sysems Composite Tube Systems. Vertically Mixed Systems... 100 5 Mega Frames with Super Columns 2102 3.6 High-Efficiency Structure: Structural Concept, 102 24 Seismic Design of Composite Buildings 104 Gravity Systems for Steel Buildings 105 Proview scenrsuseenamrmmrcnas neni sone 105 3.1 General Considerations... oo 10S 3.1.1 Steel and Cast Iron: Historical Perspective 105 3.1.1.1 Chronology of Sice! Building: es 106 3.1.1.2 1920 through 1950 107 3.1.1.3 1950 through 1970 log 3.1.14 19700 Present. 108 3.1.2 Gravity Loads. i 109 3.1.3 Design Load Combinations : - ‘ 2110 3.14 Required Strength. sien . 110 3.1.5 Limit States 110 3.1.6 Design for Strength Using Load and Resistance Factor Design... 111 3.1.7 Serviceability Concerns... ol 3.1.8 Deflections 212 3.2 Design of Members Subject to Compression 113 3.2.1 Buckling of Columns, Fundamentals. M3 3.2.1.1 Euler's Formula. . 1d 3.2.12. Energy Method of Calculating Criti 116 Beliavior of Compression Members 17 3.2.2.1 Element Instability 110 2.3. Limits on Slenderness Ratio, KL /rscssssnctsmesnetsstessneee ae ND 3.2.4 Column Curves: Compressive Strength of Members without Slender Elemeat 2 19 3.2.5 Columns with Slender Unstiffened Elements: Yield Stress Reduction Factor, Q. 121 3.2.6 Design Examples: Compression Members 3.26.1 Wide Flange Column, Design Example 3.2.6.2. HSS Column, Design Example. 3.3 Design of Members Subject to Bending 3.3.1 Compact, Noneompact, and Slender Sections. Flewural Design of Doubly Symmetrie Compact I-Shaped Members and Channels Bent about Their Major Axis. 3.3.3 Design Examples, Members Subject to Bending and 3.33.1 General Comments 3.33.2. Simple-Span Beam, Braved Top Flange. 3.33.3 Simple-Span Beam, Unbraced Top Flange.xii Chapter 4 35 3.6 37 39 Gravity 8; Contents Tension Members 34.1 Design Examples o 34d Plate in Tension, Bolted Connection. 3.4.1.2 _ Plate in Tension, Welded Connection 3.4.1.3 Double-Angle Hanger... 3.4.1.4 Bottom Chord of a Long-Span Truss. 3.4.1.5 Pin-Connected Tension Member...... 3.4.1.6 Byebar Tension Member Design for Shear, Additional Comments. 5.1 Transverse Stiffeners 3.5. ‘Tension Field Action Design of Members for Combined Forces and, TTorsion (in Other Words, Members Subjected to Torture) Design for Stability, 3.7.1 Behavior of Beam Colum: 3.7.2. Buckling of Columns 3.7.3. Second-Order Effects. 3.7.4 Deformation of the Structure 3.7.5 Residual Stresses 3.7.6 Notional Load. 3.7.7 Geomeirie Imperfections 2.7.8 Leaning Columns AISC 360-10 Stability Provisions... 3.8.1 Second-Order Analysis 3.8.2 Reduced Stiffness in the Analysis, Application of Notional Loads Member Strength Checks Step-by-Step Procedure for Direct Analysis Method Understanding How Commercial Software Works..... mis for Composite Buildings 167 Preview 4.1 Composite Metal Deck 4.1.1 SDI Specifications 4.2 Coniposite Beams. 4.2.1 AISC Design Criteria: Composite Beams with Metal Deck and Conerete Topping 42d] AISC Requirements, General Comments 4.2.1.2 Effective Width. 4.2.1.3 Positive Flexural Strength. 4.2.1.4 Negative Flexural Strength 4.2.1.5 Shear Connectors. 4.2.1.6 Deflection Considerations. 4.2.1.7 Design Outline for Composite Be: 4.3 Composite Joists and Trusse 4.3.1 Composite Joist 4.3.2 Composite Trusse: 4.4 Other Types of Composite Floor Construction 4.5 Continuous Composite Beams ... 4.6 Nonprismatic Composite Beams and GirdersContents 47 48 49 Chapter 5 Wind Loads Moment-Connected Composite Haunch Girders Composite Stub Girders 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 Composite Columns 49.1 4.9.2 4.0.3 494 49.5 Design Considerations Variation of Wind Velocity with Height (Velocit Probabilistic Approach Vortex Shedding ASCE 7-05 Wind Load Provisions... Preview 5.1 5.2 33 34 55 5.5.1 354 5.5.5 5.5.6 56 Behavior and Analysis. Stub Girder Design Example. Moment-Connected Stab Gitder Strengthening of Stub Girder Behavior AISC Design Criteria, Encased Composite Columns 4.9.2.1 Limitation 4.9.2.2. Compressive Strength 4.9.2.3. Tensile Stength 4.9.2.4 Shear Strength .. 4.9.2.5 Load Transfer. 4.9.2.6 Detailing Requirements. 4.92.7. Sirength of Stud Shear Connectors. AISC Design Criteria for Filled Composite Columns 4.9.3.1 Limitations. 4.9.3.2 Compressive Strength 4.9.3.3 Tensile Strength 4.9.34 Shear Suengih 4.93.5 Load Transfer. Summary of Composite Design Column 4.9.4.1 “Nominal Strength of Composite Sections 4.9.4.2 Encased Composite Columns 4.9.4.3 Filled Composite Columns... Combined Axial Force and Flexute Proiile). Analytical Procedure: Method 2, Overview .. Analytical Method: Step-by-Step Procedure Wind Speed-Up over Hills and Escarpments: K,, Factor Gust Effect Factor 5.54.1 Gust Effect Factor G for Rigid Structure: Simplified Method 5.54.2 Gust Effect Factor G for Rigid Structure Improved Method : 5.54.3 Gust Effect Factor G; for Flexible or Dynamically Sensitive Buildings a Along-Wind Displacement and Acceteration . Summary of ASCE 7-05 Wind Provision: Wind-Tunnel Tests 5.6.1 ‘Types of Wind-Tunnel Tes Option for Wind-Tunnel Testing, ALESSxiv Chapter 6 Contents 5.6.3 Lower Limits on Wind-Tunnel Test Results 238 5.6.3.1 Lower Limit on Pressures for Main Wind-Force Resisting System... 5.63.2 Lower Limit on Pressures for Components and Cladding 5.7 Building Drift. 3.8 Human Response to Wind-Induced Building Motions 5.9 Structumal Properties Required for Wind-Tunnel Data Analysis. Natural Frequencies Mode Shapes Mass Distribution. Damping Ratio Miscellaneous Information 5.1) Period Determination for Wind Design 5.11 ASCE 7-10 Wind Load Provisions... 5.11.1 New Wind Speed Maps 5.11.2 Return of Exposure D 5.11.3. Wind-Borne Debris Seismic Design.. Preview 6.1 Structural Dynamics. 6.1.1 Dynamic Loads... 6.la1 Concept of Dynamic Load Factor 6.1.1.2 Difference hetween Static and Dynamic A 6.1.1.3 Dynamic Effects due to Wind Gusts Characteristics of a Dynamic Problem Muttiple Strategy of Seismic Design 6.13.1 Example of Porial Frame Subject to Ground Motions Concept of Dynamie Equilibrium, Free Vibrations Earthquake Excitation 6.1.6.1 Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems. 6.1.6.2 Numerical Integration, Design Example 6.1.6.3 Numerical Integration: A Summary... 6.1.64 Summary of Structural Dynamics. 6.1.7 Response Spectrum Method. 6.1.7.1 Earthquake Response Spectrum. 6.1.7.2 Deformation Response Spectrum 6.1.7.3 Pseudo-Velocity Response Specirum 6.1.7.4 Pseudo-Acceleration Response Spectrum 6.1.7.5 Tripartite Response Spectrum: Combined Displacement-Velocity-Acceleration Spectrum . 6.1.7.6 Characteristics of Response Spectrum 6.1.7.7 Difference between Design and Actual Response Spectra: . 6.1.7.8 Summary of Response Spectrum Analysis 282 6.1.8 Hysteresis Loopaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Contents Chapter 8 xvii 7.25.3. Composite Special Moment Frames. 397 7.2.5.4 Composite Partially Restrained Moment Frames 399 7.25.5 Composite Ordinary Braced Frames 399 7.25.6 Composite Special Concentrically Braced Frames ...u.400 7.25.7 Composite Eccentrically Braced Frames 7.25.8 Composite Ordinary Reinforced Conerete Shear Walls with Sieel Eleme Composite Special Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls with Steel Elements . 7.25.10 Composite Steel Plate Shear Walls.. 7.3. Prequalified Seismic Moment Connection 7.4 List of Significant Technical Provisions of AISC 44 7.5 Additional Comments on Seismic Design of Steel Bi 7.5.1 Concentric Braced Frames.. 05/10 ings Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Steel Buildings Preview 8.1 Social Issues in Seismie Rehabilitation, 8.2. General Steps in Seismic Rehabilitation 8.2.1 Initial Considerations 8.2.2 Rehabilitation Objective 8.2.2.1 Performance Levels 8.22.2 Seismic Hazard... 3.22.3 Selecting a Rehabilitation Odje 8.2.2.4 Rehabilitation Method 8.22.5 Rehabilitation Strategy Analysis Procedures a Verification of Rehabilitation Design... Nonstructural Risk Mitigation 8.25.1 Disabled Access Improvements 417 8.25.2 Hazardous Material Removal 8.25.3. Design, Testing and Inspection, and Management Fees. - 8.254 Historic Preservation Costs . : 8.3. Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings ASCE/SE! 8.3.1 Overview of Performance Levels 8.3.2 Permitted Design Methods 8.3.3 Systematic Rehabilitation 8.33.1 Determination of Seismic Ground Motions 8.33.2 Determination of As-Built Conditions 8.33.3 _ Primary and Secondary Components... 8.33.4 Setting Up Analytical Model and Determination of Design Forees 833.5 Combined Gravity and Seismie Demand 8.3.3.6 Component Capacities Op, cy and Design Actions 8.3.3.7 Capacity versus Demand Comparisons 8.3.3.8 Development of Seismic Strengthening Strategies. Standard 41-06. 8.34 ASCE/SEL41-06: Design Example 8.3.5 SummaryContents Special Topics Preview 9.1 Architectural Review of Tall Buildings 9.2 Evolution of High-Rise Architecture. 9.3 Tall Buildings 9.3.1 World Trade Center Towers, New York 9.3.2 Empire State Building, New York 9.3.3 Bank One Center, Indianapolis, Indiana’ 9.34 MTA Headquarters, Los Angeles, California 9.3.5 AT&T Building, New York City, New York. 9.3.6 Miglin-Beitler Tower, Chicago, Illinois 9.3.7 One Detroit Center, Detroit, Michigan 9.3.8 Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai, China 9.3.9 Petronas Towers, Malaysia... 9.3.10 One-Ninely-One Peachtree. Atlanta, Georgia. 9.3.11 Nations Bank Plaza, Atlanta, Georgia.. 9.3.12 U.S. Bank Tower First Interstate World Center, Library Square, Los Angeles, California 9.3.13. 21st Century Tower, China. 9.3.14 ‘Torre Mayor Office Building, Mexico City. 9.3.15 Fox Plaza, Los Angeles, California. 9.3.16 Figueroa at Wilshire, Los Angeles, California .. California Plaza, Los Angeles, Califor 9.3.18 Citicorp Tower, Los Angeles. California . 9.3.19 Taipei Financial Center, Taiwan. 9.3.20. Caja Madrid Tower, Spain... Federation Tower, Moscow, Russia Tower A The New York Times Building, New York Pacific First Center, Seattle, Washington Gate Way Center ‘Two Union Square, Seattle, Washington InterFirst Plaza, Dallas, Texas. Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong, Bank of Southwest Tower, Howston, Texas First City Tower, Houston, Texas America Tower, Houston, Texas. The Bow Tower, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Shard Tower. London, United Kingdom Hearst Tower, New York .. Standard Oil of Indiana Building, Chie: ‘The Renaissance Project, San Di Tokyo City Hall, Tower 1, Japan Bell Atlantic Tower, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Norwest Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota... 9.3.89 First Bank Place, Minneapolis, Minnesota. 9.3.40. Allied Bank Tower, Dall 9.3.41 Future of Tall Buildings... 9.4 Building Motion Perception 9.5 Structural Damping 0, Illinois, California Texas.Contents xix 9.6 Performance-Based Design 9.6.1 Alternative Design Criteria: 2008 LATBSDC..... 529 9.6.2. Recommended Administrative Bulletin on the Seismic Design and Review of Tall Buildings Using Nonpreseriptive Procedures AB-083. 3. Pushover Analysi 4 Concluding Remarks 9.7 Preliminary Analysis Techniques 9.7.1 Portal Method. Cantilever Method Design Examples: Portal and Cantilever Methods, Framed Tubes Vierendeel Truss... Preliminary Wind Loads Preliminary Seismic Loads 9.77.1 Building Height, 1, = 160 [.. 9.77.2 Buildings Taller than 16) ft 9.7.8 Differential Shortening of Columns 9.78.1 Simplified Method of Caleulating A., Axial Shortening of Columns 9.78.2 Derivation of Simplified Expression for A, 9.78.3 Column Length Corrections, A, 9.78.4 Column Shortening Verification during Construction 9.7.9 Unit Weight of Structural Steel for Preliminary Estimate. 9.79.1 Concept of Premium for Height spter 10 Connection Details... Preview References. onCopyrighted materialList of Figures FIGURE 1.1 FIGURE 1.2 FIGURE 1.3, FIGURE 1.4 FIGURE 1.5 FIGURE 1.6 FIGURE 1.7 FIGURE 1.8 FIGURE 1.9 FIGURE 1.10 FIGURE 1.11 FIGURE 1.12 FIGURE 1.13 FIGURE 1.14 FIGURE 1.15 FIGURE 1.16 FIGURE 1.17 FIGURE 1.18 Multistory rigid frame. Beam-to-column rigid connection: (a) beam-to-column flange; (b) beam-to-column web, Beam-to-column semirigid connection: (a) elevation; (b) pkan Beam-column subassemblage. H, floor to floor height; L, beam span: 4 fa) Beam and column subassemblage restrained against sway. A.. Slightest deviation of column from a straight configuration may have substantial effect on column stresses. When column reaches the critical load, the bending of column becomes a characteristic sudden buckling mode. (b) Beam and column subassemblage unrestrained against sway lateral deflection (4,) causes additional moments in the subassemblage. (¢) Portal method of lateral load analysis: Horizontal shear distribution in rigid frames of equal bays. (d) Cantilever method of lateral load analysis: Gitders are columns are assumed to be assumed infinitely rigid, and axial forees io proportional to their distance from the frame centroid. 5 Moment-rotation M—O curves for PR connection: Classification of mement-rotation response of FR, PR, and simple connections. ..8 Beam-to-colunin field-bolted shear connection. (a) Elevation, (b) plan... Unstiffened seated beam connection... Beam line concept: Moment-rotation (M-9) curves. 0 (a) Response of rigid frame to lateral loads. (b) Flexural deformations of beams and columns. (¢) Typical early built-up and rivetted connection. (d) Rivetted, unstifed seat angle connection. (e) Pre-Northridge moment connection (1970-1994, welded unreinforced flange-bolted web (WUF-B) moment connection. Cantilever bending of rigid frame... Shear racking of rigid frame. ¥ 15 Special truss moment frame. 16 Braced frame deformation: (a) flexural deformation; (b) shear deformatio (©) combined configuration . es 18 Load path for horizontal shear through web numbers: (a) single diagonal bracing; (b) X-bracing; (c) chevron bracing; (d) single-diagonal alternate direction bracing: (e) knee bracing. Gravity load path in braced frames: (a) single diagonal single direction bracing: (b) X-bracing: (¢) single diagonal alternate direction bracing: (d) chevron bracing, Bracing configurations. z ee 0aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.saxiv FIGURE 1.63 FIGURE 1.64 FIGURE 1.65 FIGURE 1.66 FIGURE 1.67 FIGURE 1.68 FIGURE 1.69 FIGURE 1.70 FIGURE 1.71 FIGURE 1.72 FIGURE 1.73 FIGURE 1.74 FIGURE 1.75 FIGURE 1.76 FIGURE 1.77 FIGURE 2.1 FIGURE 2.2 FIGURE 2.3 FIGURE 2.4 FIGURE 2.5 FIGURE 2.6 FIGURE 2.7 FIGURE 2.8 FIGURE 2.9 FIGURE 2.10 FIGURE 2.11 FIGURE 2.12 List of Figures First Wisconsin Center, Milwaukee. .. One Houston Center, Houston, Texas... Framed tube: (a) schematic plan: (b) isometric view. Axial stress distribution in a square hollow tube with ind without shear lag......67 Axial stress distribution in tube structures neglecting shear lag effects a) rectangular tube; (b) triangular tube; (c} circular tube. 68 Free-form tubular configurations. «00 = ae s 69 Shear lag effects in tube structures: (a) cantilever tube subjected to lateral loads; (b) shear stress distribution; (c) distortion of flange element caused by shear stress. 0 Axial stress distribution 10 Shear lag in framed tube. n oft 1 tubes: (a) semicircular tube; (b) rectangular tube with semicircular sides. ..72 Tube building with closely spaced diagonal columns. zs wel (a) Tube building with multilevel di super diagonals. nal bracing; (b) rotating tube with Bundled tubes. Bundled tuhe behavior, B Structural concept for ultrachi Composite beam with formed metal deck: (a) schematic view; (b) section A. ...80 Note: Bond. nerete- n consideratio: year transfer. (b) fa) Conerete encased composite column; desi and adhesion must be ignored in calculating filled composite pipe column, Japanese composite construction details: (a) beam column intersection; (b and c) composite column with welded ties; (d) general view. 3 Bank of China, structural schematics: (a) elevation; (be) plans; () photograph. 84 Reinforced concrete infill in steel frame: (a) elevation; (b) plan. Composite steel plate shear walls: (a) plan; (b) section; (@) and (@) shear wall with single plate; (e) steel plate on both Faces of wall; (P) and (g) concrete wall with steel boundary elements, Composite shear wall with steel link heams: (a) plan; (b) elevation. 