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    NASA 86 Tm1191Analog NASA 86 Tm1191Analog

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    0 views177 pages

    NASA 86 Tm1191Analog

    Uploaded by

    Vitor Ramalho
    NASA 86 Tm1191Analog NASA 86 Tm1191Analog

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    NASA Reference Publication 1159 January 1986 Analog Signal Conditioning for Flight-Test Instrumentation Donald W. Veatch and Rodney K. Bogue NASA UBRARY NASA - DFRC NASA Reference Publication 1159 1986 . Analog Signal Conditioning for Flight-Test Instrumentation Donald W. Veatch and Rodney K. Bogue ‘Ames Research Center Dryden Flight Research Facility Edwards, California TABLE OF CONTENTS SOWA eee eee ee eo pee eer UMMC ete ee eee a ao Ly INTRODUCTIONS ee ee eee Goug0 00 0Gc0K0nE eee 2. FLIGHT-TEST SIGNAL-CONDITIONING ANO THE ENGINEER ove oe eee 2.1. THE IDEAL INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM ve ves eee eee eee teen eee eee 2.2 THE PRACTICAL INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM oe ove eee cee eevee eee ee eee 2.21 The Measurand ve vee eee ee 2.2.2 The Detection Process 21212111 eee 2.213 Pre-Transduction Signal Conds loning © ees 2.2.4 The Transducers «ews = mee aerate 2125 The DatecTermina) Davies 212121 Baers GENERAL SUGNAL-CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES 6s eee eee eee eee eee oe ee 3a 3.2 aa AMPLIFICATION, ATTENUATION, AND ZERO SHIFTING Woltage Amplifier Isolation Aeplitier Current Amplifier. 22222 Dt oe Charge Aeplitier . < Logartthnte and aici logarithmic Aapitfiar” Alternating Current Amplifier =. we. - 85 ‘Anplitude-Nodutation Carrier Aaplitier System’ 2221 ITII2 eee Notse Reduction with Filters se. 6s [eal Filters sess ene ci iite Analog-to-Dightal Converter vss se + Digital Fitter anes Extracting Data tron a Digital Bata’sus’ + Signal Conditioning with Micraconputers Signal Conditioning with Miniconputers.« SIONAL CONDTIONING OPTIMIZED FOR SPECIFIC TRANSDUCTION TECHNIQUES 6. 0-6 ec eee eee 4.1. SELFOGENERATING TRANSDUCER SIGNAL CONDITIONING 2... ee ee oo 4.1.1 Piezoelectric Transducer Signal Conditioning... cece eee eee 4.1.2 Thermocouple Transducer Signal Conditioning. 2.2 ss eee 411.3. Faraday-Law Transducer Signal Conditioning «<1 11! eee 4.2 NON-SELF-GENERATING TRANSDUCER SIGNAL CONDITIONING ove ees eee eee ee eee 4.2.1 Vartable-Reststance-Trantducer Signal Conditioning gbogoo 4.2.2 variable-Capacitance-Transducer Signal Conditioning 4.2.3. Variable-inductance-Transaucer Signal Conditioning » 1211! 42.4 wechanosOptical effect Transducer Signal Conditioning S11 t 412.5 Force-Batance-Transaucer Signal Conditioning «vs vs So. s : MULTIPLEXERS AS SIGNAL CONDITIONERS eee vee eee eee eee oe Se1_ TIME-SANPLED OATA AND ALIASING ee ee eee eee eee eee ee oe 5.2 FREQUENCY-DIVISION MULTIPLEKING ©. ee eee oe pee ence crn 5.2.1 Proportions -Bandwtdth FM-Type FIM Systems oes ee sete eee eee ee 5.212 Constant-Sandwlath FM-Type FON Systems ss sss ssl lvls lle peer $.3 TIME-DIVISION MULTIPLERING Feo oe ee eee cece eee eee 3.1 Pulse-Anplituse Mogulation TOM Systens os eee see cece erence eee 5.3.2 Pulse-Coge Moaulatton TOM systems ws ss sss sll ltrs ee cee 4 1B “ 6 ” 8 1» 19 9 19 20 2% 5 25 26 2 2 9 9 2» a a 51 58 6 6a 87 8 30 a a 92 sa 58 TIME CORRELATION OF MULTIPLEKED DATA wes eee eee eee eee ete eee REMOTE MULTIPLERING ee eee eee 6, SIGNAL CONDITIONING FOR AIRBORNE SIGMAL TERMINAL DEVICES oe eevee eee eee eee 61 SUGNAL CONDITIONING FOR MAGNETIC TAPE RECORDERS vo ee sve ee tere ee eee Divect-Recording Sig 6a 1 Conditioning «eves eee essen eeeeeeeeee SIE WiebenectWRectraig’ Signet Goi Tontg PoksRecoraing Signal Canditiontag see's S222 2 20220 EETIDE 46.2 SIGNAL CONOTTIONING FOR TELEMETRY TRANSMITTERS 63 oy 65 avers Aa Aa Aa As A aa Ae appevorn 82 Appevon avpevorn nvpevors avoevorn appevors avvevors aprevons ta 6.241 FAYPM PrecEnphasis we ee ee ee es Sele raven systems ee TILL I DT 6203, Prestadutation iter’ 22D DI 02 oe 6.21 Photographte Camera ve ee eee ee 6132 Televiston Cora 2 DDDDDE CONTINUOUS-TRACE RECORDER ove eee eee PILOT AND AIRCREM DISPLAYS ee eee ee 5.1 Pilot Displays eee eee 6.8.2 Crew Displays sso veel A OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER