Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tinhhoatriethocphatgiao
Tinhhoatriethocphatgiao
JUNJIRO TAKAKUSU
TINH HOA
TRIT HC PHT GIO
THE ESSENTIALS OF BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY
Ngi dch
TU S
NH XUT BN PHNG NG
GII THIU
6
GII THIU
Tc phm:
Ba-l ng Pht gio hc ging bn,
vn hc Pht gio Pli.
n Pht trit hc tng gio s,
chung vi Kimura.
Chiu ha Php bo tng mc lc,
ba tp.
n Pht gio s tch t tht.
The Date of Vasubandhu, the Great Buddhist
Philosophe, Indian Study in Honor of Charles Rockwell
Lanman.
Phin dch:
A Record of the Buddhist Religion as practised in
India and Malay Archipelago (671-695 stl.), bi Ngha
Tnh ( Ngha Tnh, Nam hi k quy
truyn).
Amityur Dhyna-tra (The Stra of the Meditation on
Amitayus) (The Sacred Book of the East, Vol. XLIX).
Qun V Lng Th kinh.
The Life of Vasubandhu by Paramrtha (Toung
Pao).
The Abhidharma Litterature of the Sarvstivdin
(Journal of the Pli Text Society, 1905).
Bn dch ting Nht 108
Upanishads, chn tp (chung vi nhiu ngi).
7
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
8
MC LC
GII THIU .......................................................................................... 5
CHNG I DN NHP..................................................................... 13
1. Trnh by Pht gio bng cch no? ........................................... 13
2. Pht gio trong lch s Trung hoa............................................... 18
3. Nht bn, mi trng ca i tha Pht gio.............................. 21
4. H thng trit hc Pht gio Nht bn. ....................................... 22
CHNG II BI CNH N ....................................................... 27
1. Pht gio n . ......................................................................... 27
2. c Pht, t tng gia uyn thm .............................................. 29
3. T ng l g? ............................................................................... 32
4. L tng ca Pht gio ............................................................... 34
5. Thnh l g? o l g? .......................................................... 36
CHNG III NHNG NGUYN L CN BN TRONG TRIT
HC PHT GIO ............................................................................... 41
1. Nguyn l duyn khi................................................................. 41
a. Nghip cm duyn khi ........................................................... 42
b. A-li-da duyn khi ................................................................. 51
c. Chn nh duyn khi............................................................... 53
d. Php gii duyn khi............................................................... 56
2. Nguyn l tt nh v bt nh.................................................... 58
3. Nguyn l tng dung ............................................................... 62
4. Nguyn l nh thc .................................................................... 64
5. Nguyn l vin dung................................................................... 67
6. Nguyn l nit bn hay gii thot vin mn .............................. 68
a. Thnh in khng vn t ......................................................... 70
b. Thnh tng khng t v......................................................... 71
CHNG IV CU-X TNG (ABHIDHARMA-KOA)............... 81
1. Cng yu .................................................................................. 81
2. Lch s ........................................................................................ 89
3. Trit l ........................................................................................ 93
4. Tm tt...................................................................................... 106
CHNG V THNH THT TNG ............................................... 113
1. Cng yu ................................................................................ 113
2. Lch s ...................................................................................... 114
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
3. Trit l ......................................................................................116
CHNG VI PHP TNG TNG ...............................................123
1. Cng yu ................................................................................123
2. Lch s ......................................................................................124
a. Nhip lun tng (Sagraha), ................................................124
b. Php tng tng (Dharmalakaa, Hosso)...........................128
3.Trit l .......................................................................................131
CHNG VII TAM LUN TNG ..................................................147
1. Cng yu ................................................................................147
2. Lch s ......................................................................................150
3. Trit l ......................................................................................154
4. Tm tt......................................................................................163
CHNG VIII HOA NGHIM TNG ............................................165
1. Cng yu ................................................................................165
2. Lch s ......................................................................................167
3. Trit l ......................................................................................172
CHNG IX THIN THAI TNG..................................................191
1. Cng yu ................................................................................191
2. Lch s ......................................................................................194
3. Trit l ......................................................................................198
CHNG X CHN NGN TNG..................................................213
1. Cng yu ................................................................................213
2. Lch s ......................................................................................216
3. Trit l. .....................................................................................220
CHNG XI THIN TNG ............................................................237
1. Cc tng phi Pht gio thi Lim thng (1180-1335) ..........237
2. Cng yu ................................................................................239
3. Lch s ......................................................................................241
a. Nh lai thin........................................................................241
b. Ch .........................................................................................242
c. Qun ......................................................................................243
d. T s thin............................................................................244
e. Thin Nht bn ....................................................................246
4. Trit l v tn gio....................................................................248
CHNG XII TNH TNG.....................................................253
1. Cng yu ................................................................................253
2. Lch s ......................................................................................255
10
MC LC
11
CHNG I
DN NHP
1
Annam trong nguyn bn. DG
2
i tng kinh . y l nn tng ca vn hin Pht gio, bao
gm ba phn b v gio ngha ca Pht gio: cc bi php ca Pht; k
lut tu o; cc lun thuyt trit hc.
14
CHNG I. DN NHP
3
Taish Shinsh Daiky i Chnh tn tu i tng
kinh (n bn Taish ca Tam tng Hn vn). Bin tp bi J. Takakusu,
K. Watanabe, v G. Ono. 100 tp. Tokyo, 1929. Cc dn chng trong
sch ny ghi l Taish. (hoc n gin: T. - TS)
15
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
4
Th. Stcherbatsky: Buddhist Logic, 2 tp (Bibliotheo Buddhica Vol.
XXVI). Leningrad, 1932; Vol. I, p. 14.
5
V Trc (Asaga) khong 410 500 TL.; Th Thn
(Vasubandhu) khong 420 500 TL.
6
Long Th (Ngrjuna) khong 100 200 TL. Xem ct 4 biu
sau y.
7
Ha-l-bt-ma (Harivarman) , dch: S T Khi
khong 250 350 TL. Xem ct 2 biu km theo.
16
CHNG I. DN NHP
17
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
18
CHNG I. DN NHP
8
Nhng tng c in m c truyn vo Nht bn.
19
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
20
CHNG I. DN NHP
Truyn bi Subhakarasimha
637-735; Vajrabodhi 663-
723; Amoghavajra 705-774.
9
Paikche
10
11
Thng man kinh ngha s 1 quyn, AD. 609-611,
Taish 56, No. 2185; Duy-ma-kinh ngha s, , 5 quyn,
AD. 612-613, Taish 56, No 2186; Php hoa ngha s 4
quyn, AD. 614-615, Taish 56, No 2187. (TS)
21
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
12
Tc gi mun ni n b Thng man ngha s c Minh Khng
mang v Trung quc. (TS)
13
Tn ting Anh ca tc gi Discourse on the Ultimate Truth (Din
thuyt v Chn l ti hu), dch theo gi php mn bt kh t
ngh. Kinh ny c ba bn dch khc nhau: 1. Pht thuyt Duy-ma-ct
kinh , Ng Chi Khim dch (Taish XIV No.474); 2.
Duy-ma-ct s thuyt kinh , Cu-ma-la-thp dch
(Taish 14 No. 475 No. 475); 3. Thuyt V cu xng kinh ,
Huyn Trng dch (Taish XIV No 476). (TS)
14
Tn ting Anh theo tc gi: Earnest Resolve (Quyt nh nghim
tc); ca t S t hng vn c hiu l quyt nh thuyt. (TS)
15
Saddharma-puarika , Taish 9 No 262; Vimalakrti-
nirdea , Taish 14 No. 475; rmldev-sihanda
, Taish 14 No. 353.
22
CHNG I. DN NHP
16
Qu trnh tu chng: 1. Kin o (darana-mrga), giai on trc
nhn bn Thnh ; tng ng D lu hng. 2. Tu o (bhvana-
mrga), giai on tu tp; tng ng D lu qu cho n A-la-hn
hng. 3. V hc o (aaika-mrga), giai on cu cnh, tng
ng qu v A-la-hn. TS
23
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
17
Introspective Intuitionism, ch ngha trc gic ni quan, dch ca
t Qun tng i lp vi Gio tng. TS
18
Ch Gio tng. TS
24
CHNG I. DN NHP
19
Ch Qun tng. TS
20
n, hay vin n. TS
21
Totalism: ch ngha ton th.
22
Phenomenology: hin tng lun.
25
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
26
CHNG II
BI CNH N
1. PHT GIO N .
c Pht c th, hay khng th l ngi A-ri-en v i
nht ca tt c ngi A-ri-en hoc l trit gia v i ca
tt c trit gia, nh mt s ngi thng gi Ngi. Tht
kh m xc nh mt con ngi nh c Pht, mt ngi
hon ton khc bit vi nhng trit gia v o s n ng
thi li c th xut hin y, v Ngi hon ton chi
b tt c nhng thn linh ca truyn thng, nhng c tin
tn gio, nhng nh ch v nhng tp tc ca thi by gi.
Khi nhng ngi A-ri-en chinh phc n , h tin dn
xung min Nam theo hnh khc chin thng cho n khi
bc vo vng nhit i. Ri v kh hu qu nng nc, h
quyt la chn ni c ng trong nhng khu rng mt m
Hc sn, mt dy ni tng i nh hn nm dc theo chn
Hy m lp sn cao ngt. Dn dn, h xem rng ni nh l
ni n c l tng v by gi h c tp qun suy t vi Hy
m lp sn to ln nh l i tng cho nhng t tng ca
mnh, v l Hy m lp sn i i hng v, i i bt
kh xm phm. T sng n ti tuyt rng mu rc r nh
c nh mt tri chiu soi; ma ng, cc tng bng ng
dy trn cc thung lng, nhng n ma h, nhng tng
bng ny tan gi chy di theo thung lng ngon ngoo
trng nh con rng bt u sng dy sau mt nm yn ng.
Sau cng, dn A-ri-en, sau khi chinh phc n bng
v lc, nay li hon ton b chinh phc bi nh hng
huyn b ca Thin nhin.
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
28
CHNG II. BI CNH N
1
Antman, v ng, ph nhn t ng nh l bn th hay thc th thng
hng. Nhng, Pht gio quan nim t ng nh l mt t hp ca tm v
vt bin chuyn lin tc. Ng ny c hon thin bng tu dng. Do
y l ngha ca t self-culture (tu dng t ng) hay self-
creation (sng to t ng).
29
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
30
CHNG II. BI CNH N
31
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
3. T NG L G ?
c Pht xem th gii ny l th gii ca kh au, v dy
nhng phng php i tr n. Vy, ci do u khin th
gii ny ton kh au? L do u tin, nh c Pht
dy, l cc php u v ng, ngha l vn vt - hu tnh hay
v tnh - tt c khng c ci m chng ta c th gi l bn
ng hay thc th. Ta th kho st con ngi. Mt ngi
khng th xem hch nhn hay hn ca y l mt thc ng. Y
hin hu, nhng khng th no nm c ci thc th ca
y, khng th tm thy c hch nhn ca y, bi v hin
hu ca con ngi khng g ngoi ci hin hu ty thuc
vo mt trng nhn duyn. Mi vt hin hu u l v
nhn duyn, v n s tan bin khi nhng tc dng ca trng
nhn duyn chm dt.
Nhng ln sng trn mt nc qu l hin hu, nhng c
th gi mi ln sng u c t ng khng? Sng ch c khi
m gi lay ng. Mi ln sng u c ring c tnh ty
theo s phi hp ca nhng nhn duyn, cng ca gi
v nhng chuyn ng, phng hng ca gi... Nhng khi
m nhng tc dng ca nhng nhn duyn chm dt,
sng s khng cn na. Cng vy, khng th no c ci ng
bit lp vi nhn duyn c.
Khi con ngi cn l mt hin hu ty thuc mt trng
nhn duyn th, nu y c gng tr gi ly chnh mnh v
nhn mi vt quanh mnh t quan im c tn ng l mt
iu tht v l. Mi ngi phi t b ci ng ca mnh, c
gng gip k khc v phi nhn thc ci hin hu cng
ng, v khng th no con ngi hon ton hin hu c
lp c.
32
CHNG II. BI CNH N
33
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
34
CHNG II. BI CNH N
2
Skt. rya, Pli: Ariya, danh t ch mt chng tc, nhng trong nguyn
ngha, ch hng ngi cao thng hay cao qu, m kinh Pht gi l
Thnh. Cf. DhA.ii. 396-8: Mt ng ph mt t lc gn cng bc thnh
Svatthi. c Pht cng cc t kheo n ni ngi y ang nh c ri
dng li gn y. Sau , c Pht ln lt hi danh tnh cc t kheo,
v khi thy ngi ny cng mun c hi tn, Pht lin hi ng ta.
Khi bit ng tn l Ariya (Thnh), Pht bo ng khng xng ng vi
tn y, v mt Ariya tht s khng bao gi gy thng tn chng sinh.
TS
35
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
36
CHNG II. BI CNH N
3
Ch hng Thnh gi hu hc v Thnh gi V hc (A-la-hn). TS
4
Bt Thnh o hay Tm chi Thnh o. Skt. rygamrga: 1.
samyag-di, 2. samyak-sakalpa , 3. samyag-vk , 4. samyak-
karmta , 5. samyag-jva , 6. samyag-vyyma, 7. samyak- smti,
8. samyak-samdhi. TS
5
Theo chun, chnh mng trn chnh tinh tn. TS
37
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
S thin thin
Dc gii: th gii ca cc loi sinh ng I
6
c Pht dy c ba o: kin o, tu o, v hc o.
38
CHNG II. BI CNH N
7
By B- phn, cng gi l by Gic chi. Skt. sapta bodhygni: 1.
dharma-pravicaya, 2. smti, 3, vrya, 4. prti, 5. prarabdhi, 6. samdhi,
7. upek. TS.