87 Moment transfer between steel link beam and concrete wall. 87 Composite moment frame. s.r nee 8B Spandrel beam-to-composite column connection: (a) plan; (b) ele ion, Seismie tie-arrangement in composite columns: (a) rectangular column; (b) circular column Encased composite column; shear de parameters.List of Figures FIGURE 2.13, FIGURE 2.14 FIGURE 2.15, FIGURE 2.16 FIGURE 2.17 FIGURE 2.18 FIGURE 2.19 FIGURE 2.20 FIGURE 2.21 FIGURE 2.22 FIGURE 2.23 FIGURE 2,24 FIGURE 2.25, FIGURE 2.26 FIGURE 3.1 FIGURE 3.2 FIGURE 3.3 FIGURE 3.4 FIGURE 3.5 FIGURE 3.6 xxv Composite concentrically braced frames: (@) V-bracing; (b) inverted V-bracing; (¢) X-bracing; (¢) diagonal bracing: (e) two-story X-bracing, (f) zipper column with inverted V-bracing, Composite concentric braced frame: Connection schematics: {) elevation 92 Examples of composite eccentricully braced frames. Schematic details of link beam: (a) link at center of beam, (b) link adjacent ‘o column, i c i a a ei oO General construction sequence in composite structures, Typical floor plan, building with central core and steel surround. Core supported composite building: (a) concrete care; (b) core with steel surround. .. os i” es 197 Beam-to-shear wall connection: (A) embedded plate detail; (a) elevation; (b) plan; (B) pocket deta Typical floor plan showing interacting shear walls and moment frames 99 Composite tube building with conerete spandrels: (a) oor plan; (b) section at spandrel; (c) photograph of composite column and concrete spandrel. 100 Composite tube building with steel spandrels: (a) floor plan; (b) sec at spandrel; (c) photograph of composite column and steel spandrel.. 101 Vertically mixed system: Schematic perimeter framing. 101 Vertically mixed system: Schematic bracing: 102 Structural concept for a super tall building: (a plans (6) schematic elevation: (¢) interior schematies of mega module: (d) exterior sche: of mega module... Buckling of columns: (a) cantilever column; (bj bending of cantilever column; (c) column with hinged ends; (d) column with built-in (or fixed) ends.... 4 116 Buckling of cantilever column; energy method. Euler stress P../A, versus KL/r 1g Local buckling of steel sections, Notes: Steel section subjected to compression from direct forces or flexure may he classified as compact. noncompact, or slender-element sections. For a section (such as an Tor a box section) to qualify as compact, the flanges must be continuously connected to the web of webs and the wicth-thickness ratios of compression elemients must not exceed a certain limiting width-thickness ratio, 7. If the width—thickness ratio of any compression element exceeds ¥,, but does not exceed the limit, the section is termed noncompact. Further, if the width-thickness ratio of any elements exceed 7,, the section is referred to ay slender-element compression section. Values of hy and’, for numerous cases are given in Table B4.1 and ATSC specifications 2008 120 Stress redu ion factor Q versus slenderness.. Stress reduction factor Q versus 21, for rolled shapes.savi FIGURE 3.7 FIGURE 3.8 FIGURE 3.9 FIGURE 3.10 FIGURE 3.11 FIGURE 3.12 FIGURE 3.13 FIGURE 3.14 FIGURE 3.15, FIGURE 3.16 FIGURE 3.17 FIGURE 3.18 FIGURE 3.19 FIGURE 3.20 FIGURE 3.21 FIGURE 3.22 FIGURE 3.23, FIGURE 3.24 FIGURE 3.25, FIGURE 3.26 List of Figures Examples of built-up columns... (a) Axial compression strength of selected WI4 columns. (b) Axial compression strength of selected W12 columns. Axial compression strength of selected HSS 7x 7 and Hi 6x 6 columns... Lateral torsional buckling of beams: (a) continuous bear with a uniformly distributed load; (b) bending moment diagram showing positive bending regions; (¢) point of contraflexure, 128 Lateral buckling of beams: (a) continuous beam, uniformly distributed load; (b) bending moment diagram; (c) portion of positive bending region; @) lateral-torsional buckling of I beam 129 Concept of L,, Length between points that are either braced against lateral displacement of compression flange or braced against twist of the cross section: (4) lateral restraints limit effective length of compression flange; (b) effective lateral restraint must prevent translation of compression Mange. ..ssnsnentnennnnnnnnnneninenennnnnnnne 130 Buckling of narrow deep beams: (a) simply supported beam subject to moments M in the vertical plane; (b) plan showing lateral displacement of beam; (c) section showing lateral and torsional displacements. Nominal flexural strength as a function of flange width—thickness ratio of rolled shapes. .. Nominal flexural strength as a funetion of unbraced length and moment gradient. 134 Beam section showing area for the caleulation of 1, the radius of gyration used in determining L, and L,. 134 Design example: Transfer girder, unbraced top flange... Moment M, versus unbraced length. . Design example: plates in tension, bolted splice Design example: tension member—welded connection. Design example: tension splice of truss hottom chard. (a) (b) eros section; (¢) plan. {a) Pin-connected tension member: (b) dimensional requirements, for pin-connected members. 146 148, (a) Eye bar tension members: (b) dimensional limitation for eye bars... Shear buckling coefficient C, for F, and = 5.0. Momenis in beam—columns: (@) column subjected to simultaneous axial load and bencling moments; (b) combined moment diagram; (¢) moment diagram due to equal end moments My; (di moment due to PA effect... Behavior of building column: (a) building frame showing deflected shape of column; {b) column subjected to simultaneous action of axial loads and moments; (c) moment diagram due to end moment and PA effect... nat isList of Figures FIGURE 3.27 FIGURE 3.28 FIGURE 3.29, FIGURE 3.30 FIGURE 4.1 FIGURE 4.2 FIGURE 4.3 FIGURE 4.4 FIGURE 4.5 FIGURE 4.6 FIGURE 4.7 FIGURE 4.8 FIGURE 4.9 FIGURE 4.10 FIGURE 4.11 FIGURE 4.12 FIGURE 4.13 FIGURE 4.14 FIGURE 4.15, FIGURE 4.16 xxvii PA effects in laterally unbraced frames: (a) deflected shapes due to horizontal load H and vertical load P; (b) moment at column ends due tw horizontal load H; (¢) moment ai column ends due to axial load Ps {d) maximum moment due to H and P occurs at the ends of columns resulting in C= 10. 156 PA and P6 effects in beam columos. 159 (A) Concept of notional load: (@) column with initial curvature; (b) equivalent lateral load #.. (B) Equivalent loading using notional loads, to represent the effect of geometric imperfections of a column, (C) Residual Stresses: (a) hot-rolled shapes; (b) welded box sections; (c) I-shape fabricated from flame-cut plates. Note: + indicates tension; — indicates compression. 1601 Frame model te illustrate effects of leaning column. 162 Components of coniposite Moor system: (a) schematies showing metal deck perpendicular to beam; (b) seetion 68 Typical composite metal deck profiles. 108 Three types of composite beams addressed in the AISC manval: (A) fully encased steel beam, (B) concrete filled HSS, (C) steel beams with. mechanical anchorage to slab, (a) Metal deck parallel to beam; (b) metal deck perpendicular to beam; (¢) castin-place slab without metal deck Relotive shear strength of shear connectors: (a) narrow rib deck: (b) wide rib deck; (¢) equivalent portal frame. 172 Composite beam with deck ribs perpendicular to heam: (a) schematic views {b) section showing equivalent thickness of slab, Composite beam with deck ribs parallel to beam: (a) schematic vie\ (b) section. Possible stud positions: (a) weak position; (b) strong position, Note that AISC sets the default value for shear strength equal to that for the stud weak position. 7 Shear connector arrangements: (a and b) plans; (c) section, "7 Composite beam, AISC requirements: (a) deck perpendicular to beam; {b) deck parallel to beam. Note: Dimension and clearance restrictions shown in either (a) or (b), apply to both unless noted. .. U8 Effective width concept as defined in the AISC 360-05/10 specifications: Composite beam: (a) partial framing plan; (b) section Composite truss: (a) floor framing plan; (b) section Ay (c) Vierendeel panels. ....187 Examples of composite floor trusses: (ae) elevations, 188 Composite truss schematic sections: (a through ©) (op and bowom chords with gusset plates: (@ through f) top and hottam chords without gusset plates... 