vee ee ee ee NON-IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CHARACTERISTICS « « « EnwORS CAUSED fY FINITE OPEN-LODP AMPLIFIER GAIN EFFECTS OF FINITE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER OUTPUT IMPEOMMCE vw ve ee eee ee eee [EFFECTS OF FINITE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER FREQUENCY RESPONSE. eee eee eee ee EFFECTS OF OPERATIONAL RAPLIFIER FINITE INPUT IMPEDANCE oes vee ee eee eee [EFFECTS OF INTERNAL VOLTAGE AND CURRENT BIAS, EFFECTS OF FINITE AMPLIFIER COMMON-MODE REJECTION RAT! AFFECTS OF OTHER MON-IOEAL FACTORS ese ove es 1B SINGLE-EWOED YOLIAGE MPLIFIER vee eee ee {WE SINGLE-EVOED INVERTING AMPLIFIER se ee e+ ‘THE SINGLE-ENOED MON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER. 5 (© INSTRUMENTATION (DIFFERENTIAL) AMPLIFIER. «= 5 D SOATION MPLIFIER ©. ee ee ee ea © CURRENT AMPLIFIER ve ee ee FOWRGE AMPLIFIER Se eee ALTERNATING CURRENT COUPLED AMPLIFIER 5 5 A CARRIERSAWPLIFIER SYSTEM. eee eee eee DWE ACTIVE FILTER Soccer eee WNRODICTION oe eee eee 1.2 LOGARITWHIC RATIOS FOR DESCRIBING FILTER RESPONSE... Led TRANSFER FUNCTION AND FILTERS ove ee eee eee ee tenet tenets rage 2 8 * ra %9 0 vot 133 10 10 103 106 106 196 us ne me ue us ur nu m2 we. 15 1 1m 1m 1 ry Ms us 1.4 SCALING FILTER FREQUENCY AND IMPEDANCE ve ee eee eee eee RG (ikea yen snboocqodoc ocd osc endcondsodG Tre DerowOttset Low-Pase FAIter eee reese eee eee Woleegeccontrolted Yoltage-source LowPass filters 22211 LI. Woltegecconerelted Yoltage-Source Mgh-Pass Fitters LLL iis Cover (Elliptic) Moh-Pass and Low-Poss Filters ss sce elle Comutating Bandpass ond Gand-Reject FHiter vs vs cesar se 136 SELECTING COMPONENTS FOR AN ACTIVE FILTER soe epee eee eee eee APPENOTK J THERMOCOUPLE PATTERN-CIRCUIT TECHNIQUE © os eee eee ee eee APPENODK K ANALYSIS OF AN ICE-BATH REFERENCE ee eee eee APPENODK L_ PROPORTIONAL CONTROL NEATER FOR THERHOCOUPLE REFERENCE OVENS... sve APPENOLK M- THERWOCOUPLE REFERENCE-OUNCTION COMPENSATOR ve vv eevee eee APPENDIX N- ANALYSIS OF A STANOARD COPPER CONNECTOR IN A THERNOCOUPLE WIRING CIRCUIT APPENDIX 0. THE PATTERN-CIRCUIT ANALYSIS TECHEQUE FOR COMPLEX THERMOCOUPLE CIRCUITS . REFERENCES «sss Page ry we 180 11 ibe 157 159 159 165 169 m a3 15 m” 19 ANALOG SUGNAL CONDITIONING FOR FLIGHT-TEST INSTRUMENTATION Donat , Yeazch* Consi*tant_ to AGARD F1ighe Mechanics Pane! ‘Star Route 2, Box 3060-C Tenachapt Ca) ifornta, 93561 Rodney Ks Bogue Group Leader, Flignt-Test Techalques nnSA Anes esearch Center Dryden Flight Research Fact ity BO, Box 273 Eewards, California 93523-5000 summary This docunent addresses the application of analog signal concitioning to (ightetest datecacquisition systens. Emphasis s placed on practical applica Tons of signal conditioning far the most comon fVight-test data-acquisttion Systens, -Rlintted amount of theoretical discussion is included to assist the Feeder in 2 nore complete understanding of the subject matter. Nonspecific signal conditvoning, such as amplification, filtering, and cultiptoxing, 18 discussed. Signal condicioning for various specific trans Gucers. end data terminal devices 1s oTs0 discussed to iTlustrate signal con- itioning that 1s unique to particular types of transducers. ‘The purpose of this document 1s to delineate for the reader the various signalvcondisioning technique options, together with tradeoff considerations, for commonly encountered fight-test. situations. Teed (retired), Instrument Development Branch, NASA Anes Research Center, Oryden Flight Research Fact sty. area; amplitude gain; anpl tude of ‘SHveoidal wavetorm ‘thermoelectric matertals open-loop amplifier gzin magnetic flux density evlatton ratio; atode damping coetfietent; diameter Young's modulus ‘age or Dias volta power supply volt~ variable voltages natural logarithm absolute value of transfer function ‘2p spacing; gravitat ona) ‘transfer function vartable current ‘an Anaginary number 4 constant; f¥Iter getn ‘guge factor of & strain guage Tength; inductance runber of turns on a cot? gear ratio; normalized position of 2 potentioneter tap electete charges quatity factor defining a fiter characteristic root-nean-square switch contact; thermecouple Laplace operator period: