Analogy Dictionary

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sage One venerated for experience, judgment, and wisdom.
[] ; (, ) , ()
mumble 1. To utter indistinctly by lowering the voice or partially closing the mouth:
mumbled an insincere apology.
2. To chew slowly or ineffectively without or as if without teeth.
1 , ( )
2 ( ) .
n. , .
strut To walk with pompous bearing; swagger.
[ ]
shard A piece of broken pottery, especially one found in an archaeological dig; a potsherd.
; ( ) (potsherd).
poise state of balance or equilibrium; stability; Freedom from affectation or
embarrassment; composure
[](balance) (); , , ()(equanimity); (stability), .
indolent 1. a. Disinclined to exert oneself; habitually lazy. b. Conducive to inactivity or
laziness; lethargic: humid, indolent weather.
2. a. Causing little or no pain: an indolent tumor. b. Slow to heal, grow, or
develop; inactive: an indolent ulcer.
, , ; [] .
Synonyms: lazy, idle, indolent, slothful.
slothful Disinclined to work or exertion; lazy. ,
verbose Using or containing a great and usually an excessive number of words; wordy
, ,
dote To show excessive love or fondness: parents who dote on their only child
( ) ;( ) , .
forge A furnace or hearth where metals are heated or wrought; a smithy.
1. a. To form (metal, for example) by heating in a forge and beating or
hammering into shape. b. To form (metal) by a mechanical or hydraulic press.
2. To give form or shape to, especially by means of careful effort: forge a treaty;
forge a close relationship.
3. To fashion or reproduce for fraudulent purposes; counterfeit: forge a
signature.
( ) (), () , ; (smithy), .
1 < > ( ) ; <> .
1
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2 < > ; < > .
3. < > , ; <> ; <
> [](fabricate).
cacophony Jarring, discordant sound; dissonance
, ; .
levee 1. An embankment raised to prevent a river from overflowing.
2. A small ridge or raised area bordering an irrigated field.
; ; , ; [] .
carve 1. To divide into pieces by cutting; slice: carve a roast turkey. 2
2. To cut into a desired shape; fashion by cutting: carve the wood into a figure.
3. To make or form by or as if by cutting: carve initials in the bark; carved out an
empire.
1 < > , ()
2 < > () , ; .
3 () < > , . turkey
4 <> () , < >
barter To trade goods or services without the exchange of money.
() ,
blush 1. To become red in the face, especially from modesty, embarrassment, or
shame; flush.
2. To become red or rosy.
3. To feel embarrassed or ashamed: blushed at his own audacity.
( ) ,()
bore 1. To make a hole in or through, with or as if with a drill.
2. To form (a tunnel, for example) by drilling, digging, or burrowing.
< > ( ) , ; ; <
> , .
fledgling 1. A young bird that has recently acquired its flight feathers.
2. A young or inexperienced person.
(a)New and untried or inexperienced: a fledgling enterprise; a fledgling skier.
[ ] ; , , .
daunt To abate the courage of; discourage
, ; []; [, ] ,
trepidation A state of alarm or dread; apprehension ;An involuntary trembling or quivering.
2

, , , , ; , ; () ; [] () ().
turbulence 1. The state or quality of being turbulent: times of turbulence and confusion.
2. An eddying motion of the atmosphere that interrupts the flow of wind.
( ) , ; ( ) ; () ;
[] (); [] .
tyranny 1. A government in which a single ruler is vested with absolute power.
2. The office, authority, or jurisdiction of an absolute ruler.
3. Absolute power, especially when exercised unjustly or cruelly
, ,
undermine 1. To weaken by wearing away a base or foundation: Water has undermined the
stone foundations.
2. To weaken, injure, or impair, often by degrees or imperceptibly; sap: Late
hours can undermine one's health.
3. To dig a mine or tunnel beneath.
1 ( ) ; [ ].
2 , , .
3 [, ] ; <> .
obtrusive 1. Thrusting out; protruding: an obtrusive rock formation.
2. Tending to push self-assertively forward; brash: the obtrusive behavior of a
spoiled child.
3. Undesirably noticeable: an obtrusive scar.
, ; ;.
glaring 1. Shining intensely and blindingly: the glaring noonday sun.
2. Tastelessly showy or bright; garish.
3. Conspicuous; obvious: a glaring error.
4. Staring with anger, fierceness, or hostility: glaring eyes.
<> , ; <> , , ; < >
; , ; ; , .
vacillate 1. To sway from one side to the other; oscillate.
2. To swing indecisively from one course of action or opinion to another.
1 <> [], , ; ; , .
2 <> ( ) ,
resolute Firm or determined; unwavering.
<> ,
venerate To regard with respect, reverence, or heartfelt deference.
3

, .
Synonyms: revere, worship, venerate, adore, idolize.
viable 1. Capable of living, developing, or germinating under favorable conditions.
2. Capable of living outside the uterus. Used of a fetus or newborn.
3. Capable of success or continuing effectiveness; practicable: a viable plan
1 <> ; [] .
2 <> ; ; <> (practicable).
3 <> [] .
vigor 1. Physical or mental strength, energy, or force.
2. The capacity for natural growth and survival, as of plants or animals.
3. Strong feeling; enthusiasm or intensity.
1 () , ; []; , , .
2 ( ); , , ; ( ) .
3 () (activity).
Synonyms: vigor, dash, punch, verve, vim, vitality.
vilify To make vicious and defamatory statements about
, , []
belittle 1. To represent or speak of as contemptibly small or unimportant; disparage
2. To cause to seem less than another or little
[]; [] .
virtuoso 1. A musician with masterly ability, technique, or personal style.
2. A person with masterly skill or technique in the arts.
( ) [] , , .
virulent 1. Extremely infectious, malignant, or poisonous. Used of a disease or toxin.
2. Bitterly hostile or antagonistic; hateful: virulent criticism.
3. Intensely irritating, obnoxious, or harsh.
1 [] (poisonous); . serpents .
2 [] , <> ; <> .
3 < > [] ; , ; < > .
evaporate 1. a. To convert or change into a vapor. b. To draw off in the form of vapor.
2. To draw moisture from, as by heating, leaving only the dry solid portion.
1 , , ; .
2 < > ; .
volatile 1. Chemistry. a. Evaporating readily at normal temperatures and pressures. b.
4

That can be readily vaporized.
2. a. Tending to vary often or widely, as in price: the ups and downs of volatile
stocks. b. Inconstant; fickle: a flirt's volatile affections. c. Lighthearted; flighty:
in a volatile mood. d. Ephemeral; fleeting.
3. Tending to violence; explosive: a volatile situation with troops and rioters
eager for a confrontation.
1 <> , .
2 < > (explosive); < > ; <
> , (changeable); , ; .
3 ; , , .
vulnerable 1. a. Susceptible to physical injury. b. Susceptible to attack c. Open to censure or
criticism; assailable.
2. Liable to succumb, as to persuasion or temptation.
1 <> ( ) ; <> .
2 <> ( ) , ( ) ;
whimsical 1. Determined by, arising from, or marked by whim or caprice
2. Erratic in behavior or degree of unpredictability: a whimsical personality.
, ; ;,
zealot One who is zealous, especially excessively so; A fanatically committed person.
<> ; , .
commuter One that travels regularly from one place to another, as from suburb to city and
back.
<> ( ) ().
caucus 1. A meeting of the local members of a political party especially to select delegates
to a convention or register preferences for candidates running for office.
2. A closed meeting of party members within a legislative body to decide on
questions of policy or leadership.
<> () []; ;( ) , , .
dawdle 1. To take more time than necessary: dawdled through breakfast.
2. To move aimlessly or lackadaisically: dawdling on the way to work.
, , , ; ,
toil 1. To labor continuously; work strenuously.
2. To proceed with difficulty: toiling over the mountains.
, , (drudgery);
5