188 189 Composite beam with flat soffit reinforced concrete slab... Composite beam with precast conerete plank and topping slab, 139xxviii FIGURE 4.17 FIGURE 4.18 FIGURE 4.19 FIGURE 4.20 FIGURE 4,21 FIGURE 4.22 FIGURE 4.23 FIGURE 4.24 FIGURE 4.25, FIGURE 4.25 FIGURE 4.27 FIGURE 4.28, FIGURE 5.1 FIGURE 5.2 FIGURE 5.3 FIGURE 5.4 FIGURE 5.5 FIGURE 5.6 FIGURE 5.7 FIGURE 5.8 FIGURE 5.9 FIGURE 5.10 FIGURE 5.11 FIGURE 5.12 List of Figures Semi-rigid composite beam-to-column connection 190 (A) Plastic stress distribution for negative moment: (a) composite beam section; (b) plastic neutral axis, PNA, in steel beam web; ic) PNA in beam flange. (B) Plastic siress distribution for positive moment: (a) plastic neutral axis, PNA, in conerete slab; (b) PNA in steel beam flange; (c) PNA in steel beam web. 191 Schematic floor plan showing haunch girders. 192 Composite girder with tapered hauneh. . Composite girder with square haunch.... Stub girder framing: (a) framing plan; (b) elevation of stub girder SG-1; (c) section A through stub girder; (d and } photographs. 194 (a) Elevation of Vierendeel truss analytical model; (b) partial detail of model... 196 Cross section of equivalent compression chord. 199 Encased composite column. 202 Filled composite column, 205 Composite column interaction diagram: (a) column detail, (b) interaction diagram. 200 Interaction diagram for beam-column de: Wind velocity profiles: (a) ASCE 7-05 wind velocity profiles; (b) variation of mean and gust speed versus height; (6) variation of mean and gust speed over time t, Note: V.= mean wind (also denoted as ¥), V/ = gust speed 214 Simplified 2D wind flow consisting of along-wind and across-wind. 216 Vortex shedding: Periodic shedding of vert vibrations transverse to the direction of wind. generates building Wind speed map for the United States and Alaska, Map of (a) the United States, (b) Western Gulf of Mexico hurricane coastline (enlarged) (c) Eastern Gulf of Mexico and Southern United States hurricane coastline (enlarged), (d) Mid- and North-Atlantic hurricane coastline (enlarged). ....e0.220 Topography factor k., 204 External pressure coefficient C, with respect to plan aspect ratio L/B: fa) 0 < LIB < 1; (b) L/B = 2; (©) L/B > 4. Note: Linear interpolation permitted. Schematic building elevations showing variation of C, Leeward suction C, versus plan aspect ratio LIB. Schematics of wind tunnels. Rigid pressure model 236 Model in wind tunnel. High-frequeney force balance model... a oe a 237aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.List of Figures FIGURE 6.46 FIGURE 6.47 FIGURE 6.48 FIGURE 6.49, FIGURE 6.50 FIGURE 6.51 FIGURE 6.52 FIGURE 6.53 FIGURE 6.54 FIGURE 6.55, FIGURE 6.56 FIGURE 6.57 FIGURE 6.58 FIGURE 6.59 FIGURE 6.60 FIGURE 7.1 FIGURE 7.2 FIGURE 7.3 xxi Linear viscous damper, damping is defined as a force that resists dynamic motion. A simple and yet realistic damping model for analysis purposes is to assume that the damping force, fy, is proportional to viscous friction of a Auid in a dash pot, and therefore itis called viscous damping. 298 Force displacement hysteresis loop: the area inside of the loop is a measure of energy dissipation due to nonelastic behavior. Note: K, = initial elastic stiffness, K, = stiffness in the plastic range, F, = stress at yield, D, = deformation at yield. 298 Relative effects of diaphragm stiffness. 300 (a) Diaphragm action of floor or roof system. Nofe: VLLR, vertical-tateral-load-resisting system. (b) Schematic drag and chord for north-south seismic loads. 301 Diaphragm web failure due to large opening... se 301 0.2s period, Spectral response avceleration, S., MCE ground motion fo f gravit ss B, 5% critical damping, 4 percent of gravity, 304 as MCE ground motion for 1.0s period. Spectral response acceleration, S), asa pervent of gravity, Site Class B, 5% critical damping. 305 Tributory weights for seismic dead load calculations. Generic design response spectrum Response spectrum fora specific site in Los Angeles, CA, latitude 34°¥N, longitude 118°14’W, Site Class D. . 309 Response spectrum fora specific site in Boston, MA, latitude 42°22’N. longitude 71°2'W, Site Class D. . 310 (A) Response spectrum fora specific site in Seattle, WA, latitude 47°39" longitude 122°18'W, Site Class D. (B) (a) Different systems along two orthogonal axes; use corresponding R value for each system. (b) Different systems over the building’s height, Response modification coefficient, R, for any story above, shall not exceed the lowest value, in the under consideration, ail (A) (@) Highly redundant building and (b) not-so-redundant building (B) Column deformation for use in compatibility considerations, (a) Deformation of column = building deflection A, + diaphragm deflection A, (b) Foundation flexibility for deformation compatibilit considerations. (C) Characteristic shape of fundamental mode: (a) shear distortion; (b) bending deformation; (©) overall combined deformation... Distribution of seismic forces for diaphragm design: (a) diaphragm of uniform geometry and weight; (b) diaphragm of varying geometry: (©) diaphragm of different slab thicknesses... a0 a 343, Permitted seismic analysis procedures. 353 Chain with ductile and brittle links 356 Special steel plate shear wall Single-story sway mechanism.saxii FIGURE 7.4 FIGURE 7.5, FIGURE 8.1 FIGURE 9.1 FIGURE 9.2 FIGURE 9.3 FIGURE 9.4 FIGURE 9.5 FIGURE 9.6 FIGURE 9.7 FIGURE 9.8 FIGURE 9.9 FIGURE 9.10 FIGURE 9.11 FIGURE 9.12 FIGURE 9.13 FIGURE 9.14 FIGURE 9.15, List of Figures Multi-story sidesway mechanism dominated by hinging of beams Weld access hole requirements. . Mealized force-displacement relationship. Ay, = Anticipated building displacement irrespective of ductility. This displacement can be achieved as a combination of elastic + inelastic deformation, or by «totally elastic response... 412 World Trade Center (WTC) Towers, New York: (A) Photographs; (B) framing plan; (C) column axial load due to wind; (D) prefabricated column and spandrel assembly, (E) (a) Section A through spandrel, (b) Section B through perimeter column; (F) outrigger (russ at tower roof, plan and section; (G) floor framing system; (H) typical floor truss, (1) detail A, exterior wall end detail; (J) detail B, interior wall end detail. 484 Empire State Building System: riveted steel frame encased in concrete... 459 Bank One Center, Indianapolis: (a) plan: (b) lateral system, 460 MTA Headquarters, Los Angeles, California; (a) building elevation: (b) typical floor framing plan: 461 AT&T Building, New York: (a) building elev. Perimeter steel tube interacts with interior brace interact with ube and braces. n: (b) lateral system. s, Steel plate outri Miglin-Beitler Tower, Chicago: (a) elevation; (b) plan; (¢) typical floor framing plan. One Detroit Center: (A) building elevation; (B) typical floor framing plan; (C) free-spanning Vierendeel frame; (D) siruetural details for Vierendeel frame, (a) partial elevation, (b) detail 1, (¢) detail 2 465 Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai, China: (a) typical office floor framing plan; (b) structural system elevation; (c) photograph, Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: @) elevation; (b) structural system plan. .. One-Ninety-One Peachtree, Atlanta: (2) building elevation; (b) typical floor framing plan . 