Lan v rng

Cho cc bn,
Ti xin m mc ny vit v lan v rng t nhin ca Vit Nam.
Ti ngh gi l chi lan rng th khng th khng tm hiu v ni m nhng cy lan
ny sinh sng. C rt nhiu iu v rng Vit Nam m qua cho php ta hiu hn
nhng cy phong lan trong vn nh cc bn, vi d nh, ti sao mt loi lan ch gp ni
ny m khng ni khc? ti sao cy lan trng ch ny th ra hoa, mang sang vng khc
th khng? ti sao c loi cn che bng, c loi cn sng hn mi n hoa? phong lan,
thch lan v a lan phn bit vi nhau nh th no? ...
Rt mong c s ng h v gp bn lun ca cc bn chng ta hiu hn (snh chi
hn) v nhm cy rt quyn r ny.
Ai cng bit lan mc t nhin trong rng nhng c phi rng no cng c lan khng?
Chc chn l khng phi. Vy lan rng mc u?
Ai cng bit yu cu c bn khi trng lan l gi m cao v che bng, trnh nng. y
cng l c im chnh gii thch ti sao cc loi lan ch mc nhng khu vc nht
nh. Trc ht hy xem nh hng ca cao n phn b cc loi lan.
Cng ln cao th nhit khng kh cng h thp. Nhit thp lm cho khng kh tr
nn m hn, nhiu my v sng m. My v sng m tip theo li nh hng n
chiu sng trong rng. V vy c th thy c s tng quan r rng gia cao vi
nhng yu t c bn i vi cy: nhit khng kh, m khng kh, nh sng.
Theo cc bn th phong lan Vit Nam gp t cao no so vi mt bin? 50m, 100m,
500m, 1000m? Nhng loi lan khc nhau gp trong rng nhng cao khc nhau.
Phong lan Vit Nam gp tt c cc cao t mc st mt bin ti nh Phan Xi Png
cao trn 3000m.

Theo cao c th chia thnh nhng sinh cnh chnh i vi lan nh sau:
1. Rng ma nhit i vng thp: cao di 800m. c im l c m khng kh
cao quanh nm, nhit tng i cao v n nh, chu nh hng ca gi ma, ma h
v u thu c nhiu ma, ma ng v xun kh. Nhiu loi phong lan d trng c ngun
gc t sinh cnh ny, ch yu l cc loi lan n thn nh Vn a (Vanda), Dng hng
(Aerides), Hong yn (Ascocentrum), Phng (Renanthera) v mt s loi lan a thn
ca chi Hong tho.
2. Rng vng i ni thp gi ma: cao t 800 n 1800m. y l sinh cnh quan
trng nht i vi cc loi lan, chim ti 60% s loi. c im sinh cnh ny l nhit
thp hn, c nhiu sng m vo bui sng v chiu, ma nhiu, ma ng tri sng, t
my v tng i kh, ma h nhiu my v m, gi ni lm khng kh lu thng lin
tc. Phn ln nhng loi lan a thn quen thuc ca chi Hong tho (Dendrobium), chi
lan Bng (Bulbophyllum) c xut x sinh cnh ny.
3. Rng nhit i ni cao: trn 1800m. c im l sng m quanh nm, ma ng
sng, ma h my che bng, nhit thp, t thay i theo ma. Gp ch yu sinh cnh
ny l cc loi lan chu lnh ca chi Hong tho v cc loi a lan.

Thun dng lan rng khng ch l mt th chi m cn l mt vn khoa hc. Thun

dng cy rng ni nm na l mang cy t rng v trng nh. Mun lm c iu ny
cn hiu 3 vn :
1. Trc ht l iu kin nui trng nh. Ci ny th ai cng bit vi l nh ca mi
ngi.
2. Th hai l cy c mang v. Ci ny th nhiu sch ni, v d cy gi l g, trng
nh th no, ...
3. Th ba chnh l ch m cy c ly v hay l rng. y l vn sinh thi cy trong
t nhin, cn rt t c tm hiu. Chnh v vy Minh Xun mun m mc ni v tng
quan gia cy v rng ny khi nn phn no vn .
Nu hiu c nhng kin thc c bn v sinh thi lan rng th s hiu c cn c cch
thun dng th no cho hp l i vi tng loi c th, tng a phng c th.
Xin cc bn theo di nhng bi tip theo hiu c nhng khi nim c bn, t
mi c th p dng c th c. Minh Xun s c gng dnh thi gian trnh by vi
cc bn kinh nghim v hiu bit ca mnh v sinh thi lan rng Vit Nam. Nu bn no
mun hi c th cng xin ng ngi m nu ra, v qua nhng iu c th cng s gip
hiu thm nhng vn chung.