() (work hard); () []
dexterity 1. Skill and grace in physical movement, especially in the use of the hands;
adroitness.
2. Mental skill or adroitness; cleverness.
, (<> clumsiness ); ; ,
acrobat 1. One who is skilled in feats of balance and agility in gymnastics.
2. One who is facile at changing one's viewpoint or position on short notice in
response to the circumstances.
, ; ( )
agile 1. Characterized by quickness, lightness, and ease of movement; nimble
2. Mentally alert: an agile mind.
, , , ; , ; , [ ]
Synonyms: nimble, agile, quick, brisk, facile, spry.
supplicate 1. To ask for humbly or earnestly, as by praying.
2. To make a humble entreaty to; beseech.
() [, ]
espionage The act or practice of spying or of using spies to obtain secret information, as about
another government or a business competitor
( ) , , .
felony One of several grave crimes, such as murder, rape, or burglary, punishable by a
more stringent sentence than that given for a misdemeanor.
[] ()
dilettante 1. A dabbler in an art or a field of knowledge.
2. A lover of the fine arts; a connoisseur.
, , [], [] ;[] .
connoisseur 1. A person with expert knowledge or training, especially in the fine arts.
2. A person of informed and discriminating taste: a connoisseur of fine wines.
( ) []; () , ,
dogmatic Characterized by an authoritative, arrogant assertion of unproved or unprovable
principles.
, ; <> , , .
gregarious 1. Seeking and enjoying the company of others; sociable.
2. Tending to move in or form a group with others of the same kind: gregarious
bird species.
(sociable); < > (), ; [] [()].
6

Synonyms: social, companionable, convivial, gregarious, sociable.
adversary An opponent; an enemy. ; ; ( ) .
Synonyms: opponent, adversary, antagonist.
chauvinism 1. Militant devotion to and glorification of one's country; fanatical patriotism.
2. Prejudiced belief in the superiority of one's own gender, group, or kind
[] []; ( ) ,
mimic 1. To copy or imitate closely, especially in speech, expression, and gesture; ape.
2. To resemble closely; simulate: an insect that mimics a twig.
< > ( ) , ; < >
< > () , .
stickler One who insists on something unyieldingly: a stickler for neatness.
() , ;<> , .
anachronism 1. Representation of someone as existing or something as happening in other than
the chronological, proper, or historical order.
2. One that is out of its proper or chronological order
[], ; () .
sluggard A slothful person; an idler. (idler), .
wag A humorous or droll person; a wit.
[]; ; ( ) ;
ruffian A tough or rowdy fellow; A thug or gangster.
, , ; .
dolt A person regarded as stupid. , , .
repent 1. To feel remorse, contrition, or self-reproach for what one has done or failed to
do; be contrite.
2. To feel such regret for past conduct as to change one's mind regarding it
( ) , , ; ( ) ,
neophyte A recent convert to a belief; a proselyte; A beginner or novice
; [ ] ; , .
guru A teacher and guide in spiritual and philosophical matters; A trusted counselor and
adviser; a mentor; A recognized leader in a field:
, (); ( ) ,
reconcile 1. To reestablish a close relationship between.
2. To bring (oneself) to accept: He finally reconciled himself to the change in
management.
7

3. To make compatible or consistent: reconcile my way of thinking with yours.
<> () , ;< > , (adjust);
() [] This report cannot be d with the facts.
tact Acute sensitivity to what is proper and appropriate in dealing with others, including
the ability to speak or act without offending.
( ) , , .
flamboyance Highly elaborate; ornate; Richly colored; resplendent
<> , < > , , ; <> []
craven Characterized by abject fear; cowardly.
, , ; , (coward).
facetious Playfully jocular; humorous: facetious remarks.
; , ; , .
dupe An easily deceived person; To deceive
, ; <>
gullible Easily deceived or duped. , .
reactionary Characterized by reaction, especially opposition to progress or liberalism; extremely
conservative.
, , ; ; ; [].
curmudgeon An ill-tempered person full of resentment and stubborn notions.
, ; .
miscreant An evildoer; a villain; An infidel; a heretic.
; <> , .
dogma 1. Theology. A doctrine or a corpus of doctrines relating to matters such as
morality and faith, set forth in an authoritative manner by a church.
2. An authoritative principle, belief, or statement of ideas or opinion, especially
one considered to be absolutely true.
( ) , ; ; (), , (); ,
proctor A dormitory and examination supervisor in a school.
<> () ;() .
prodigal 1. Rashly or wastefully extravagant.
2. Marked by rash or wasteful extravagance: a prodigal life.
3. Giving or given in abundance; lavish or profuse: prodigal praise
(wasteful); ; ( ) (lavish), ( ) ;
, (profuse); ; , .
squander To spend wastefully or extravagantly; dissipate.
8

< > ; , , .
renegade One who rejects a religion, a cause, an allegiance, or a group for another; a
deserter.
, ; ( ) ().
reprobate 1. A morally unprincipled person. 2. One who is predestined to damnation.
, ; .
miller One who works in, operates, or owns a mill, especially a grain mill.
, .
tan 1. To convert (hide) into leather, as by treating with tannin.
2. To make brown by exposure to the sun.
<> ( ) ; <> .
raconteur One who tells stories and anecdotes with skill and wit.
recluse A person who withdraws from the world to live in seclusion and often in solitude.
, ;
withdrawn 1. Not readily approached; remote.
2. a. Not friendly or sociable; aloof. b. Emotionally unresponsive and detached;
introverted.
, [ ]; , , .
bigot One who is strongly partial to one's own group, religion, race, or politics and is
intolerant of those who differ (holding bias)
( ) , ; ;
procrastinate To put off doing something, especially out of habitual carelessness or laziness.
, , , .
indulge 1. To yield to the desires and whims of, especially to an excessive degree; humor.
2. a. To yield to; gratify. b. To allow (oneself) unrestrained gratification.
3. To grant an ecclesiastical indulgence or dispensation to.
A( )> , ; <A> , ; ()
< > , . one's sweet tooth
<> () , ; () <>
ascetic A person who renounces material comforts and leads a life of austere self-
discipline, especially as an act of religious devotion.
Leading a life of self-discipline and self-denial, especially for spiritual
improvement.
9