temperature: transtomer 8 vartanie ‘mpetance Cinecphase shift, synchros; angle tnermal coefficient of resistivity: ‘thermistor material constant: feedback factor: handutdth factor (For neautat ion] peemietivitys Tongitudina) strain (ainenstoniess): aielectrse constant stator angie Peltier coefficient of materials & ‘and B wone junction at ter erature T longitudinal stress; Thompson voltage coef ietent tine constant: group aetay phase shite angular frequency, zt, rad/sees ‘gular rotational velocity. deysec anplitier resolver autput (voltage) thermoelectric materials network elements (resistors) anbtent (temperature) battery/bridge (voltage); Stas (current) cable (resi stance/capacttance); ‘al tbrat on (resistance) Composite (recistance)s carrier (Frequency): center (Frequency); cuter (Frequency) nigh cutof® (frequency) cable leakage (resistance); low eutort (Frequency) ‘comon mode (gain/tnpecance) ‘ifterentiar (gain/impedance) exponential Teadback (resistance/capacitance); Tixee (resistance) gauge or guivanonetetc (resistance) 1 w Avbreviat fons: noe nos ro acc corn cox ‘tnput_ (voltage/current/resistance/ ‘mpetance) ‘ndex (chonned) tharnacaupla (sansittvity/valtage ‘utput). ‘index (Besse? function) oad (reststance/impedance); Toagi tudinal (strain) ogaritnate ratio (voltage) roxtmun (Frequeney) (strata) noise (voltage) natural frequency output (voltage/current/resistance/ ‘mpedance): free-space value (permittivity); base chanel (Subcarcter array); reference (resistance voltage) ‘effective output (impedance) offset (voltage) pattern ctrcutt (voltage); poten ‘Honetar (vol tage/resi stance) Poitier + tage reference (tenperature/resistance/ voltage) source (voltage/current/resistance/ ‘impedance); data spectrum maximn ‘requency: shunt (reststance/ Capacitance) sampling (frequency); stanal (Frequency) Thompson (voltage); temperature transducer (voltage/reststance ‘theratstor (resistance) ‘transcucer leakage (resistance) vartable Tine (resistance) ead wire (resistance) vartable value (voltage/eapaci tance); excitation (voltage) zone (isotheraal) differentiates between sintlar items (elesones, constants, or phases) anslogeto-digital converter air data system anplitude modvlatton Foeing Commerctal Aiccraft Company constant-banawiath FH control differential transmitter om cx ae cr ox as om rom rer ™ Fs. ss Rig 18 wor ash os mR mee Pam PorH Pom Pom mw ps0 Re Rs Ro vor nz Sas sco 3 te conmon-nose rejection, 48 comon-node rejection ratio control receiver control cranstormer contro! transmitter data-acquisition systen Deutsche adustrienorm (Gernan Industrial Standard) Frequency division mutiplexing Hela-effect transistor Frequency modulation full seate inertial navigation systen Inter-Range Instrumentation Group (S.A) east stonificant bit (of # digital word) ‘Vinear variable-differential ‘transformer ost significant bit (of a digital word) National Aeronautics and Space hanintstration (UsSehe) National Bureau of Standards (UeseA.) Navionaal Lucht-En Ruimtevaartl ‘atortun (National Aerospace Laboratory, the Netherlands) onreturn to zero pulse-anplituée modulation proportional bandwidth FH pulse-code moduTation pulse-duration modulation phase nodulation phase-sensitive denodulator radio Frequency resolver resistive temperature detector rotary variable differential trans former return to zero stabiLity augpentation systen subcarrier oscfMator signal-to-noise ratio temperature coefficient 0% Toe Tot m tine division multiplexing torque differentia? receiver tongue differential tranenitter torque recelver 0 wor tongue transnttter voltage contrat eg osct ator variable aifferenttal transformer 1. INTRODUCTION ‘The primary goal of this volune is to acquaint flight-test_ and instrunentation engineers with the fost. tnportant: signal conditioning techniques and with the ways in which these techniques can best De Spplied.. The background material provided Rerein shoul make st possiole forthe engineer to understand the rationale benind the selection of opeinal signal-condttioning techniques for given applications. (ne! term engineer” 1s used tneoughout for Doth Flight-eest. ana Instrunentation engineers.) A secondary goal of this volune is to provide the new engineer with