Bc - Nam
Vit Nam nm trong phm vi kh hu nhit i, pha Nam cha n ng xch o, pha
Bc cha n ch tuyn Bc. V tr ny rt thun li cho pht trin ca phong lan v nhit
khng b qu nng hay qu lnh. Phn ln cc loi phong lan u c th trng c
m khng cn n nh knh.
Tuy nhin iu kin kh hu Bc - Nam Vit Nam cng rt khc nhau. Pha Bc c ma
ng tng i lnh. Min Nam nhit m quanh nm. Nh bi trn ni, nhit
rng s ko theo nh hng n m v nh sng. V vy phn b lan theo chiu Nam
Bc l mt yu t quan trng cn khi tm hiu v cy.
Kt hp gia cao v phn b Nam Bc s cho chng ta hiu hn yu cu ca cy. Phn
vng theo cao dn trn do vy cng cn ch n v tr c th:
- Vng thp min Nam tnh di 800m, min Bc ch cn 500-600m
- Vng ni thp tnh min Nam di 1800m th min Bc xung thp hn cn khong
1500m.
ng - Ty
Pha ng Vit Nam l bin, pha Ty l cc dy ni cao. Kh hu bin bao gi cng
nhiu hi m hn v dao ng nhit t hn nhng vng su trong t lin.
iu kin bin o to ra mt sinh cnh rt c bit, m v m, rt ph hp cho phong
lan. Chnh v vy ngoi hi o cho d ni khng cao vn gp kh nhiu loi lan l.
Nhiu khi lan cn mc ngay trn cc vch ven b bin. V d v lan mc cao thp
trn o:
- Hi m (Paphiopedilum concolor) gp cc o ca vnh H Long v Bi T Long.
Thm ch lan hi ny cn gp c vng ni vi thp ca Ninh Bnh (Tam Cc Bch
ng) cao trn mt rung.
- H lan tng i phong ph v c o trn o Ph Quc.
- Nhiu loi lan c hu hay c phn b hp nh Bch mi (Christensonia), Hong yn
tm (Ascocentrum christensonianum) ch gp Ninh Thun, ni ni vn ra bin.
Bch mi Trung (Christensonia vietnamica)

Tnh v chiu rng theo hng ng Ty th ch c vng Ty Bc v Ty Ngh An l

tng i xa bin, to nn s khc bit v sinh thi vi lan rng. Hai vng ny mang mt
phn tnh cht kh hu lc a, chu nh hng ca gi Lo nn tng i kh v nng.
iu ny lm cho lan rng cc vng ny hoc b thay i v hnh thi (thn l nh
chng kh), hoc di ri ln cc cao cao hn (m hn v lnh hn) so vi vng pha
ng ven bin.

lan v thc vt ni chung c kh nng thch nghi tng i rng. iu kin nui trng c
th khng cn hon ton ging nh iu kin sinh thi t nhin ca cy. iu kin sinh
thi ca cy thng hp hn v:
- Cy cn sng c trong iu kin ny (sinh trng)
- Cy cn sng tng i tt trong iu kin ny, khng b cy khc ln p (cnh tranh)
- Cy cn c kh nng ti sinh, bao gm ra hoa, kt qu v ny mm, trong iu kin t
nhin (sinh sn).
Trong nui trng cy khng b cnh tranh v khng nht thit phi to ht nn iu kin
nui trng c th rng hn iu kin sinh thi.
Nu xem phn vng cao nh dn th hu ht cc loi lan vng thp (di 800m)
u rt d dng nui trng ng bng. in hnh l cc loi n thn ph bin nh Qu,
ai chu, H ip rng.
Lan vng ni thp (800-1800m) tuy i hi nui trng kh hn, nhng cng c th trng
c mt cch hiu qu. V d nh cc loi Hong tho hay gp (Phi ip, Long nhn).
Lan vng ni cao (trn 1800m) th tt nhin rt kh trng ng bng nu khng c cc
iu kin k thut c bit. V th vi nhng ngi mi chi lan rng nn bt u t lan
vng thp, ri sang lan vng ni thp, khng nn su tm nhng loi ni cao (nh t Sa
Pa, chng hn).
Nh vy chng ta xem qua cc yu t lin quan n v tr mt sinh cnh lan rng v
nh hng ca n ti cc yu cu ca cy, l:
- cao
- v (Nam Bc)
- kinh (ng Ty, t lin - bin o).
mi l mt phn trong cc yu t ca mt sinh cnh lan rng. Xin trao i thm v
mt s yu t khc nh hng n sinh thi lan rng.
Vit Nam lan rng gp ch yu hai dng ni: ni v ni t.
Ni
Chnh xc hn l ni vi v y l dng ni ph bin Bc v Trung Vit Nam.
Nhng khu ni khc thng ch l mt phn trong cc dy ni t, ch khng thnh
khi ni ring bit.
Ni vi Vit Nam to nn nhng k quan thin nhin ni ting nh vnh Ha Long,
ng Phong Nha. V y cng l ni rt phong ph cc loi lan rng c o.
Tnh cht ca ni l cho khng kh b mt ni lnh hn. Nc ma ri xung khng
ng li trn b mt m thm qua khe, ri chy ra nhng vch ven khe sui. Cc
vch ny do vy lun lun m, l ni l tng cho lan pht trin.
Mt lm cho nhiu loi c di thng thng khng th mc c. Trong khi cc
loi lan c thn dy, r dy, c kh nng mc len li, bm tren , nn c u th vt hn
hn nhng loi cy khc. V khng b c di cnh tranh nn nhng cao rt thp c
th vn gp cc loi lan mc trn .
Lan gm (Ludisia discolor) Ninh Bnh, cao trn mt rung.

c bit k l l sinh cnh trn cc dng ni vi. y quanh nm my m bao ph,

m thng xuyn cao, to nn thin ng cho cc loi lan. Nu bn n nh ni
s thy khp mt t, vch l cc loi lan khc nhau nh mt vn lan rng ln.
Nhng ch nh vy phi gim ln lan m i.
Lan dng ni P C - Ha Bnh. cao 1500m

Ni t
Khc vi ni , trn ni t lan khng cnh tranh ni vi nhng cy khc. Mt t
khng mt v m nh mt . Do vy trn ni t lan ch gp nhng cao tng i
cao. Cc loi gp y l a lan mc trn mt t v phong lan theo ng ngha ca t
(lan mc trn thn cy).
Nhng khu vc ni t c cao tng i c lan l nhng khu vc lan ni ting nh
Sa Pa (Ty Bc) v Lt (Ty Nguyn).
a lan ni Vn Bn - Lo Cai. cao 1900m.