; ( ) ; () .
libertine 1. One who acts without moral restraint; a dissolute person.
2. One who defies established religious precepts; a freethinker.
[] ; , .
traitor One who betrays one's country, a cause, or a trust, especially one who commits
treason.
( ) []
pundit 1. A Brahman scholar or learned man.
2. Used as a title of respect for a learned man in India.
() ; , .
2 <> .
allegiance Loyalty or the obligation of loyalty, as to a nation, sovereign, or cause.
( ) (loyalty), ; ( ) ()
partisan A fervent, sometimes militant supporter or proponent of a party, cause, faction,
person, or idea.
, , ; < > , .
deputy 1. A person appointed or empowered to act for another.
2. An assistant exercising full authority in the absence of his or her superior and
equal authority in emergencies: a deputy to the sheriff.
(), ; ; , (); () , ;
gourmand A lover of good food; A gluttonous eater.
, ; ,
pedant 1. One who pays undue attention to book learning and formal rules.
2. One who exhibits one's learning or scholarship ostentatiously.
[ ] , (); .
daredevil One who is recklessly bold.
(), [] ().
egotist A conceited, boastful person; A selfish, self-centered person.
; , .
hedonism Pursuit of or devotion to pleasure, especially to the pleasures of the senses.
, ; .
stoic One who is seemingly indifferent to or unaffected by joy, grief, pleasure, or pain.
[].
rung 1. A rod or bar forming a step of a ladder.
2. A crosspiece between the legs of a chair.
10

3. The spoke in a wheel.
() ; () ;( ) , () , ; (
) .
fuse A cord of readily combustible material that is lighted at one end to carry a flame
along its length to detonate an explosive at the other end.
( ) (); .
wick A cord or strand of loosely woven, twisted, or braided fibers, as on a candle or an
oil lamp, that draws up fuel to the flame by capillary action.
, ().
kneecap A flat triangular bone located at the front of the knee joint. ;.
abdomen The part of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis and encloses the
stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, and pancreas. Also called belly.
( ) , (belly);
aorta The main trunk of the systemic arteries, carrying blood from the left side of the
heart to the arteries of all limbs and organs except the lungs. []
joint 1. a. A place or part at which two or more things are joined. b. A way in which two
or more things are joined.
2. Anatomy. a. A point of articulation between two or more bones, especially
such a connection that allows motion. b. A point in the exoskeleton of an
invertebrate at which movable parts join, as along the leg of an arthropod.
, , ();[] (); [] , , ()
corpuscle a. An unattached body cell, such as a blood or lymph cell. b. A rounded, globular
mass of cells, such as the pressure receptor on certain nerve endings.
[] , () ; () ; [] .
anecdote A short account of an interesting or humorous incident.
, , (); ( ) , ()
skit 1. A short, usually comic dramatic performance or work; a theatrical sketch.
2. A short humorous or satirical piece of writing.
() (), () ; ,
enzyme Any of numerous proteins or conjugated proteins produced by living organisms and
functioning as biochemical catalysts. []
catalyst 1. A substance, usually used in small amounts relative to the reactants, that
modifies and increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the
process.
2. One that precipitates a process or event, especially without being involved in or
11

changed by the consequences.
[] ; () [], , .
allergy condition producing an unfavorable reaction to food, pollen, etc; An abnormally
high sensitivity to certain substances, such as pollens, foods, or
microorganisms. Common indications of allergy may include sneezing, itching,
and skin rashes
() , ; ; <> , .
microbe A minute life form; a microorganism, especially a bacterium that causes disease.
; .
eavesdrop To listen secretly to the private conversation of others. () ,
demagogue A leader who obtains power by means of impassioned appeals to the emotions and
prejudices of the populace.
; [], ; () .
austere 1. Severe or stern in disposition or appearance; somber and grave
2. Strict or severe in discipline; ascetic: a desert nomad's austere life.
3. Having no adornment or ornamentation; bare: an austere style.
< > , ; , ; ; < > ,
; , , ; < > , .
unyielding 1. Not bending; inflexible.
2. Not giving way to pressure or persuasion; obdurate.
, ; < > , (obstinate, determined).
somber 1. Dark; gloomy. b. Dull or dark in color.
2. Melancholy; dismal: a somber mood; Serious; grave.
< > (dark), ; < > , ;
< > [](gloomy); < > , , ,
, ; <> (dismal).
scribble 1. To write hurriedly without heed to legibility or style.
2. To cover with scribbles, doodles, or meaningless marks.
[] , , ; < >
limp 1. To walk lamely, especially with irregularity, as if favoring one leg.
2. To move or proceed haltingly or unsteadily: The project limped along with half
its previous funding.
[ ]; < > ; < >
mumble To utter indistinctly by lowering the voice or partially closing the mouth: mumbled
12

an insincere apology.
, ( ) ; ( ) .
preamble A preliminary statement, especially the introduction to a formal document that
serves to explain its purpose.
, (foreword); ( ) ()
movement Music. A self-contained section of a composition.
[] ; , , ,
drawbridge A bridge that can be raised or drawn aside either to prevent access or to permit
passage beneath it.
(), , ( ) .
gangway 1. Nautical. a. A passage along either side of a ship's upper deck. c. An opening in
the bulwark of a ship through which passengers may board.
2. A narrow passageway, as of boards laid on the ground.
(passageway); [](); ()
fang A long, pointed tooth, especially:. a. Any of the hollow or grooved teeth of a
venomous snake with which it injects its poison. b. Any of the canine teeth of a
carnivorous animal with which it seizes and tears its prey.
() (); ( ) , (canine tooth); ;
quill One of the sharp hollow spines of a porcupine or hedgehog.
() , () , ; (feather stem); ( ) .
tusk 1. An elongated, pointed tooth, usually one of a pair, extending outside of the
mouth in certain animals such as the walrus, elephant, or wild boar..
2. A long, projecting tooth or toothlike part.
(() ) ; ; .
palate The roof of the mouth in vertebrates having a complete or partial separation of the
oral and nasal cavities and consisting of the hard palate and the soft palate.
[] ; ( ) ,
curb 1. A concrete border or row of joined stones forming part of a gutter along the
edge of a street.
2. Something that checks or restrains: High interest rates put a curb on spending.
3. A chain or strap that passes under a horse's lower jaw and serves in conjunction
with the bit to restrain the horse.
To check, restrain, or control as if with a curb; rein in.
1 () ()(curbstone)
13

2 () (curb bit).
3 < a > , , , (restraint).
< > [], <> (check)
outskirts The part or region remote from a central district, as of a city or town. Often used in
the plural: on the outskirts of Paris.
( ) , ,
margin An edge and the area immediately adjacent to it; a border.
, , ; ; () , .
trunk 1. a. The main woody axis of a tree. b. Architecture. The shaft of a column.
2. a. The body of a human being or an animal excluding the head and limbs. b.
The thorax of an insect.
3. A proboscis, especially the long prehensile proboscis of an elephant.
() (), ()(stock); , (); , ;
(proboscis).
hangar A shelter especially for housing or repairing aircraft.
, ; () ().
glossary A list of difficult or specialized words with their definitions, often placed at the back
of a book.
( ) [, ] ; () ,
bibliography 1. A list of the works of a specific author or publisher.
2. A list of writings relating to a given subject
3. The description and identification of the editions, dates of issue, authorship,
and typography of books or other written material. b. A compilation of such
information.
( ) , (); ( ) ; ( )
, ; .
abstract A statement summarizing the important points of a text.
, (), , ; (essence); (, ()
legend a. An inscription or a title on an object, such as a coin. b. An explanatory caption
accompanying an illustration. c. An explanatory table or list of the symbols
appearing on a map or chart.
, (); ; ( ) (); () ; ( )
, , (key).
index 1. Something that serves to guide, point out, or otherwise facilitate reference,
14