39
CHNG III
NHNG NGUYN L CN BN TRONG
TRIT HC PHT GIO
1
Trong o Pht, tn gio c hiu l s ng dng thc tin ca hc
thuyt trit l, khng xt n cc quan nim nh Thng , sng th,
v phn xt cui cng.
2
12 Nhn duyn, 12 Duyn sinh hay 12 chi Duyn khi; Skt.
dvdaga prattyasamutpd. TS
3
T gc Sanskrit, karma (hnh ng) thng b nhm vi quan nim
linh hn v do khin hiu sai gio l ca Pht. Karma n gin c
ngha l hnh ng, v hnh ng c ngha l nh hng ca n. nh
hng ny xc nh i sng tip theo.
42
CHNG III. NGUYN L TRIT HC PHT GIO
43
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
44
CHNG III. NGUYN L TRIT HC PHT GIO
45
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
46
CHNG III. NGUYN L TRIT HC PHT GIO
47
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
48
CHNG III. NGUYN L TRIT HC PHT GIO
49
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
50
CHNG III. NGUYN L TRIT HC PHT GIO
51
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
4
Nguyn ng Anh ca tc gi: Ideation-store, kho lc. TS
5
Ting Anh trong bn: sense-center: trung tm gic quan. TS
6
Ting Anh trong bn: the individualizing thought-center of egotism,
trung tm t duy c th ho ca tnh v k.
52
CHNG III. NGUYN L TRIT HC PHT GIO
7
The Matrix of Thus-come; Skt. Tathgata-garbha. TS
53
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
54
CHNG III. NGUYN L TRIT HC PHT GIO
8
T Sanskrit tathgata c th phn tch, tath-gata, n nh vy,
Nh lai; hoc, tath-gata, i nh vy, Nh kh. T Sanskrit khc,
cng ch Pht: Su-gata, hiu theo trng hp sau: i mt cch an
lnh, Thin Th. TS
55
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
9
Php gii duyn khi, hay Php gii v tn duyn khi; cng ni l
V tn duyn khi, hay Nht tha duyn khi. Thuyt Duyn khi ca
tng Hoa nghim. Cf. Thun (i Tu), Hoa nghim nht tha thp
huyn mn, Taish 45 No 1686. TS
10
Nguyn ting Anh: universal causation. TS
56
CHNG III. NGUYN L TRIT HC PHT GIO
11
Chn nh mn v sinh dit mn; cf. i tha khi tn. TS
57
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
12
Determinism. Cng ni l tc mnh lun. TS
58
CHNG III. NGUYN L TRIT HC PHT GIO
do ch ca con ngi. Mt vi nh vt l hc cn i
ngh l thuyt bt nh lun v theo th nghim khng th
quyt nh cc iu kin lp mt tt nh thuyt; l
thuyt khi c tng qut ho c gi l l thuyt v
quan h bt xc. Theo quan nim , bn cht ca mi
vt hay nhng bn th khng c cch no c th quyt nh
c bng l chng, bng th nghim hay khoa hc. L
thuyt ny c th mnh danh l bt tt nh, phn i
thuyt c cho rng mi vt c th xc nh c bng th
nghim. Ni mt cch tng qut, Pht gio khng tm
n cc thuyt tt nh hay bt nh, bi v n l mt tn
gio ch trng l thuyt t do ch (khng tuyt i) gia
cc lnh vc nhn sinh.
Do , o Pht khng lin h ti thuyt nh mnh, v n
khng chp nhn hin hu ca mt nh mnh hay phn
quyt s phn no . Theo o Pht, tt c mi loi chng
sinh nhn i sng hin ti nh l kt qu t to, v ngay
hin ti, chng cng ang t to ly. Ni cch khc, mi
loi l mt giai on ca dng bin hnh sinh ng. Mc d
ng cp v hnh thi ca s sng bin thin trong mi lp
th sinh, nhng ng tng l c s phn bit cht ch ca
thi gian nh qu kh hay v lai. S thc ch c hin ti l
duy nht. Ngha l, chng ta c mt din trnh hin hu lu
di, m sng v cht ch l nhng t sng ln hay chm
xung trong mt i dng ca i sng. Sng v cht
khng phi l s phn nh trc cho mt chng sinh, m
l mt hu thn ca hnh ng (nghip), nh mt s
ngi thng gi. Ai hnh ng, phi nhn ly hu qu,
hoc sm hay mun. Khi cm nghim mt hu qu, ngi
ta ang gieo trng nhng ht ging mi, nh th to ra t
sng k tip ca i sng cao hay thp ty theo bn cht
ca cc hnh ng trc kia ca mnh.
59
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
13
Cf. Dhp. 1: manopubbagam dhamm manoseh manomay, cc
php c dn u bi , lm ch bi , tc thnh bi .
60
CHNG III. NGUYN L TRIT HC PHT GIO
61
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
14
Reciprocal Identification, h tng ng nht. TS
62
CHNG III. NGUYN L TRIT HC PHT GIO
63
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
64
CHNG III. NGUYN L TRIT HC PHT GIO
65
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
66
CHNG III. NGUYN L TRIT HC PHT GIO
67
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
68
CHNG III. NGUYN L TRIT HC PHT GIO
15
Pht ni n Php thn vi ngha sc thn ca Ngi ri s tan bin
nhng gio php ca Ngi vn tn ti nh l bn thn l tng ca
Ngi. y l gii thch ca cc nh Tiu tha.
69
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
16
Accadian, thuc vng quc Accad (Akkad) trong vng H lu
Lng h, trung tm mt vng quc rng ln ca dn Semite (Trung
) dng ln khong ba thin nin k trc Thin cha bao gm lnh
th ca Sumer v Babylone. Vn t Sanskrit c xem l c ngun t
loi ch ny. TS
70
CHNG III. NGUYN L TRIT HC PHT GIO
71
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
72
CHNG III. NGUYN L TRIT HC PHT GIO
17
Cf. Pli, M. 63 Ca-lukyputta-sutta. Hn, Trung A-hm 60, s
221 Kinh Tin d. TS
73
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
18
Taish 12 No 374 i Bt-nit-bn kinh (Bc bn), 40 quyn, m-
v-sm dch; No 375 i Bt-nit-bn kinh (Nam bn), 36 quyn, Hu
Nghim bin tp; No 376 Pht thuyt i Bt-n-hon kinh, 6 quyn,
Php Hin dch.
74
CHNG III. NGUYN L TRIT HC PHT GIO
19
Dharma-kya, trong i tha, ch cho l th thun tnh c ngay trong
s Gic ng ca Pht ch khng phi ch trong gio php ca Ngi tc
l th y c din thnh li.
20
Bn thn kinh in ngha l, theo cc nh Tiu tha, Pht tip tc
tn ti nh l kinh in hay gio thuyt.
75
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
76
CHNG III. NGUYN L TRIT HC PHT GIO
Ci sc-tm
Ci thi-khng
Sinh-t, hnh nghip, nhn duyn
to tc, bin dch
Lun hi
Th gii ca dc, sc v tm
Nghip bo
Nit-bn hu d y
Th gii hin tng
77
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
78
CHNG III. NGUYN L TRIT HC PHT GIO
79
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
80
CHNG IV
CU-X TNG
(ABHIDHARMA-KOA )
(Thuyt Nht thit Hu A t m tng)
(Thc ti lun: Hu tng) [Tiu tha]
1. CNG YU
Tn gi ca tng phi ny, ting Nht l Kusha,1 l mt
danh t gin lc ca Phn ng Abhidharma-Koa (Koa:
Kusha). 2 l nhan sch mt tc phm ca Th Thn
(Vasubandhu),3 vit v ch thuyt duy thc v c th dch
l Kho tng ca Php ti thng (Thng php hay V t
php). Chng ta s tr li tc phm ny sau.
Trc ht, chng ta hy nhn xt ngha t dharma trong
Pht gio. T ng ny xut x t ng t dh (gi li,
mang), v hnh thc danh t ca n, dharma, c ngha l
ci c nm gi,4 hay l th nu chng ta gii hn
1
Cu-x .
2
A-t-t-ma cu-x lun (vit tt: Cu-x) , 30
quyn, Huyn Trang dch. Taish 29 No 1558. Bn dch Php, bi
L. de la Valle Pousin, L Abhidharmakosa de Vasubandhu, 6 vol.;
Paris 1923-31. B sung: bn dch Anh (t bn Php), Leo M. Pruden,
Abhidharmakosa, Asian Humaniti Press 1988-1990. Nguyn bn
Sanskrit, Abhidharmakoa-bhyam of Vasubandhu, Edit. A. Thakur,
Patna, 1975. S gii ca Yoso, Spurthvykhy, phn I, 2, phm u,
Varanasi, 1970. TS
3
Th Thn (Vasubandhu) , khong 420-500 TL.
4
Cu-x 1, tr. 1b09, Ci duy tr yu tnh ca n c gi l php. Cf.
Bhya: svalakanadhrad dharma. TS
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
5
Cf. Bhya: tad aya paramrtha v nirva dharmalakaa v
pratyabhimukhe dharma ity abhidharma, php i din trc tip vi
thng ngha l nit-bn, hay yu tnh ca php, c gi l abhidharma.
Cf. Hn dch, Cu-x, ibid., php i hng php thng ngha l nit-
bn, hay i qun php php tng l bn Thnh , php y c gi
l i php. TS
82
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
6
Xem, Takakusu, On the Abhidharma Literature of Sarvastivadins,
Journal of the Pali Text Society, 1905.
7
Stra: cc bi php do Pht thuyt; Vinaya: k lut tu o do Pht ch.
8
Thng ta b .
9
Thuyt Nht thit hu b .
10
I-tsing (Yi-Jing) .
11
Xem bn dch ca Takakusu, A Record of the Buddhist Religion as
Practised in India and Malay Archipelago (A.D. 671-695) bi Ngha
Tnh. - (Hn: Nam hi k quy ni php truyn , 4
quyn, Taisho 54 No 2125. TS)
12
T-b-sa .
83
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
13
Bn dch Anh bi C.A.F. Rhys Davids v F.L. Woodward: The Book
of Kindred Sayings, Pali Text Society Translation Series, Vols. VII, X,
XIII, XV, XVI, 1918-30. Xem Rhys Davids Index to Samyutta, p. 107.
Tng ng Hn, Tp A-hm kinh (Tng, Cu-na-bt--la
dch, Taish 2 No 99).
14
Pht tr lun. A-t-t-ma Pht tr lun , 20 quyn,
tc gi Tn gi Ca-a-din-ni T , Huyn Trang dch.
Taish 26 No 1544. TS
15
A-t-m Bt-kin- lun , 30 quyn, tc gi Ca-
chin-din T (Ktyyanputra), Tng-gi--b & Trc Pht
Nim dch. Taish 26 No 1543. TS
84
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
16
Lc tc lun .
17
Cf. Ph Quang, Cu-x lun k 1 (T41n1821, 11a17): T (vi)
ngha l qung (m rng); hoc ni thng (bt), hoc d (sai
khc). B-sa (bh) ngha l thuyt .V Lun ny phn bit
ngha l mt cch rng ri, nn ni l Qung thuyt. V thuyt minh
ngha l mt cch c sc nn gi l Thng thuyt. Do s gii thch
ngha l khc nhau ca 500 v A-la-hn, nn gi l D thuyt. TS
18
A-t-m tm lun , Tn gi Php Thng to
Tng-gi--b v Tu Vin dch , 4 quyn. Taish 28
No 1550. Cf. A-t-m tm lun kinh , lun bn: Php
Thng, gii thch: u-ba-phin-a , Tng-gi--b v Tu
Vin dch , 6 quyn. Taish 28 No 1551. TS
85
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
ny l Samyukta-abhidharma-hdaya, do Dharmatrta, 19
mt ca Dharmottara, son tho. Tc phm ny tr
thnh bn vn cn bn ca chi phi Gandhra v sau cng
l ca phi A-t-m Trung hoa.
VN HC A T M
I
Thn lun (mlastra)
Ktyyanputra (Ca-a-din-ni-t)
Jna-prasthna (Pht tr lun )
hay Aa-grantha (Bt kin- lun)
Lc tc lun (a-pada)
v tc phm trn
1 2 3
Vasumitra (Th Hu) Devasarma Sariputra (X-li-pht)
Prakaraapda Vijna-kya Dharmaskandha
(Phm loi tc lun)20 (Thc thn tc lun)21 (Php un tc lun)22
4 5 6
Maudgalyyana Pura Mahkauhila
(Ph lu na) (i cu thi la)
Prajapti Dhtu-kya Sagti-paryaya
(Thi thit tc lun)23 (Gii thn tc lun)24 (Tp d mn tc lun)25
19
Tp A-t-m tm lun , tc gi Php Cu , Tng-
gi-bt-ma dch, 11 quyn. Taisho 28 No 1552. TS
20
A-t-t-ma Phm loi tc lun , Tn gi Th
Hu to, Huyn Trang dch; 18 quyn. Taish 26 No 1542.
TS
21
A-t-t-ma Thc thn tc lun , A-la-hn -b-
thit-ma to, Huyn Trang dch, 16 quyn.
Taish 26 No 1539. TS
22
A-t-t-ma Php un tc lun . Tn gi i
Mc-kin-lin to, Huyn Trang dch; 12 quyn.
Taish 26 No 1537. TS
86
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
23
Thi thit lun , tc gi khuyt, Php H dch, 7 quyn.