Cn phn bit khi nim ni , ni t vi phong lan, a lan, thch lan. Khi ni ni ,
ni t l ni n sinh cnh chung khu vc m lan sinh sng. Cn khi ni a lan, thch
lan l ni n dng sng c th ca cy.
Phong lan l nhng loi lan mc bm trn thn cy hay vch . R phong lan dy,
khng n su vo trong thn cy hay len li trong khe . Lan ch da vo cy hoc
vn ln. R lan dy c tc dng ht nc sng v cha nc. Cc loi phong lan ni
chung u a thong kh.
Trong cc loi phong lan thng phn bit r cc loi n thn v a thn. Cc loi n
thn mc theo mt trc, rt him khi phn nhnh. R cy thng dy v mc di, phn b
theo dc trc thn. Thng gp cc loi lan a thn Vit Nam l cc chi Vn a
(Vanda), Qu (Aerides), Phng (Renanthera), Ngc im (Rhynchostylis), Hong yn
(Ascocentrum), H ip (Phalaenopsis), Tc tin (Holcoglossum).
Tc tin Trung (Holcoglossum subulifolium) trong t nhin.

Cc loi lan a thn thng to gi hnh, hng mc ca gi hnh khng trng vi

hng pht trin ca phn thn. R lan a thn thng mnh hn, mc thnh chm gc.
Vit Nam lan a thn gp ch yu l chi Hong tho (Dendrobium) v chi lan Bng
(Bulbophylum). Tuy nhin s lng loi trong cc chi ny kh nhiu, gp hu ht cc
vng lan.

Mt cy lan Bng trong t nhin.

a lan l nhng loi cy mc trn cc loi t mm. Cc loi a lan c r chm, thng
l nh, n vo t nh nhng loi c khc.
Phn bit khi nim a lan vi chi lan Kim (Cymbidium), l mt chi ln trong s cc
loi a lan. Ngoi chi ny ra xp vo a lan cn c cc chi nh Hc nh (Phaius), Chu
inh (Spathogottis), Sy (Arudinaria) v mt s loi lan nh nh H bin (Habenaria).
Gi l a lan nhng khng t khi vn gp nhng loi mc theo dng phong lan hay thch
lan, nht l cc loi chi lan Kim.
Lan Kim (Cymbidium) trn ni Cao Bng

Thch lan l cc loi lan mc trn , c thn dy, r dy, len li n su vo . Lan c
th mc trn vi, hoc nhng loi khc khi nhng ny l ra khi t nh ven
sui, ven khe hay nh ni.
in hnh ca thch lan l cc loi lan Hi (Paphiopedilum).
Hi xanh (Paphiopedilum malipoense) Ha Bnh.

Xp vo thch lan cn c cc loi trong nhm lan gm nh Kim tuyn (Anoectochilus),

Gm t (Goodyera). Tuy nhin i khi cng gp cc loi lan gm mc trn thm mc
di tn rng.

C th c nhiu bn cho rng nhng g ni v rng nh trn l l thuyt, chng c

ngha g i vi thc t gy trng v chm sc lan c. iu ng mt phn. Nhng
Minh Xun xin so snh th ny:
Cc bn chc u bit cnh my b bn lan rng ngi ven va h ngoi ch Bi (ng
Hong Hoa Thm - H Ni). Nhng Minh Xun tin chc l my b bn lan ny c hiu
bit v lan rng cn hn bt c ngi chi lan km hc hi no. My b ny khng ch
bit, m bit r v trng cy rt gii, ng gi l "ngh nhn":
- H bit rt r lan sinh sng u ( vng no, ni no) v nu khng h khng th
hi c nhng cy lan ny. Nhng cy lan ch Bi c ngun gc khng ch min
Bc, min Trung m c t min Nam.
- H bit rt r gi tr trang tr ca tng cy (hoa to hay nh, c mi hay khng, ...). Trn
rng c ng lan, h ch thu nhng cy c gi tr mang bn m thi.
- H bit rt nhiu loi lan. S cc loi lan bn y hng nm c th ln ti hng trm
loi
- H bit rt r khi no th loi lan no ra hoa. Nh th m ma no h bn ng loi lan
.
- H trng cy rt gii, mt lc phi x l hng t lan rng c ch v. Tc l h nui
trng c tnh cht tng i cng nghip.
Vi dng nh vy, hy vng bn no c tm huyt vi lan rng Vit Nam trc ht t nht
c gng phi c kin thc hn my b bn lan rong ngoi ng ny.