especially:. a. An alphabetized list of names, places, and subjects treated in a
printed work, giving the page or pages on which each item is mentioned. b. A
thumb index. c. A table, file, or catalog.
2. Something that reveals or indicates; a sign:
() ; ; (card index).; , , ; ; ,
(guiding principle).
catalog 1. a. A list or itemized display, as of titles, course offerings, or articles for exhibition
or sale, usually including descriptive information or illustrations. b. A
publication, such as a book or pamphlet, containing such a list or display: a
catalog of fall fashions; a seed catalog.
2. A list or enumeration
[] [] , ; , ; <> []
abbreviation 1. The act or product of shortening.
2. A shortened form of a word or phrase used chiefly in writing to represent the
complete form, such as Mass. for Massachusetts or USMC for United States
Marine Corps.
() [], ; ; ; [] ; [] , .
footnote A note placed at the bottom of a page of a book or manuscript that comments on or
cites a reference for a designated part of the text.
; ()
flange A protruding rim, edge, rib, or collar, as on a wheel or a pipe shaft, used to
strengthen an object, hold it in place, or attach it to another object.
, ( ) ; ( ) ; () ,
flint A very hard kind of stone that can produce sparks when struck against steel.
; .
cinder A burned or partly burned substance, such as coal, that is not reduced to ashes but
is incapable of further combustion. b. A partly charred substance that can burn
further but without flame.
( ) , ; ;
fragment 1. A small part broken off or detached.
2. An incomplete or isolated portion; a bit: overheard fragments of their
conversation; extant fragments of an old manuscript.
15

() , ; ; [, ] ; ()
tare 1. Any of various weedy plants of the genus Vicia, especially the common vetch.
2. Any of several weedy plants that grow in grain fields.
; .
narrative A narrated account; a story; The art, technique, or process of narrating.
( ) , ; , (narration); ()
fable A usually short narrative making an edifying or cautionary point and often
employing as characters animals that speak and act like human beings.
()(( )
dirge 1. Music. a. A funeral hymn or lament. b. A slow, mournful musical composition.
2. A mournful or elegiac poem or other literary work.
[]; ; (); ()
elegy A poem composed in elegiac couplets; A poem or song composed especially as a
lament for a deceased person.
(), , (); ; [] .
bit The sharp part of a tool, such as the cutting edge of a knife or ax.
( ) ; [] ; () ; [] ( ).
bolt 1. A bar made of wood or metal that slides into a socket and is used to fasten
doors and gates.
2. A fastener consisting of a threaded pin or rod with a head at one end, designed
to be inserted through holes in assembled parts and secured by a mated nut
that is tightened by applying torque.
3. A large roll of cloth of a definite length, especially as it comes from the loom.
To secure or lock with or as if with a bolt; To move or spring suddenly.
( ) , ; ; , , ; <> , ; (
) ; ( ) , ; ( ) .
membrane A thin, pliable layer of tissue covering surfaces or separating or connecting regions,
structures, or organs of an animal or a plant; Cell membrane.
(), ; .
jamb One of a pair of vertical posts or pieces that together form the sides of a door,
window frame, or fireplace, for example.
[] , ()( ); () (side face).
hull The dry outer covering of a fruit, seed, or nut; a husk
(, ) ; ( ) .
halo 1. A circular band of colored light around a light source, as around the sun or
16

moon, caused by the refraction and reflection of light by ice particles
suspended in the intervening atmosphere.
2. A luminous ring or disk of light surrounding the heads or bodies of sacred
figures, such as saints, in religious paintings; a nimbus.
(() ) (),
arabesque 1. A ballet position in which the dancer bends forward while standing on one
straight leg with the arm extended forward and the other arm and leg
extended backward.
2. A complex, ornate design of intertwined floral, foliate, and geometric figures.
3. Music. A usually short, whimsical composition especially for the piano that
features many embellished passages.
4. An intricate or elaborate pattern or design
; [] () ; . [] . []
[ ]; [] , .
adj. , .
stanza One of the divisions of a poem, composed of two or more lines usually
characterized by a common pattern of meter, rhyme, and number of lines.
[] (), , (),
doggerel Crudely or irregularly fashioned verse, often of a humorous or burlesque nature.
<> ( ) ; , , .
verse 1. a. A single metrical line in a poetic composition; one line of poetry. b. A division
of a metrical composition, such as a stanza of a poem or hymn. c. A poem.
2. Metrical or rhymed composition as distinct from prose; poetry.
, (); .; () (), (); 1; 1
burlesque 1. A literary or dramatic work that makes a subject appear ridiculous by treating it
in an incongruous way, as by presenting a lofty subject with vulgarity or an
inconsequential one with mock dignity.
2. A ludicrous or mocking imitation; a travesty: The antics of the defense
attorneys turned the trial into a burlesque of justice.
3. A variety show characterized by broad ribald comedy, dancing, and striptease.
; , (),
(), , ;, ; [] <> (
) .
17

operetta A theatrical production that has many of the musical elements of opera but is
lighter and more popular in subject and style and contains spoken dialogue.
Also called light opera.
, . .
narration The act, process, or an instance of narrating; Narrated material.
(story), (), (narrative); ( ) (), ; ,
limerick A light humorous, nonsensical, or bawdy verse of five anapestic lines usually with
the rhyme scheme aabba.
5 ().
sonnet A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes.
] , 14.
redolent 1. Having or emitting fragrance; aromatic.
2. Suggestive; reminiscent: a campaign redolent of machine politics.
, (fragrant); () , (suggestive); ()
lucid 1. Easily understood; intelligible.
2. Mentally sound; sane or rational.
3. Translucent or transparent.
, ; () ; (rational), ; , .
torpid 1. Deprived of the power of motion or feeling; benumbed.
2. Dormant; hibernating.
3. Lethargic; apathetic.
1 <( ) > , , ; <>
[], (dull, apathetic).
2 <> [, ] (dormant).
ephemeral Lasting for a markedly brief time; Living or lasting only for a day, as certain plants
or insects do.
; , .
piquant 1. Pleasantly pungent or tart in taste; spicy.
2. a. Appealingly provocative: a piquant wit. b. Charming, interesting, or
attractive: a piquant face.
() ( ) , , , ; , (stimulating);
(attractive)
babble 1. To utter a meaningless confusion of words or sounds.
18