2 a - .473 Nations Bank Plaza, Atlanta, Georgia: (a) building elevation: (b) typical floor framing plan; (¢) section, First Interstate World Center, Los Angeles, California: (@) elevation, (b) plan showing column transfers, (c) composite plan, (d) structural system, (e) framing plan... 2st Century Tower, China: (A) model photographs (a), (b), and (e); (B) bracing system; (C) framing plan, level 19; (D) structural action in primary columns and braces; (E) typical interior core bracing. «0 478 Torre Mayor Office Building, Mexico City: (a) building photograph; (b) plan; (¢) schematic elevation showing exterior viscous dampers; (@) photograph showing bracing and dampers; (e) close-up view of dampers Fox Plaza, Los Angeles, California: (a) building photograph; (b) floor framing plan... ss io a ‘i sa oe ABSList of Figures FIGURE 9.16 FIGURE 9.17 FIGURE 9.18 FIGURE 9.19. FIGURE 9.20 FIGURE 9.21 FIGURE 9.22 FIGURE 9.23 FIGURE 9.24 FIGURE 9.25 FIGURE 9.26 FIGURE 9.27 FIGURE 9.28 FIGURE 9.29, FIGURE 9.30 FIGURE 9.31 xxx Figueroa at Wilshire, Los Angeles, California: (a) building elevation; (b) lateral system; (¢) section; (d) framing plans; (@) design concept; (f) reinforcing at beam notch 484 Cal Plaza, Los Angeles, California; (a) building elevation: (b) mid-rise floor framing plan. 88 Citycorp Tower, Los Angeles, California: () building photography; (b) composite plan; (@) 36th floor framing plan; (d) 47th-S2nd floor framing plan. 480 (a) Taipei Financial Center, photograph, (b) Framing plan level 50. The steuelure consists of a dual system of braced core connecting to a perimeter sloping frame at each face. The core diagonal and chevron braces are interconnected to vertical supet columns via outriggers and belt trusses. The super columns at the base are 2.4m x 3m (approximately 8 ft x 10 ft), (e) Tuned Mass Damper (TMD). The 730 ton TMD, consisting of a steel sphere, is suspended by steel cables from level 92. In addition to the TMD for the tower itself, two additional TMDs are installed for the 197 ft (60m) spire. (d) Taipei Financial Center, schematic cross section. 491 Caja Madrid, Spain; (a) typical floor framing plan; (b) structural schematics. ...495 Pacific First Center; 44-story building... 497 Gateway Center, 62-story building, 498 498 Two Union Square; 58-story building... Dallas Main Center; Interfirst Plaza, Dallas Texas, 26th—43rd floor framing plan. 499 Bank of China, Hong Kong. 500 Bank of Southwest Tower, Houston, Texas: (a) schematics of interior diagonal bracing; (b) plan; (€) section; (d) photograph of model. 501 (A) First City Tower, Composite floor framing plan, (B) Composite elements. (C) Composite vertical elements: (@) composite shear wall; (b) composite corner column: (6) typi faces; (d) typical exterior composite column an short faces. (D) Stee! link bdeam-to-shear wall connection, . Al circular composite column on long 502 (A) America Tower, Houston, Texas, a 42-story composite tube system. {B) Floor framing plan. (C) America Tower, composite column-to-steel column connection. (D) Composite column-to-steel column connection detail: (@) plan; (b) elevation. . 04 Standard Oi! Building of Indiana, Chicago; (a) building floor plan; (b) floor framing plan, levels 3-19; (c) steel plate arrangement of exterior wall; {d) cross section of spandrel beam, floor trusses, and deck; (e) plan at top Of CAISSON. eensnnesne i oe 2 a i 508 Renaissance Project, San Diego, California: (A) typical floor framing plan; (B) plan at outrigger level; (C) transverse section showing composite outriggers; (D) detail B: (E) section A; (F) (a), (b) photographs; {@), (b) photographs. Tokyo City Hall: (a and b) schematic pla: (cand d) schematic sections.saxiv FIGURE 9.32 FIGURE 9.33 FIGURE 9.34 FIGURE 9.35 FIGURE 9.36 FIGURE 9.37 FIGURE 9.38 FIGURE 9.39 FIGURE 9.40 FIGURE 9.41 FIGURE 9.42 FIGURE 9.43 FIGURE 9.44 FIGURE 9.45 FIGURE 9.46 FIGURE 9.47 FIGURE 9,48 List of Figures Bell Atlantic Tower: (a) building elevation; (b} composite floor plan; (e) floor framing plan; (@) lateral system; and (e) section 516 Norwest Center: (a) building elevation; (b) typical floor framing plan; (c} structural systems, isometric; (¢} structural details, steel beam to concrete column connection; and (e) hinge details. First Bank Place: (a) building elevation; (b) composite floor plans; (¢) plan of structural system; 522 1d (¢) isometric of structural system, Allied Bank Tower, Dallas, Texas: (@) building elevation; (b) building geometry; (¢) schematic v diagonals, detail 1, detail 2 ew of structural system; and (dh intersection of {a) Portal and cantilever methods of frame analysis; assumed locations of inflection points. (h) Portal method: horizontal shear distribution in top story columns. a i 534 Schematic flow of forces. portal method: (a) shear forces: (b) bending moments; (¢) axial forces. Cantilever method: axial force distribution in top story columns. Vy x hi2 20F:X) + FX) Example frame: (a) dimensions and properties; (h) lateral loads, 537 Portal method; moments and forces at (a) roof level; (b) level 15; (@) level 2. Note: Moments are in kip-ft 538 (A) Cantilever method; moments and forces at (a) roof level; (b) level 29; (c) level 15; (4) level 2, Nore: Loads are in kips and moments in kip-ft (B) 2D frame analysis, moments and forces at (a) roof level; (b) level 29; {e) level 15; and (@) level 2. Noe: Loads are in kips and moments in kip-ft 539 (A) Preliminary analysis of framed tube: (a) axial forces in columns using 3D analysis; (b) axial forces in columns using equivalent channels. (B) Curvilinear tube showing axial forces in columns assuming two equivalent channels. (C) Axial forces in columns from 3D analysis. .. (A) Vierendeel truss preliminary analysis: (a) loads at panel points; (b) equivalent simple beam; (¢) tip deflection due to uniformly distributed loads () tip deflection due to end reaction; (e) deflection calculations. (B) (a) Truss geometry and loads; (b) points of contraflexure; (c) half-truss analytical model (C) Schematics of flow of forces: (a) axial forces; (b) shear forces; (©) bending moments. Note: forces ace in kips and bending moments in Kip-t..oessouseeo nee 542 Variation of velocity pressure, ¢., ver categories. Note: g.= 0.002508. K,K.V wind speed and exposure Ky = 0.85, K,= 1.0. Locations of selected 48 US. cities cited in Tables 9.6, 9.7 and Figure 9.47...... 551 Design response spectrum for a selected site in downtown Los Angeles. Design response spectrum for selected 48 U.S. cities (A) Axial shortening of columns, closed-form solution: (a) axial shortening A.: (b) variation of column areas: (c) axial load variation: (@) unit load at height z; (¢) axial strain variation; (f) axial shortening,List of Figures FIGURE 9.49 FIGURE 10.1 FIGURE 10.2 FIGURE 10.3 FIGURE 10.4 FIGURE 10.5 FIGURE 10.6 FIGURE 10,7 FIGURE 10.8 FIGURE 10.9 FIGURE 10.10 FIGURE 10.11 FIGURE 10,12 FIGURE 10.13 FIGURE 10.14 FIGURE 10.15 FIGURE 10.16 FIGURE 10.17 FIGURE 10.18 FIGURE 10.19 FIGURE 10.20 FIGURE 10.21 FIGURE 10.22 FIGURE 10.23 nov (B) Example |: (a) axial load variation; (b) actual and assumed columns cross-sectional areas. (C) Schematic framing plan, (D) Example 2, interior column G-6: (@) axial load variation; (b) variation of eolumn areas (E) Example 2, exterior column H.3-6: (a) axial load variation; (b) variation of column areas. (F) Framing plan, Colunin C, designed for gravity loads only, shortens more than C2, designed for both gravity and lateral loads. ‘Compensating for relative elevation difference berween columns is of importance in tall buildings. (G) Interpretation of column overlength: (a) 4, = column shortening at nth level due to loads on the entire height of column; (b) Ay, = column shortening at mth level due to loads imposed atand below nth level; (c) column shortening yet to occur due to loads above nth level (a) Steel quantities for gravity and lateral load resistance. (b) Unit wei of steel as it relates to building’s height-to-width ratio, (¢) Structural steel unit quantities. A design aid for conceptual estimate... (BP-1) Base plate with leveling bolts: (a) plan; () section 590 (BP-2) Base plate with leveling angles, plan 500) (BP-3) Buse plate with gusset plate at column web: @) plans (b) section... 591 (BP-4) Base plate with gusset plate at column flange: (a) plan; (b) section. ....592 (C-l) Added plates to WF column... (C2) Welding of box column. .. (C3) Box column splice. (C-4) WE column splis columns vary in size. 593 (C-5) Box column splice, columns vary in size. 503 (C-6) WF column splice, same size wide Manges... (C-7) Carried columns, bolted connection: fa) webs parallel; (b) webs perpendicular; () pipe column. (C-8) Carried column, welded connection (C9) Column continuity and doubler plates: (a) plan; (b) elevation (C-10) Column doubler plates at moment connections. .. (C-11) Column H plate, beam flange wider than column flange. (C-12) Box column to beam moment connection. (BC-1) Beam to column flange simple connection. 