Khc vi trong Nam nhng ngi bn rong ti H Ni rt "chuyn nghip". H l u

mi thu mua lan t cc vng. Nu Si Gn ch c thu ch yu t Ty Nguyn v th H
Ni h thu mt din rt rng, t vng ng Bc, Ty Bc, Bc Trung B v c lin h
vi nhng ngi bun lan trong Nam.
ngoi Bc h hnh thnh hn mt "lng lan" vng H ng (i M), vi hng chc
nh chuyn ngh ny. H c quan h trc tip vi cc u nu lan a phng cc tnh.
H cng khng t khi trc tip cng u nu a phng i thu hi, nht l nhng loi qu
him nh lan Hi chng hn.
Theo Minh Xun bit th tt c nhng pht hin gn y v lan Hi Vit Nam min Bc
u l do h dn ng cho nhng nh khoa hc nc ngoi, ch khng phi ngi nc
ngoi bit ch m iu tra. V cng v th h c s h tr ca cc chuyn gia thc vt
tm c quc t, vi nhng thng tin nng hi nht.
Tt nhin h l nhng ngi t hc, khng th c nhng kin thc c bn vng chc.
Nhng nhng g h bit khng th coi thng.
Minh Xun pht biu c phn hi qu, ct mi ngi cng tham gia tho lun cho ra
vn thi. Mi cc bn c gp .
__________________
iu Minh Xun mun ni l nhng ngi bn lan ny bit trng v chi lan l do h
hiu rt r v sinh thi lan rng v h c nhn thy cy trong t nhin, c th cng
khng kh m mt nh cy th, c sng trong sinh cnh cng vi cy.
- Nhng ngi ny hiu r vn phn b lan theo cao v h bit phi leo ni cao n
u mi c lan m tm kim.
- H hiu r th no l ni t, th no ni v i vi vic i rng ni th him tr
nhng khng cao, cn ni t i vt v, mt nhiu thi gian, nhng nguy c ri t vch
ni xung rt t.
- H hiu r cy no l phong lan, a lan hay thch lan. V d nu h nh i tm lan
Hi th chc s khng nhn ln ngn cy rng m tm.
__________________
Nh trn chng ta xem xt cc yu t nh hng n phn b lan rng. Chng ta cng
ni n mt s c im hnh thi v cch sinh trng chnh ca lan rng. Qua vic trao
i v nhng ngi thu lan rng cng ng n vn phn vng cho phong lan. Trn
c s xin gii thiu vi cc bn bn phn vng phong lan Vit Nam theo tin s
ngi Nga Averyanov L., ngi tng nghin cu lan rng Vit Nam t thi sau gii
phng ti nay.

Cc vng phong lan rng Vit Nam

1. Lai Chu v ni Hong Lin Sn: l vng c phong ph nhiu loi lan v c nhng
loi lan c o ca Vit Nam. Vng ny c khu lan ni ting t lu l Sa Pa Lo Cai.
Sinh thi ch yu l ni y v y cng l khu vc cao nht Vit Nam vi cao trn
800m cho ti 3143 m nh Fansipng. Nhng loi lan xut x ni cao do vy kh chm
sc v nui trng vng thp.
2. Cc tnh ng Bc v Trung Tm Bc B: phn ln din tch trong vng c cao
di 1800m. Sinh cnh ch yu l cc dy ni vi vi s lng cc loi lan kh a
dng v c o. Mt s ni t trong vng nh Ba V, Tam o, Yn T cng l ni
sinh sng ca nhiu loi lan. y l vng cho nhiu loi lan thch hp nui trng H
Ni.
3. Cc tnh Sn La, Ha Bnh, Thanh Ha v Ngh An: c cao thp, thng di
800m, i khi ln ti 1500m. Sinh thi bao gm c ni v ni t. Vng ny tuy c t
loi lan c o nhng li l ni c nhiu loi thch hp cho nui trng.
4. Bc Trung B t H Tnh ti o Hi Vn: cao thp di 1800m, gm c ni
v ni t. Kh hu nng hn, ma vo ma thu ng. Vng ny khng c nhiu loi lan
nhng cc loi y d trng.
5. Ty Nguyn: ni cao thng trn 800m, ch yu l ni t. Ty Nguyn c Lt ni
ting t lu vi nhiu loi phong lan. Vng Bc Ty Nguyn (Kon Tum, Gia Lai) cng c
nhiu loi lan l. Mc d l nhng loi lan mc cao tng i cao nhng vng
nng hn nn cc loi y vn c kh nng thch nghi tt khi trng vng thp.
6. Nam Trung B v Nam B: vng thp, thng di 800m, vi kh hu nng, nhiu
ni kh. Sinh thi ch yu l ni t, ri rc c ni . Vng ny khng c nhiu loi lan,
nhng c nhng loi c o v d trng.
hng vn Minh Xun nu ra dnh cho nhng ngi chi tng i c tm huyt. Nu
ai ch nh trng dm cy phong lan cho vui, cho p th chng cn bit phn vng, phn
b lan lm g. Nhng nu ai c nh xy dng b su tm lan rng, hay tm nui cc
loi qu him, hay trng lan rng tng i qui m th vic nm kin thc v sinh thi lan
l iu bt buc.
Trong khi im li sch v th thng tin v sinh thi lan rng Vit Nam hu nh khng
c. Cc sch hin ti ch yu do nhng ngi c kinh nghim v lan lai (lan cng nghip)
vit. M nhng loi lan ny th thun dng, lai to lu nm, khng c phn rng
(phn sinh thi) trong.
ng ch phi ni n sch ca cc thy Trn Hp v Nguyn Thin Tch. Nhng hai
thy ny thin v phn loi lan v c l cc thy t i rng, ch yu da vo ti liu hoc
nh do ngi khc chp vit sch. V th cc thng tin v phn b, phn vng v sinh
thi lan trong cc sch ny cn hn ch.
V sinh thi lan rng c l ng k nht l cc cng trnh ca TS ngi Nga Averyanov
L. T nhng nm 1980 Averyanov cng b sch v nh loi lan rng Vit Nam.
Gn n (khong 2004) ng ta c tng kt vit li c th phn b tng loi lan rng
Vit Nam v xut bn phn vng trn. ng k na l quyn Lan Hi Vit Nam
(Slipper orchids in Vietnam), trong c kh y thng tin v sinh thi cc loi Hi
Vit Nam c cng nh mi.
ng tic l s sch ca Averyanov ch hn ch trong gii chuyn mn, khng ph bin
rng. V th ngi chi lan chng ta ni chung rt m h v lan rng, v gi tr v sinh
thi ca chng.
Chi lan rng s hay hn nhiu nu chng ta hiu c ngun gc ca cy, ca rng.
Minh Xun c may mn va l ngi chi cy, va l ngi lm ngh rng, va lm
ngh ging nn hiu c phn no vn . Nhng hnh nh mi ngi trng lan rng
u "ngon lnh" c, khng thy ai hi t vn g c .