Taish 26 No 1538. TS
24
A-t-t-ma Gii thn tc lun , Tn gi Th Hu
to, Huyn Trang dch, 3 quyn. Taish 26 No 1540. TS
25
A-t-t-ma Tp d mn tc lun , Tn gi X-
li T to, Huyn Trang dch, 20 quyn. Taish 26 No
1536. TS
26
A-t-t-ma i t-b-sa lun , Nm trm i
A-lan-hn to, Huyn Trang dch, 200 quyn.
Taish 26 No 1545. Cf. A-t-m t-b-sa lun , Ca-
chin-din T to, Nm trm La-hn gii thch, Ph--bt-ma & o
Thi dch, 60 quyn. Taish 18 No 1546. TS
27
B-b-sa lun , Thi--bn-ni son, Tng-gi-
bt-trng dch, 14 quyn. Taish 26 No 1547. TS
87
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
Su Pada
Vaibhsika (C t b sa)
Mahvibh ca Prva
28
A-t-t-ma Cu-x thch lun , B-tu-bn-u
to, Chn dch, 22 quyn. Taish 29 No 1559.
29
A-t-t-ma Cu-x lun , Tn gi Th Thn to,
Huyn Trang dch, 30 quyn. Taish 29 No 1558. Xem cht. 2, chng
iv, tr. 35.
30
Trong cc nh ch gii v Cu-x Trung hoa, khng thy c Khuy
C. Cc bn s gii ni ting: Ph Quang , Cu-x lun k
, 30 quyn; Taish 41 No 1821. Php Bo , Cu-x lun s
, 30 quyn; Taish 41 No 1822. Vin Huy , Cu-x lun
tng s , 30 quyn; Taish 41 No 1823. V nhiu nh ch
gii khc, Nh Thn Thi, Php Doanh, Hu Huy, Tun Lun, v.v.; c
90 v.
88
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
Tn - Vaibhasika
31
A-t-t-ma Cu-x lun bn tng , Huyn
Trang dch, 1 quyn. Taisho 29 No 1560. TS
32
A-t-t-ma Thun Chnh l lun , Tn gi Chng
Hin to, Huyn Trang dch, 80 quyn. Taisho 29 No 1562. TS
33
A-t-t-ma tng Hin tng lun , Chng Hin
to, Huyn Trang dch, 40 quyn. Taisho 29 No 1562. TS
34
Hn dch ca Huyn Trang, 30 quyn. Hn dch ca Chn , 22
quyn. Cng tt c gn 60 quyn. Th Thn u tin ging ngha ca
i t-b-sa, mi ngy c tm tt thnh mt bi tng. Ton b hn
600 bi tng. Tng chng Ca-thp-di-la rt mng, cho rng gio ngha
ca b phi mnh c tuyn dng. Sau Th Thn vit trng hng
gii thch; by gi mi bit nhiu ch bc b quan im ca Ca-thp-di-
la. Cf. Chn , B-tu-bn-u Php s truyn ;
Taish 50 No 2049. TS
89
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
Abhidharma-koa-vykhy; 35
nh tc phm ny m c gio
s Louis de la Valle-Poussin
B 36 d dng trong vic ti
lp bn vn tht lc v c
kin ton bi Rahula
Sankrityayana ngi Tch lan.
Theo n bn ny v dch bn
Trung hoa, ni dung ca lun
Cu-x nh sau:
1. V cc php (Phn bit
gii) Vasubandhu [Th Thn]
2. V cc quan nng (Phn bit cn)
3. V th gii (Phn bit th gian)
4. V cc nghip (Phn bit nghip)
5. V cc phin no (Phn bit ty min)
6. V thnh gi v o (Phn bit ty thnh)
7. V tri thc (Phn bit tr)
8. V thin nh (Phn bit nh)
35
Nguyn bn Sanskrit c pht hin tai Ty tng do Mahpaita
Rahula Sankrityayana, gm c Bhya (Thch lun) vit trn 367 l bi.
Sau , bin tp bi Gs. Prahlada Pradhan, n hnh nm 1967. n bn
mi, Abhidharmakoa-bhyam of Vasubandhu, Edit. A. Thakur, Patna,
1975. S gii ca Yaomitra, Sphurthvykhy, phn I, 2 phm u,
Varanasi, 1970. TS
36
L. de la Valle Pousin, L Abhidharmakoa de Vasubandhu, 6 vol.;
Paris 1923-31. B sung: bn dch Anh (t bn Php), Leo M. Pruden,
Abhidharmakosa, Asian Humanities Press 1988-1990. TS
90
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
91
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
37
Tr Thng .
38
Tr t
39
Huyn Phng .
92
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
40
Tr Chu .
41
Th. Stcherbatsky, Buddhist Logic, Vol. I, p. 109. Bn th, ting Anh,
substance = sub-stance, yu tnh lu tn.
93
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
42
Thnh tht tng . Skt. Satyasiddhi.
43
Php tng b , trong nguyn bn. TS
94
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
44
Cu-x 20 (tr. 104b03). Koa, k. v. 25.
45
Op.cit. (tr. 104b29). Koa, k. v. 25d-26.
95
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
96
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
97
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
98
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
99
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
100
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
101
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
46
Ch v tng qu (asajika), v tng nh (asaji-sammpatti),
v dit tn nh (nirodha-sampatti). Th t lit k ny theo trong lun
bn, quyn 4 (tt. 22a6 v tip). TS
47
Bn c tng ca hu vi (saskta-lakaa): sinh, tr, d dit. TS
102
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
48
Cf. Cu-x 6 (tr. 30a16): Tt c cc php hu vi, tr t th ca n,
u l nguyn nhn nng tc (nguyn nhn tc thnh). Koa k. ii 50a:
svato nye karaahetu. TS
49
Ibd., tr. 30b18: Cc php h tng gy qu cho nhau, nn h tng
l nguyn nhn cho nhau. Koa k ii. 50c-d: sahbhr ye mithaphal/
bhtavac cittacittnuvarilakaalakyavat// TS
103
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
50
Ibd., tr. 31a23: Php tng t lm nhn ng loi cho php tng
t. Ngha l, nguyn nhn cho ra kt qu ng loi. Koa k ii. 52a:
sabhgahetu sad. TS
51
Ibid., 32b26: Tm v tm s lm nguyn nhn tng ng cho nhau.
Koa k ii. 53c-d: saprayuktakahetus tu cittcitt. TS
52
Ibid., 32c15: Cc php nhim sinh, vn ph bin trong tt c
gii a, chng lm nhn cho php nhim cng gii a, c gi l
bin hnh nhn. Koa ii 54a-b: sarvatragkhya klin svabhmau
prvasarvag. TS
53
Ibid., tr 33a05 Nhng g l hu lu c tnh thin v bt thin l d
thc nhn Koa k ii 54c-d: vipkahetur aubh kual caiva
ssrav . TS
54
Cu-x 7 (tr. 36b16): Trong su nhn, tr nng tc nhn, cn li u
l duyn tnh ca nhn (hetupratyayat). Koa ii 61d: hetvkhya
paca hetava. TS
104
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
55
Ibid., Tr tm-tm s php ti hu ca v A-la-hn khi nhp Nit-
bn, cc tm-tm s php cn li sinh khi u l duyn tnh ng
v gin (lm iu kin khai o cho tm-tm s tip theo sinh khi).
TS
56
Ibid., tt c cc php, l duyn tnh s duyn, khi n l i tng cho
tm-tm s sinh khi. TS
57
Ibid., Tng thng duyn chnh l nng tc nhn. TS
105
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
106
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
107
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
CU-X TNG
75 php (a)
Php hu vi saskta-dharma
I II III(a)
Sc php 12.Tm Tm s hu php
rpni citta caitasika(citta-saprayuktasaskra)
A
Bin i a php
Mahbhmika
B
i thin a php
Kuala-mahbhmika
108
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
23. tn raddha
24. cn virya
25. x upek
26. tm hr
27. qu avatrpya
28. v tham alobha
29. v sn akrodha
30. bt hi ahis
31. khinh an prarabdhi
32. bt phng dt apramda
C
i phin no a php
Klea-mahbhmika
33. v minh moha
34. phng dt pramda
35. gii i kausdya
36. bt tn araddha
37. hn trm styna
38. iu c auddhatya
109
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
CU-X TNG
75 php (b)
III (b) IV
Tm s hu php Bt tng ng hnh php
caitasika(citta-saprayuktasaskra) citta-saprayuktasaskra
D
i bt thin a php 59. c prpta
Akuala-mahbhmika 60. phi c aprpta
39. v tm ahrkya 61. ng phn sabhga
40. v qu anapatrpya 62. v tng qu asajika
63. v tng nh
asajika-sampatti
E 64. dit tn nh
Tiu phin no a php
nirodha-sampatti 65. mng cn jvita
Upaklea-bhmika 66. sinh jti
41. phn krodha 67. tr sthiti
42. ph mraka 68. lo (=d) jra
43. khan mtsarya 69. v thng (dit) anityat
44. tt ry 70. danh thn nma-kya
45. no pradsa 71. c thn pada-kya
46. hi vihis 72. vn thn vyajana-kya
47. hn upanha
110
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
48. huyn my
F
Bt dnh a php Aniyata-bhmika
51. c tc kauktya
52. thy min middha
53. tm vitarka
54. t vicra
55. tham rga
56. sn pratigha
57. mn mna
58. nghi vicikt
111
CHNG V
THNH THT TNG
Sarvanyavda: Nht thit Khng tng
Sautrntika: kinh lng b
(H v lun Tiu tha Khng lun)
1. CNG YU
Thnh tht tng, i lp vi Cu-x, ch trng khng c
g thc hu, k c tm v vt. y l mt Tiu tha khng
lun (hay h v lun) v c gi l Jjitsu theo Nht ng
(satyasiddhi: chng thnh s tht); l mt tng phi c
gi theo nhan sch ca Harivarman (Ha-l-bt-man)1 sng
n (kh. 250-251), khong mt th k trc Th Thn.
Trong bi tng m u, tc gi ni rng ng mun lm sng
t ngha chn tht ca kinh. T , chng ta c th suy ra
rng, nhan sch Thnh Tht lun, c ngha l s thit lp
ton vn v chn l c pht biu qua nhng bi thuyt
php ca Pht.
Trong 18 b phi n , Thnh Tht tng thuc Kinh
lng b (Sautrntika),2 b phi ny theo kinh tng nguyn
thy, chng li ch trng Thc hu lun ca Hu b
(Sarvstivda) m mt vi ch im ca b phi ny c
1
Ha-l-bt-ma ; dch ngha: S T Khi . Tiu s,
xem Xut tam tng k tp 11, Ha-l-bt-ma truyn (T55n2145, tr.
78b28). TS
2
Ng nguyn, sautrntika = stra (Kh kinh) + anta (cu cnh).
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
3
Rhys Davids, Katha-vatthu, pp. 3, 5. Vassilief, History of Buddhism,
Second Supplement, p. 222.
4
Thnh tht lun , 16 quyn, Cu-ma-la-thp dch
(A.D. 411-412, hoc 400). Taish 32 No 1646. TS
114
CHNG V. THNH THT TNG
Cu-ma-la-thp
Trong s cc mn ca La-
thp, c hai hay ba hng truyn tha
ca tng ny, trong khong t 411 n 498 TL, v nhiu s
gii - tt c c 12 - c son tho. Hng trm bui ging
thuyt v bn vn ny c truyn b khp Trung hoa, mi
bui ging thuyt c lp li hng hai mi, ba mi, bn
mi hay c n chn mi ln trong cng mt a im.
Trc ht, mt s ngi c thm quyn cho rng lun ny
thuc i tha,6 nh ba nh hc gi danh ting vo triu i
5
Tng Du , xem Cao tng truyn 6 (T50n2059, tr. 364b07): sau
khi dch xong lun ny, La-thp bo Tng Du, Trong lun c by ch
bc b A-t-m, nhng vn t kn o. Khng cn hi m hiu c
mi l anh ti. Du bn nghin cu v pht hin ng nhng ch m
La-thp m ch. TS
6
Cf. Ngng Nhin (Nht bn) Ng gio chng thng l k 16
(T72n1339, tr.416a5). TS
115
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
7
Php Vn , 476-529.
8
Tr Tng , 458-522.
9
Tng Mn . Son Thnh tht lun ngha s, xem bi Ta ca
Lng Hong Thi t, Qung hong minh tp 20 (T52n2103, tr.
244a19). TS
10
Tr Khi, 531-597. Xp Thnh tht v Khng mn thuc Tng gio
trong Thin thai t gio. TS
11
Ct Tng, 549-623.
12
Tnh nh.
13
o Tuyn , 596-667. Cf. T phn lut yt-ma s 3. TS
14
Hu Qun.
116
CHNG V. THNH THT TNG
(sarva-dharma-nyat). Do , n l mt ch trng nh
khng, tri ngc vi hc thuyt ca Hu b ch trng
ng khng nhng php hu. Nhn cch c to thnh do
nm m (sc, th) khng c bn th v khng c t ng,
cng nh ci vi trng rng khng c nc hay yu tnh ni
ti. Thm na, v tr gm 84 php, nhng tt c hon ton
khng c thc ti lu tn, cng nh ci vi t n khng c
thc ti thng hng. Mi mt php trong nm un hay bn
i chng (t, nc, la, gi) m do v tr c kt
hp thnh, khng c bn th thng hng v bt bin,
chng ch l gi danh.
Theo Ha-l-bt-man, tt c vn hu cui cng phi i n
chn l ca tch dit (nirodha satya: dit ), tc Nit bn;
l s tch dit cu cnh. Nh th ch c Tnh Khng l
chn l cu cnh. iu ny khng c ngha l tng phi ny
ph nhn thc hay hin tng gi hu ca vn hu, bi v
n tha nhn nm b loi chia thnh 84 php, thay v 75
php nh Cu-x tng.
