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    Centrefugal compressors api

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    3 views82 pages

    Centifugal Compressors

    Uploaded by

    Ahmad Raza
    Centrefugal compressors api

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS In the petroleum industry, gas 1s com- pressed for transportation to consuming ‘markets and for refining processes. This program Is about the construction and ‘operation of compressors, Unit 3 of Compressors teaches the oper- ling principles of centrifugal and axial ‘compressors and the construction and ‘operation of centrifugal compressors. INSTRUCTIONS This is programed learning course. Programed learning gives information in a series of steps called frames. Each frame gives some information and asks ‘you to make use of it, Here is how it works, First, cover the response column at the right with a mask. Read this frame and use the information it gives to fill in the blank, ‘A micrometer is an instrument designed to measure in thousandths of an inch, a good too! for measuring very Move the mask down to uncover the word at the right of the. frame. If you have filled the blank with that word or a word ‘that means the same, you are ready to go ahead to the next frame. ‘The drawing of a micrometer provides information that will help you fil in the next blanks. oBsecT ‘cam cA sarener FRAME Seven major parts are shown in the drawing, but only and the____contact the object, small anvil, spindle ‘The next frame calls for a choice. Circle or underline the ap- propriate word, Of the two parts that contact the object, only the (anvil! spindle) moves. ‘A program is a series of frames that work like the ones you have just done. Read the frame, Use the information to fill in the blanks or make @ choice, Move the mask down and check the response column. Go on to the next frame, Remember to cover the resoonse column with a mask before you begin each page. Notice that the left-hand pages from here on are printed upside down. The program is designed so that you will go through all the right-hand pages first, and then turn the book upside down ‘and go through the other pages, CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS Section One POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY Exhibits for this program are placed in the center of the Book $0 that iney may be removed 2% ily for reference. Please remove them now so that you will have them available when needed. "1 2. To do work, some form of energy is needed, An electric motorneeds energy. Under certain conditions, matter can do work. A wound-up ‘lock spring (can do work / cannot do work ) ‘A moving hammer, due to its motion, ( can / cannot ) co work, Both the moving hammer and the wound-up spring possess some kind of that enables them to-do work. ‘The hammer is moving end the spring is not. ‘The energy ot @ moving hammer and the energy of @ wound-up spring is (the same /a different) kind of energy. ‘A moving hammer and lowing water possess kinetic energy. kinetic energy is the energy that a body possesses due toils (motion / molecular arrangement) ‘Awound spring and sill water behind a dam have potential energy. Potential energy isthe energy that a body possesses due twits position or arrangement. When a spring is wound, is done on it. Because of the work that was done on it, the wound-up spring possesses potential. ‘Suppose a ball of iron is lifted 20 feet off the ground Work was done in tifting the Iron bal. The ball, due to Its position, possesses _—___ energy. The ball is allowed to drop. As the ball drops, it acquires energy, due to its motion. When the ball its the ground, it does. electric can do work eneray different work eneray potential kinetic work 13, Something possessing kintic energy can do work ‘when itis slowed down or stopped. 14. Work is done in lifting the ball, Due to the work done onit, the ball acquires energy. potential 15. Tho potential eneray ofthe balls turned into kinetic energy as the ball drops. 46. The kinetic energy in turn can be converted Into ‘as the all's stopped. work 17. Energy cannot be created oF destroyed. but it can be converted trom one —‘olanotner. form, or ype. 18. Potential energy can be converted into kinatie leneray or work, 18. Kinetic energy can be converted into ——__ potentiai energy. 20. As wotk is done on an object, some kind of energy Is added toi. PRESSURE AND VELOCITY—TWO FORMS OF GAS ENERGY 2. When an amount of gaa is comprassod into a smaller volume, the pressure of the gas ( Increases / stays: the same), Increases 22. To compress the 9} done 10 some —______ as to be work 28, Compressed gas in a static state exerts its energy in the form of pressure in all directions. Won @ ae is flowing, some of its energy In the form of pressure ie converted to energy in the form of motion in (asingle direction (all directions) 2 single airection 24, A compressed gas possesses potential energy due to the tenors 25. A ‘lowing gas possesses kinetic energy due to its none direction. 26. Gas in a static state has all ofits energy in the form of ASG aE ony 27. Velocityis the speed of flow. The higher the speed of flow, the higher the 28. Ifthe gas Is allowed to flow, some of its pressu ‘converted into 6 29, ‘The total energy of a flowing gas ie a function of Its velocity lus its 30. It no work is done and no energy is lost the fotal energy (of a gas during Hlow (changes {remains constant) 31. When the fotal energy stays the same, and energy in the ‘orm of velocity increases, energy in the form of prassure must (increase | decrease) 2. I the flowing gas is slowed down so that its velocity is ‘decreased, then ts pressure must ‘32. Anything possessing potential energy must nave had some done on it at some previous time 34, gas with pressure has hag done on it. 35. By doing work on something, one (can cannot) increase 36. A compressor does work on a gas and thus adds or in- fereases the total ——— ‘ofthe gas. LAWS OF MOTION ST. Whon a car accelerates quickly from rest, the driver is thrown (forward / backward). 38. When the brakes are applied as the car is moving, the river is thrown (forward backward 39, the whools of a moving car are turned, but there is no traction, a8 on ice, the eat tends to turn / continue in @ straight ine ). 40. Abody at rest tends to remain at 41. A body in motion tends to continue in & pressure ‘motion, o low pressure velocity velocity pressure decrease Inorease ‘energy backward forwara continue in a straight line rest ‘motion 42, When @ body is in motion and there is no outside force acting on it, it tends to continue in & ( straight line / ‘curved line). straight ine 43, When a driver tuns his car, the car ( opposes / does not ‘oppose } the change of direction. ‘opposes 44, A body at rest remains at rest unles itis acted upon by ‘Some outst force 48. 1a gas ina pipe is not flowing, the gas tends to ( remain static fow ) remain static DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS. 48. A dynamic compressor adds energy to gas in the same manner that an electric fan does. ‘The rotating blades ofthe fan force alr to ‘move, or flow 47, Air that is at rest tends to remain at ____. rest 48, Asthe fan blades start turning, thoy puch on tho alt, = a ‘The wationary air ‘he gush.at the blades. resists 49. As the air resists the blades, the molecules of the brought {closer together further apart). 50. When the air molecules are compressed, the volume of the air ( decreases / increases) 51. As the volume of the air decreases, its pressure 152. The blades of the fan overcome the resistance of the air land thrust the air forward, Tho faster the blades tuin, the ( fester / slower ) the is pushe 158. The fan, by doing work on the air, actully increases the ‘and velocity ofthe al. 54. When velocity and pressure are added to a gas, Is total energy, z 55. A dynamic compressor Increases total gas eneroy by adding and "to the gos. 58. The total energy of a gas leaving @ compressor is ( ess than / greater than } the tolal energy of the gas entering the compressor 57. Tho energy that @ gas gains in @ compressor is due to the ‘done on it. Contritugal Compressors 158. Any body set in motion tends fo continue in motion. If there is no gravity pul, nor any obstacie to deflect it, ‘any body in motion travels ina (straight / curved } line. 59. Suppose aball attached to astring is set in motion. Assume that there is no gravity and that the string has no effect onthe bal BALL —_ ‘The ball moves in a (circle / straight tne). closer together decreases faster pressure increases pressure, velocity ‘reater than work straight line 60. Suppose the string is fastened to a fixed pit point and ‘hen the balls set in mation. = FIXED PIVOT POINT [At fist, the ball moves ( in the di toward the piv 61. When the string becomes taut, it deflects the ball Because of the deflection, the bell actually travels in alan). are, or circle 2. 