Vn t ra vi nhng ngi lm cy cnh l lm th no t nhng thng tin khoa

hc la chn c nhng loi c gi tr, nui trng c v nhn c rng. Cha k
cn nhim v lai to c ging mi. Chng ta c ngun ti nguyn rt ln trong tay
nhng c th thy chng ta chng to c ging mi no c. Bao nhiu nm ri chng ta
vn ch chi quanh qun my loi lan thng dng, trng vo my m i thu lan rng.
Vn na l cn tng kt nhng thng tin khoa hc trn thnh nhng nguyn tc tng
i n gin ngi chi c th p dng mt cch thnh cng vo tng trng hp c
th. V th lin h gia sinh thi lan v k thut nui trng lan rt quan trng. Cc nh
khoa hc ch yu tp trung vo vn phn loi, phn b m khng quan tm n c th
rt ra g t cho k thut nui trng. Trng lan Vit Nam ch yu l trng ngoi tri,
khc xa so vi iu kin trng trong nh knh cc nc u M. iu kin kh hu Vit
Nam rt a dng theo tng vng, min Bc khng ging min Trung, min Trung khng
ging min Nam. Nu khng c nhng nguyn tc chung th khi vn dng tng loi vo
tng a im c th s rt kh khn.
Minh Xun khng c nh vit sch, m mun nu vn cc bn cng tham gia.
Cc nh khoa hc v thc vt i bc u v iu tra v phn loi. R rng bc tip
theo trong thun dng v pht trin lan rng thuc v ngi chi cy Vit Nam. Hiu
sinh thi lan rng v p dng vo k thut nui trng chnh l tip nhn kin thc t khoa
hc thc vt p dng vo thc t.
__________________
Nh vit c 2 vn :
1. Dnh cho ngi mi chi: trn c s hiu bit v sinh thi v hnh thi cy cn hnh
thnh nhng qui tc cho ngi chi c m kh nng vn dng vo tng loi c th
nhng a im nui trng c th.
2. Dnh cho ngi chi c trnh : chn v to ging lan t ngun lan rng. Do cc
bn t tham gia kin nn Minh Xun khng nm c trnh mi ngi y n
u, nn khng bit trao i mc no. C l xin bt u t mc th hai.
__________________
Chn ging (selection) khc vi su tm lan. Cc nh thc vt trong nhng nm gn y
pht hin ra kh nhiu loi lan mi. S loi lan Vit Nam tnh khong 800 loi, nhng vi
tc iu tra nh hin nay, s ny c th ln ti 1000 loi. Nhng c phi loi lan no
cng nn chn lm ging khng? C l nu trong s chn c 100 loi pht
trin lm cnh th l thnh cng ln ri.
Chn loi l bc u tin trong cng tc ging v n quyt nh thnh cng ca ton b
nhng hot ng sau (nui trng v nhn ging). V th cn t nhng ch tiu tng
i kht khe khi chn loi:
1. Loi phi c gi tr lm cnh: cy khng p hoa th phi p l. Hoa phi to, mu
sc, hnh dng hp dn, c mi thm th cng tt. Nu cy lm cnh bng l th l phi c
mu sc, hnh dng p. Phn ln nhng loi lan mi pht hin xp vo loi "lan thc
vt" (botanic orchid), tc l qu him nhng ch l i tng quan tm cho nhng ngi
su tm v cc nh khoa hc, ch em lm cnh th chng ra g.
2. Loi phi c kh nng nui trng c: nui trng bao gm c vic cy sng v ra hoa.
iu ny cn ph thuc vo a im nui trng. C nhng ni trng lan rt d (cc vng
ni cao nh Lt). C ni trng c nhng khng ra hoa c. V th cn xy cho
tng vng nui trng lan danh sch cc ging lan rng c trin vng, p v thch hp
cho vng . lm c iu ny th hoc phi da vo hiu bit v sinh thi v phn
b ca loi, hoc phi trng th mt vi nm. Minh Xun s a thng tin v mt danh
sch tng t cho phong lan lm ti H Ni lm v d.
3. Loi c kh nng nhn ging tt: vn ny thc s kh vi lan, i hi phi c s
gip ca nhng ngi lm ging chuyn mn. i vi lan nhn ging hiu qu khng
c cch no khc ngoi nui cy m. C nhng loi nui cy m cng kh. nh gi
kh nng nhn ging hiu qu ca loi thng phi da vo c tnh phn loi v hnh
thi loi.
l chn ging mc loi. i khi cn cn chn mc thp hn nh chn cc chng
lan c bit, v d chng mu ca Dng hng thm (Dng hng hng nhn, Aerides
odorata var micholitzii), bin chng trng ca Thch hc (Dendrobium nobile), mt s
bin chng thun mu ca lan Hi, ...
Dng hng hng nhn
__________________
Phong lan Vit

Nhn ai ra Bc vo Nam,
Vi li nh phong lan qu nh.
Rng xanh cy l bao la,
Lng o, dc ni m hoa cho i.
Bng khung nh cnh chim tri,
Tm mu lan Sy mt li thy chung.
Np mnh di bng cy tng,
nh dng ni mt mng trong sng,
Nt Hi vn eo vng,
Gt giy tin n trn ng trn gian.
Ni danh vng gi chi lan,
My cnh lan Kim cao sang mt b.
Chiu chiu n ling sn kh,
Trng chm Ngc im, xun v ng qua.
Nu nu mu sc Van a.
Rc hng Phng v tr hoa trn o.
Bn dng nc chy trong veo,
Thm thm hng Qu bay theo gi ngn.
Di hin Hong tho hoa vng,
N Kiu h m m mng ngy xun.
Rung rinh cui ng, u sn,
Bng lan H ip nh gn, nh xa.
Kim tuyn l gm la l,
Du thn trong , n hoa trng hng.
Nh ngy a tin bn sng,
Chm Chu inh tm cn trng ngi v.
Dt do ngha xm, tnh qu,
y vn Hc nh ven sau lng.
Tc tin i hi c nng!
La tha chic l, ng ngng cnh hoa.
Trm lan khoe sc mun nh,
Nhn hoa nh cnh, trng ra nh ngi.