Trong biu sau y, chng ta thy rng nhng thnh t
ca n khng khc vi cc thnh t trong biu ca Hu
b cho lm.
117
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
Php hu vi Php V Vi
Sc Tm Tm s Bt tng ng hnh
(14) (1) (49) (17) (3)
1-10k i a, 1-2k 1-3k
11 t thin, 1-10k 3 (k3,7) mng cn
12 nc phin no, 1-6k 4-6k
13 la bt thin, 1-2k 7 (k8) sinh
14 gi tiu phin no, 1-10k 8 lo
bt nh, 1-8k 9-11k
9. hn 12 t
10. lc 13-15 (k12-14)
11. hn trm 16 phm phu php
17 v biu (k1,11)
15
Ch k ch rng cng hng mc nh trong bng lit k 75 php ca
Cu-x tng, chng IV trc.
118
CHNG V. THNH THT TNG
119
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
120
CHNG V. THNH THT TNG
121
CHNG VI
PHP TNG TNG
Vijaptimtrat: Duy thc tng
Yogcra: Du-gi tng
(Quyn i tha)
1. CNG YU
Php tng 1 (dharma-lakaa) c ngha l nhng c
tng biu hin ca cc php. Php (dharma) y ch
cho cc s th thuc vt cht v tinh thn (sc v tm), bi
v, i tng chnh ca tng phi ny l truy cu v bn
cht v phm tnh ca mi hin hu. Sng t ca tng ny
l V Trc (Asaga) 2 - anh rut ca Th Thn
(Vasubandhu)3 - tc gi ca Du-gi-s a lun (Yogcra-
bhmi).4 Ti n , u tin tng ny c gi l Yogcra
(Du-gi tng), ch cho s thc hnh v php qun tng
(Yogcra: qun hnh).
Th Thn, sau khi nh anh khuyn tr v vi i tha v
tp i thnh cc quan im trit hc ca Du-gi tng,
qui nh ch im ca tng ny l Duy-thc
(Vijnaptimtra), t s hin hu ca tt c ngoi gii ni
1
Nht: Hoss .
2
V Trc , khong 410-500 A.D.
3
Th Thn , khong 420-500 A.D.
4
Du-gi s a lun , Di-lc B-tt thuyt,
Huyn Trang dch; 100 quyn. Taish 30 No 1579.
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
5
Nht: Yuishiki .
6
Nht: shz-gaku
124
CHNG VI. PHP TNG TNG
7
Hn tng hin cn tt c by bn dch lin h, gm c Lun bn v
Lun thch: 1. Nhip i tha lun , A-tng gi tc,
Pht--phin-a dch (A.D. 531), 2 quyn. Taish 31 No
1592. 2. Nhip ai tha lun , V Trc B tt to,
Chn Tam tng dch (A.D. 536); 3 quyn. Taish 31 No 1593.
3. Nhip i tha lun bn , V Trc B tt to, Huyn
Trang dch (A.D. 618-619), 3 quyn. Taish 31 No 1594. 4. Nhip i
tha lun thch , Th Thn B tt thch, Chn dch
(A.D. 563); 15 quyn. Taish 31 No 1595. 5. Nhip i tha lun thch
Th Thn B tt to, Cp-a & Hnh C dch
(A.D. 605-616); 10 quyn. Taish 31 No 1596. 6. Nhip i tha lun
thch , Th Thn B tt to, Huyn Trang dch (A.D. 618-
649); 10 quyn. Taish 31 No 1597. 7. Nhip i tha lun thch
, V Tnh B tt to, Huyn Trang dch (A.D. 648-650,
hoc A.D. 648-649); 10 quyn. Taish 31 No 1598. TS
8
Cf. Trng Phng, Lch i Tam bo k 1 (T49n2034, tr. 88a25):
Chn , ngi Thin trc, nc u-thin-ni , hiu l
Tam tng Php s Cu-na-la- , dch l Thn Y . - Tc
Cao tng truyn 1 (T50n2060, tr. 429c6): Cu-na-la-, dch l Thn Y.
Cng c tn l Ba-la-mt- , dch l Chn . TS
125
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
9
Cf. Nhip i tha lun bn (T31n1594, tr. 132c25), mi th thng:
1. S tri y (ch A-li-da) th thng; 2. S tri tng (ba t tnh) th
thng; 3. Nhp s tri tng (Duy thc tnh) th thng; 4. B (Duy thc
tnh) nhp nhn qu (su ba-la-mt) th thng; 5. B nhn qu tu sai
bit (mi a) th thng; 6. Tng thng gii th thng; 7. Tng
thng tm th thng; 8. Tng thng hu th thng; 9. B qu on
th thng (v tr Nit-bn); 1o. B qu (Ba thn Pht) tr th thng. TS
126
CHNG VI. PHP TNG TNG
127
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
10
i tha khi tn lun , 1 quyn, M Minh B-tt to,
Chn dch. Taish 31 No 1966. Bn dch Anh bi Timothy Richard
v Yang Wen-hwui: The Awakening of Faith in the Mahyana
Doctrine, 1894; v bi D.T. Suzuki: Avaghoa s Discourse on the
Awakenning of Faith in the Mahyana, Chicago, 1900.
128
CHNG VI. PHP TNG TNG
11
Thnh duy thc lun , H Php v cc B-tt to,
Huyn Trang dch; 10 quyn. Taish 31 No 1585.
129
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
12
Khuy C, i tha Php uyn ngha lm chng ,
7 quyn; Taish 45 No 1861. TS
13
Khuy C, Thnh duy thc lun thut k , 20 quyn.
Taish 43 No 1830.
130
CHNG VI. PHP TNG TNG
14
Bn dch 10 quyn, v Thut k 20, cng chung thnh 30 quyn. TS
131
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
132
CHNG VI. PHP TNG TNG
15
Cf. Duy thc nh thp lun (T31n1590, tr. 74c3): Nhc thc v thc
cnh, tc x, thi quyt nh, tng tc bt quyt dnh, tc dng bt
ng thnh , , . Nu
ch tn ti thc (biu hin) ch khng thc cnh, s khng chng minh
c tnh xc nh ca khng gian (x), thi gian, tnh bt nh ca cc
sinh loi, v tc dng khng c. TS
133
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
(bch php).
Trong tt c cc php ny, sc l biu hin ngoi ti ca
thc; tm bt tng ng hnh l tn gi ch tin trnh
tng phn ca thc hin hnh; v v vi l tnh tnh lng
ca thc. Khng c php no tch bit khi thc.
Tm tm php bit lp nhau, nm thc u lp thnh nhn
thc gic quan; th su l thc (manovijna) th by l
mt-na (manas) v th tm l tng thc (citta). Theo t
tnh, tt c cc thc ny l thuc vo mt php khc, tc l
y tha khi tng (paratantra-lakaa) nhng chng khng
phi ch l tng tng (bin k s chp tng:
parikalpitalakaa). Gi thuyt v thc ti bit lp ca tm
thc ny l l thuyt ring ca H Php v khng th tm
thy u khc trong Pht gio, ngay c trong Tiu tha.
Mi mt thc c bn phn c bn cht lin i: 1. Tng
phn (lakaa-bhga): i tng b thy; 2. Kin phn
(darana-bhga): ch th thy; 3. T chng phn
(sktkri - bhga); 16 4. Chng t chng phn. Tng
phn l hnh bng ca i tng ngoi ti phn nh trn
mt tm thc v kin phn chiu soi, nhn thy v kinh
nghim n. Vy th, ai bit c l ch th (kin phn)
thy i tng (tng phn) hay ch l thy ci hnh bng
ca i tng m thi? y chnh l thc t n thy v
tip nhn phn v ch th. Phn v thy nhn gi l t
chng; khng c n th khng th c nhn thc. Chng t
chng hon thnh tc dng ca tm thc. y l bn phn
v ca tm thc.
16
Skt. gi thit ca Takakusu. Cf. Nyyabindu (Tscherbatsy: Buddhist
Logic ii): svasavedana; Wei Tat (Vi t): Thnh duy thc lun, Anh
dch: svasavittibhga.
134
CHNG VI. PHP TNG TNG
135
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
17
Cf. Khuy C, Thnh duy thc lun chng trung xu yu 1A
(T43n1831, tr. 620a19): dn k v gii thch: 1. Tnh cnh, ch cho chn
th ca cc php... 2. c nh cnh, ty theo kin phn (tng tng),
nh lng ra, hoa m, thch n... 3. i cht cnh, nh tng ca n
c bn cht. TS
136
CHNG VI. PHP TNG TNG
18
Khuy C, op.cit. tr. 631b29. Cf. Thnh duy thc lun thut k
(T43n1830, tr. 310b7), Trong mt nim c th c 4 php: 1. chng
t bn hu; 2. hin hnh do bn hu sinh; 3. chng t c hun tp
bi tn hin hnh; 4. hin hnh sinh bi chng t ny. Nhng sao li
ni ba php trin chuyn? ... . Tham chiu bin lun, Lng Ton
(Nht bn), Thnh Duy thc lun ng hc sao 28 (T67n2263, tr.
170b15), Ba php l, chng t nng sinh, hin hnh c sinh, chng
t mi hun tp... TS
137
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
V na:
Chng t sinh chng t .
Nhn qu d thi .19
Nh vy, th gii ca s sngv th gii ca kh mnh
sng trong 20 ng thi sinh khi t kho tng A-li-da
v cng c cha ng trong ; iu gy nn sai lm
v o tng trong i sng hng ngy ca chng ta.
Cc chng t c tim tng trong bt thc hin hu t v
thu. Chng c gi l chng t bn hu, ht ging c sn
t nguyn thu. Cc chng t mi theo dng thi gian c
hun tp thm mi; chng c gi l chng t tn hun.
Chng t c v mi, hp li to thnh nhng biu hin ca
hin hu m lm ca i sng. Do , bt A-li-da thc
c v nh l mt loi thc thuc bn cht h vng hay bt
thc. Tuy nhin, n cha ng mt chng t khng nhim
; chng t ny gn cht vi n. Khi chng t ny pht
trin do tu tp, n dn dn ch ng bn cht h vng ca
bt thc v kt qu ca s ch ng l i sng m hoc
19
Cf. Du-gi s a lun 5 (T30n1579, tr. 302b9): Php v thng
lm nhn cho php v thng. N lm nhn cho tha tnh. N cng lm
nhn cho t tnh sinh sau, nhng khi y khng ng thi. Thnh duy
thc lun thut k 3A (T43n1830, tr. 310a17) gii thch: Lm nhn
cho tha tnh, tc chng t sinh hin hnh. Lm nhn cho t tnh, tc
chng t sinh chng t... Nu chng t sinh chng t m (nhn qu)
ng thi, th sinh sn s tr thnh v cng. V trong mt st-na m
nhiu chng t c th cng sn sinh, m thy u khng c nhn trc
tip. TS
20
Ch hu tnh th gian (sattva-loka), th gii ca sinh vt, tc bn thn
ca cc loi sinh vt hay qun th sinh vt, x hi; v kh th gian
(bhjana-loka), th gii dng c (nh ci a, ng), tc th gii t
nhin. TS
138
CHNG VI. PHP TNG TNG
21
Ty duyn khi ng .
139
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
22
Chn nh ngng nhin bt tc ch php . Cf.
Thnh duy thc lun 9 (tr. 48a21): Thng ngha ca thng ngha, tc
php gii nht th tuyt i ... l Chn nh. Chn, v khng phi h
vng. Nh, v thng hng nh vy. Tnh chn tht ny trong tt c mi
trng thi thng hng nh l t tnh ca n, nn ni l Chn nh. Tc
ni c ngha l trm nhin khng h vng. TS
140
CHNG VI. PHP TNG TNG
23
Cf. op.cit., tr. 46b10-14: Tnh vin thnh thc, l thc tnh ca cc
php, c thnh tu vin mn, c hin l bi hai khng (nhn
khng v php khng...N chnh l th tnh m trn y tha khi khng
cn bin k s chp, c hin l bi hai khng. Th tnh ca n l
chn nh.
141
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
142
CHNG VI. PHP TNG TNG
24
Tam thp tng, tng 20: do nhng suy lun tng tng nh vy v
nh vy m hin hu s th c suy lun tng tng. Nhng g hin
hu bi suy lun tng tng, chng khng c t tnh. /
/ / . TS
25
Ibid., tng 21: Y tha khi t tnh, l s phn bit xut hin do bi
duyn. Vin thnh thnh thc, l t tnh hng loi tr hai tnh trn.
/ / / . TS
143
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
144
CHNG VI. PHP TNG TNG
145
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
146
CHNG VII
TAM LUN TNG
Sarvanyavda: Thuyt Nht thit khng
Mdhyamika : Trung Qun Lun
(Bn i tha)
1. CNG YU
i tha ph nh lun, ting Phn gi l Mdhyamika,
hc thuyt v Trung o, hay Khng lun (nyavda),
hay Tng i lun. Trung hoa v Nht bn, tng ny
c bit n di danh hiu San lun, hay Saron, tc Tam
lun. y l 3 tc phm cn bn chuyn v hc thuyt
Trung o bng cch bi bc nghim khc nhng kin gii
sai lm ca B-la-mn, Tiu tha v cc tng phi i tha
khc ngoi Tam lun tng. Trong ba tc phm ny, tc l
Trung lun (Mdhyamika-stra) 1 ca Long Th
(Ngrjuna). May mn nguyn bn Phn ng hin vn cn
tn ti. Bn Hn vn do Cu-ma-la-thp (Kumrajva) dch.
Trong tc phm gm 400 bi tng ny, Long Th bc b
mt s nhng kin gii sai lm ca Tiu tha hay ca cc
trit gia k chung, ri t bc b tt c nhng quan nim
duy thc v a nguyn gin tip thit lp hc thuyt nht
nguyn ca mnh.