507 (BC-2) Beam to column web simple connection... (BC-3) Simple connections at roo: (a) plan; (b) section A; (6) section B. (BC-4) Rigid connection at top of column. (BC-5) Beam continuous over WF column, (BC-6) Beam continuous over HSS column. (BC-7) Moment connection to beam fla () beams of equal depth. fa) beams of unequal depth; 600aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.List of Tables TABLE 4.1 TABLE 5.1 TABLE 5.2 TABLE 5.3 TABLE 6.1 TABLE 6.2 TABLE 6.3 TABLE 6.4 TABLE 6.5 TABLE 6.6 TABLE 6.7 TABLE 6.8 TABLE 6.9 TABLE 6.10 TABLE 6.11 TABLE 6.12 TABLE 6.13 TABLE 6.14 TABLE 6.15 TABLE 6.16 TABLE 6.17 TABLE 8.1 TABLE 8.2 TABLE 8.3 TABLE 8.4 TABLE 8.5 TABLE 8.6 TABLE 8.7 TABLE 8.8 TABLE 8.9 Values of Stud Reduction Factors R, and R, for Typical Cases Probability of Exceeding Design Wind Speed during Design Life of Building... 215 Topography Factor k, Based on Equations ‘Terrain Exposure Constants Site Coefficient, F, Site Coefficient, F, . Occupancy Category of Buildings and Importance Factors... Importance Factors .. SDC Based on Short-Period Response Acceleration Parameter 316 SDE Based on 1 s-Period Response Acceleration Parameter 316 SDC Based on Sp, and S, 317 SDC Based on Sy and 5, 317 Horizontal Structural Irregularities (Plan Irregularities) 323 Vertical Structural Irregularities (Plan Irregularities) «so 324 Horizontal Irregularities (Plan Irregularities) Vertical Irregularities Requirements for Bach Story Resisting More than 35% of the Base Shear. 331 Coefficient for Upper Limit on Calculated Period 333 Values of Approximate Period Parameters C, and X.. Allowable Story Drifi, 4, Permitted Analytical Procedures 352 Rehabilitation Objectives Damage Control and Building Performance Levels 424. Structural Performance Levels und Damage: Vertical Elements. Structural Performance Levels and Damage: Horizontal Elements 426 Default Lower-Bound Material Strengths for Archaic Materials Default Lower-Round Material Strengths. Factors to Translate Lower-Bound Sicel Properties to Expected-Suength Steel Properties 436 Acceptance Criteria for Linear Procedures: Structural Stee! Components see 437 Typical Deficiencies and Rehabilitation Measures se BBaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.ICC Foreword It was a great honor when Dr. Taranath asked me to contribute the foreword to his latest work, Structural Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings: Steel and Composite Construction. His inten- \ce on intuitive concepts rather than a rigorous analytical approach helps to facilitate an understanding of the many complex ideas involved in tall building design. Although most modesn structures eventually do hecome abstract computer models for purposes of analysis, all structures usually start out as simple concepts, sometimes even a rough sketch on a napkin in a coffee shop. ‘As Dz. Taranath suggests in the preface, his approach is intended to bridge the gap between concep- tual design and computer analysis. [ was both impressed and amused by his comments regarding Chapter 5 on seismic design, “The primary emphasis i: ial and descriptive analysis. The engineering mechanics are kept to u basic level, and the mathematics to a slide rule accuracy. The highlight of this chapter, perhaps, is the presentation of structural dynamies in which differential equations and esoteric jargon are conspicuously and purposely absent.” Basic conceptuali and intuition lies at the very foundation of structural engineering and design. Going back to basics and relying on fundamentals often leads to discoveries that can be masked hy abstract computer analysis and reams of abstruse calculations. This is reminiscent of the late great Cal Tech physicist ‘and Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman who has been calleda “Babylonian Thinker” because he was an empiricist who favored intuitive conceptual thinking, and nota “Greek Thinker"—: ist who prefers rigorous, analytical thinking. We all recall the famous demonstration on television when Professor Feynman placed a small O-ring in a glass of ice water before a congressional com- mittee investigating the Shuitle Challenger disastet and showed that the O-ring lost its elasticity at cold temperatures, This simple demonstration ultimately led to the conclusion that the failure of an O-ring seal was due to brittleness caused by cold weather prior to the launch. It was old-fashioned intuition that discovered the problem, not reams of abstract equations and computer analysis In this modem digital world of high-speed computers, we engineers need to remind ourselves, that many of the world’s greatest structures, such as the Golden Gate Bridge, were designed during the era of the slide rule. In the “good ole days” engineers only “estimated” the loads, forces, stresses, and strains that act on structures. The limited precision of the slide rule was a constant reminder that we only know the numbers to three significant figures, which kept us from confusing accuracy with precision. In fact, because the slide rule has no decimal point, the user had to determine where the de track of the order of magnitude our numbers, We had to have a cognitive expectation of the answer we were seeking: would it be 5.5, 50, or 5500? The German rocket scientist Wernher von Braun, brought two Nestler slide rules with him when he came to the United States afier World War II, and throughout his life he never used any other calculating devices. Slide rule accuracy was sufficient for this famous rocket scientist to estimate a host of rocket design parameters. Ia today’s modern era of high-speed computers, it is easy to express numbers with great (misleading) precision, and with modern sofiware such as spreadsheets, PowerPoint presentations, and laser printers, we can produce a dazzling array of beautifully formatted numbers, precise to 12 significant figures and yet be completely wrong! Tam sure the reader will agree that getting back to basics using intuition and conceptualiza- tion is the best way to present this subject maiter, and Dr. Taranath has done an outstanding job of accomplishing that goal in this comprehensive tall building design guide. He has a perspicuous writing style with a flair for lucidity rather than obscurity, and on occasion even highlights it with some engineerit neering as psychiatry is to medicine clearly elucidated the point for me, Or saying that ductility is like money—you can never tional rel on yi tion 2 rational imal point belonged, based on mental estimation. This mental estimation forced us to keep humor, Saying that earthquake engineering is to en xiiiaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Preface xlvii This book integrates the design aspects of steel and composite buildings within a single text. It is my hope that this book will serve as @ comprehensive design guide and reference for practicing engineers and educators, and, more importantly, as a weleome mat for recent graduates entering the structural engineering profession by assuring them that they have discovered an exciting world of challenges and opportunities. Bungale S. Taranath Corporate Consultant DeSimone Consulting Engineers Las Vegas, Nevadaaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Special Acknowledgment In the hope that she will forgive me for the many years which, instead of writing, I should have spent with her, [ thank my wile Saroja Taranath for her support, care, patience, and above all her love, without which this book, like my other ones, could not have been written, Her astute wisdom and absolute devotion to my modest contribution to structural engineering are awe-inspiring. | can only marvel at my kismet at having met her in this life and say from the bottom of my heart, “Thank you Saroja for all the love and care you have given me.” As my principal source of encouragement, she led the manuscript through its many stages with ready wit and elegance. Her benevolence and absolute support, unconditional love, and delight ful demeanor, ever present over the many years of my book-writing avocation, have often left me astounded. Without her total commitment, my humble contributions to structural engineering would not have been possible.