70. ‘Assuming ithas enough energy, the ball continues to move inaseries of arcs. ‘At each instant ofits travel, the physical tendency of the ball isto tavelina ine, [But instead, the bail travel in a circle because it ie hold (F detected by the ‘The string actually applies contrigetal ( pulling-in- towardsthe-center ) force, causing the path of the ball to It the string breaks, the ball flies out in a (larger circle | straight line ) ‘Any object traveling in a circle is kept in that path of aval by (contripetal centrifugal) free. 1 the centripetal force is ‘moves in a line, nated, the object then The force pulling an object in ci centeris "force. ular path toward the ‘The centrifugal tendency of the object is its tendency to pull away trom the of rotation, orto pull ‘against the centripetal free. ‘The centrifugal tendency acts in (the same direction as | the direction opposite to) the centripetal force. straight sting change, or curve straight tine contipetal straight cceontripetal the direction opposite to 71. The centrifugal tendency is actually not @ force but Is the result of the tendency of the object to move in & Tine whi of rotation by. 72. A ball bearing Is placed close to the center of a disc ‘that has bladk BALL BEARING BLapes na [As the disc begins to move, one of the blades forces the ball Bearing to 73, The ball Bearing tends to travel in a ( straight J curved } path. 74. The drawing shows the actual path of the ball bearing as the disc rotates, o= BLADE oe” Gentripetal ( pulling-in-toward-the-center ) force ( is | isnot) acting on the bearing. 78, Because of the lack of centripetal force, the bearing Is, forced ( toward | away from ) the center of the disc. straight centripetal move straight ls not away from 76. As the disc rotates, the ball bearing ( 78. 7, 1 is not ) in Contact with the vane. 77. This disc is rotating For each rotat tocover. ~ n, point (AB ) has the largest distance When the dise is rotating, point (AB } moves faster. [Anything that is being carried along by the rotation of the disc has a greater velocity when it is near ( the center / the outer rim ) ofthe disc. Hf anything bei cartied along by the rotation of the dise also travels outward from the center 10 the outer Fim, it gains This ‘compressor impeller. An impell Plires the outer rim velocity blades @, 7 2 89, Suppose the impeller begins to rotate, ‘As the impeller rotates, the blades force the air in the. impolier to ‘Air molecules tend to travel in a tne, Because there is no centripetal force, the rotation forces the air molecules outward trom the of the impeller ‘As the air molecules move outward, they gain ‘The air also tends to oppose the push of the blades, so the pressure of the iris ‘The impeller adds both __ ana. tothearr The tendency of air or gas to move outward from the center ‘of a rotating impeller is the centrifugal tendency. ‘A compressor that uses centrifugal tendeney to impart pressure and velocity to a gas ig a ‘compressor. ‘The part of the cantitugal compressor that moves the gas {the impolier. ‘As the Impsiler rolatos, it moves the gas toward the rim ofthe impeller. 10 straight center, or eye. velocity, or speed Increased pressure, velocity ‘contritugal outer [As the gas moves toward the outer rim of the impeller, its velocty. |. This increase in velocity away from the eye creates a low- pressure area atthe ( eye/ outer rim). . This low-pressure arva at the eye causes a suction which (allows / does not allow ) more gas to enter. ‘The impeller does work on tho gas. The work is converted into the that the gas gains. ‘The energy that the gas gains is in the form of both one eael When the gas is atthe tips of the impeller blades, itis at (maximum! minimum ) veleity. {As the gas leaves the impeller. its thrust into a passage- ‘way called the dittuser. DIFFUSER PASSAGE ‘When the gas enters the diffuser, the impellor (io / acting directly on the gas. " allows energy pressure, velocity 97. The radius of the diffuser Is ( larger smaller ) than the large radius of tho impel 188. Duo to tho largor radius, the flow path of the gas through the dittusoris ina (larger | smaller) spiral larger 989, Since the flow path is longer and there is no direct action by the Impeller biades, the velocity of the gas (increases / decreases) docreases 100. As the velocity of the gas decreases, its —___ pressure Increases. 101. The diffuser converts the velocity of the gas to increased esperar 5 pressu 102. Gas passes from the dituser into the volute Jn the volute, the conversion from velocity to pressure {continues | does not continue ) continues 103. A centrifugal compressor, by doing work on a gas, impat bow ‘and to the gas. pressure, velocity 104. Then, the velocity of the gas is converted into pressu {within outside ot the compressor. within 7 108. 108, 107, 108. 100. 110. m, 12 13. Look at the compressor below. DIFFUSERS mpettens Ithas_____ separate impelirs. ach impeller and citfuser make # stage. This is a________-stage centrifugal compressor. ‘As the gas leaves the first impeller it gains some ord aE The increased velocity is partially converted into pressure inthe. As the gas leaves the diffuser, it enters the retun passage, which guides it into the of the ext impetir. \Wnen the gas enters tho ayo ofthe second impeller, it has [greater pressure than { the same pressure as ) when it ‘antorec the eye ofthe frst impale. Each impeller adds tothe total______ ofthe gas. Greater increased pressure can be obteined from a (single-stage / multi-stage } centritugal compressor. Atnough velocity Is added to gas by the impeller, the velocity Is converied info within the aittuser 18 tour four velociy, pressure ifuser eye ‘greater pressure than energy multistage pressure 114. When the gas leaves the compressor, its pressure ie (higher lower) than when it entered. 115, The work done by a compressor isthe total added to a gas by a compressor. 116. A gas leaving a compressor contains added anergy, usually in the form of increased ( pressure | velocity } ‘and temperature. Axial Compressors 117, Motion along the axis of a shattis called axial motion. —=> eamf centmruaa san. ‘Axial motion is (circular) straight-line ) motion. 118. A compressor that moves gas parallel to the axis of its shaft is an “compressor. 118. An axial compressor has stator and rotor blades. ‘The rolor blades are attached to the ______ and rotate with “ higher ‘energy pressure shatt 120, 121 122. 123. 128. 125, 126. 127, 128 129. 130. ‘The stator blades are attached to the Look at this drawing, STATOR BLADES ‘The arrangement of blades Is such that there is a sot of stator blades between each two sets of blades. fact in the same manner as the blades ‘As they rotate, they force the gas to. ‘The rotor blades impart both pressure and. tothe gas. The rotor blades force the gas into the blades. ‘As the gas is thrust into the stator blades, the openings between the blades act as diffusers, thus decreasing the are Soh inageel With the decrease in velocity, the pressure of the gas The stat of. F blades also guide the gas into the next sé lades. Thus, the gas entering the second has a slightly (higher / lower ) pressure. t of rotor blades Each set of stator and rotor blades the ‘gas pressure. ‘The axial compressor achieves pressure increase by using many sets of and blades. casing rotor move, or flow velocity stator velocity increases rotor higher Increases ‘stator, rotor 101. The blades inthis compressor are not the same size DISCHARGE. ‘The blades get gradually small toward the ‘end ot the compressor. 192. AS the gas flows through an axial comprossor. itis forced to occupy successively ( more/ less) volume. 199. AS an amount of gas is forced to occupy less volume, Its pressure 1. 194 Tho pars ofthe axel compressor that do work onthe gas arethe biades. 185, Partial conversion from velocity to pressure is achieved bytne | blaces. 198 Further pressure increase is caused by forcing the gas into a smalier 1ST. The flow of gas through an axial compressor Is In a (somewhat straight spiral in of low. REVIEW 198. Two forms of gas energy are —1___ and 199. Energy cannot be crested or destroyed but it can be ES trom one form to another @ compressor can add 140. By doing work on a 9: SRE tothe ges. 141. The total energy of a flowing gas ie a function of its "and temperature. 16 lacharge Increases rotor ‘space, or volume ‘somewhat straight pressure velocity ‘changed, or converted energy pressure, volocity saa, 43, 144, 145, 148, 147. 148, When the velocity of a gas decreases, its pressure When a flowing gas is slowed down, the velocity loss is ‘converted into During flow, the total energy of a gas, less energy loss, ‘due to tition or heat (changes / remains constant) Centritugal and axial compressors are ( dynamic positive displacement ) compressors. In dynamic compressors, added velocity is changed into within the compressor. ‘The function of both diffusers and volutes is to convert 03s into. ‘The stator blades of an axial compressor act as (dittusors| impellers) 449. The total energy gain of @ gas leaving a compressor is due to the done by the compressor, RATIO OF COMPRESSION 150, A compressor is a machine that by doing work on a gas increases gas 151. A gas normally enters a compressor at one pressure and Feaves it ala (higher / lower} pressure. 152. The cifferonce between the suction pressure and the 153 154 158. 