1
Trung lun , Long Th B-tt to, Thanh Mc Phm ch thch
, Cu-ma-la-thp dch (A.D. 409), 4
quyn. Taish 30 No 1564. Tn Sanskrit cng gi l Mla-
mdhyamaka-krik, hay Pryamlastrak. TS
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
2
Thp nh mn lun , Long Th B-tt to, Cu-ma-la-thp
dch (408 stl.), 1 quyn. Taish 30 No 1568. TS
3
Bch lun , -b B-tt to, Cu-ma-la-thp dch (404
stl.), 2 quyn. Taish 30 No 1569. TS
4
i tr lun , Long Th B-tt to, Cu-ma-la-thp dch
(402-405 stl.), 100 quyn. TS
148
CHNG VII. TAM LUN TNG
149
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
2. LCH S
Gio s Stcherbatsky c nu ln nhng giai on sau y
trong dng pht trin ca trit l i tha c quan h c
bit n Trung qun:
1. Th k I: Hng khi ca i tha A-li-da thc v
Chn Nh, c hai u do M Minh (Asvaghoa) khi
xng.
2.Th k II: Tnh khng duyn khi lun, do Long
Th v B thnh lp.
3. Th k III v IV: Mt khong trng
4. Th k V: Lp trng duy tm ca V Trc v
Th Thn.
5. Th k VI: Phn tranh gia cc phi duy tm v
tnh khng. An Hu (Sthiramati) v Trn-na (Dignga) i
biu cho duy tm; Pht H (Buddhaplita) v Thanh Bin
(Bhvaviveka), i biu cho tnh khng.
6. Th k VII: H thng Trung qun hon thnh trit
do Nguyt Xng (Candrakrti) xin dng.
Trn y l lit k ca gio s Stcherbatsky, nhng khong
trng th k III v IV c th lp vo bng Kin Hu
(Saramati) v Di-lc (Maitreya). Di-lc l v thy trc tip
hay gin tip ca V Trc v tnh cch lch s ca ng th
khng th nghi ng g c mc d c nhng huyn thuyt
vy quanh nn mt s hc gi c khuynh hng coi ng l
mt nhn vt tng tng. Chng ta nn dnh vn
ny cho nhng kho cu tng lai. D sao, Tnh khng
lun (nyavda) n, vi phn ng duy tm ca n, v
Duy Thc lun (vijnavda), biu dng s pht trin
150
CHNG VII. TAM LUN TNG
5
Tam lun s, tn gi chung cho s gii ba b lun: 1. Trung qun lun
s , Ct Tng son (A.D. 549-623), 10 quyn.
Taish 42 No 1824. 2. Thp nh mn lun s , 3 quyn,
A.D. 608. Taish 42 No 1825. 3. Bch lun s , 3 quyn, A.D.
608. Taish 42 No 1827. TS
6
Tam lun huyn ngha , 1 quyn . Taish 45 No 1852. TS
151
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
7
i tha huyn lun , 5 quyn. Taish 45 No 1853. TS
8
Nh ngha/ chng /, 3 quyn. Taish 45n1854 TS
9
Bn tc phm v Php hoa: 1. Php hoa huyn lun , 10
quyn. T34n1720 2. Php hoa ngha s , 12 quyn.
T34n1721. 3. Php hoa du , 1 quyn. T34n1722. 4. Php
hoa lun s , 3 quyn. T40n1818. TS
10
i phm du , 1 quyn. Taish 33 No1696. TS
11
Nit-bn kinh du , 1 quyn. Taish 38 No 1768. TS
12
Hoa nghim du , 1 quyn. Taish 35 No 1731. TS
13
Thng Man bo qut , 6 quyn. Taish 37 No 1744. TS
14
Tnh Danh huyn lun , 8 quyn. Taish 38 No 1780. TS
15
V Lng Th kinh ngha s , 1 quyn. Taish 37 No
1746. TS
16
Qun V Lng Th kinh ngha s , 1 quyn.
Taish 37 No 1752. TS
17
Kim cang Bt-nh s , 4 quyn. Taish 33n1699. TS
18
Kim quang minh kinh s , 1 quyn. Taish 39 No 1787.
TS
19
Di-lc kinh du , 1 quyn. Taish 38 No 1771. TS
20
Nhn vng Bt-nh kinh s , 6 quyn. Taish 33
No1707. TS
152
CHNG VII. TAM LUN TNG
21
Thp nh mn lun tng tr ngha k , 2 quyn,
Php Tng (Hin Th) thut. T42n1826. TS
153
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
3. TRIT L
Hc thuyt Tam lun tng c ba phn: 1. ph t hin chnh;
2. phn bit chn tc ; 3. bt bt Trung o
(mdhyama-pratipad).
Mc tiu ca tng ny l tt cnh khng, tnh khng tuyt
i, tc l ci khng khng th bt nm (aprptavya-
nyat: v s c khng, bt kh c khng), ngha l
chnh kin v v c (aprptitva). Ni mt cch tng qut,
khi mt t kin b bc b th mt quan im khc li c
chp trc vo v c coi nh l chnh kin, nh l mt
kt qu t nhin. Tuy nhin, tng ny, tuyn trch cng l
mt chp trc hay mt s c v mt quan im v do
cng b loi b. Chnh s phi bc v mt t kin cng ng
thi phi l s minh th v mt chnh kin. Ngha l, ph t
v hin chnh l mt, bi v khng c g c thu hoch c.
y l mt trong nhng c im ca tng ny.
Tuy nhin, c hai mnh ny vn tch ri nhau trong mc
ch thc tin, bi v ph l cn thit cu tt c chng
sinh ang chm trong bin chp trc, cn hin cng quan
trng v xin dng li dy ca Pht.
Ph (ph nhn) nh th l vin ton. Trc ht, tt c
cc quan im y c trn chp trc u b ph nhn. Th
th, nhng quan im nh thuyt v ng (tman) ca cc
trit gia B-la-mn, thuyt a nguyn lun ca cc lun s
A-t-m (Vaibhika, Koa) v nhng nguyn l gio iu
ca cc lun s i tha, khng bao gi c thng qua m
khng b bc b chi ly. Hu (tt c u c), v (tt c u
khng), thy u b ch trch.
Trong s nhng quan im Pht gio Trung hoa, th vi
Hu Qun, gio l ca Pht c chia thnh hai gio v
154
CHNG VII. TAM LUN TNG
155
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
156
CHNG VII. TAM LUN TNG
22
Nguyn vn ting Anh dn trong nguyn bn: The perfect
Buddha,/ The fore most of all teachers I Salute,/ He has
proclaimed/ The principle of (universal) relativity./That is like
Blissful (nirva),/ Quiescence of plurality./ There nothing
appears,/ Nothing has an end,/ Nor is there anything eternal,/
Nothing is identical (with itself),/ Nor is there anything
differentiated, / Nothing moves,/ Neither hither no thither. Vit
vn c dch st theo ting Anh, theo bn ca tc gi lm c
s i chiu vi bn Hn dch ca Cu-ma-la-thp. TS
157
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
23
Skt. anirodham anutpadam anucchedam avatam/ anekrtham
annrtham angamam anirgama// ya prattyasamutpda
prapacopaama iva/ deaym sa sabuddhasta vande
vadat vara// C th dch li cch khc t bn Sanskrit i chiu
vi cc bn dch dn trong y: Ti knh l Pht Chnh ng gic, v
ti thng trong cc v thuyt gio. Ngi tuyn thuyt l duyn khi,
vn l s tnh ch ca h lun, l s an lnh. (L duyn khi) l: s
khng tch dit cng nh s khng sinh khi, khng gin on cng
khng thng hng, khng nht th cng khng a th, khng quy
hng cng khng phn ly. TS
24
Tham chiu Hn dch ca Ba-la-ph-mt-a-la, Bt-nh ng lun
(T30n1566, tr. 51c15): Bt dit dic bt khi, bt on dic bt thng,
phi nht phi chng chng, bt lai dic bt kh; duyn khi h lun tc,
thuyt gi thin dit c, l b B-gi-b, ch thuyt trung ti thng.
/ / / / /
/ / . TS
158
CHNG VII. TAM LUN TNG
25
Ba ngha chnh: i thin chnh , tn thin chnh ,
tuyt i chnh , xem Tam lun huyn ngha, T45n1852, tr. 7b24
26
Bn ngha trung: i thin trung , tn thin trung, ,
tuyt i trung, , thnh gi trung . op.cit. T45n1852, tr.
14b21. Cf. Trung qun lun s 1 (T42n1824, tr. 2a13): ba lp trung. TS
159
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
27
Bn lp nh , xem Trung qun lun s 1 (tr. 28b11). TS
160
CHNG VII. TAM LUN TNG
28
op.cit. tr. 24b09: ly khng-hu lm th , th th l gi sinh gi
dit. i th gi sinh m thuyt minh chn gi bt sinh; i th
gi dit m thuyt minh chn gi bt dit. Bt sinh bt dit l trung
o ca chn . Cf. ibid., 26a18, 35b5. TS
29
Ba php lun, xem Trung qun lun s 1 (tr. 8b25). TS
161
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
162
CHNG VII. TAM LUN TNG
163
CHNG VIII
HOA NGHIM TNG
Avatasaka
i tha Mn gio
1. CNG YU
Hoa nghim c ngha l Trang nghim bng hoa v c
coi nh mt dch ng t Phn vn Avatasaka ch cho
trng hoa hay vng hoa. y l danh hiu ca mt quyn
kinh trong gio ngha b mt ca c Pht i Nht
(Mahvairocana) c m t rt t m. Kinh ny c coi
nh l do c Pht thuyt ngay sau Ngi thnh o, nhng
thnh chng nh cm nh ic khng ai hiu c mt li.
Do Ngi li bt u thuyt php d hn, l bn A-hm
v cc gio l khc.
Nhng g Ngi ging thuyt ln u l nhng g m Ngi
chng ng. Chn l m Ngi chng ng c tuyn thuyt
minh nhin. Ch bc tin b nh mt v b-tt
(Bodhisattva) mi c th hiu c Ngi, cn phm phu
hon ton khng th thu c bn ca Ngi.
Dch bn ca kinh Avatasaka bng Hn vn c ba b: Bt
thp, Lc thp v T thp Hoa nghim.1 Hai bn u chng
1
Lc thp Hoa nghim: i phng qung Pht hoa nghim kinh, 60
quyn, Pht--bt--la dch (A.D.18-420). Taish 9 No 278. Bt thp
Hoa nghim: i phng qung Pht hoa nghim kinh, 80 quyn,
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
166
CHNG VIII. HOA NGHIM TNG
2
Thp a kinh lun , Thin Thn B-tt to ,
B--lu-chi dch , 12 quyn. Taish 2 No 1522.
167
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
168
CHNG VIII. HOA NGHIM TNG
3
Tiu s, xem Tc cao tng truyn 25, Thch Php Thun truyn
; T50n2060, tr. 653b15
169
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
170
CHNG VIII. HOA NGHIM TNG
Hua-yen Kegon
Trung hoa Nht bn
1. Thun (557-640) Tojun ( Thun)
2. Tr Nghim (602-668) Chigen (Tr Nghim)
3. Php Tng (643-712) Hz (Php Tng)
4. Trng Qun (kh. 760-820) Chkwan (Trng Qun)
5. Shinsh (Thm Tng, n Nht nm 736)
6. Rben (Lng bin, 689-772)
171
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
3. TRIT L
L vin dung ca Hoa nghim tng c pht trin chnh
yu l Trung hoa. y l mt im son cho nhng cng
trnh hc thut ca Pht gio Trung hoa. Nh cc tng phi
khc, Hoa nghim tng lp cc trn nn tng ca l nhn
qu duy tm, nhng theo ch trng ca Hoa nghim, l
thuyt ny c c im ring. y l Php gii duyn
khi. T ng Php gii (dharma-dhtu) i khi c
dng ng ngha vi chn l cu cnh. Do , Anh ng m
dch l the Element of the Elements (Php th ca Vn
php) th rt xc ng. Nhng cng c lc n li c ngha l
v tr, cnh gii ca tt c cc php (the Realm of all
Elements). C hai ngha, v tr v nguyn l ph bin, lun
lun phi c in su trong tr chng ta mi khi t ng ny
c dng n. Ngha no cng c dng nh l danh
hiu ca thuyt duyn khi.
Php gii duyn khi l cc im ca tt c nhng thuyt l
nhn qu; thc s l kt lun ca thuyt duyn khi bi
v n l l tc nhn qu ph bin v nm trong l bn
hu, v tn, thng huyn, ca v tr; hay ni th no cng
c. L tc duyn khi, nh ta thy trn, c gii thch
trc tin bng nghip cm duyn khi, nhng v nghip
pht khi trong tng thc, nn th n ta c A-li-da duyn
khi. V A-li-da, hay tng thc, l kho tng chng t, sinh
khi t mt ci khc nn ta c Nh lai tng
(tathgatagarbha) duyn khi, hay l Chn nh. T ng k
l ny ch cho ci lm khut lp Pht tnh. Do s che khut
ny m c phn nhim, nhng v c Pht tnh nn c c
phn tnh na. N ng ngha vi Chn Nh (tathat hay
tathtva; khng phi Nh Th Ny hay Nh Th Kia =
tatva) m theo ngha rng nht th c c bn cht nhim
172
CHNG VIII. HOA NGHIM TNG
173
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
4
Thun , Hoa nghim ng gio ch qun .
Taish 45 No 1867. TS
5
Php hu ng v mn (Tiu tha gio) (). Ibid., tr.
509b01. TS
6
Sinh tc v sinh mn (i tha thy gio) ().
Ibid., tr. 510a28. TS
174
CHNG VIII. HOA NGHIM TNG
7
S l vin dung mn (i tha vin gio) ().