Lan l gm

Nu nhng loi phong lan thng thng trng lm cnh do c hoa p th trong lan rng
cn c nhm lan l rt p, s dng lm cnh theo mt hng khc. l cc loi lan
thuc cc chi lan t nh Lan gm (Ludisia), Kim tuyn (Anoectochilus), Gm t
(Goodyera) v mt s chi nh khc. S loi lan l gm Vit Nam kh nhiu, c tnh
trn 30 loi. Nhng loi ny c l m mu, mu t xanh, tm thm, nhung, ... Trn
mt l cc gn ni r, mnh nh nhng si ch, t im thm cho cy.
Lan gm (Goodyera sp)

Nhng loi ny c thn dy, mng, mc lan ta trn mt t. Trong t nhin, nhng loi
ny hoc mc len li trn cc vch , hoc trn lp thm mc ca rng gi. V vy,
nhng loi ny chu che ti tt, a thot nc trong cht trng.
Kim tuyn (Anoectochilus sp)

Cc loi lan gm lm cnh bng l quanh nm nhng c hoa cng kh hp dn. Hoa
thng trng hng, chm vn cao khi thn. Hoa n vo v tng t nh cc loi lan
t (a lan) khc, vo u xun.
Lan gm (Ludisia discolor)

Do c im cy nh, chu ti nn nhng loi lan gm thch hp cho s dng trang tr ni

tht, dng t trn bn nc, trong cc khch sn, trong cc "b" hay cc "sn" cy trong
phng ca cc nh hng, ... Nhng v tr ny khng th dng cc loi phong lan thng
thng trang tr v phong lan thch hp nhng ni tng i sng v thong gi (mi
trng ngoi tht).
Th hiu chi cy cnh Vit Nam ban u ch yu l cy ngoi tht, trng sn vn,
nhng nhng nm gn y do s pht trin ca cc th vi nhng khng gian khp kn
hn (trong khch sn, nh hng, cng s, cn h, ...) nn i hi nhu cu trang tr mi v
ni tht. iu ny cn c nhng ging cy trang tr mi ph hp hn cho nhu cu ny.
Lan l gm chnh l mt hng chn loi lan mi theo nhu cu mi ny.
_____________
Lan Hong tho

Chi Hong tho (Dendrobium) l chi lan a thn ln, rt c trng ca Vit Nam. Lan
Hong tho c hoa ln, mu rc r, hnh dng hoa tinh t, mc thnh chm. Do vy gi
tr trang tr ca Hong tho rt cao. Nhm lan ny kh hp dn i vi ngi chi.
Nh vit, lan a thn (Hong tho) c phn b vng ni thp n ni cao ( cao
trn 600m), rt t khi gp vng thp. V th ni chung Hong tho l nhm lan tng
i kh trng.
S loi Hong tho Vit Nam c khong 100 loi. Ngi mi chi lan rng rt kh xc
nh c loi no d, loi no kh trng. Xin nu mt cch tng i n gin, gip
ngi mi chi c mt nh hng khi chn chi cc loi Hong tho.
Chi Hong tho c chia thnh cc tng (hay cc nhm) sau. Vic phn tng ny c th
nhiu sch nu, nhng y cn ch n lin h gia phn loi theo hnh thi vi
nh gi kh nng nui trng cc loi ny.
1. Tng Hong tho (Dendrobium)
c im ca cc loi thuc tng ny l cy c gi hnh di, l pht trin trn ton b gi
hnh. Hoa ln, cnh mi phng. Cm hoa t hoa, pht trin trn ton b chiu di gi
hnh. y l nhng loi c xut x t vng thp hay ni cao trung bnh nn tng i d
trng.
V d thuc tng ny c cc loi ph bin nh Thch hc (D. nobile), Gi hc (Phi ip,
D. anosmum), Long nhn (D. fimbriatum), Ngc thch (D. crystalianum)

tho (Dendrobium transparens)

2. Tng Kiu (Chrysotoxae)

Cc loi thuc tng ny c trng bi cc gi hnh ngn, mp. L tp trung ngn gi
hnh, khng rng l vo ma ng. Hoa gn nh, chm di, nhiu hoa. Cc loi Kiu
c xut x vng thp v ni cao trung bnh, tng i d trng.
Cc loi thuc tng ny cng kh p v c nui trng nhiu nh Vy rng (D.
lindleyi), Thy tin vng (D. chrysotoxum), Thy tin trng (D.palpebrae), Kiu tm (D.
amabile).
Thy tin vng (D. chrysotoxum)

3. Tng Hong tho lng en (Formosae)

Cc loi thuc tng ny c trng bi gi hnh dng ng, c lng en rng sm l v
gi hnh. Hoa thng ln, trn cm hoa ngn. y l nhng loi c xut x ni cao nn
phn ln l kh trng.
Mt s loi thuc tng ny nh Nht im hng (D. draconis), Hong tho xng rng
(D. cariniferum).
Hong tho xng rng (D. cariniferum)

4. Cc tng khc
Nhng loi thuc cc tng Hong tho khc thng nh cy, nh hoa, hoc kh trng.
Tuy nhin cng c mt s loi p, ng ch .

Nhng ngi mi chi nn bt u t tng Hong tho v tng Kiu, khng nn i ngay
vo nhng loi Hong tho ni cao ca tng Lng en hay cc tng t gp khc.
__________________
Lan Hi (Paphiopedilum)

Vit Nam trong nhng nm gn y ni ln nh mt a im phong ph cc loi lan Hi.