2. To talk foolishly or idly; chatter
3. To make a continuous low, murmuring sound, as flowing water.
, ; < > ;
; <> , < >
chisel To shape or cut with a chisel; To cheat or swindle.
<> , () ; <()> () ; <>
, ()
harmonize 1. To bring or come into agreement or harmony; To be in agreement
2. Music. To provide harmony for (a melody); To sing or play in harmony.
() []; [] < > .
() [], . Brown harmonizes with green.
, .
scribble 1. To write hurriedly without heed to legibility or style.
2. To cover with scribbles, doodles, or meaningless marks
[] , ,
imply 1. To involve by logical necessity; entail: Life implies growth and death.
2. To express or indicate indirectly: His tone implied disapproval.
< >, ;
quibble 1. To evade the truth or importance of an issue by raising trivial distinctions and
objections.
2. To find fault or criticize for petty reasons; cavil.
A petty distinction or an irrelevant objection.
, (equivocate); ; () ( )
; ( ) , , , , ; ,
, ; [()].
elude 1. To evade or escape from, as by daring, cleverness, or skill: The suspect
continues to elude the police.
2. To escape the understanding or grasp of: a name that has always eluded me;
a metaphor that eluded them.
< > (avoid), ,
(evade); <> ; <> <> , .
tuber Botany. A swollen, fleshy, usually underground stem, such as the potato, bearing
buds from which new plant shoots arise.
Biology. A rounded projection or swelling; a tubercle.
n. [] () ; [] , ().
19

rind A tough outer covering such as bark, the skin of some fruits, or the coating on
cheese or bacon.
( ) ,
maize Corn
cob The hard, thick, cylindrical central core on which are borne the grains or kernels of
an ear of corn, usually in rows.
rhubarb Any of several plants of the genus Rheum,, having long, green or reddish acidic
leafstalks that are edible when sweetened and cooked. Also called pie plant.
Informal. A quarrel, fight, or heated discussion.
[] , (); (()); ().
<> , ; ( ) .
leafstalk The stalk by which a leaf is attached to a stem
pirouette A full turn of the body on the point of the toe or the ball of the foot in ballet.
() , .
meticulous Extremely careful and precise; Extremely or excessively concerned with details.
() , ; <> , .
Synonyms: meticulous, careful, painstaking, scrupulous, fastidious, punctilious
dissent 1. To differ in opinion or feeling; disagree.
2. To withhold assent or approval.
, ,
fawn 1. To exhibit affection or attempt to please, as a dog does by wagging its tail,
whining, or cringing.
2. To seek favor or attention by flattery and obsequious behavior.
engaging Charming; attractive: an engaging smile.
, []
bulb Botany. a. A short, modified, underground stem surrounded by usually fleshy
modified leaves that contain stored food for the shoot within: an onion bulb; a
tulip bulb. b. A similar underground stem or root, such as a corm, rhizome, or
tuber. c. A plant that grows from a bulb.
(), ; ; ( ) (,
); ( )
chrysanthemum [] ; (mum).
20

metaphysic Philosophy. The branch of philosophy that examines the nature of reality, including
the relationship between mind and matter, substance and attribute, fact and
value.
, ( )
pitch 1. Any of various thick, dark, sticky substances obtained from the distillation
residue of coal tar, wood tar, or petroleum and used for waterproofing, roofing,
caulking, and paving.
2. Any of various natural bitumens, such as mineral pitch or asphalt.
3. A resin derived from the sap of various coniferous trees, as the pines.
: .; ; ; ()
( ).
four-poster A bed having tall corner posts originally intended to support curtains or a canopy.
chlorine highly irritating, greenish-yellow gaseous halogen, capable of combining with nearly
all other elements, produced principally by electrolysis of sodium chloride and
used widely to purify water, as a disinfectant and bleaching agent, and in the
manufacture of many important compounds including chloroform and carbon
tetrachloride.
wardrobe 1. A tall cabinet, closet, or small room built to hold clothes.
2. Garments considered as a group, especially all the articles of clothing that
belong to one person.
3. a. The costumes belonging to a theater or theatrical troupe. b. The place in
which theatrical costumes are kept.
4. The department in charge of wearing apparel, jewelry, and accessories in a
royal or noble household.
; <> () []; ( )
rhinestone A colorless artificial gem of paste or glass, often with facets that sparkle in imitation
of a diamond.
(). .
harbor A sheltered part of a body of water deep enough to provide anchorage for ships;
A place of shelter; a refuge.
To give shelter to; To provide a place, home, or habitat for; To entertain or nourish
(a specified thought or feeling): harbor a grudge.
< > , ; < > ; < >
21

rudder a. Nautical. A vertically hinged plate of metal, fiberglass, or wood mounted at the
stern of a vessel for directing its course. b. A similar structure at the tail of an
aircraft, used for effecting horizontal changes in course.
[] () ; [] () .
anchor Nautical. A heavy object attached to a vessel by a cable or rope and cast overboard
to keep the vessel in place either by its weight or by its flukes, which grip the
bottom.
To hold fast by or as if by an anchor.
, , ; ,
patio An outdoor space for dining or recreation that adjoins a residence and is often
paved; A roofless inner courtyard, typically found in Spanish and Spanish-style
dwellings.
.( )
terrace 1. a. A porch or walkway bordered by colonnades. b. A platform extending
outdoors from a floor of a house or an apartment building.
2. An open, often paved area adjacent to a house serving as an outdoor living
space; a patio.
( ) (), (); ;
hatch 1. a. An opening, as in the deck of a ship, in the roof or floor of a building, or in
an aircraft. b. The cover for such an opening.
2. The hinged rear door of a hatchback.
[] ( ) , (); ; [] [].
( ) , .
hold The lower interior part of a ship or an airplane in which cargo is stored.
[] (); [] () .
articulate 1. To pronounce distinctly and carefully; enunciate.
2. To express in coherent verbal form; give words to: couldn't articulate my fears.
<> , (); , [].
< > [].
encumbered 1. To put a heavy load on; burden
2. To hinder or impede the action or performance of
3. To burden with legal or financial obligations
<> , , ;<> () ,
; ; <> ( ) ; <> ( )
22

sketchy 1. Resembling a sketch; giving only major points or parts.
2. a. Lacking in substance or completeness; incomplete. b. Slight; superficial.
[]; [] ; , (incomplete), ;
, ; ; (superficial).
grieve To cause to be sorrowful; distress.
Synonyms: grieve, lament, mourn, sorrow.
maladroit Marked by a lack of adroitness; inept.
, []
intemperate Not temperate or moderate; excessive, especially in the use of alcoholic beverages.
, ; ; < > [] , ; <>
, [].
sluggish 1. Displaying little movement or activity; slow; inactive: a sluggish stream;
sluggish growth.
2. Lacking alertness, vigor, or energy; inert or indolent.
3. Slow to perform or respond to stimulation.
(idle), (lazy) ;<() > .; < > ,
(dull).
fatigue Physical or mental weariness resulting from exertion.
() , .
glib 1. a. Performed with a natural, offhand ease: glib conversation. b. Showing little
thought, preparation, or concern: a glib response to a complex question.
2. Marked by ease and fluency of speech or writing that often suggests or stems
from insincerity, superficiality, or deceitfulness.
<> ; ;
profound 1. Situated at, extending to, or coming from a great depth; deep.
2. Coming as if from the depths of one's being: profound contempt.
3. Penetrating beyond what is superficial or obvious: a profound insight.
4. Unqualified; absolute: a profound silence.
<> [] , ; < > ; < > ,
; .
morose Sullenly melancholy; gloomy.
, , .
urbane Polite, refined, and often elegant in manner.
, , , , (polished, refined)
23

gaucherie 1. An awkward or tactless act, manner, or expression.
2. A lack of tact; awkwardness.
, , ; [] []; , , .
coterie A small, often select group of persons who associate with one another frequently.
( ) , ; , .
diffident 1. Lacking or marked by a lack of self-confidence; shy and timid
2. Reserved in manner.
( ) , , ; , .
imposture The act or instance of engaging in deception under an assumed name or identity.
, , .
equivocate 1. To use equivocal language intentionally.
2. To avoid making an explicit statement.
() , , .
procrastinate To put off doing something, especially out of habitual carelessness or laziness.
, , , (delay).
implicate 1. To involve or connect intimately or incriminatingly
2. To have as a consequence or an inference; imply.
() , [];< > < > .
exposition 1. A setting forth of meaning or intent.
2. a. A statement or rhetorical discourse intended to give information about or an
explanation of difficult material. b. The art or technique of composing such
discourses.
[]; , ;() , ; ; ( ) .
expostulate To reason earnestly with someone in an effort to dissuade or correct; remonstrate.
() , (), ( ) ; ( ) . with
him against speculating in stocks
falsify 1. To state untruthfully; misrepresent;
2. a. To make false by altering or adding to: falsify testimony. b. To counterfeit;
forge: falsify a visa.
3. To declare or prove to be false.
1 , (distort); < > , ;
< > .
2 , [] .
3 <> <> , < > .
fabricate 1. To make; create.
24