Ibid., tr. 511b04. TS
8
Taish 670. Bn dch Anh ca D.T. Suzuki: Lakvatara-stra,
London, 1932; i Nit-bn kinh, Taish 1527; i tha khi tn lun,
xem cht. tr. xxx.
175
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
4. i tha n gio.9
y ch cho s tu tp khng cn ngn ng hay tm hnh,
m ku gi trc kin ca mi ngi. Nh trc kin ny,
hnh gi c th t n gic ng vin mn tc khc. Tt c
ngn ng v vn t u nh ch ngay.10 L tnh s biu l
trong thun ty ca n, v hnh ng lun lun s ty thun
vi tr tu v tri kin. Nu t tng khng cn mng khi
trong tm ca hnh gi th ngi l mt v Pht. S
thnh t nh vy c th gt hi c qua s im lng, nh
c chng t bi Duy-ma-ct (Vimalakrti), mt v Thnh
ti gia T-da-ly (Vaili); hay qua thin nh nh trng
hp ca B--t-ma (Bodhidharma), mt Phn tng v l
s t ca Thin tng Trung hoa. Gio l ny khng ging
v l duyn khi c bit no bi v khng t c ring
phng php gio ha no c.
5. i tha Vin gio.11
C hai trnh ca i tha Vin gio:12
A. Nht tha ca ng gio, trong nht tha c ging
thuyt bng phng php ng nht hay tng t vi c ba
tha. Theo Hoa nghim tng, ba tha y l: 1. Tiu tha;
9
Ng qun song tuyt mn (i tha n gio) (
). Ibid., tr. 511c19. TS
10
Ngn ng o on, tm hnh x dit . Ibid. TS
11
Hoa nghim tam-mui mn (Nht tha vin gio) (
). Ibid., tr. 512b06. TS
12
Trng Qun , Hoa nghim kinh s 2 (T35n1735, tr.
514a): Vin gio ny, ni chiu rng, gi l V lng tha. Ni thiu
su, gi l Nht tha. Nht tha c hai: 1. ng gio nht tha
, v ng n v ng tht; 2. bit gio nht tha , duy ch
vin dung, trn cc c tng. TS
176
CHNG VIII. HOA NGHIM TNG
13
Hi n tam-mui , xem Trng Qun, ibid., tr. 522a. TS
177
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
178
CHNG VIII. HOA NGHIM TNG
179
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
14
Cf. Trng Qun, Hoa nghim php gii huyn knh
(T45n1883, tr. 672c10): Php gii, l tng ch huyn vi ca ton b
Kinh. V tng th, ly duyn khi php gii bt t ngh lm tng. c
tng ca php gii c ba, nhng tng th ton vn ca n c bn: 1.
s php gii ; 2. l php gii ; 3. l s v ngi php gii
; 4. s s v ngi php gii . TS
180
CHNG VIII. HOA NGHIM TNG
15
Th t 10 huyn mn trong sch ny, theo Php Tng, Hoa nghim
thm huyn k (T35n1733, tr. 123a28). Th t ny khc vi Php
Tng, Hoa nghim Nht tha gio ngha phn t chng (T45n1866, tr.
505a13), v cng khc vi Hoa nghim nht tha thp huyn mn,
Thun thuyt , Tr Nghim son, Taish 45 No 1868. TS.
181
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
16
.
17
.
18
.
19
182
CHNG VIII. HOA NGHIM TNG
20
21
.
22
183
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
23
24
25
184
CHNG VIII. HOA NGHIM TNG
26
Xut x, Thp a kinh lun, T26n1522, tr. 125a1
185
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
186
CHNG VIII. HOA NGHIM TNG
Trong su c tng ny, (1) (3) v (5) thuc loi qun bnh
v thng nht, cn (2) (4) v (6) thuc loi phn bit v
phn phi. Mi php u c su bn cht c bit ny, cn
nhng l tc nht tc nht thit v nht thit tc nht u
c qung din bng mi huyn mn.
Nn tng thit lp mi huyn mn cn c gii thch
thm. Nn tng ny y c trn nhng quan nim tng qut
ca Pht hc, c mi:
1. Bi v mi loi cng nh mi vt u c hin
khi do ni thc nn cn nguyn l mt.
2. Bi v mi loi cng nh mi vt u khng c bn
tnh quyt nh, tt c u vn hnh t ti nn v ng l
chn l ti thng.
3. Bi v l duyn khi ch cho s tng y tng
quan, nn tt c u cng ng lin h.
4. Bi v tt c u c chung php tnh (dharmat) hay
Pht tnh (Buddha-svabhv), nn tt c u c kh nng
chng c nh nhau.
5. Bi v th gii hin tng c cho l mng huyn,
nn th gii Nht chn c th bng bc khp mi ni khng
b c thc.
6. Bi v th gii hin tng c coi nh l bng m
hay o nh nn th gii Nht chn bng bc khp ni.
7. Bi v trong s gic ng ca Pht, nhng cn nhn
ca hin khi c coi nh v hn, nhng cm qu l vn
trng v v bin, nhng chng khng chng ngi nhau m
li cn cng tc hnh thnh mt ton th nhp nhng.
187
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
188
CHNG VIII. HOA NGHIM TNG
189
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
190
CHNG IX
THIN THAI TNG
Sadharma-Puarka - Php hoa
i tha Tht tng lun
1. CNG YU
Thin thai l tn ca mt hn ni Thai chu, min Nam
Trung hoa. Mt trit gia v i, Tr Khi (531-597), tr ti
ni ny v ging dy chng sut i nh Trn v Ty.
Tng phi do ng thnh lp thng c gi l Thin thai
theo tn ni, nhng ng tn n l Php hoa (Nht; Hokke)
theo nhan sch Saddharma-puarka l kinh lm cn bn
cho hc phi Thin thai. Php hoa l dch ng ca kinh.
Chng ta thng gi l Php hoa kinh hay Php hoa tng,
v Diu php lin hoa kinh1 l dch ng y ca nhan
sch.
Trc khi tng ny c thnh lp, vic nghin cu kinh
Php hoa c khi xng rt sm, t nm 300 TL. V
nhng cuc din ging c m ra khp ni. Mt bn s
gii (gm bn quyn) do Trc Php Tng hon thnh,
1
Diu php lin hoa kinh , Cu-ma-la-thp dch (A.D.
406), 7 quyn. T09n262. Bn dch sm hn: Chnh php hoa kinh
, Trc Php H dch (A.D. 286), 10 quyn. T09n263. Bn dch tr
hn: Thim phm Diu php lin hoa kinh , X-na-
qut-a & Cp-a dch (A.D. 601), 7 quyn. T09n264. TS
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
192
CHNG IX. THIN THAI TNG
193
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
194
CHNG IX. THIN THAI TNG
2
Phm 24, k 18. Chng nhn duyn sinh php, ng thuyt tc th v,
dic vi th gi danh , dic th trung o ngha. /
/ / . Cf. Sanskrit, Ch. xxiv, k.18: ya
prattyasamutpda nyat tm pracakmahe/ s prajaptir
updya pratipat saiva madhyam. Ti ni, duyn khi chnh l tnh
khng; n (tnh khng) do quy c (gi thi thit), v n (tnh khng)
cng l trung o. TS.
3
on dn, Cu-ma-la-thp, Ma-ha Bt-nh ba-la-mt kinh 1 (T8n223,
tr. 219a19): B-tt mun thnh tu o hu, hy hc Bt-nh ba-la-
mt. Mun bng o hu m thnh tu o chng hu, hy hc Bt-nh
ba-la-mt. Mun bng o chng hu m thnh tu nht thit tr, hy
195
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
196
CHNG IX. THIN THAI TNG
197
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
198
CHNG IX. THIN THAI TNG
199
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
200
CHNG IX. THIN THAI TNG
201
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
202
CHNG IX. THIN THAI TNG
6
Cf. i tr 32 (T25n1509, tr.297c23).
7
Diu php lin hoa 1 (T09n262, tr. 5c10).
203
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
204
CHNG IX. THIN THAI TNG
205
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
206
CHNG IX. THIN THAI TNG
1. Pht
gii. Mt v Pht khng trong vng mi ci th gian
ny, nhng v Ngi th hin gia loi ngi ging dy
gio l ca mnh nn mt phn Ngi c k vo trong .
2. B-tt gii. Mt v Pht tng lai.
3. c gic Pht. Mt v Pht t gic ng, khng ging dy
k khc.
4. Thanh vn gii. t trc tip ca Pht.
207
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
208
CHNG IX. THIN THAI TNG
209
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
210
CHNG IX. THIN THAI TNG
211
CHNG X
CHN NGN TNG
i tha mt gio
1. CNG YU
Chn Ngn (Nht: Shingon) l dch ngha Phn ng
mantra, c ngha l b mt gio, mt gio php khng
th pht biu bng nhng ngn ng thng thng. Gio
php , c ni bng chnh ngn ng ca Pht, phi
c phn bit vi l tng n kn trong tm Pht vn
khng biu l bng li. Chn ngn tng nhm tm hiu
chnh Pht l khng biu hin thnh ngn ng . Mt t
chc ca Pht gio di hnh thc Mt tha
(Mantrayna) dng nh c thnh hnh ti Na-lan-
(Nalanda) vo thi ca Ngha Tnh, ca th k VII sau Tl,
v Ngha Tnh c cp n mt s vn hc Mt gio ang
c lu hnh ti y, m chnh ng cng tng hc tp v
Mt gio mc d khng am tng hon ton. Trung tm
hc tp ca mt gio hnh nh di v i hc Vikramala
tn cui dng sng Hng (Ganges), v Pht gio Ty tng
c lin h c bit vi i hc ny.
Mt iu r rng l ti n , ngay t thi V , c
nhng tp tc v ma thut, gm bn li t t Homa (ha
n) hon ton trng hp vi nhng tp tc ca Pht gio.
Li t t ny c th l nhng tp qun ca th dn n hay
c th l ca di dn c thi. Sau mt thi gian thc hnh lu
di, tp tc ny dn dn ng ha vi Mt gio, mt tng
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
1
Cf. Khng Hi, Thp tr tm lun, 10 quyn, Taish 77 No 2425. TS
214
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
tng tng).
8-9. Nht o v vi tm v cc v t tnh tm: Nht
tha, cho rng ch c Mt tha l chn tht. (Giai on ca
Hoa nghim v Thin thai tng).
10. B mt trang nghim tm (Kim cang tha), tng
ch ca Chn ngn tng.
Nhng giai on no t thp ln cao, cho thy s tin trin
ca tm thc con ngi theo thi gian, cn nhng giai on
cng pht trin ng thi, cho thy tnh trng ca th gii
hng thng.
Trong mi tr tm, tr tm th nht khng c coi nh l
tha, nhng v chng sinh ang hng v cc tha nn
mi c xp vo chung . Theo quan im ca Chn
ngn tng, Kim cang tha ng trn cc tha khc, l
Ti thng tha v Mt gio.
Khng nn qun rng c n hai phi Mt gio: tc Thai
mt (Taimitsu) v ng mt (Tmitsu). Phi trc l Mt
gio c truyn t Thin thai tng, cn phi sau c
truyn vo ng t (Tji) ca Chn ngn tng. C hai
khng khc nhau lm nhng v s tng thc hnh th
ng mt l mt tng phi c bit v n hnh nh ph bin
hn Thai mt; cn v gio tng (l thuyt) th khng c g
khc nhau gia hai phi c. Th d, c hai cng ng quan
nim v c Pht Thch-ca-mu-ni v i Nht
(Mahvairocana), v thm na, trong vic p dng l thuyt
ny vo Thn o (Shinto) Nht. Hc gi tham kho v s
lin h gia Pht gio v Thn o cn phi thng r iu
ny, v t ng Thn o nh Lng b (Rybu) v Nht
chn (Ichijtsu) bt ngun t s sai bit v t tng ca hai
phi Mt tng ny.
215
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
2. LCH S
Kinh in ca phi m ta thng gi l Mt gio Tp b
(Tp mt)2 c dch rt sm vo th k th t sau TL. Ct
Hu (rmitra: Thi-l-mt-a-la hay Thi-l-mt), ngi x
Pai (Kuccha, hay Qui T, mt b lc da trng) dch mt vi
bn kinh sang Hn vn. l nhng ba ch, lc thut v
cc loi ph php khc, thng gm c mt vi mt ch v
nhng bi tn thn hay thnh thng gii, nhng tht ra
chng khng th c xem nh l biu dng cho nhng
c vng cao.
Phi m ta mnh danh l Mt gio Thun b (Thun mt)
do ba v php s n n Trung quc vo i ng
(713-765). V u tin l Thin V y (Subhakarasiha,
637-735), tng l mt v vua ca x Orissa. ng xut gia
lm tng v n i hc Na-lan- ni Php mt (Dharma-
gupta) tr tr. Thm hiu du gi (yoga), chn ngn
(dhra) v n quyt (mdra), ng khi hnh i Kamir v
Ty tng, v cui cng n Trng an vo nm 716, ni
ng c vua Huyn Tn (685-762) tip n nng hu.
V Hnh, mt hc gi Trung hoa, du hnh sang n , gp
Ngha Tnh ti Na-lan- v thu thp nhiu bn kinh Phn
vn. ng mt trn ng hi hng, nhng nhng ti liu
thu thp ca ng vn c a n cha Hoa nghim
Trng an. Khi hay tin , ThinV y bn cng Ngha
Tnh chn la vi bn kinh quan trng, v vo nm 725,
khi dch kinh i Nht v cc kinh khc. Thin V U
mun tr v n , nhng khng c php khi hnh, v
mt vo nm 735.