156, 157. discharge pressure represents the done. fon the gas by the compressor less losses due to heat and friction, ‘The ratio of compression, FIs the relationship between the absolute discharge pressure and the absolute suction pressure, PrlP;, where Pe is absolute pressure, Pris absolute __ pressure. is how many times the suction pressure goes into the pressure In determining R, (absolute / gage ) pressure is used. Gages are usually calibrated to read zero pressure at almospheric conditions. “They (do do not) record the pressure of the atmosphere 7 pressure dynamic pressure velocity: pressure diftusers work pressure higher discharge ‘suction discharge absolute onet CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS EXHIBIT BOOK “his canter tetion contains the exits, 1¢ may be Ballad out of th book for ey refornce without up- Setting the frame sequence. “uovaw) Galva § 10 pot ee RATED RPT & US si 120 10 100 aouvHosia 4v avai azive 40% 0 100 0 % OF RATED CAPACITY EXHIBIT 2 STARTUP PROCEDURE — TURBINE DRIVEN ‘COMPRESSOR Pressure In Systm + open suction valve ‘ open discharge valve (cscharge check valve closed) + open bypass or vent «start and bring up to speed (operating path passes though points 1,2, and 3) ‘close bypass or vent ‘place bypass or vent on automatic conto| [No Pressure In System + open suction and discharge valves ‘place bypassor vent (if used) on automatic, contr! ‘start and bring upto speed (operating path asses trough points 1, 2, and 3) ‘STARTUP PROCEDURE — MOTOR DRIVEN ‘COMPRESSOR Pressure In System ‘#thottle suction valve '* open discharge valve scharge check vale is closed, bypass or vent is normally open) star and bring up to speed (operating path asses through points 1, 2, and 3) ‘pen suction valva slowly * place bypass or vent (i usec) on automatic contro! No Pressure in Systom * thatle suction valve ‘open discharge valve ‘ open bypass or vent «start ni operating path passes through points 4,2,and3) «slowly open suction valve * put bypass or vonton automatic entra! ‘capacity + NoRMAL caPaciry tor 158, 159, 160. 161 162, 163 164. 185, 196, 107. 168, [Absolute pressure i total pressure. To convert from gage pressure ( PSIG ), to absolute pressure (SIA), the pressureof the must be added, [Atmospheric pressure at sea level is about 14.7 PSI When a gage reads 20 PSIG at sea level, the absolute pressure is PSIA ‘A compressor takos in gas at atmosphetic pressure, 147 SIA, and discharges it at 58.8 PSIG. ‘Suction pressure is _____PSIA. The absolute discharge pressure is $8.84 = PSIA. ‘The F for this compressor is ns ‘A compressor takes in gas at 20 PSIA and discharges ‘at 60 PSIA, The Ris. Since compression always increases gas prossure, th discharge pressure during compression is always (igher [ower ) than the suction pressure. Since discharge pressure is always higher than suction proscuro during compression, Ris always ( smallor / treater) than 1 Fis an abbreviation for _____o compression. [A compressor with an F of 2 takes in gas at 20 PSIA The discharge pressure is ( 20/2 20%2 ) PSIA. Fils an indicator of he amount of that the compressor adds to the gas. ‘The greater the , the greaterthe ____-_inerease. Inthe gas. CAPACITY OF COMPRESSORS. 10, ‘The capacity of a compressor is the volume of gas it ‘moves ina given period of time. Cubic feet per minute (CFM) indicates the ( capacity / volume) of a compressor. 8 atmosphere 347 147 147 735 147 higher greater ratio 20x2 pressure prossure ‘capacity m. ‘The flow rate of a gas in CFM depends on the velocity of the gas and the diameter ofthe pipe o flow path. [At the same velocity, the rate in CFM is higher it the gas is flowing through a (larger | smaller} slameter passage. 172, With the same size passage, the flow rate is higher when the gas flows ai ahigher 17% When the velocity of a gas flowing through a com- pressor increases, then the capacity of the compressor 174, the gas velocity at discharge is greater, then the pres- ‘sure at discharge is 175. Since a compressor compresses the gas that it handles, the volume of gas entering the compressor is ( greater than | less than ) the volume leaving the compressor. 176. The capacity of a compressor is the volume of gas that itmoves in a given period of ime. ‘The actual CFM that a compressor moves represents the volume of gas ( before/after) compression. 177. The actual CFM, must be measured at the ( suction / ischarge) end REVIEW 178, 179, indicates the amount of ‘occurs to the gas due to the compressor. 180. In determining R,( gage/ absolute ) pressure is used. 181. The capacity of a compressor is ne ____*_of, ‘gas that a compressor moves in a given period of time. 182. The actual CFM represents the volume of the gas moved In a given period of time ( before | atter ) compression. 183. ‘The capacity limit of a compressor represents the (maximum J minimum ) rate of flow of gas through it. 184. When a dynamic compressor nears its capacity limit, its efficiency (increases falls ot), 185. For maximum efficiency, a dynamic compressor should be ‘operated (at/ at loss than) is capacity limit 0 velocity less, or decreased greater than before suction ratio pressure absolute before falls of at less than FOOT-POUNDS AND HORSEPOWER 186, A unit for measuring work i the foot-pound. t 1 Founo 1 Foot (One foot pound is the amount of work needed to raise a weight of one dlstance of one 187. When a weight of ene pound is risod a distance of 100, feet, © —oot- pounds of works done 186, Horsepower isa unit for measuring power. ‘One horsepower is equal to 860 foot-pounds per second. Horsepower is @ unit that measures the { amount of work done rate at which work's done) 188. A machine rated at one horsepower. if allowed to operate for ane minute is capable of cing €0 x = Tootpounds of work 100. Tor 8 woight of one pound a distance of 34000 feet. foot pounds of work are require. 191, To rage a weight of ne pound a distance of $000 fet in ‘one minute, one Is needed 192, A toot-pound represents (amount rate} of work HEAD OF COMPRESSION 488. To compress any amount of gas. a compressor must do @ certain amount of on the gas, 194, The amount of work that is done by the compressor can be expressed in Basia pound foot 100 rate at which work is done 550 33000 33.000 horsepower ‘amount ork foot-pounds 195, The work of compression can be thought of as straight liking of a given weight of gas, For every pound of gas that the compressor its @ ais- tance of one foat, one —_-___of works done. foot-pound. 196, This centrifugal compressor siting a gas. as LEVEL, HEAD IN FEET IMPELLER ‘The height to which the gas i lifted is called —__ head and is measured in foot 197, To lift the gas, the compressor (increases / decreases | ‘increases the velocity ofthe gas. 198. Ina compressor, the velocity of a gas is increased by an esses Ime! 199. When the speed ofthe impeller is increased, the velocity of the gas increases 200, Because of its velocity, the gas will be lifted @ certain umber of — aa 201. The height to which the gas Is lifted depends on the of the gas. velocity 202. When the velocity of the gas increases, the head devel ‘oped by the compressor Increases 208, The head that the compressor develops represents the the height to which a column of gas is — lite, or raised a 204, When the unit of weight is in pounds, for each foot of distance this liquid {9 raised, one — + ‘of work is done. 205. When compression is thought of as straight liting of a column of gas, the head in foot represents the output of the compressor in foot per —__of gas handled, 206. For each pound of gas that the compressor raises to the top of the head column. 2 corresponding amount of eS ot work is nosded 207. Ifthe head increases, the number of foot-pounds of work per pound of gas must RPM AND HORSEPOWER 208, APM is an abbreviation for per minute. 209. The impeller of @ centrifugal compressor has to to move the gas. 210, As tne RPM of the impolor increases, the velocity of the gas 211. The work done by the impeller is reflected in the impartod tothe gas. 212, The faster the RPM of the imple, the ( mare lass) work Is done on tne gas 213. For any alven RPM, = set amount of work in units of eee Is done per unit weight of gas. 214, For any given RPM, the head developed by the compressor Is ley (constant / variable} 215, Tho density of various gases, or the weight per given volume aifers ‘A gas with a higher density weighs ( more J less ) for the same volume as a less dense gas. 216 However, for any given RPM of the compressor, the work ‘done per pound of gas handled is (the same /cifferent ). 217. Vinen a compressor ata given RPM is handling a heavier (88, the work it does p97 pound of gas handled is ( the Same as | different from ) the work cone on @ pound of lighter gas. 2 toot: pound ‘pounds: pound foot-pounds revolutions rotate, or revolve velocity foat-pounds constant mare the same the same as 28. Head represents the amount of foot-pounds of work done: er unit weight. For the same RPM when a compressor is handling a heavier gas, the head It develops ( remains the same / ‘changes 219, A compressor at a given APM hancies to aifferent kinds of gas. ‘The gas that requites the larger volume per given weight, Is (donsor/ lass dense) 220. The amount of work done per each unit of weight is (the ssame/ diferont for both gases. 