2. To construct by combining or assembling diverse, typically standardized parts:
fabricate small boats.
3. To concoct in order to deceive: fabricated an excuse.
1 []; <> , < >
2 <> , ; <> (forge).
bombast Grandiloquent, pompous speech or writing.
[] ; (tall talk)
pompous 1. Characterized by excessive self-esteem or exaggerated dignity; pretentious
2. Full of high-sounding phrases; bombastic: a pompous proclamation.
3. Characterized by pomp or stately display; ceremonious: a pompous occasion.
<> , ;, , ; <> ,
economical 1. Prudent and thrifty in management; not wasteful or extravagant.
2. Intended to save money, as by efficient operation or elimination of
unnecessary features; economic: a modern, economical heating system
<> , ; () , ; <> ;
().
circumlocution 1. The use of unnecessarily wordy and indirect language.
2. Evasion in speech or writing.
3. A roundabout expression.
() ; [] .
prattle To talk or chatter idly or meaninglessly; babble or prate.
<> , < > (prate).
verbiage 1. An excess of words for the purpose; wordiness.
2. The manner in which something is expressed in words: software verbiage.
[]
mundane 1. Of, relating to, or typical of this world; secular.
2. Relating to, characteristic of, or concerned with commonplaces; ordinary.
, ; , ; , ,
tirade A long angry or violent speech, usually of a censorious or denunciatory nature; a
diatribe.
[ ]; , .
querulous 1. Given to complaining; peevish.
2. Expressing a complaint or grievance; grumbling: a querulous voice; querulous
comments.
25

(complaining); [] ;
treacherous 1. Marked by betrayal of fidelity, confidence, or trust; perfidious.
2. Not to be relied on; not dependable or trustworthy.
3. Marked by unforeseen hazards; dangerous or deceptive: treacherous waters.
<> (disloyal), [](perfidious)
culpable Deserving of blame or censure as being wrong, evil, improper, or injurious.
<> , (blameworthy), (reprehensible).
orate To speak in a formal, pompous manner.
<> .
lecture 1. To deliver a lecture to (a class or an audience).
2. To admonish or reprove earnestly, often at length: always lecturing me about
my manners.
[](instruct); <> , (reprove)
malign To make evil, harmful, and often untrue statements about; speak evil of.
; .
coherent 1. Sticking together; cohering.
2. Marked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts: a
coherent essay.
, ; <> () ; < > ,
jest A playful or amusing act; a prank
To act or speak playfully; To make witty remarks; To utter scoffs; gibe.
; () ( ) ; () ,
counterfeit 1. To make a copy of, usually with the intent to defraud; forge: counterfeits
money.
2. To make a pretense of; feign: counterfeited interest in the story.
Made in imitation of what is genuine with the intent to defraud: a counterfeit dollar
bill.; Simulated; feigned: a counterfeit illness.
, [](forged); (pretended), , .
n. (forgery), [], ().
(forge), (imitate); ; ; .
arson The crime of maliciously, voluntarily, and willfully setting fire to the building,
buildings, or other property of another or of burning one's own property for an
improper purpose, as to collect insurance.
] ().
26

embezzlement To take (money, for example) for one's own use in violation of a trust.
() [].
duplicity a. Deliberate deceptiveness in behavior or speech. b. An instance of deliberate
deceptiveness; double-dealing.
() , , .
curiosity 1. A desire to know or learn.
2. A desire to know about people or things that do not concern one; nosiness.
; ; ,
wanderlust A very strong or irresistible impulse to travel.
, .
frugal 1. Practicing or marked by economy, as in the expenditure of money or the use of
material resources.
2. Costing little; inexpensive: a frugal lunch.
(thrifty); () ; ; , .
pugnacious Combative in nature; belligerent.
, .
foolhardy Unwisely bold or venturesome; rash.
, ,
stygian 1. a. Gloomy and dark. b. Infernal; hellish.
2. Of or relating to the river Styx.
) ()(Styx); ; <> , .
abysmal Resembling an abyss in depth; unfathomable;Very profound; limitless: abysmal
misery;Very bad: an abysmal performance.
<> < > []; , [ ]; ,
cogent Appealing to the intellect or powers of reasoning; convincing: a cogent argument.
< > ;, .
contentious 1. Given to contention; quarrelsome.
2. Involving or likely to cause contention; controversial
> [] ;< > [] [ ]
reckless 1. a. Heedless or careless. b. Headstrong; rash.
2. Indifferent to or disregardful of consequences: a reckless driver.
, . , ()
Synonyms: reckless, rash, precipitate, foolhardy, temerarious.
cataclysmic 1. A violent upheaval that causes great destruction or brings about a fundamental
27

change.
2. A violent and sudden change in the earth's crust.
3. A devastating flood.
( ) , , ;, ( ) .
mock 1. To treat with ridicule or contempt; deride.
2. a. To mimic, as in sport or derision. b. To imitate; counterfeit.
3. To frustrate the hopes of; disappoint.
, , ;<> .
satirize To ridicule or attack by means of satire.
, [] ; , .
condense 1. To reduce the volume or compass of.
2. To make more concise; abridge or shorten.
3. Physics. a. To cause (a gas or vapor) to change to a liquid. b. To remove water
from (milk, for example).
<> () , ; []; <> ()
[], ; < > () , []
(abridge)
duplicate 1. To make an exact copy of.
2. To make twofold; double.
3. To make or perform again; repeat: a hard feat to duplicate.
, [], 2 ; <> ;
taunt 1. To reproach in a mocking, insulting, or contemptuous manner.
2. To drive or incite (a person) by taunting.
<> ; () ,
poseur One who affects a particular attitude, character, or manner to impress others
brat A child, especially a spoiled or ill-mannered one.
<> ,
flirt 1. To make playfully romantic or sexual overtures.
2. To deal playfully, triflingly, or superficially with: flirt with danger.
3. To move abruptly or jerkily.
< > () , ; ( )
, ( )
28