2
Cc kinh in thuc Tp mt, Nanjio No. 167, 309, 310.
216
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
217
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
3
Kim cang nh nht thit Nh lai chn tht nhip i tha hin chng
i gio vng kinh , Bt
Khng dch, 3 quyn. Taish 18 No 0865.
4
i T-l-gi-na thnh Pht thn bin gia tr kinh
, Thin V U dch, 7 quyn. Taish 18 No 0848.
5
i T-l-gi-na thnh Pht kinh s, Nht Hnh, 20 quyn. Taish 39
No 1796.
218
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
I
1. Thin V y (637-735)
A. Thai Mt B. ng Mt
a. Truyn tha ln u: b. Thai trng
Ngha Lm Huyn Siu
Thun Hiu Hu Qu (746-805)
Truyn Gio o s Hong Php i s
II
1. Bt Khng (705-774)
219
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
220
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
221
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
i Nht Nh Lai
222
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
223
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
x x x x x x x x
x x x x
1 2 3
x x x x
x x x x
4 5 6
x x x x
x x x x
x 7 x 8 x 9x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
224
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
225
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
226
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
227
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
228
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
229
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
230
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
231
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
232
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
233
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
Mn la c bn loi:
1. i mn--la (mah-maala): l vng trn ca
c Pht v cc ty tng c trnh by bng hnh nh hay
tranh v, tc trnh by mt phng.
2. Tam-ma-da mn--la (samaya-maala):l vng
trn ca cng hi chng ny c biu th bng nhng
dng c tng trng cho mi v. Tam-ma-da trong Phn
ng c ngha l bn th nhng y c trnh by bng
mt vt tiu biu do mi v cm tay.
3. Php mn--la (dharma-maala): l mn--la
bng vn t (bja-akara) trnh by ton th cc thnh gi.
4. Kit-ma mn--la (karma-maala): l mn la
bng nhng hnh nh iu khc.
Nht, khng c mn--la bng iu khc. Nhng v s
tng Pht Java c xem nh l thuc loi ny. Karma
trong Phn ng c ngha l nghip hay hnh ng, y
c bit c ngha l cng trnh ngh thut trnh by bng vt
rn.
234
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
Bn mn--la ch
nh nng lc hiu
nghim ca ba
mt. Nhng hnh
nh, v hay iu
khc, cho thy
thn mt ca Pht;
vn t l ng mt
ca Pht; v cc
vt tiu x ch cho
bn th, tc mt
ca Pht.
Chn ngn tng c
nghi qu qun nh
(abhieka) cng
i bi Thai tng i mn--la, cha
Thch sn
nh nghi qu n
trng. Ni sa
son l qun nh
phi c trang hong bng mn--la ca c hai gii; v
tt c nhng nhu cu l tit phi c thc hin y . i
khi cc mn--la c ni rng ra lp thnh mi trng
hnh l. Do m ni y c gi l mn--la (vng
trn). Ch khi no nghi thc c trit tun hnh mi c
th t c linh nghim t nng lc gia tr ca Pht. Theo
truyn thuyt, Thin V y v l Nht Hnh, truyn
tha Thai tng gii trong lc Kim Cng Tr v t l Bt
Khng ging thuyt v Kim cang gii. Th nn ta phi nhn
nh rng c n hai dng truyn tha, m mi dng ch l
mt phn hay phin din.
235
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
236
CHNG XI
THIN TNG
i tha Qun mn
238
CHNG XI. THIN TNG
239
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
240
CHNG XI. THIN TNG
trng thi cao nht l Phi tng phi phi tng x nh. Cui
cng c B-tt vt qua cc thy mnh, v khng cn g
hc hi na, t dn bc i trn con ng ca mnh,
mc cho nhng li yu cu nng hu ca hai nh tu kh
hnh kia li dy cho cc ca h.
Tm quan trng ca thin nh trong h thng Du gi h
ch pht trin v phc hi nhng nguyn l nh nguyn, v
gii thot trn vn Thn ng khi T tnh, trong khi phi
Du gi duy tm lun ca Pht gio t trng tm ni s
nht thng ca th gii bn trong v bn ngoi, tng hp
cc hin hu nhn qu v gi tm ca chng ta, v t ,
m khm ph ra mt cch tiu cc trng thi chn Nh
(tathat).
D nhin, Pht gio c mt hc thuyt c bit v Thin.
Mc du chiu su v chiu rng ca thin qun ty thuc
ni cn tnh c nhn, nhng phng php hay ni dung ca
thin nh do c Pht thuyt ging Tiu tha v i tha
u ging nhau. Thin c bit ny thng c gi l Nh
lai thin, v n l mt phn ca Thnh gio. Pht trin cao
nht trong thin ny c tm thy trong ch qun
(amathavipayana) ca Thin thai tng v trong b mt du
gi ca Chn ngn tng.
3. LCH S
hiu Nh lai thin, hc gi phi nghin cu v lch s
php mn thin hc ca Pht. Khi ni v Nh lai thin, l
m ch ca s hng khi ca T s thin qua s xut hin
ca B- t-ma (Bodhidharma) ti Trung hoa nm 520.
a. Nh lai thin
Trc tin, Pht dy v Tam hc (triika): Tng thng
gii (adhi-la), tng thng tm (adhi-citta) v Tng
241
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
242
CHNG XI. THIN TNG
243
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
244
CHNG XI. THIN TNG
245
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
e. Thin Nht bn
Thin du nhp Nht bn nhiu t. t ca Huyn Trang,
o Chiu (Dsh, 629-700), n Trung hoa vo nm 654,
ln u tin mang Thin v truyn b ti Thin ng
Gangji Nara. K n l o Tun (Dsen), mt v Lut
s Trung hoa, n Nara nm 710 v truyn Bc tng, ngi
truyn php cho Hnh Biu (Gyhy) nm 733 v Hnh
Biu truyn cho Ti Trng.
Mt v Thin s Nam tng, Ngha Khng (Gik), l t
ca Dim Quan T An (Enkwan Saian) n Kyoto v ging
thin t 851 n 858, ti cha Danrinji (n lm t) do
Hong hu ca Ta Nga thin hong (Danrin) lp nn. ng
thnh cng m mn trong s nghip hong php. Trong
nhng trng hp k trn, s truyn b u c triu nh
ng h nhng khng bn lu. V Thin s sau cng ny
phi tht vng b v nc nm 858, li mt thnh tch
ti L sinh mn (Rashmon), Kyoto, ghi chng: mt k lc
v s truyn b Thin ti Nht bn.
Khu quyt ca Thin Trung hoa l: Sa mn bt knh
vng gi. Thi ny khng gy c nh hng i vi
nhng nh qun ch Nht. Trong thi Kamakura, nhiu
thin s Trung hoa c chnh quyn Tng qun
(Shoguna) thnh vi hay tip n. o Long Lan Kh
(Dry Rankei, sng lp cha Kenchoji nm 1249), T
Nguyn V Hc (Sogen Mugaku, lp cha Engakuji nm
1273) v Nht Ninh Nht Sn (Ichinei Issan, l ngi, tuy
khng c vi thnh, n cha Shuzenji nm 1299)
tng n Kumakura v lo ging dy thin hc. Tuy nhin,
ta phi nh rng, ch sau khi nhng sng t xut sc ca
Thin Nht, l Vinh Ty v o Nguyn khai sng v
thnh cng rc r trong vic dn o, cc Thin s Trung
246
CHNG XI. THIN TNG
247
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
248
CHNG XI. THIN TNG
249
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
250
CHNG XI. THIN TNG
251
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
252
CHNG XII
TNH TNG
Sukhavati - Tn ngng Di-
(i tha)
1. CNG YU
Nht ng thng dng cho tn ngng Di- l Jdo, tc
Tnh , vn dch ngha ca ch Sukhvat (cc lc quc
). Ai l ngi tin tng ni Pht A-di- s thc sinh vo
ni Tnh thnh Pht.
tng c cu i khi coi nh l mi m trong
Pht gio. Nhng vua Milinda (Menandros, mt Hong
Hy lp tr v ti Sagara vo khong 115 trc TL) hi Lun
s Nagasena, cho rng tht l v l khi mt ngi c li
c cu nu y tin tng ni mt v Pht vo m hm
trc ngy y cht. Nagasena (Na-tin T kheo) p rng:
Mt hn , du nh cch my, vn chm trong nc;
nhng ngay c mt tng nng trm cn, nu t trn tu,
cng s ni bng bnh trn mt nc. Long Th
(Ngrjuna, kh. 100-200 TL) li c quyt c hai phng
tin t n Pht qu, mt kh (nan hnh o) v mt d (d
hnh o). Mt nh l i b cn mt na l p thuyn.
ngha thuyn hay xe (tha) y t ra cng gi li cho
ta danh t Tiu tha, v i tha, mc d nhng danh t
ny khng phi tht do Long Th ch nh. Tn ngng Di-
s l Tha ti thng trong cc Tha cho tt c
nhng ai cn n phong tin d dng nh vy.
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
1
(Pht thuyt) V Lng Th kinh , Khang Tng Khi
dch, 2 quyn. Taish 12 No 360. Kinh cng thuc hi th nm
V Lng Th Nh lai Hi ai bo tch, Taish 12 No 310 (5).
Cng cn thm bn bn trng dch na, trong , bn dch ca Chi Lu-
ca-sm cng kh ph bin: Pht thuyt V lng thanh tnh bnh ng
gic kinh, 4 quyn, Taish 12 No 361. TS
2
Pht thuyt A-di- kinh , Cu-ma-la-thp dch, 1
quyn, Taish 12 No 366. Cng gi l V Lng Th kinh, V Lng
Th Pht kinh, hay Tiu kinh (Tiu Di-) phn bit vi i kinh
hay i Di-. TS
3
Avesta : Thnh in ca Zoroastianism do Zarathustra sng lp.
4
Manichaeism do Mani lp. C hai tn gio ny lin h nhau v cng
th thn la.
254
CHNG XII. TNH TNG
5
Thp tr t-b-sa lun , Thnh gi Long Th to, Cu-
ma-la-thp dch, 17 quyn. Taish 26 No 1521. TS
6
Thp a kinh lun , Thin Thn B-tt to, B--lu-chi
dch, 12 quyn. Taish 26 No 1522. TS
255
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
256
CHNG XII. TNH TNG
257
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
258
CHNG XII. TNH TNG
259
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
260
CHNG XII. TNH TNG
261
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
7
Cf. Thn Loan, Hin Tnh phng tin ha thn vn loi
(Taish 83 No 2646, tr. 626c). TS
262
CHNG XII. TNH TNG
n Cc lc quc.
i vi hin thn ca A Di- hay V Lng Quang,
kin ca nhng phi ny cng c t nhiu sai bit. A Di-
c tin l c t a-tng-k kip trc. l Tnh tng y
theo vn t ca kinh. Chn tng cho rng cu t mi a-
tng-k kip trc c ngha l t lu i ri v c th l
nhc ti hin thn th hai hay th ba ca Ngi, Pht nguyn
thy c th l xa xa hn na. Nh th hc thuyt Php hoa
c p dng vo tn ngng Di- y.
Kinh A-di- (Tiu bn Sukhvat-vyha) l mt bn tot
yu hay trch yu ca i kinh Sukhvat-vyha (i V
Lng Th kinh). B cht trong s ba kinh, Qun V Lng
Th kinh (Amitayur-dhyna stra)8 cho ta bit nguyn lai
ca gio l Tnh do c Pht Thch-ca-mu-ni thuyt. A-
x-th (Ajtaatru), Thi t nc Ma-kit- (Magadha),
ni lon chng li vua cha l Bimbisara v h ngc nh vua
ny. Hong hu cng b giam vo mt ni. Sau , hong
hu thnh c Pht ch cho b mt ch tt p hn, ni
khng c nhng tai bin xy ra nh vy. c Th Tn lin
hin thn trc mt b v th hin cho thy tt c cc Pht
, v b chn quc ca Pht A-di- coi nh ti ho.
Pht bn dy b cch tng nim v quc ny sau cng
c thc sinh vo . Ngi dy b bng gio php ring
ca Ngi v ng thi ging gio php ca Pht A-di-.
C hai gio php cui cng ch l mt. iu ny ta c th
thy r theo nhng li Ngi dy A-nan on cui ca cc
bi php: Ny A-nan! Hy ghi nh bi thuyt php ny v
lp li cho i chng trn ni K-x-qut nghe. Thuyt
8
Pht thuyt qun V Lng Th kinh, Cng-lng-da-x dch, 1
quyn. Taish 12 No 365. Cng gi l Qun kinh. TS
263
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
9
Tc gi tm tt kinh. Xem, ibid., tr. 346b15. TS.
264
CHNG XII. TNH TNG
265
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
266
CHNG XIII
NHT LIN TNG
Tn Php Hoa - i Tha
1. CNG YU
T khi Diu Php Lin Hoa Kinh c Cu-ma-la-thp
(Kumrajva) dch v ph bin, th Kinh ny tr nn mt
trong nhng ch ph bin nht trong cng cuc nghin
cu Pht hc, song song vi Kinh Bt-nh v Kinh Nit-
bn. Khi nn trit hc v tnh c hay hc thuyt Tht
tng lun c Tr Khi (531-406) truyn b da trn c
bn ca Php hoa, th c gi l Thin thai tng. Chnh
Ti Trng tc Truyn Gio i s (Dengy, 767-822) du
hnh sang Trung hoa v tip nhn hc thuyt ny, v khi tr
v nc nm 804, sng lp nn tng ny Nht. Huyn
ngha ca ng, tc gii thch trn l thuyt v gio ngha
Php hoa, c l khng sai khc my vi tng phi c sc
Trung hoa, nhng khi p dng thc tin hc phi ny vo
s sng tn ca quc gia v thi ha hp vi tt c nhng
phi Pht hc khc ph thuc tng ny th hnh nh n l
nhng sc thi mi m do ni ti nng ca i s. Ngoi
gio ngha Php hoa, S cn ging thuyt Chn ngn tng,
Di- gio, Thin cng nh i tha Lut. i vi ng,
y l nhng gio thuyt ph thuc Php hoa, hay d sao i
na, y cng l nhng h thng hip tr hon tt hc
thuyt ch yu ny. Tuy nhin, theo dng thi gian, trong
nhm mn ca S c mt vi ngi chuyn tm vo
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
268
CHNG XIII. NHT LIN TNG
1
Taish 262, Diu php lin hoa kinh. Anh dch: The Lotus of the True
Law, do H. Kern, Sacred Book of the East, Vol. XXI, The Clarendon
Press, 1884; The Lotus of the Wonderful Law, dch bi W. E. Soothill,
Oxford, 1930.