201. The gas that has the most units of weight per given volume ie 222 The gas that results in the highest discharge pressure for the same head developed is (the denser gas the loss sense gas) 223, Ata given RPM, the actual CFM of gas that ‘moves is constant, but with denser gas there will be {(more ower } pounds of gas moved 224. AL a given APM, as more woight of gas is handled in a fiven time, the work done per pound ( remains the same / Increases} 205. Altnough the work par pound is the samo, the number of pounds of gas worked on in a given time ( increases / stays unchanged ) with denser gas 226, With an increase of weight handled for a given time, the rate of work (inereases / decreasas 227. With an increase in the rato of work there isan increase In roquired to compress tho gas. 228. At any given RPM, when a compressor hancles a heavis 28, the horsepower required REVIEW 229. Work can be measured in units of, 230. The rate of work done is usually expressed in units of 231. When the work of compression is thought of as straight liting ofa weight of gas, then head reprasents the output ‘of a compressor in per Pound of gas handled 23 remains the same Jess danse the same denser the denser gas remains the same horsopowor {oot-pounds. horsepow foot-pounds 282. As the head developed increases, the amount of work done ‘on each unit of weight of gas handled 238. AL any aiven RPM, the work done by the compressor on ‘ach pound of gas nandlad is {nearly constant variable) 234. The density of a gas does not atfect tne developed, but does affect the needed, 235. When a denser gas is handled, the dlscharge pressure for mosame RPM 1298. When RPM incroases, thare is ( more | less) work dono per unit weight. 237. With an inerease of APM, there is ( an increase J no change ) in the head developed 238. As the RPM increases, the capacity of the compressor inereages and the amount of weight of gas handled per ‘given time 289, With an incroase in APIA, the horsepower 240. Maximum head at any given RPM represents the { max ‘mum | minimum } amount of work that a compressor can do on each of gas hanclod. BR, RPM AND BHP 244, The ratio of compression, Ris the absoluts pressure divided by tho absolute pressure. 242, — that the 243. Ata set RPM, a dynamic compressor ads a certain head to tho gas. The total head added depends on the design of the compressor, the amount of flow, and the operating 244, As RPM increases, the tolal head of the compressor 245, Ata fixed RPM and CFM, the dynamic compressor attains approximately the same feat of head, cegarcless of the ‘wolght of the gas handles. “The head developed by 8 dynamic compressor { depends | ‘does not depend } on the density of the gas being handled. 246, Foet of head ( can J cansot } be converted into PS! equivalent. 24 nearly constant head horsepower ‘maximum pound, oF woight discharge ‘uetion pressure RPM, oF spoed does not depend 247. PSI (can / cannot ) be converted into feet of head. 248. Two compressors handling two different kinds of gas develop the same head. ‘The compressor generating the highest discharge pressure Is handling the (denser /lass dense ) gas. 249. The density of a gas doss not affect the head developed, but does affect the pressure. 260. The compressor with the higher A is handling the eens pans 281. The Ror pressure increase at the compressor ( depends / does not depend } on gas density 262. As the density ofa gas increases, the R of the compressor 253. Changes in the density of the gas do not change the (head /R), but they do change the (head / Ri) 254. As suction pressure increases, the compressor causes a higher discharge———for the same head and. 1255. As temperature in the same head cat 15¢8 at suction, the gas is lighter and 18a (higher | lower ) A. 256. BHP or brake horsepower, is the horsepower that is, required by the shat of ne compressor. ‘As.agas becomes heavier the BHP required 257. Because of wide variations in gas density. the BHP ro- quired by @ dynamic compressor tends to ( change / re= main constant ) while the compressor isin operation ‘SURGING 288. Suppose a compressor is connected to a large system having a high capacity or needing large amounts of air. Because thera is a demand for ai is started there is (tle / gr discharge ofthe ar. when the compressor i) resistance to the 259. With litle resistance al the discharge end of the com- pressor, the compressor capacity at first is (high / ow ). 260, As more aris delivered and the system fills, the capacity need of the system (Is reduced / stays the same ). 261. If the system dies not use the alr as quickly as the compressor delivers it, the pressure in the system 25 denser discharge denser depends head: A pressure change high is reduced 282 253, 284, 285, 286, 287, 260. 20. am 22. 28. a, 278. ‘ith an increase in pressure inthe system, the resistance to the discharge of the compressor {an increase in resistance to discharge causes the capacity ‘ofthe compressor to ‘As pressure in the system Increases, the compressor has to-do more less) work per pound of air. ‘The maximum néad of a dynamic compressor represents, the maximum amount of it can 60 on the ‘988 to maintain flow. 1 the system continues to use less air than is delivered toil, tne system's pressure keeps increasing and the head required to maintain flow keeps ‘When the head needed to maintain flow increases above the maximum head of the compressor, flow ————_—_—. ‘When the flow stops, the pressure within the compressor becomes lass than the pressure inthe system, and the alr may flow from the into the Attar some air flows back into tho comprestororis used by the system, the pressure of the system {As the pressure ofthe system drops below the maximum head of the comaressor, the compressor again delivers (928 into the —_— ‘As the compressor begins to deliver gas again, it operates ft a lower and lowor capacity and higher and higher Ht the system stl uses tess ar than Is delivered to it, the compressor teaches iis maximum head and the flow stoppage (occurs does not occur} again. ‘The rapid flow of gas back and forth inthe compressor is, called surging. ‘Surging occurs when the compressor is operated bolow “The rapid reversals of surging set up severe vibrations in the compressor and piping which can cause to the compressor, ‘A compressor goes into surging because the flow of gas {drops below / rises above ) the minimum stable level Most dynamic compressors are equipped wih protective sdovices that guard the compressor against 6 decrease more work Increasing stops system; compressor decreases ‘gstom head, or pressure capacity damage rops below surging ‘OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS ‘Now refer to Exhibit 1. 277, The left-hand edge of the graph shows percent of rated 278, A point higher on the graph indicates a (higher J lower } head. 279. The bottom edge of the graph shows percent of rated 260. A point further tothe right onthe graph indicates (higher! ower) capacity. 281. The graph shows that as head increases, capacity 282. The compressors discharging into a system that requires 100 percent ofits rated head, ‘Accotcing to the graph, the compressor at —— percent capacity. operating 32. Suppose the discharge system does not use as much gas as the compressor delivers. ‘Tho prosturo at the discharge end of the compressor [increases ! decreases | 284, ‘The gragh shows that as the required head (or pressure) ‘expressed in feet of gas increases, compressor capacity 285. Suppose the head at discharge necessary to maintain flow reaches 102 percent af normal rated head. ‘The headleapacity curve shows that at 102 percent head, ‘capacity Is reduced to percent of normal capacity, 286. 1 pressure in the discharge system increases so that the compressor must produce 10 percent of normal raied head to maintain flow, capacity decreases to percent of normal rated capacity. 287. Locate the surge line on the head capacity curve. [As shown on the graph, the operating point of the com= pressor at 104 per cent rated head i (closer to / further ‘rom | the surge line than the operating point at 102 per- cont rated head. 288. As the head necessary to maintain flow increases, the ‘operating point ofthe compressor | approaches / recedes from ) the surge tne a head higher capacity higher decreases 100 Incroases decreases closer to approaches 288. According to the graph, this compressor begins surging at “_—“petcent rated head. 290. Capacity at surge is —— capacity. percent rated Interpretation of Curves: 291. Pertormance curves show the limits of the compressor, ‘which are the surge poiat on the (right / left ) and the ‘hotmal capacity limit on the ‘of the graph, 282. Compression is controlieg by making permissible changes in pressure, tlow and temperature, to keep the compressor trom. 299. The point where surge can occur is defined by the ‘end ofthe curve 298, Increasing the speed of a compressor will ( increase / decrease} the generated head. ‘205. inoroasing the speed will also Increase the requied for compression 296. On a constantspeed compressor with a fixed suction ‘pressure, an increase in gischarge pressure always causes: (Ca decrease /an increase ) in capacity and (an Increase / decrease ) in. 297, The reduction in capacity causes a BHP requires, Inthe 280, less volume of gas is required, the compressor should bbe operated at a (higher loner) speed, EPRECTS OF EXTERNAL SYSTEMS ON A COMPRESSOR 200. Some processes require a given woight of gas or air for ‘any given time of operation. For example, cat cracker Tequires enough ai by weight o maintain he effectiveness, of the catalyst. ‘when a compressor is delivering into such a system, the, ‘main control objective is ( volume / weight ) low. 300. For any given time, the requirement of such systems is (constant variable) 301, “Therefore, @ compressor in such @ system must deliver a EN AS flow for any given operative time, 2 105 lett right surging increase BHP a decrease an increase decroase weight ‘constant constant 302, In other systems, a8 withthe production of light ends in a ttactionating tower or yard air, gas must be delivered (oF Taken out asthe need arises, ith such systems, he low of gas is (constant variable). 