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.1 Lateral Load Resisting Systems for Steel Buildings PREVIEW Structural systems for tall buildings have undergone @ dramatic evolution throughout the previous two decades and into the 2010s, Developments in structural form have historically been realized as response to emerging architectural trends in high-rise-building desiga, In the 1980s, international style and modernist high-rise designs, characterized by prismatic, repetitive vertical geometries and fat-topped roofs, were predominant. The development of the original tubular systems for tall build- ings was indeed predicated upon an overall building form of constant or smoothly varying profile, ‘The rigid discipline of the eaterior tower form has since been replaced in many cases by the highly articulated vertical modulations of the huilding envelope characteristic of the present day high-rise expressions, This general discontinuity and erosion of the exterior fagade has led toa new generation of tal) building structural systems that respond to the more flexible and idiosyncratic requirements of an increasingly varied architectural esthetic, Innovative structural systems involving m interior super-diagonally braced frames, hybrid steel and high-strength concrete core and outrig- ger systems, artificially damped structures, and spine wall structures are among the compositions, which represent a step in the development of structural systems for high-rise buildings. Tall buildings are not a product of the modern industrialized world. Inherent human desire to build skyward is nearly as old as human civilization. The ancient pyramids of Giza in Egypt, the Mayan temples in Tikal, Guatamala, and the Kutab Minar in India are justa few examples eternally bearing witness to this instinct, Skyserapers in the modem sense began lo appear over a century ago; however, it was only after World War II that rapid urbanization and population growth created All buildings, Itis only natural that the ordinary observer recognizes the all building primarily with respect to its exterior architectural enclosure. The overall spatial form as well as the detailing of the clalding systems is crucial in defining the architectural expression and in placing the tower within the overall urban environment. The aim of this chapter, however, is to have a look under the outer covering of the building to reveal the structural skeleton. As in the past, new achievements in material science, computer-aided design, and construction technology have opened paths toward more sophisticated and elegant structural systems for tall buildings. The structural system chosen for a purticular project determines the fundamental prop- erties of the overall building, the behavior under imposed lo: yy hi impact on the architectural design. The intent of this chapter is to demonstrate the characteristic features of many outstanding system forms The ar frames, the need for the construction of and often n ea dramatic structural systems for high-rise buildings are constantly evolving and at no time can be described as a completed whole, Nevertheless, it is worthwhile to review existing systems while being aware the progress in systems development is on going. The author believes that a narrative of prevalent lateral load resisting systems would be of interest and yalue to practicing engineers and architects as well as other tall building devotees. Although the use of sicel in structures can be traced buck t0 1859 when Bess waking process was first introduced, its application to tall buildings received stimulus only when the 9841t (G00 m) Eiffel Tower was constructed in 1889. After that, by the turn of the nineteenth century, sev- eral tall buildings beginning with the modest 286 ft (87m) Flatiron Building in 1902 and continuing ner's steel-taa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Lateral Load Resisting Systems for Stee! Buildings 5 Level ir sp| oe “ ibaa width determines lateral © shear proportion @ FIGURE 1.5 (a) Beam and column subassemblage restrained against sway, 6. Slightest deviation of column from a straight configuration may have substantial effect on column stresses, When column reaches the critical load, the bending of column becomes a characteristic sudklen buckling mode. (b) Beam and column subas blage unrestrained against sway lateral deflection (A, )causes additional moments in the subassemblage. (c) Portal ‘method of lateral load analysis: Horizontal shear distribution in rigid frames of equal bays. (4) Cantilever method of lateral load analysis: Girders are assumed infinitely rig, and axial forces in columns are assumed to be pro- portional to their distance from the frame centroid. members and conneetions. Member and connection design proceeds quite normally for wind-load design after these internal forces are determined, but seismic design is also subject to the detailed ductility considerations described later in Chapters 6 through 8, Today, building frames are nearly always designed with the aid of a computer analysis to consider the frame stiffness, deformation, and distribution forces. However, approximate analysis methods ate desirable for preliminary anal- ysis and initial member sizing needed prior to development of computer models. Two such models for frames subject to lateral loads are the portal and cantilever methods. The portal method is used for buildings of intermediate or shorter height. In this method, a beat is treated as if it were composed of a series of two-column rigid frames, or portals, Exch portal shares one column with an adjoining portal, Thus, an interior column serves as both the windwardaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Lateral Load Resisting Systems for Stee! Buildings 9 pet Bean Column Beam aes x Double angles &) (by FIGURE 1.8 Beam-to-column field-bolted shear connection. (a) Elevation, (b) plan, considered flexible and are assumed to carry only shear, Actually, they offer some restraint and thus oppose the rotation at the beam-end, The relationship between the applied moment and rotation is quite complex and can only be determined by tests because the rotation of the connection depends toa large extent on deformation of angles. Therefore, to minimize the rotational restraint, the angles are made as thin as possible in simple beam designs. Unstitfened seated beam connection shown in Figure 1.9 is another example ofa simple connec tion, The moment-rotation characteristics of a seat angle connection primarily depend on the beam depth, thickness of top angle, diameter of bolts, und thickness of column flanges. The co is typically stiffer than web-angle connection but still considered a simple flexible connection. By adding top and bottom angles, it is possible to develop a connection that has greater moment resis- tance than either of the previously described connections ‘The top and bottom angles are assumed to carry the moment, and web angles the shear. Although the lead distribution may appear to be arbitrary, such a division of function produces adequately proportioned connections. Structural tees used in place of top and hotiom angles increase the rota~ tional restraint considerably. The increase oceurs because the top tee is loaded in direct tension without significant eccentricity ection a Optional location efor top angle Columa, —-, yeh Beam L_—— Seat angle 4—r FIGURE 1.9 Unstiffened seated beam connection.