269
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
270
CHNG XIII. NHT LIN TNG
2
Lp chnh an quc lun, Nht Lin son . Taish 84 No 2688.
271
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
272
CHNG XIII. NHT LIN TNG
3
Khai mc sao, Nht Lin son, 2 quyn. Taish 84 No 2689.
273
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
274
CHNG XIII. NHT LIN TNG
275
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
276
CHNG XIII. NHT LIN TNG
277
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
278
CHNG XIV
TN LUT TNG
i tha Lut tng
1. CNG YU
Lut (vinaya) l php in o c ca Pht gio, v Nht
ng c nh c dch l ritsu (lut). Ton th gii bn
hay php in gm c 250 iu khon cho nam gii v 348
cho ni gii c mt t thi Pht ti th. L tng gii hng
thng mnh danh b-tt (upoadha) hay ngy trai gii
c tun th vi mc ch tng c gii bn, c tng
iu khon mt, kim im xem trong hng thnh
chng c ai phm ti li no c ghi trong hay khng.
Pht l (th ti), sm hi, sa tr, pht cm, tn xut, hay
bt c phng tin cn thit no c thc hin theo phn
xt t ra cho ng s. Bn cht ca gii, hay gii th, c
hai phn:
Tc tr gii, nhng gii iu tch cc, nhng gii iu dnh
cho thc thi, ngha l nhng lut nh phi c thc thi
trong cc c hi nh l th gii t-kheo (bhiku), l tng
gii bn hng thng, l kit h hng nm tu hc ca tng
chng, v l gii h hay t t; cc lut nh v phng x,
thuc men, y phc; cc bin php chm dt tranh chp
trong chng hi; v c n nhng lut nh v hi ngh,
php nh ngh s, biu quyt v quyt ngh, x l nhng
cng th, phn phi cc t hu.
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
1
Tc gi khng lit k theo th t ng theo T phn gii bn. Trong
, ni-tt-k, mt phn ca thin ti ba-dt- nn c trc 90 ba-
dt-. Hai iu bt nh (anitya) v cha xc nh r ti danh gia ba-
la-di cho n ba-dt , do c t sau 13 tng-gi-b-thi-sa v trn
30 ni-tt-k. y l th t bt buc ch khng phi ty tin. Tt c cc
gii bn ca tt c cc tng phi u nh vy. TS
2
Ti danh ni-tt-k c dch l x a, v vi phm lin quan n vt
dng khng hp lut, nn x pht gm c x b vt dng cho Tng
Tng ty phn phi li cho ng lut. TS
3
Bt nh, khng c ngha l c phm hay khng (offences or not),
m v bng chng buc ti cha c xc nh gia cc thin ti: ba-la-
di, hay tng-gi-b-thi-sa hay ba-dt-. TS
280
CHNG XIV. TN LUT TNG
4
C l tc gi nhm ln. Sa-di (novice) th 10 gii. T kheo, truyn
gii th ch khng truyn gii tng, ngha l khi th gii khng k
250 gii theo T phn. TS
281
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
5
Commit adultery, phm t dm; iu khon ny thuc 5 gii ti gia.
10 gii sa-di v 250 gii ca t kheo cm hnh dm dc. TS.
6
Thc s, khng c l th gii t-kheo, m ch c l truyn th c tc
(upasapad), do php tng-yt-ma (saghakarmavana), thnh t-
kheo. TS.
282
CHNG XIV. TN LUT TNG
283
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
284
CHNG XIV. TN LUT TNG
3. TRIT L V TN GIO
Php thc ca Lut tng l ct thc hin lut in gii bn,
c v mt tch cc cng nh tiu cc, y theo vn t hn l
tinh thn. Gi lut theo vn t v ngn ng l mi bn tm
chnh yu ca cc tng phi trong thi Ni lng khi lut
T phn c Gim Chn mang vo. l lut Tiu tha,
nhng, v khng c thay i no ht, nn c chp nhn
chung cho c Tiu tha v i tha. Chng ta c gi n l
Lut tng. Ti Nht bn, k t thi Thnh c Thi t
(Shtoku, 574-622) c nim v mt ngnh lut hc
khng hnh thc, gi y tinh thn gii bn c hu ca Pht.
Ngnh lut hc khng hnh thc ny l quan nim then cht
qun xuyn tt c cc tng phi trong mi thi ti Nht bn.
Trong khi hnh gi ca ngnh lut hc hp thc ch cht l
tng l, th nhng ngi theo lut hc khng hnh thc l
cc B-tt, khng phn bit tng hay tc.
Tng qut m ni, s quan trng ca lut hc da trn ci
m chng ta gi l tinh th ca lut hay gii th, tc th lc
tinh thn c to ra trong tm khi pht nguyn v lun
lun tc ng mnh lit chng li bt c s vi phm no i
vi nguyn . Hu b, tc Cu x tng, coi th ny thuc
sc php (rpa), tc cht th khng biu hin (v biu sc:
avijapti-rpa), cn Khng lun tc Thnh tht tng coi n
l mt php c bit, phi tm phi vt, thiu hot ng ca
c hai. Li na, duy tm Php tng tng coi n nh mt
hnh thi tri gic nhn c lc th gii, m k thc l pht
hin t chng t ca t tm s (cetan). y l tc dng
tm l khng l din gi cho ngi th gii ng hp vi s
tr gi ca ring mnh. N l n tng su sc nht hot
dng ging nh thc.
Gii t th
285
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
7
Phi k thm mt v gio th hng dn gii t, v by v lm chng.
TS
8
Gii B-tt c th t th, nhng gii t-kheo th nht thit khng c
php. TS
286
CHNG XIV. TN LUT TNG
287
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
288
KT LUN
290
KT LUN
291
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
292
KT LUN
293
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
294
KT LUN
295
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
296
KT LUN
297
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
298
KT LUN
299
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
300
BNG T VNG PHN-VIT-HN
ii
T VNG THUT NG
iii
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
iv
T VNG THUT NG
v
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
vi
T VNG THUT NG
vii
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
viii
T VNG THUT NG
ix
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
x
T VNG THUT NG
xi
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
xii
T VNG THUT NG
xiii
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
Mahparinirva-stra Tn kinh. Hn i
bt nit bn kinh.
Mahprajpramit stra Tn sch. Hn i
tr lun.
Mahsaghika Tn b phi Pht gio. Hn: i
chng b.
Mahtma , Mah-tman Hn: i ng.
Mahvairocana Danh hiu c Pht i Nht. Hn
i Bin Chiu Kim Cng. Phin m
i t-l-gi-na.
Mah-vairocana-gharbha-koa Hn: i nht
thai tng.
Mahvibh Tn sch. Hn: i t b sa
lun.
Mahyna Tng phi Pht gio. Hn: i tha.
Mahyna-sagraha Tn sch. Hn Nhip i
tha lun.
Mahsaka Tn b phi Pht gio. Hn: Ha a
b.
Maitreya Danh hiu Pht. Hn t, t th; Di
Lc.
Maitreyastra Tn kinh. Hn: Di-Lc h sinh
kinh.
manas Hn .
Maala Hn: lun vin; mn--la .
Majur Danh hiu B-tt. Hn:; Diu c,
Diu Ct Tng. Phin m: Vn-th-s-l.
manoja S sinh t , s sinh t tm. Hn: sinh,
i.
xiv
T VNG THUT NG
xv
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
xvi
T VNG THUT NG
xvii
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
xviii
T VNG THUT NG
xix
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
xx
T VNG THUT NG
xxi
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
xxii
T VNG THUT NG
xxiii
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
xxiv
T VNG THUT NG
xxv
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
xxvi
T VNG THUT NG
xxvii
SCH DN
xxix
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
xxx
Sch dn
Hin ti thc hu, qu v v Lun hi, 41, 47, 48, 107, 119,
th, 119 346
Hin tin a, 193 Lun vin, 57, 341
Hnh thnh Sinh th, 45 Lun vin c tc, 192
Ho thn, 80, 121 lut m-v-c, 283
Hoa th (ngn ng), 70, 343 Lut nghi, 82
Hoc, 50, 52, 211 Lc i v ngi, 227
Hoi tng, 188, 189 Lc , 28
Hoan h a, 192 Lc nhp, 43
H khng, 103 Lc thp Hoa nghim, 167,
H khng gii, 214 172
H v tng, 244 Lc Tng, 172
Hun tp, 138, 139, 140, 141 Lc vin mn, 193
Hng tm bn c, 284 Lng b bt nh, 263
Hu b, 113 Ly cu a, 193
Hu d y Nit bn, 79 L c tam thin, 214
Hu khng phi hu khng, 163 l php gii, 56, 67, 183
Kt sinh thc, 43 L php gii, 183
Khai cn hin vin, 275 L php thn, 227
Khai tam hin nht, 274 L s v ngi php gii, 56,
Khi th lc, 70, 347 67, 183
Khinh an, 37 L tc duyn khi, 175
Kh, 22, 50, 52, 97 L th, 75, 128, 276
Kh qu, 50 L thc v bit php, 133
Khng D nim Pht, 256 L vin dung, 174, 181
Khng , 209 L v c, 163, 166
Kin o, 21 Mn nghip, 48
Kin o v, 238 Mng cn, 103
Kin phn, 135, 136 Mt-na thc, 51, 137, 143
Kin--la (tn t), 84, 90 Mt ch, 225
Kit ma mn- la, 229 Mt tha, 217, 341
Kim cang gii, 223, 227, 228, Mi hai Nhn duyn, 49, 176
230 Mi hai x (6 cn v 6 cnh),
Kim Cang Th, 226 181
Kim cang tha, 217, 219 Mi huyn mn, 184, 190
Kim Khu, 256 Mi tm gii (6 cn, 6 cnh
Lin hoa cnh gii, 246 v 6 thc), 181
Lin hoa tng, 56, 68, 192 Nm un (sc,th, tng, hnh
thc), 181
xxxi
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
xxxii
Sch dn
Nht thit php v ng, 207, Phn bit gi, 298, 350
291, 299 Phn bit t c, 297
Nht thit tr, 53, 199, 200 Php gii, 36, 55, 66, 68, 74,
Nht thit tc nht, 206 76, 77, 78, 168, 174, 176,
Nht tha, 20, 23, 55, 141, 183, 292
179, 180, 184, 219, 274 Php gii duyn khi, 55, 57,
Nht trung nht thit trung, 174, 175, 176
209 Php gii th tnh, 263
Nht tc nht thit, 206 Php hoa kinh hnh ta, 276
Nh , 157, 158, 159, 163, Php hu, 99, 101, 103, 104,
193, 209 117, 177, 291, 346, 347
Nh hip minh trung o, Php hu Ng v, 97
164 Php hu vi, 99
Nh ngha, 154 Php khng, 103, 116, 120,
Nh trung o, 163 127, 142, 177, 192, 217,
Nh thc, 51, 129 338
Nhip mt qui bn php lun, Php mn la, 229
164 Php mn v mn, 247
Nh lai tng, 52, 54, 55, 66, Php st-na sinh dit, 94
170, 175, 176, 292, 348 Php thn, 67, 69, 74, 75, 128,
Nh lai tng duyn khi, 178 197, 198, 215, 225, 228,
Nh lai thin, 237, 238 247, 258, 273, 275, 276,
Nh nh, 210 292
Nh thc, 54, 64, 66, 77, 78 Php th ca Vn php, 174
Nh thc tri kin, 28 Php th hng hu, 97, 181
Nht-xin-, 140 Php tnh, 74, 292
Nim, 37, 85 Php ti thng, 82
Nit bn tch tnh, 207, 342 Php t chng, 203
Nit bn V tr x, 79 Php t tnh, 165, 338
Nit-bn hu d y, 77 Php vn a, 194
Nit-bn kinh, 154, 178 Php v vi, 99, 103, 119
Nit-bn thng tr, 198 Pht i Nht, 167, 226, 227,
Nit-bn tnh lc, 299 341
Ni-tt-k, 280 Pht a, 35
Ni ch, 236 Pht gii, 212, 213
Ni hm, 185 Pht l, 279
Ph t hin chnh, 156 Pht quang a, 193
Phm thin, 26, 59, 290 Pht tha, 164, 207, 336
Phn bit chn tc , 156 Pht t tnh, 67, 336
xxxiii
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
xxxiv
Sch dn
xxxv
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
xxxvi
Sch dn
xxxvii
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
Chu trch nhim xut bn: Quang Thng
Bin tp ni dung: Nguyn Hoe
Sa bn in: Phng Hin
Trnh by v ba: Hnh Vin
In ln th nht 1000 cun, kh 14 x 20.5 cm
Ti x nghip in Fahasa.
774 Trng Chinh, Tn Bnh, TP. H Ch Minh
S ng k k hoch xut bn:
Cc xut bn k ngy
In xong v np lu chiu thng 10 nm 2007.