08, With a compressor working in such systems, the objective is to move a —_:___ quantity of gas only at the rate itis produced or is 04, Maintaining @ flow equal to make means moving gas as, fast as its ( produced f used ); and maintaining a flow equal to demand means moving gas as fast as It is (produced used) 905. There can be three basic control objectives with com- pressors: ‘a constant flow of gas; variable flow equal to____;or variable flow equal to 08, Depending on the discharge systems, the change in dis: ‘charge pressure may be large oF small depending on the ‘volume delivered tot. 1H te change is very small, it may be regarded as a {constant / variable ) -pressure system, 307. 1! the change in discharge pressure is large, then It must, bbe regarded as a______-pressure system. 308. Drivers used with compressors either are constant-speed or ‘spoed drivers, 809, Steam turbines are variable-speed drivers. Electric motors, on the oth “Speed drivers. hhané, aro normally 810 Most steam turbines have governors that control thelr 311, Nelther the besic contol objectives north acteristics change the method af conte. ‘with steam-turbine-criven compressors, # process signal is used to activate the govemor to raise or the speed. system har ‘312. As the speed ot the compressor Is increased, the mass or weight flow through it 22 313. AS the speed. is lowered, the mass flow is also 2 variable vaviable needed produced used weight make demand variable variable ‘speed, or RPM increases lowered 314, 315, 316. at. 318, 319. 22. 3. Whenever mass flow increases, the horsepower required ines ety When mass flow is decreased by a decrease In speed, the actual CFM is always (reduced | increased ) When the actual CFM through @ compressor is reduced, the compressor moves ( closer to / further away from } suree. Constant-speed machines are usvally equipped with either variable guide vanes of a suction throtle. When the guide Vanee are closed, they (reduce increase ) mass flow. nen the suction valve is throttled, the suction pressure 1s (reduced Increased |With a reduction in suction pressure, the density of the a5 ig and the total gas flow in pounds, It the suction is throted and the discharge pressure Is not reduced, the actual CFM through the compressor usually (increases | decreases) Reducing mass flow by throttling may either reduce or the actual CFM. is a control element that can bo used for ‘constantweight flow. When the control objective is ‘constant-weight flow, the flow meter is placed at the (discharge / suction ) ond of the compressor. [A pressure controler is a contol element for meeting the ‘objective of flow equal to make ar demand. For flow equal 1o demand, the pressure controller is placed at the endo! the compressor. For tlow equal to make, the pressure contraller is placed atthe ind of the compressor. Review 225, 326, ar. There are three basic control objectives, constant= flow, and variable flow equal to ‘or variable flow equal to “The two basic system characteristics are —__ cischarge pressure and dlscharge pres- sure systems. “Turbine drivers normally have governors to control their reduced closerte reduce reduced docreased reduced docreases, increase discharge cischarge suction wolgnt make, demand constant variable ‘p00, oF RPM 328, Atlow motor flow: used to contra constant-( volume / weight) 929, A pressure controller 's used to meet the delivery of (variable | constant tlw of gas as needed. ‘590, Dynamic compressors operating into fixed pressure systems are usually instrumented to protect against a PERFORMANCE FEATURES 381, _Dynamic compressors do not parform in the same way that positive displacement compressors do, ‘A postive displacement compressor frst traps a volume: of gas and then the gas into a smaller volume. 892, The alternate trapping and dleplacoment of gas is the ‘operating principle of the | positive isplacement / {éynamic } compressor 333, Gas Is not trapped, but flows continuously through the ‘compressor 304, Because ot simple construction, the dynamic compressor usually requires ( more ass) maintenance, 335. Dynamic compressors tend to take more horsepower for ‘compression than positive dieplacement compressors and ‘thus they have a (higher | lower) efficiency. 36. The dynamic compressors an economic choice where the lower first costs and lower maintenance costs offset the effects of their reduced. ‘387, The aynamie compressors normally more economic wnen the volume of gas handied is (ge / small), 338, In general, axial compressors are used for relatively low heads and relatively high 399, For large capacities and high heads, ( an axial ( a ccentitugal) compressor is used, ‘%40, The head through a positive displacement compressor lends to vary The neae of a dynamic compressor at any operating point tends to remain (constant/ variable) 241. For compressing largo volumes of gas through relatively constant heads and Rs, a compressor isused. 3 weight variable surge Aisplaces, or forces positive displacement ‘dynamic lower eticieney large capacities ‘ centetugal dynamic CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS Section 2 ‘CONSTRUCTION OF COMPRESSORS 1. There are two casing designs for centrifugal compressors. HORIZONTALLY SPLIT CASING ‘The horizontally split casing is in two halves that are together to form a tight enclosure. bolted 2 When the top half of the horizontally split casing is Fomoved, all tne internal components ( are easily acces ‘sible must be removed trom the case). are easily accessible 2 ‘This is a vertically split casing. Some vertically split casings have only one removable side the other side being part of the casing VERTICALLY SPLIT CASING It is sealed by two_____which are bolted tothe ends of the casing, |. To teach ail the working components in the vertically spit casing, he cover has to be pulled and the internal com- ponents must be trom the case. For easier accossibility ofthe internal working components fof a compressor, the casing is preterred. 3. When the compressor is operating, the pressure inside the ‘compressor s (higher / lower ) than the outside pressure, ‘The casing must be 20 constructed as to ‘988 from escaping through i In the vertically split casing, joints through which gas can escape are only al the ______of the casing, In the horizontally spit easing, the joint through which gas can escape is of a {larger / smaller ) area than In the vertically spilt casing. a covers removed. or pulled horizontally spt higher end 10. Compare the gas flow in these two cases. . Dh AC Je C fe VERTICALLY SPLIT ‘The high pressure is in contact withthe Joint more in the (horizontally vertically ) split compressor. 11. The casing that requires the most sealing area is the ‘spliteasing 12. Some gases, such as hydrogen, under high pressure are ‘extramely hard to contain Under high pressure, hydrogen is better contained in & (vertically horizontally} spit casing. 13, high pressure spilt casing is used. 14, The casing that allows the easiest accessibility to the intemal components of a centrilugal compressor is the (Cvotically Rorzontaly ) spit casing 4 horizontally horizontally vertically vertically horizontally 15. The casing that minimizes the possibilty of leaks is the split casing vertically ‘CONSTRUCTION DETAILS Impeliers 16. The part of the centrifugal compressor that adds velocity tothe gasis the 17. There are three basic impel Iimpetier Used for high heads and small fo large flow in single stage compressors only Used for large flow, usually in single stage compressors, or fas the first stage In multi- ‘stage compressors SSEML-ENCLOSED Used mainly in multi-stage compressors ENCLOSED controlled in the ‘open ‘The flow of gas is I Impetier 18. Multistage compressors usually have enclosed impetiers 19. In the enclosed impeller, ine gas is drawn into the “and flows out of the edge oF rim. eye 28 20. Flow of gas is most controlled in the ( open semi- ‘enclosed /enci enclosed 21. The impeller is shrunk onto, and rota SHAFT IMPELLER The impelier is prevented trom turning on the shaft by wie, key 22. An unbalanced or loose impeller ( vibrates / does not vibrate | vibrates 28. To prevent vibration, the impeller must be shrunk onto the shaft, andwell——— balanced Diaphragms 24. A multi-stage centrifugal compressor contains diaphragms, DIFFUSERS RETURN PASSAGES DIAPHR AGN IMPELLERS ‘The diaphragms are located between the! impellers 6 25. Look at this drawing —_—— Adjacent walls of the diaphragms form a passage called theese aituser 26. After the gas travels through the dittuser, it enters the return passage which guides It into the next. Impetier 27. The diaphragms are usually made of cast iron or other hhard metal such as steel and (rotate / do not rotate) with do not rotate the shatt 7 28. Some diaphragms are liquid cooles. The drawing shows ‘cut-away view o liquid-cooled diaphragm. DIAPHRAGA WATER ‘This diaphragm has an intake and _____ tube. discharge 29. The inside of the diaphragm has a passageway through which water, for example, can flow, or eireulate 30. 