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Lateral Load Resisting Systems for Stee! Buildings 13 strengths of beams and columns, and not through axial strengths as in braced frames. Resisting leads through axial deformation of members rather than by flexure almost always results in an efficient structure, The behavior of connections is quite an important consideration in the design of moment frames because their rotation may increase the literal sway of a frame significantly. Additionally, the strength and ductility of connections are of major importance, particularly in frames designed to resist sei mic loads, Steel moment-resisting frames with welded connections were regarded up until the Northridge earthquake, as one of the safest for having the required strength, ductility, and reliability, However, the Northridge, magnitude 6.7 earthquake of January 17, 1994, which caused damage to over 200 ee] moment frame buildings and the Kobe earthquake of January 17, 1995, which resulted in col- lapse of a number of buildings of similar construction, have shaken engineers’ confidence in its use for seismic design, Almost without exception, the connections that failed were of the type with full- penetration field weld of top and bottom flanges, and a high-strength-bolted shear tab connection. The majority of the damage consisted of fractures of the bottom flange weld between the column and girder flanges, There were also a large nuanber of instances where tp flange fractures oceurred. Although many factors have contributed to the poor performance it is believed that the hasie joint configuration is not conducive to ductile behavior. 1.2.1 Speciat Moment Frame, Historic Perspective A seismic moment frame comprises of a rectangular system of rigidly connected columns and beams that resist moment and shear forces developed during earthquake ground shaking. Seismic standards typically consider the system extremely ductile and assign it the highest allowable response modification coefficient. IL is one of only few systems permitted in SDCs D, B, and F for buildings exceeding 160ft in height Because earthquake motions can induce multiple inekastic displacement cycles. special pro~ portioning and qualification requirements are essential for robust moment frame performance. Although the steel special moment frame (SMF) is a relatively recent development in building codes, steel frames have been in use for more tan [00 years, dating to the earliest use of structural steel in building construction. Framing in these early structures typically utilized “H” shapes built up from plate, “L” and “Z” sections. The connections typically incorporated large stiffened triangu- lar gusset plates, joined to the beams and columns with angles and rivets as shown in Figure I-Ie. The basic construction style remained popular for high-rise construction through the 1930s. By the carly 1900s, rolled “H” shape sections began to see incre in place of the built-up sections, in particular for lighter framing. Many tall structures including the Empire State Building in New York, for many years the world’s tallest structure, are of this construction type. Following World War II, engineers began to design connections using unstiffened angles or split to connect top and bottom beam flanges to columns (see Figure |I.11¢). In the 1950s, as weld~ ing was introduced into building construction, the angles and split tees were replaced by ‘lange top plates, shop welded to the column flanges, then riveted (o the beam flanges. By the 1960s, riveting had become uneconomical and was replaced by high strength bolting. Finally, in the early 1970s, engineers began to use the connection type known today as the welded unreinforeed flange-bolted web OVUF-B) (Figure LI le), Incorporating fiek-welded, complete joint p to join beam flanges to columns, and shop-welded, field-bolted shear plates joining beam webs to columns. Almost from their inception as a means of building construction, engineers began to observe that steel moment frames seemed to exhibit superior performance in earthquakes. Asa result of the apparent superior performance of these structures, building codes of the 1960s adopted preferential design criteria for steel moment frames. Under these codes, buildings having complete vertical load-carrying space frames as their lateral force resisting system could be designed for two thirds of the seismic forces specified for braced frames and half the forces specified for tee tration groove weldsaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Lateral Load Resisting Systems for Stee! Buildings 7 columns, girders, and their connections. As stated previously, for a very tall or very slender build- ing, itis usually the cantilever bending component that dominates the deflection picture. A simple method for determining approximate deflection of a tall building is to assume that the ture behaves as a vertical cantilever in which the axial stress in each column is proportional to its distance from the centroidal axis to the building, This approach assumes that the frame is infinitely siff with respect to shear deformations and hence underestimates the deflection but will serve asa starting point for preliminary designs. entire struc 1.2.6 Truss Moment Frames ‘Truss moment frames consist of horizontal trusses rigidly connected to columns, The resistance to lateral displacement is by traditional frame action. It should be noted, however, that certain limits are imposed on the span and depth of truss used in buildings assigned to SDCs C or higher, In these buildings, a special segment of the truss is designed to provide a yield mechanism, while the truss elements outside of the special segment are designed and detailed to remain nominally elastic. The horizontal truss elements are designed and constructed with the special segment placed near mid span of the truss in order to mitigate the gravity shear effects. The special segment can be designed and detailed using either X-braced panels or Vierendee! panels, as shown in Figure 1.14, A properly designed and detailed special segment is expected to withstand large inelastic deformations. The energy dissipation is through flexural oraxial yielding of web members, depending on the particular type of special segment used 1.3. CONCENTRIC BRACED FRAMES. Generally speaking, rigid frame systems are not efficient for buildings taller than about 20 stories because the shear racking component of deflection due to bending of columns and girders ca the drift to be too large. A braced frame improves upon the efficiency of a rigid frame by virtu- ally eliminating the bending of columns and girders. This is because by adding web members uch as diagonals or chevron braces, the horizontal shear is resisted by the web. The webs carry the lateral shear predominantly by axial forces in the braces thus minimizing bending of beams and columns. 1.3.1 Benavior In simple terms, braced frames may be considered as vertical trusses resisting lateral loads primarily through the axial stiffness of columns and braces. The columns act as the chords in resisting the overturning moment, with tension in the windward column and compression in the leeward column. The diagonals work as web members resisting the horizontal shear in axial com- pression or tension, Because the lateral load is reversible, braces are subjected to both compres- n and tension; consequently, they are most often designed for the more stringent requirements of compression. When a brace frame is subjected to lateral leads, the resulting axial deformation of the columns tend to cause a flexural deformation of the frame with concavity downwind and maximum slope al the top as shown in Figure 1.15a. On the other hand, the axial deformation of the diagonals tend wity upwind, a maximum slope at the base, and a zero slope at the top (see Figure 1.15b). The resulting deflected shape shown in Figure 1.15¢ is thus a combination of flexural and shear modes with the flexural deflection most often dominating the deflection scene. ‘he role of web members to cause a “shear” mode deformation with cone in resisting the horizoatal shear can be demonstrated by following the load path down the braced bent, Consider the braced frames, shown in Figure 1.16, subjected to an external shear force at the top. In Figure 1.16a, the diagonal in each story is in compression, causing