Hng lot cc loi lan Hi mi c pht hin Vit nam nh Hi Vit (P. vietnamense),
Hi h len (P. helenae), Hi hng lan (P. huonglanae), Hi hng (P. hangianum), Hi
trn lin (P. tranlienianum), Hi hip (P. hiepii), ...
Hi Vit (Paphiopedilum vietnamense)

Thm vo l mt lot cc loi bit trn th gii nhng c ghi nhn c Vit
Nam nh Hi ngc n (P. micranthum), ... S lng cc loi lan Hi Vit Nam ln ti 20-
25 loi. Cng vo c mt s bin chng thun mu kh p ca cc loi trn. y l
ngun ti nguyn rt c o ca nc ta.
Paphiopedilum henrianum

Tuy nhin ti nay chng ta cn lm c qu t pht trin nhng loi lan hi ny. Mt
s loi va mi pht hin nhng b tuyt chng v b thu hi bn ra nc ngoi nh
trng hp Hi Vit (P. vietnamense). Cha u c nh tm cch chn lc v nhn
ging cc loi lan Hi. Nhn ging lan Hi thc s l kh, ngay c vic nui cy m cng
khng d. Tuy nhin ngay c vic ch ng to ngun ging, to qu nhn ging cng
cha c.
Paphiopedilum malipoense

Xin trnh by mt s suy ngh v cch pht trin lan Hi qui m thng mi:
- Chn loi: la chn nhng loi, nhng chng c tim nng. Khc vi phong lan, gi tr
ch yu ca lan Hi l lm cy trang tr ni tht, trng trong phng, trong snh khch sn,
nh hng, ... Ch l cc loi Hi hay to cc bin chng c mu sc thun khit, c
o, rt c gi tr khi chn ging.
- To ngun ging: khc vi cc b su tm thng thng, lm cy mc thng mi
cn c ngun ging ln. Ngun ging c hnh thnh t nhng loi c chn lc,
c nui trng vi qui m ln to ging tip theo (vi trm cy).
- Nhn ging sinh dng: tm cch tc ng ti cy to chi bn. V d dng dao nhn
ph nh sinh trng hay nui trng trong iu kin c bit.
Hi Hng (P. delenatii) to chi.

- Nhn ging bng ht: to ht bng cch th phn nhn to khi cy ra hoa. Xem xt kh
nng lai ging gia cc loi khc nhau. Qu to c dng lm ngun nguyn liu cho
nui cy m.
- Chm sc cy con: cy con t ng nghim cng nh t tch t chi bn cn c nui
dng c bit cho ti khi cy l, r, thnh cy thnh phm.
Vn Hi (P. callosum)
__________________
Lan Tc tin (Holcoglossum)

Chi lan Tc tin (Holcoglossum) trc y c xp vo chi Vanda, nhng nay tch ring
thnh mt chi. y l chi lan n thn, thn ngn, l nh nh nhng cy tc tin trng
sn vn. Thn v l nh chng t y l loi cy c xut x t cao tng i cao,
ch khng ph bin nh nhng loi thn ln khc trong lan n thn (nh chi Qu hay
chi Ngc im).
Vit Nam c bit c 3 loi lan Tc tin, phn b tng i 3 min. Nh Lt
hay gp loi Tc tin Nam (H. amesianum), hoa ng, trng.
Tc tin Nam (Holcoglossum amesianum).

Vng rng ni vi min Bc c loi Tc tin Bc (H. lingulatum), l loi c hu, ch

c Vit Nam. Loi c hoa ng, hng tm, cnh l dy, gn gng, rt p.
Tc tin Bc (H. lingulatum)

Min Bc Trung B v Bc B cn gp loi Tc tin Trung (H. subulifolium), vi l v

hoa mc di, r xung. Cnh mi ca hoa gc c mu vng nht, mp c lng v ca
ngn.
Tc tin Trung (H. subulifolium)

Mc d l loi cy vng ni tng i cao nhng lan Tc tin khng kh trng. Cy

trng vng thp nh H Ni vn cho hoa u n hng nm.

Chi Dng hng (Aerides)

Chi Dng hng l chi lan c trng ca vng ng Nam . Chi ny Vit Nam c trn
8 loi, l nhng loi phong lan n thn c a chung bi c hoa chm di, mu sc
ti tn v thm. Do c kch thc ln nn cc loi Dng hng thng dng cho trang
tr sn vn, ni c khng gian rng.
Cc loi Dng hng c xut x t vng thp hay ni cao trung bnh, hu ht d trng v
ra hoa vng ng bng.
- Dng hng Thm (Aerides odorata)

Cn gi l Qu. Cy c thn di n 1 m, mp. L hnh di, di 15-30 cm. Cm hoa di

bng l, r. Hoa xp dy, kh ln. Cnh mi cun hnh ng rng, c ca cong ra pha
trc lm cho hoa c hnh dng con ong. Hoa thm, mu t trng tinh n pht hng.
Loi ny gp hu ht cc vng trn c vng ni v ni t cao thp.
Cy ln, nhiu nhnh gc to thnh bi, khi ra hoa lm cy trang tr sn vn rt hiu
qu. Hoa n vo dp 2/9, tng i bn.
Ngoi chng thng gp c hoa mu trng vng Vit Nam cn c 2 chng:
+ Dng hng Hng nhn (Ae. odorata var micholitzii) c hoa mu hng tm n vo
thng 4-5, cm hoa thng, khng thm, thn ngn, l ngn xp dy. Chng him, c hu
ca Ty Nguyn.