1 the water circulating through the diaphragm Is coo! fenough, the temperature of the diaphragm can be 3, Winen the gas leaves the impeller and travels through sin coniact withthe laphragm Row mh x thebak ort edo. 22, The diaphragms serve as cooling systems for the gas within the ——— ‘compressor Guide Vanes 38, Guide vanes may be either permanent o replaceable. Usually, hey are ahead of each impelier eye. These vanes are cesigned to guide the tlow of gas efficiently into the eye of the Impeller ‘34, The guide vanes in multi-stage centitugal compressors "are placed at the end of the return passage of the diaphragm 35. The gas that leaves an impeller passes through the difuser passage and in the return passage is guided by into the next imple. 98. Inlet guide vanes can be adjustable ‘ADJUSTABLE INLET ‘GUIDE. VANES a al DUUSTABLE INLET at (0) GUIDE VANES. (0) IMPELLER EVE: With adjustable vanes, the angle of gas flow into the eye cof the impellor can be 87. The anglo of flow into the eye of the impellor attects the characteristic performance curve of the impeller. ‘Compressor capacity can be controlled by adjusting the 38. On some compressors, the guide vanes are designed to automatically adjust compressor capacity to keep the ‘compressor within its operating 40 guide vanes: changed, or controled uide vanes. capacity. or range Review 3a Name these three basic impeller designs. 43, 44, 46 For high heads in a single-stage compressor, an type impellers used In a multistage comprossor, the frst impeller can be ‘either an enclosed or a Beets ‘ype. ‘A multi-stage centrifugal compressor has an foreach stage Each impeller discharges into a difluser passage formed by proper positioning of adjacent Much of the velocity is converted into pressure in the To direct the flow path of gas into each impeller’s eye, ‘can be used! open ‘semi-enclosed enclosed ‘open ‘semi-enclosed impel dlaphragms diffuser ‘guide vanes: 48. Guide vanes can be of the stationary or type. 47. Capacity and angle of tlow cen be best controlled with type vanes. Shaft Seals 48, The rotor shaft passes through the diaphragms. ‘The diaphragms and the shaft ( are / are not ) attached tooach other 49. As the gas flows from suction to discharge, its pressure (inereases stays the eams 50, Gas can flow from the higher pressure ragion to the lower Pressure region through the space between the shatt fang tne 51, Seals are used between the shaft and the diaphragm to prevent ‘52, The most common type of compressor seal isthe labyrinth seal ‘The labyrinth soal Is a sot of metal rings or tooth that neirelo the. adjustable adjustabie claphragm leakage hat 52. The teeth do not the shat contact, or touch 654, The tings or teeth are made of soft metal so that the shat will ot be in ease of accidental contact. damaged 155. The rings oF testh aro also sharp so that any friction ‘generated by contact would be (small great) small 56, The spaces between the teeth form a labyrinthine passage. ‘As the gas enters the space detween the teeth, It siows. ‘sown and changes direction. The resulting turbulence (resists /do28 not resist) the flow of gas, resists 157. This typeof seal (prevents does nt prevent) al leakage 02s not provent 58, This drawing shows gas at vory high velocity SEAL HIGH VELOCITY cas It the gas velocity s high, some ofthe gas does not change direction inthe seal, but skips between the teelh and the shattin a line. straight 4“ 61 2. 63, 64, 67, ‘When gas velocity is high, such skipping ( increases / decreases ) leakage, In a single oF straight labyrinin seal, the gas ( can J cannot low in a straight path. Whon the gas velocity through a straight labyrinth seal 's high, it becomes { more / less ) fective in stopping leakage. Look atthe shaft ofthis labyrinth seal ‘The shalt has tath that Interiock with the —____. ‘Gas (can cannot} flow through the seal ina straight line, It the gas (issis not flowing at @ high velocity, its path of flow anges. Whenever a gas is forces to change direction, it ( en- ‘counters / does not encounter ) resistance te flow. The ( interlocking | straight } labyrinth seal is more offcient Labyrinth seals ( prevent / do not prevent) all leakage. Labyrinth seals are used in areas where it is acceptable tallow Labyrinth seals are widely used as interstage seals be- ‘cause the pressure difference between stages is normally oe snough for a labyrinth seal to be affective, 44 Increases con ‘cannot is encounters Interlocking {60 not prevent leakage low, oF smail 70. Properly used, seals not only reduce leakage between shaft and diaphragm, out between shaft and casing 2s wll. LapyRINTH seat aaNS Gas from the compressar can leak through the seal ifthe compressor's cas pressure is greater than that of the ‘ulside or ambient atmosphere, or air, or as 71. If the process g2s of the compressor is hazardous oF toxic, the gas cannot be allowed to leak inio the aalnon te atmosphere 72. When using a labyrinth seal with dangerous gas, it must be ported couvnesson( AC, nimnene Sausclie” ne vote \ MN scodnnurn | SEAL “The port is placed on the seal betwen the process gas and the atmosphere 73. If the pressure in the port ar than the atmo- ‘spheric pressure, the process gas wil leak to (the port | ‘tho atmosphere) the port 74, From the port, the gas can then be piped to some location sale 175, This seal has boon ported 80 that inert gas ean be forced Into the labyrinth ofthe sea INERT GAS: SQ Shevainti seat INERT GAS. It the pressure o the inert gas is higher than the com: pressor intemal pressure, compressor gas ( can | Cannot) leek tothe atmosphere cannot 76. Because this type of seal does not prevent all leakage, some of the inert gas leaks to the almosphere, 80 the labyrinn seal should be used only where leakage is mates allowed. or sate 7. at a, This drawing shows a restrictive-ing shatt sea GARTER SPRING The rings are made out of low fiction material such as ‘carbon ‘The rings can be in one piece, reinforced by a steel Pecan a band Ihe rings are segmented they are usually hela together witha oe en garter spring Look at this restrictve-ting shaft seal ‘The rings: ara held in position around the shaft by sta- onary ing cups The rings cups ( contact do nt contact the shat. donot contact Tho leakage over the ring is provented by the vertical contact between the ring andthe ving cup " 83. In this type of seal, the rings actualy do not contact the shaft, so that some leakage ( wil/ will not) occur wil 184, The restrictive-ring seal can be ported for scavenging or Inert gan 2 sealing £85, The ring sealisalso used in conjunction with —____ labyrinth type seals to further reduce leakage. Contact Shaft Seals 86. When a moving part touches @ stationary seal par, the seal is called a contact seal In a contact seal, leakage is prevented by the — between two parts ‘contact 87. Rubbing produces friction, and friction generates heat Most types of contact seals must be lubricated to reduce friction and to carry ——— ‘away from the metal oat 88. For pressures up to sbout 1000 PSI, the mechanical= ‘contact shaft seal is effective. CARBON RING ROTATING SEAT STATIONARY CONTAMINATED. on our ‘The seal has a rotating and a—____ seat. stationary 48 89, The seats are separated by @ carbon ting 90. The sealing is accomplished by vertical contact between tne carbon ring and the and Satie stationary, rotating seat 81. This type of seal (requires ) does not require) lubrication. requires £2, To lubricate tho 5 ‘sure than the g aces, oil at about 40 PS! higher pres- pressure in the seal zone is fed through ‘riled inthe seal housing hole, or passage 92, Besides reducing friction and carrying away heat, the o ‘eel helps tothe shaft against loab 84, A labyrinth seal is usually present between the gas pas- ‘Sage and the contact seal. ‘To prevent the oll rom mixing with the gas in the com- pressor, a gas flow must exist down the labyrinth toward fhe seal process stream) seal 95. Te ol that is used in the seal ( does / does not } come oes In contact withthe gas 96, The oll wll absor’ some gas, or become contaminated. It should, theretore, be allowed to into ‘escape, or drain ‘trap where it can be salvaged. 97, At the aimosphere end of the seal a — pressure breakcown sleeve is used. 98, For sealing pressures of up to 10.000 PSI, a liquic-ilm ‘hal seal is. used. WER SLEEVE OUTER SLEEVE CONTAMINATED OIL OUT ‘OL OUT, This type of Inner and outer sleeves ry 102, 109, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, eves | touch / donot touch) each other They (touch / do nt touch ) the shat. “The shalt tele also sueroundes by a ‘As the shatt rotates, the shaft sleeve______with it It gas leaks from the compressor, It leaks between the ‘shat sleave and the (shalt / seals) High-pressure ol is forced in between the sleeves [As the shaft sleeve rotates, it Is surrounded by a tlm of ‘Therefore, the shat sleeve and he inner and outer sleeves, (ofthe seal (touch / do not touch ) each other. For the oil 1o seal the shaft sloeva against leakage. the pressure ofthe oll must be slightly (higher | lower ) than the pressure of the gas, “The pressure in the compressor may vary, 20 the sea cil pressure must also — — accordingly ‘A head tank is used with the seel for controling the pressure of the oil LEVEL CONTROLLER ‘The top of the head tank is vented to the ( pressure / almosphere } side ofthe seal.” ‘As thls pressure changes, the pressure above the oil (changes /siays the same | 0 0 not touch {9 not touch sleeve rotates {40 not touch higher vary pressure changes 110 m, 112, 113, 114, 115. 