Synonyms: flirt, dally, play, toy, trifle. The central meaning shared by these verbs
is to deal lightly, casually, or flippantly with someone or something: flirted
with the idea of getting a job; dallying with music; can't play with life; toyed
with the problem; a person not to be trifled with.
decency 1. The state or quality of being decent; propriety.
2. Conformity to prevailing standards of propriety or modesty.
( ) , , ; ; , .
grouch 1. A habitually complaining or irritable person.
2. A grumbling or sulky mood: in a grouch about the long line for tickets.
3. A complaint; a grudge
, , ; ..
; ; ; , .
rogue 1. An unprincipled, deceitful, and unreliable person; a scoundrel or rascal.
2. One who is playfully mischievous; a scamp: My little brother is such a rogue!
, ; ;< > , .
empathy Identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings, and motives.
] ( ) , ( )
lumber 1. To walk or move with heavy clumsiness..
2. To move with a rumbling noise.
> [] ,.
pretense 1. The act of pretending; a false appearance or action intended to deceive.
2. A false or studied show; an affectation: a pretense of nonchalance.
3. A professed but feigned reason or excuse; a pretext: under false pretenses.
( ) (make-believe), (fiction); , , (simulation),
; [, ], , , ,
relent To become more lenient, compassionate, or forgiving.
; , ; < >
insinuate 1. To introduce or otherwise convey (a thought, for example) gradually and
insidiously.
2. To introduce or insert (oneself) by subtle and artful means.
() , , ; < > , [
waver 1. To move unsteadily back and forth.
2. a. To exhibit irresolution or indecision; vacillate: wavered over buying a
29

house. b. To become unsteady or unsure; falter: His resolve began to waver.
1 , ; (flutter); < > , ; <
> ; <> , ; < >
(fluctuate).
2 < > , , .
3 < > ; <> ( ) ; ,
melodrama drama, such as a play, film, or television program, characterized by exaggerated
emotions, stereotypical characters, and interpersonal conflicts.
( ) , () .
subtle 1. a. So slight as to be difficult to detect or analyze; elusive. b. Not immediately
obvious; abstruse
2. Able to make fine distinctions:
< > , , ; , ; < >
chimera 1. Greek Mythology. A fire-breathing she-monster usually represented as a
composite of a lion, goat, and serpent.
2. An imaginary monster made up of grotesquely disparate parts.
[] . ; ( )
; ; .
authentic 1. Conforming to fact and therefore worthy of trust, reliance, or belief: an
authentic account by an eyewitness.
2. Having a claimed and verifiable origin or authorship; not counterfeit or copied
1 ( ) , , .
2 , ; , (genuine)
brief 1. A short, succinct statement.
2. A condensation or an abstract of a larger document or series of documents.
3. Law. a. A formal outline listing main contentions along with supporting
evidence and documentation. b. A document containing all the facts and
points of law pertinent to a specific case, filed by an attorney before arguing
the case in court.
[], , ; ( ) ; ( ) ; [] ;
. <> ,
abstract A statement summarizing the important points of a text; Something abstract.
, (), , ;
foolproof 1. Designed so as to be impervious to human incompetence, error, or misuse: a
30

foolproof detonator; a foolproof safety lock.
2. Effective; infallible: a foolproof scheme.
[] , ;
translucent 1. Transmitting light but causing sufficient diffusion to prevent perception of
distinct images.
2. Clear; lucid.
> (semitransparent); < > , (lucid)
filter 1. To pass (a liquid or gas) through a filter.
2. To remove impurities by passing through a filter: filter out impurities.
> [] ; < > ; < > (
) .
viscous Having relatively high resistance to flow; Viscid.
, (sticky).
smear 1. a. To spread or daub with a sticky, greasy, or dirty substance. b. To apply by
spreading or daubing: smeared suntan lotion on my face and arms.
2. To stain by or as if by spreading or daubing with a sticky, greasy, or dirty
substance.
3. To stain or attempt to destroy the reputation of; vilify: political enemies who
smeared his name.
< > ,(daub); ; ,
airtight 1. Impermeable by air.
2. Having no weak points; sound: an airtight excuse.
, ; < > , .
taut Pulled or drawn tight; not slack; Strained; tense: nerves taut with anxiety; Kept in
trim shape; neat and tidy
< > ; < > , (tense); <> (strict); < >
, < > ; (tidy).
divert 1. To turn aside from a course or direction: Traffic was diverted around the scene
of the accident.
2. To distract: My attention was diverted by an argument between motorists.
3. To entertain by distracting the attention from worrisome thoughts or cares;
amuse.
< > ; < >) ; <>
, ; , ,
shunt 1. To turn or move aside or onto another course: shunting traffic around an
31

accident.
2. To evade by putting aside or ignoring: urgent problems that society can no
longer shunt aside.
3. To switch (a train or car) from one track to another.
<> , ; <> , ; < > (
) , ; [] <> < > ()(switch)
file 1. To put or keep (papers, for example) in useful order for storage or reference.
2. To enter (a legal document) on public official record.
To smooth, reduce, or remove with or as if with a file.
< > []; () ;
, ;
collate 1. To examine and compare carefully in order to note points of disagreement.
2. To assemble in proper numerical or logical sequence.
< > ()
dent 1. A depression in a surface made by pressure or a blow: a dent in the side of a
car.
2. A significant, usually diminishing effect or impression: The loss put a dent in
the team's confidence.
, . ; ,
calibrate 1. To check, adjust, or determine by comparison with a standard (the graduations
of a quantitative measuring instrument): calibrate a thermometer.
2. To determine the caliber of (a tube).
3. To make corrections in; adjust: calibrated the polling procedures to ensure
objectivity.
1 <> [, ]; < > .
2 [] .
3 < > () .
retard To cause to move or proceed slowly; delay or impede.
> ; (delay); [](hamper).
brake 1. To operate or apply a brake.
2. To be slowed or stopped by or as if by the operation of a brake.
< > , ;
alacrity Cheerful willingness; eagerness; Speed or quickness; celerity.
, ; ()(willingness)
32

temperamental 1. Relating to or caused by temperament: our temperamental differences.
2. Excessively sensitive or irritable; moody.
3. Likely to perform unpredictably; undependable: a temperamental motor.
1 .
2 , (moody), ; (fickle).
3 [ ].
acumen Quickness, accuracy, and keenness of judgment or insight.
, , .
shrewd 1. Characterized by keen awareness, sharp intelligence, and often a sense of the
practical.
2. Disposed to artful and cunning practices; tricky.
3. Sharp; penetrating: a shrewd wind.
(keen-witted), ; , , (astute, penetrating);
pertinent Having logical, precise relevance to the matter at hand.
> <> [], , () ; ( )
(relevant)
Synonyms: relevant, pertinent, germane, material, apposite, apropos.
benevolent 1. Characterized by or suggestive of doing good.
2. Of, concerned with, or organized for the benefit of charity.
(charitable), ; ; ; ,
redundant 1. Exceeding what is necessary or natural; superfluous.
2. Needlessly repetitive; verbose.
, ; , (superfluous, excessive).
superfluous Being beyond what is required or sufficient.
, ; ,
prevalent Widely or commonly occurring, existing, accepted, or practiced.
<> < > , () (common)
Synonyms: prevailing, prevalent, current, rife.
universal 1. Of, relating to, extending to, or affecting the entire world or all within the
world; worldwide
2. Including, relating to, or affecting all members of the class or group under
consideration: the universal skepticism of philosophers.
3. Applicable or common to all purposes, conditions, or situations
[]; ; ; , ; ; ;
33