+ Dng hng Bch nhn (Ae. odorata var alba) c hoa mu trng tinh, cm hoa thng
n hi r, n thng 8-9. Chng t gp, c min Trung.

- Dng hng Qu nu (Aerides houlletiana), cn gi l Tam bo sc. Cy c thn di,

mp. L hnh di, di, mnh hn Dng hng Thm. Cm hoa r, hoa ln, xp dy. Hoa
mu vng cam hay nu nht vi phn u cnh mu tm. Cnh mi chia lm 3 thu, thu
gia rng, mp c rng mn rn reo, gia thu c vch m. Mu sc hoa c th thay i
tu tng cy t trng tm n vng tm. Loi ny gp cc tnh min Trung v Nam b,
l mt trong nhng loi hoa c trng ca dy Trng Sn. Cy mc ch yu trn cc
vng ni t cao thp.

Cy ln c hoa nhiu mu sc, thm thch hp cho trng treo trang tr ngoi tht rt c
hiu qu. Hoa n vo thng 4-5, tng i bn.
- Loi tng t hay gp l Dng hng Qu (Ae. falcata), phn bit l hoa c mu vng
nht hn v mi thm khng thm bng Dng hng Qu nu.

- Dng hng Nhiu hoa (Aerides multiflora), cn gi l lan ui co. Cy c thn ngn,
mp, l hnh di, di. Cm hoa r. Hoa nh, xp dy thnh bng, mu trng c m tm
gc v nh mu tm. Cnh mi khng to ca, chia lm 3 thu, thu gia hnh tam gic,
mu tm m. Mu sc hoa c th thay i tu tng cy. Cy mc ri rc t Bc vo
Nam, ch yu trn cc vng ni t cao thp.
Loi c thn cy gn gng, hoa c mu sc ti tn, thch hp cho trng chu treo trang
tr bn ca s, ban cng ln. Hoa n thng 5-6, tng i bn. Cy d trng, chm sc
tng t nh Dng hng Thm v Dng hng Qu nu. Tuy nhin loi ny kh ra hoa
hn v nhy cm hn vi nc ng. Ch cy ch sng vo ma ng.
- Loi tng t c th gp l Dng hng Hng (Ae. rosea) c l dy v cun, xp dy
trn thn hn, hoa m mu hn. Loi ny gp ri rc Lai Chu hoc mt s tnh pha
Nam, hin c xut hin trn th trng.

Loi ng ch khc:
- Tiu hong hay Dng thu, Hng du (Ae. rubescens): cy nh hn, cm hoa ng,
hoa tm hng, nh xp st. Loi him, c hu ca Ty Nguyn, l i tng bo v
trong Sch Vit Nam. Loi ny t gp H Ni v cy nh, hoa nh, gi tr trang tr
khng cao (xem nh bi v Lt).
- Dng hng Qut (Ae. flabellata): thn ngn, l dt, cm hoa ng, hoa tha, ln, cnh
hoa mu vng lc, cnh mi c m tm v c ca di mu vng. C min Bc nhng
him gp trn th trng.

- Dng hng L dy (Ae. crassifolia): thn ngn, l dy, phng, rng v ngn, hoa xp
tha, ln, cnh hoa mu hng tm, m gc. Ph bin nhiu min Nam.
__________________
Chi Vn a (Vanda)

Vn a (Vanda) l nhng loi lan mc n thn, c thn mc di theo mt trc, bm trn

cnh cy, r kh sinh dy v di. Hoa Vn a mc chm ng, hoa ln, tha. Vn a l
mt trong nhng chi lan c li to v nui trng kh ph bin. Vit Nam theo danh
mc lan nm 2003 cng b bi TS Averyanov L. chi Vn a c 7 loi, gm:
1. Vn a B p (V. bidupensis): loi c hu Vit Nam gp Lm ng. Hoa ln,
mu nu m, c chm vng.
2. Vanda concolor: hoa nu, c sc vng, li hoa vng. Gp min Bc
3. Vn a d hng (V. denisoniana): hoa vng trng, rt thm. Gp Ty Nguyn.
4. Vn a chanh (V. fuscoviridis): hoa nu nht, vin vng, cnh mi vng. Hoa thm.
Gp vng ni vi pha Bc.
5. Vanda liouvillei: hoa c mu pha sc . Gp Ty Bc.

6. Vanda lilacina: hoa nh mu trng, cnh mi c sc tm. Gp min Nam.

7. Vanda pumila: hoa nh, cnh mi cun, c sc . Gp min Nam.
Ngoi tr hai loi cui cng c hoa nh, hnh dng khng p, 5 loi Van a u ng
ch v hoa ln, mu p, mt s loi c hng thm.
__________________
Hong tho mi t (D.delacourii): gi hnh trn, ngn. Chm t hoa (di 5 bng/mt
chm).
__________________
Kim tuyn (Anoectochilus sp) Ba V
Hin ang l ma hoa

Mt loi lan Hi rng l (P x affine?):

__________________
Mt loi Kim tuyn na trn ni vi
__________________
Lu khng tham gia, bn bu qu. gi ln my ci nh lan rng gp vui. Chng bit l
nhng loi g na.
__________________
Hi xanh trong t nhin
__________________
 Lan t, chng
bit loi g.
__________________
Vi chm cho vui
__________________
Lan linh tinh
__________________
Thm mt loi na
__________________