116 a Because the oll in the tank has its own head, it wil have its own [A head of 15 to 21 feet of oil wil exert from 5 to 7 PSI pressure The pressure of the oll in the seal will be the oas pressure, plus the pressure of the oil produced by its No matter how much the pressure In the compressor changes, the pressure of the oil will aways be ( more | less) by the amount of head. Ina liquid-ilm shaft seal, there (is direct contact is no Girect contact) between stationary and moving parts. Consequently, thera is very lita riction and almost no ‘ofthe inner sleeve, {As th oll circulates, several gallons per day leak into the prassura side of the compressor. BEARINGS the ai The seals do tequire a continuous supply of clean at high pressure, They also require a system for circulating the oll and for maintaining oll ! 51 pressure head Is no direct contact pressure 118, Seal oil must be perfectly (Care must be taken to see that no a0 ‘must also be kept of foreign pantclos 120, The ol that leaks into the machine (mus! be /need not be) removed, 121, The ois conducted through lines to traps, {trap must be provided tor each 122, The oil that goes into the leaps is always contaminates withthe gas in me 123, Excessive oil flow to the traps indicates that the seal (is/ isnot} detective. 124° A labyrinth seal is usually present between the gas passage and the seal Unless there is @ gas flow down the labyrinth toward the seal, some oll il will not enter the process stream. 425, This labyrinth seal may be ported par! way long its length. ‘A buffer gas applied to the port can the pressure in the sea! zone. 126. This buffer gas can also be offective in keeping tho process gas out of with the oil 127, Both mechanical-contact and liquic-film seals use ‘under pressure. 128 Ifthe excess cil leaks to the atmosphe (can | eannot ) be maintained the pressure 128, There must be some kind of resrition to the amount of oil leaking to the atmosphere 190. This restriction is usually a sleeve around the shaft called breakdown of outer using sleeve. ‘ll that lowe down this sleeve ( carrise / does not cca) heat away from the seal, 181, This oil flow varies within the seal according to suction 182 Some gases, auch a2 oxygen, are dangerous whan mixed wth ol When using shaft seals with oxygen, liquids other then must be uses, 2 ain free,or lean must be contact cannot reduce, or control Bearings 133, 134, 135, 136. 137, 198 139, Compressor parts are built wth very close clearances. The impellers and shaft must be free to rotate, but they ‘must not any other way. move Damage and leakage could result from erratic motion of the impellers or of the shaft [An unsupported shalt can mave any of three ways ROTATION AXIAL MOTION ‘cTuanina) (raRusT — RADIAL MOTION Movement along the axis of the shaft Is axial motion, oF ee theust The shaft ean also rotate off-center. This is {axial radial) motion. radial ‘There are forces in the compressor that tend to cause a or radial motion For example, gas pushing against the sides ofthe impollers tends to cause end-to-end or motion. axial, or thrust ‘An unbalanced impeller can cause up-and-down vibration for (axial | radial) motion. radial Bearings are used to support the shaft with a minimum of friction, Bearings permit the shaft to —— freely, but rotate they prevent axial or radial motion. sa 140. Thisis a journal bearing. ‘A journal bearing is used to restrict (axial/ radial) motion. radial 441. Axial motion is is not) possible wth a journal bearing, s 142, This sa thrust bearing, staTIONARY ‘THRUST SURFACE ‘twrust COLLAR, “The shat is free to rotate and to move radially, but is not free to move (axially! racially) axially 64 149, The! bearing prevents motion. axial 144, ‘The journal bearing prevents —___ maton. racial 145, The rubbing surface of both journal and thrust bearings Is a low friction metal ( babbitt) and is lubricated by a srigt il 146, The oils suppig to the bearing under pressure through Garoaves on the bearing surface. ‘The pressure ofthe oil insures an adequate tlow to prevent a mei = quero Se eee arog Ll naa oe net Sian eer 160. 161 192. 153, 164; 155, Axial motion is provented by the thrust The beating is lubricated by low presaure oll In normal operation, the thrust collar and the theust show are soparatod by a thin film of ‘To reduce trletion and remove heat, all bearings require Ina centrifugal compressor, shalt seals are normally set betwaen the high-pressure gas and eny bearing, It tho compressed gas can be mixed with cil, only one is required outboard of the drve-end bearing. When the gas must be protected from the oll, oF the lubricant from the gas, a shaft seal must be placed between the process ~~ ana each racial bearing, Hf the shaft soals aro labyrinth soals, there should be 4 vented space between the outside end of the Saal and Balancing Drums 156, Compare the preset on both sides of this rotor assembly. suction ROTOR piscHance PRESSURE ASSEMBLY PRESSURE suction pisclance ‘The pressure on the suction side of the rotor ie (the same as different trom ) the pressure on the discharge sid. ‘shoes oll, or lubricant seal bearing ‘itterent trom 157. The pressure on the rotor is higher on the ( suction / discharge ) side. discharge 168. This imbalance of pressure causes an axial force or thrust that pushes the rotor toward the ‘ond suction 189. On small or low pressure compressors, axial motion of the rotor shaft toward the suction end can be prevented by a thrust este bearing 160. When the axial thrust is too great for a thrust bearing, a balancing drum is used to equalize thrust. BALANCE cea suction LINE. DISCHARGE Cae S36 Se eT er BALANCING DRUM DISCHARGE SUCTION PRESSURE SON BALANCING. mt wpener ree LABYRINTH SEAL, The balancing drum is attached to the shaft at the end of the compressor. ischarge 7 161. One end of the drum is vented to the suction end of the ‘compressor ‘The end of the drum that is vented {s nearest the | im- rea Sn srt tes 1 i ‘BALANCE — a 3 e ee oe a oe Pressure [J IMPELLEF ‘ m paces ce so 165. The prossure difference at the balancing drum causes axial force in the direction of the end of the compressor 167. The two forces balance each other because they are exertedin——--ditections 168. AS a result, the shatt ( does / does not ) nave much axial force inaither direction 169. Axial forcas across the compressor can be balanced by ‘balancing 170. To prevent leakage around ine circumference of the drum, aoa is used, 171, The balance line must be kept from plugging. because the thrust bearing may "from overioad, 172. Because the balancing drum is vented, both discharge land end seals operate at ( suction | discharge ) pressure, The Oil-Circulation System 173. In the lubrication eystom, oil ie suppliod under pressure fathers 174, If oll pressure is lost, the bearings ( are / are not ) lubricated: 175. The lubrication system keops a supply of flowing to the bearings. 176, The drawing represents a typical oil-circulation system. COOLERS FILTERS — 1 1 i Low PRESSURE TRIP 1 1 main on. | PUMP BEARING | GEARING comPRessoR TTL — fou reservoir AUXILIARY O1L PUN 1 stored in a large oll aisenarge opposite does not rum labyrintn fail suction bearings are not 17, 178, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184 185, 186, 187 138. 129. Oil Is forced to tlow trom the reservoir to the bearings Dy means of a main oi il becomes too thin i it gots too hot. ll eannot maintain a protective —______ between, ‘metal parts itt Becomes t00 thin, ‘The oil must be coo! in order to coo! the bearings. ‘The oll ist passes through an oil —— il that is too cold. however, may get too viscous (thick). viscous oll may not flow around bearings well enough to ‘them properly Aftor passing through the cooler, the ell passes through anoil te be cleaned of impurities. It the oil system fas to deliver ol to the bearings, severe damage trom heat and fiction may result ‘The bearings may. ‘Thus, a flow of —__ must always be maintained ile the compressor ie in operation, Ifa fiter or cooler becomes blocked, or if the oll pump breaks down, the il ow is interrupted and the compressor may have to be shut down, ‘An auxiliary titer, cooler, and pump are normally provided to mainiain the flow of in. an emergency. Since the sysiom must stop i the pumping equipment falls, ‘most compressors are served by (one / two } oil pumps. ‘The main oll pump is used during normal operat ‘he auailiary pump is used in case of ns and ‘The main oll pump may be shatt-driven. Atstartup, singe the shaft is not rotating, the main el pump (does / does not operate. The auxiliary pump is run by a separate driver, so that it operates independently of the compressor. At startup, the auxiliary pump lubricates the bearings until ‘he compressor Is up to operating [At shutdown, the main pum Is again pul out of operation as the shalt slows down ‘The ____ pump again keeps oil cieulating through the boarings. pump file lubricate finer fall, orseize does not speed avsiliay 4191. Most compressors are stopped by an automatic trip when the lubricating ol pressure becomes too 192, Some units are equipped with o-pressure alarms. When the lubricating cil pressure begins to fall, an alarm the operator. 