a working background in sigra)-condizioning practices. This material. aTso makes an interest ing review for the experienced engineer, and the sections on practical approxinations const tute a fruitful eres for further dfscus- Slons. The appendixes contain theoretical, mathematical, and circuit detatis on several subjects, covered fore generally. in the main text, and the references Tisted at the end of the volume provide handy guides Tines for further study Since even experienced engineers do not always agree on what signal. cond!tfoning encompasses signal conditioning must first be defined before it can be discussed. As used in this volume, fiight~ test signal conditioning 4s defined as “the signal nodiTicat ions between the transducer and’ the input stage of the recording or telenctry systen, the indicator, or che airborne computer (Ref. 1). This ‘is post-transduction signal conditioning and ts the subject of this volume, ‘Mithough atrborne computers and microprocessors can be very powerful signal conditioners, they are not extensively discussed. The atrborne conputer referred to tn the above definition would be a con- Duter such as those used in the flightccontrols systems and thus wold be defined as 4 data-acquis{efon terminal device A computer can also function as a signal source for the datacacquisition system (DAS), in which case signal conditioning 1s required. The purpose of (post-transduction) signal conditioning 1s to make an optimal match between the trans- aucer cueput and the input of the atrcrafe date-acquisttion terminal devices: for example, to match a thermocouple to a tape recorder ar tranemitter, Properly done, this signal conétttoning greatly stmplt- fies" the sirborne data-acquisition and ground data-reduct ton tasks. For example, pulse-code mOdUTae ion (POM) can place many data channels on a single tapecrecorder track or ong single transmitter channel. and an also natch the data conventently to the modern computerized geound data-reduction systens. [An excellent. short overview of signal conditioning {s provided in Chapter 5 of Ref, 1. The symbols used herein for electrical circuits conform to those recommended in Ref. 2. FLIGHT-TEST S1GNAL-CONDITIONING ANG THE ENGINEER ‘To understand the need for signa} consitioning, the engineer mist understand the nature and purpose ne aatesacquteieion sequence, “Te silustrate, che need for.signal condietoning, fn" system 4s compared with a ras! ‘netrumsntetion system.” By Enis meant {t 12" ly shown why signal conditfoning Ts requivea and how {1 can be used to Improve the quality of the Fiigne-test signal conaitiontag ts" the subject of this volune- and the sophasis evn why fhe Various techniques are selected. The relative merits of exch tecnnigue are’ also eiscussedy 2.1 THE IMEAL INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM Im an ideal instrumentation system, there 15 00 requirement for signal congitioning. In this idea! word, there exists. necturand, ¢ transducer, and an eirborne dato-terminal gevice (Fig. 1)« Mone ot These’ teal system components introsvees a tine delay. The measurand 15 defined asthe physicaT quantity that Is to be weasured: for example, strain, peqnaret ar teperetare, "Me fel nesutend conteie no tnforntton beyond that requir for he The {deah transducer detects the measurand without éistorting the measurand. If the massurand ts not Sn a'torn that optimally natenes the on-boura date-termina) device, then the transducer provides the air= Sore! Bernina device mish the desired representation ot the masurande™ The Wel transducer Tatrodces no distortion or novse, ‘he atrborne datavacquisttion terminal device 42 a racorder, trananitter, ingieator, oF airborne {serminai-type) computers. The Sdeal (aireraft) accussition terminal device requires no’ signal con aitfoning, Since the transoucer optimally matches its Input requirements. 2.2 THE PRACTICAL INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM Figure 2 $5. representation of practical, one-cnamnel airborne data-acquis\tion system. Thts system differs from the fden) systen im that each syaten elenent, to-a greater or lesser Gearée, scontane ‘Sfaters

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