493. There may also be an alarm to wam the operator when the temperature becomes 100 high. ‘Alarms waen the operator when the oll becomes 100 low oF the oil becomes too high Review 194, The bearings of the compressor need @ constant supply fofeiean Oh eee 195. Ifthe filter becomes clogged, an automatic tripping device is activated, This daviceis operated by ( pressure / temperature). 196, When oil is hot, it loses some of its lubricating cheractor- istics, To prevent this, the oll s before itis supplied to the unit 497, To prevent tipping, the filter and the cooler must bo filed with oit and the pressure { must / need not ) be ‘atthe recommended level Cooling 198, Compression heats @ gas. ‘As gas Is compressed, its temperature { increases / decreases) 199, The greater the , the greater the inerease in temporature, ‘Singe mult-staging increasee Rit also tends to increase the inal of the gas. 200, For safe operation of the compressor, it is necessary in ‘many casos tothe compressed gas. a warns or alerts pressure ‘empersture pressure cooled must Increases temperature cool 201, Tho gas.can be cooled in the compressor. Here cooling water is circulated through the diaphragms 202. When diaphragm cocling is used, the gas is cooled between exch stage, or impeller e 209. Consider this intercooler system. inrercootens cooune FLUID OUT cooune > FLUID IN COMPRESSOR ‘The gas is cooled ( insi ‘of outside ot ) the compressor. 204, Once the gas is cooled, it Is to the compressor, 205. In this situation, the gas ie cooled atter it ‘compresscr. AFTERCOOLER ‘The gas flows through the and on into the tlw i 206. Compressor speed may be as low as 3000 RPM or as high ‘88 50,000 RPM, The normal operating range is 3000 to 12,000 RPM, Contrtugal comer narrow ) range of s FS operate over a falely ( wide / ds. 63 outside of returned attercootor wide 207, 208, 209, 210. an. For a centritugal compressor, 3000 RPM is considered [ high speed / low speed ); and 10,000 RPM is considered vee TS spat Turbines are high-speed drivers. ‘A high-speed centrifugal compressor may be —___ directly to the shaft of a steam or a combustion gas turb [An electric motor may be direct-coupled to the shaft of a ( high/low) speed centritugal compressor. This olectic motor is being used to drive @ high-speed ‘compressor. To achieve the hich speed neoded. stepup have to be used, Centrifugal compressors are sometimes powered by natural gas or diesel engines. ‘Since engines are low-speed drivers, ‘goars must be used with engine drivers. Sataty Devices: 212, ars. ‘An electric motor must be protected against overload. COverioading causes averhoating which could the motor. {A thermostat isa control device that responds to changes in temperature. [A thermostat may be sot in the motor windings to detect low speed high coupled, or connected gears stepup damage, or burn out overload, or overheating 214. 215. 216. a7. ating temper- lure, a solenaid switch, iipped by the thermostat, shuts off the current and the motor ‘When an electric motor is overloaded, it draws excessive current that overheats the windin A circuit broake ‘can be used to ‘A turbine requires a governor to keep it running at a constant speed. “The governor controls the supply of fuel to @ combustion 928 turbine or the supply of ~~ to a steam turbine, ‘This is one type of system to regulate the speed of the compressor, ‘Tunorrie vave ‘The servo-motor is mechanically connected to the stops: current steam throttle 218. 219, 220. 221 222, 223. 228. 225. 226. ear. In order to maintain @ constant turbine speed under varying load conditions, the servo-motor is designed s0 that when the turbine begins to slow down, the throt If the turbine begins to speed up the throttle is Some turbines have an electric generator connected to Changes in the output voltage of the generator are directly related to changes in turbine ae These changes in voltage are used to control a pilot which in turn controls the epening. Suppose the compressor suddenly becomes unloaded. ‘Turbine speed increases ( quickly / slowly). In this situation, the governor may respond too slowly to prevent othe compressor or driver, Due to impurities in steam, governors may become Because governors may respond too slowly or become fouled, an additional safety device (\s/ is not ) desirable. ‘An overspeed trip is always located in the turbine shatt TURBINE SHAFT The weight is held in the shaft by the tension of the [At safe operating speeds the weight remains in the ‘opened closed speed throttle ‘uiekly damage tout spring shatt 228, I the turbine overspeeds, the centritugal tendency of the "weight exceeds tha spring tension Winen the turbine overspoeds, tne weight (remains in comes out of) he shaft 229. The weight strikes atrip am. When the tip axm is moved, the spring closes the Uihich shuts ofthe stesm supply. 200, Other automatic shutdown controls respond to changes in ol pressure, cooling water temperalute, seal ail pres: ‘sur, or other erica systoms. “These devices shut of the driver if some situation arises 231, In systems where immediate action i not necessary. sometimes automatic alarms are set of ‘The alarms warn the operator of a 282. 11 an operator does not correct the condition, an automatic valve the driver. Vents and Bypasses: 288. Surge begins whan the flow of gas is reduced below surge level, Momentary, gas lows back info tho compressor, ‘Surge aecurs when discharge pressure i 0 (high/low o dangerous problem, or change stops, or shuts down high 294. Many centrifugal compressors are equipped with vents or bypasses fo protect them against surging AUTOMATIC. VALVE In this compressor, gas can be released through a OS Spit the discharge line. vent 235. Since gas is released trom the discharge tine, tlow (increases / decreases ) increases 298. An increase in tlow prevents the compressor trom Sees ened surging 237. Avent discharges gas directly nto the atmosphere. Vents are used when the gas being compressed (is / is not) hazardous or valuable. isnot 238. When a compressor nears its surge point, the rate of flow becomes (taster /siower) slower 239, Automatic vent valves are set to be opened by ( high / low flow cates. ea 240. 1ESSOR In the bypass system, the gas (is is not ) released to the Is not atmosphere. 241 2a, 243, ‘The bypass moves the gas from the discharge back to the During compression, the temperature of a gas incr It the bypass gas were taken directly from the discharg {In order to prevent an increase in the suction temperature, the bypass gas is taken from a point (before/after ) the altercooler, ‘The bypass, liko the vent, may be automatically controlled to.epen because of (low / high flow rat OPERATION OF COMPRESSORS Operation in Series and in 248, Two mult-staged compressor ‘when connected in series, the discharge of one compres sor feeds into tn ‘of the next ‘suction alter 246. 2a7, 240, 249, 260. 251 282. “The gas entering the second compressor is at (a higher pressure than / the same pressure as ) the gas entering the frst compressor. Compressors are connected in series to increase the (capacity head ) Compressors may also be connected in paral. ‘When in paralel, both compressors discharge into ( tho same line citferent lines) Operation in paral increases the ( capacity/ head). When connected in parallel, ifthe discharge pressure of fone compressor drops below that ofthe other. i (surges maintains flow). ‘The discharge pressure of both compressors ( must be the. ssame [can be different). All ceatrtugal compressors in par againsi backflow. lel are protected ‘At each discharge line a is installod. lahigher pressure then head the same line capacity surges ‘must be the same check valve 253. 254, 256, 251. Startup a 259, 260, 261 262, 263, 264, 265, [A.check valve allows flow in (one both ) directions) It a itferance in pressure exists between the compres- sors, the check valve provents ‘Although a check valve prevenis backfow. the compressor ‘can sil surge if the flow is ‘To prevent surging, a bypass or vent has to be installed betwoon (the discharge and the check valve / the cheek valve and the system. Parallel operation is used for increasing —___. while series operation is used for increasing Compressors operating in parallel require the use of 1 provent backllow. Shutdown: restart Liquids in the system could seriously damage a centitugal ‘compressor when itis started up. Before starting a contritugal compressor al shuld be drained or purged from the system. Beore starting a centitugal compressor the lubrication and seal oll reservoirs should be checked, “The compressor must have a continuous supply of clean before itis started, In order te provide oil for stating purposes, centrtugal compressors are usually provided with a prolube system. The prelube pump should be stared ( betore / ator ) startup. {As lubrication ol pressure builds, check the pressure drop across the iter. Oil fows mor temperature) asly when it (Is cool reaches operating ‘The pressure drop across the filter should ( inerease / decrease ) as temperature increases. Lubriating- and seal-oll systems should be operating at least 10°10 20 minutes before the is states. To allow te oil to warm-up to operating conditions, the cooling system is stared {Detore/ after} tho lube system. n backtiow low, or reduced the discharge and the check valve capacity pressure, orhead check valves luis lubricant, rol betore ‘reaches operating temperature decrease ‘compressor 268. 207. 268. 269. Some centrifugal compressors have waler cooled

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