; , [].
aberrant 1. Deviating from the proper or expected course.
2. Deviating from what is normal; untrue to type.
[()] ; , < > , .
unique 1. Being the only one of its kind
2. Without an equal or equivalent; unparalleled.
3. a. Characteristic of a particular category, condition, or locality: a problem
unique to coastal areas. b. Informal. Unusual; extraordinary: spoke with a
unique accent.
, (single, sole); ( ) , [] ,
, ;
equivocate 1. To use equivocal language intentionally.
2. To avoid making an explicit statement.
() , , .
contradiction 1. a. The act of contradicting. b. The state of being contradicted.
2. A denial.
3. Inconsistency; discrepancy.
4. Something that contains contradictory elements.
, (opposition); , (denial); ;(inconsistency),
peremptory 1. Putting an end to all debate or action: a peremptory decree.
2. Not allowing contradiction or refusal; imperative: The officer issued
peremptory commands.
3. Having the nature of or expressing a command; urgent: The teacher spoke in a
peremptory tone.
4. Offensively self-assured; dictatorial: a swaggering, peremptory manner.
<> , (imperative), ; < > ,
(imperious, dictatorial); (positive, assertive); <>
platitude 1. A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were
original or significant.
2. Lack of originality; triteness.
( ) , , .
, ; (flatness).
precept A rule or principle prescribing a particular course of action or conduct.
( ) , ; () , ; , (maxim)
nuance A subtle or slight degree of difference, as in meaning, feeling, or tone; a gradation.
34

) , ,
remnant , () []; , ; , (), (relic)
shade 1. Light diminished in intensity as a result of the interception of the rays; partial
darkness.
2. Cover or shelter provided by interception by an object of the sun or its rays.
3. The degree to which a color is mixed with black or is decreasingly illuminated;
gradation of darkness.
4. A slight difference or variation; a nuance: shades of meaning.
5. A small amount; a trace: detected a shade of bitterness in her remarks.
, (shady place), ; [] , (awning), (parasol),
; <> (window shade); [()] , ; ( )
(),
spectrum Physics. The distribution of a characteristic of a physical system or phenomenon,
especially:. a. The distribution of energy emitted by a radiant source, as by an
incandescent body, arranged in order of wavelengths. b. The distribution of
atomic or subatomic particles in a system, as in a magnetically resolved
molecular beam, arranged in order of masses.
[] .
hint To indicate or make known in an indirect manner.
[], () [, ]
splinter 1. A sharp, slender piece, as of wood, bone, glass, or metal, split or broken off
from a main body.
2. A splinter group.
, ; ; ; .
; , ; .
disintegration To become reduced to components, fragments, or particles.
, , .
compliant Disposed or willing to comply; submissive.
, ; , .
cringe 1. To shrink back, as in fear; cower.
2. To behave in a servile way; fawn.
<> ( )
<> ( ) ,
arduous 1. Demanding great effort or labor; difficult
35

2. Testing severely the powers of endurance; strenuous: a long, arduous, and
exhausting war.
3. Hard to traverse, climb, or surmount.
< > , ,
<> , , , .
Synonyms: burdensome, onerous, oppressive, demanding, rigorous, exacting.
gadget A small specialized mechanical or electronic device; a contrivance.
() ; ( ) , ; ()
linen Thread made from fibers of the flax plant; Cloth woven from this thread.
, ; ; [].
leaflet 1. One of the segments of a compound leaf.
2. A small leaf or leaflike part.
3. A printed, usually folded handbill or flier intended for free distribution.
() , ( ) .
trinket 1. A small ornament, such as a piece of jewelry.
2. A trivial thing; a trifle.
( ) , ( ); .
ringlet A long, spirally curled lock of hair; A small circle or ring.
; .
palpitate 1. To move with a slight tremulous motion; tremble, shake, or quiver.
2. To beat with excessive rapidity; throb.
<> () (throb); <> , (feel
nervous).
<> , () ; ()
transport To move to strong emotion; carry away; enrapture.
( ) [ ]
enrapture To fill with rapture or delight.
<> , ; <> () , ,
Synonyms: enrapture, entrance, ravish, thrill, transport.
truncate 1. To shorten by or as if by cutting off.
2. To shorten (a number) by dropping one or more digits after the decimal point.
3. To replace (the edge of a crystal) with a plane face.
< > [] ; <> < > .
voracious 1. Consuming or eager to consume great amounts of food; ravenous.
36

2. Having or marked by an insatiable appetite for an activity or a pursuit; greedy:
a voracious reader.
1. ; , (ravenous)
2 .
impeccable 1. Having no flaws; perfect.
2. Incapable of sin or wrongdoing.
; ;< > [] .
syncopate 1. Grammar. To shorten (a word) by syncope.
2. Music. To modify (rhythm) by syncopation;
To change the beats or accents in(a passage of music) by putting a strong stress
instead of a weak one and vice versa.
[] <> ( ) ; < > .
[] <> ( ) .
chary 1. Very cautious; wary: was chary of the risks involved.
2. Not giving or expending freely; sparing: was chary of compliments.
() ; , , ; ()
imperturbable Unshakably calm and collected.
[] , , .
composure A calm or tranquil state of mind; self-possession.
, (calmness).
Synonyms: equanimity, composure, sang-froid, serenity.
meticulous 1. Extremely careful and precise.
2. Extremely or excessively concerned with details.
() , ; <> , .
resourceful Able to act effectively or imaginatively, especially in difficult situations.
1 , ; .
2 , .
exigent Requiring immediate action or remedy; Requiring much effort or expense;
demanding.
, [];< > , ; <> ()
fortuitous 1. Happening by accident or chance.
2. a. Happening by a fortunate accident or chance. b. Lucky or fortunate.
, (accidental); .
Synonyms: accidental, fortuitous, contingent, incidental, adventitious.
37

pluck 1. To remove or detach by grasping and pulling abruptly with the fingers; pick:
pluck a flower; pluck feathers from a chicken; plucked a rabbit from the hat.
2. To pull out the hair or feathers of: pluck a chicken.
3. To remove abruptly or forcibly: plucked the child from school in midterm.
4. To give an abrupt pull to; tug at: pluck a sleeve.
1. The act or an instance of plucking.
2. Resourceful courage and daring in the face of difficulties; spirit
[] ; < > () ; []
(pull, snatch), (grasp)
[] , ; , .
usury 1. The practice of lending money and charging the borrower interest, especially at
an exorbitant or illegally high rate.
2. An excessive or illegally high rate of interest charged on borrowed money.
( ) (); .
gouge 1. A chisel with a rounded, troughlike blade.
2. a. A scooping or digging action, as with such a chisel. b. A groove or hole
scooped with or as if with such a chisel.
3. A large amount, as of money, exacted or extorted.
1. To cut or scoop out with or as if with a gouge
2. a. To force out the eye of (a person) with one's thumb. b. To thrust one's
thumb into the eye of.
3. To extort from.
; []; []; , ; <> , .
1 []; () ; ( )
, ; .
2 <> <> ( ) ; .
foreclosure 1. a. To deprive (a mortgagor) of the right to redeem mortgaged property, as
when payments have not been made. b. To bar an equity or a right to redeem
(a mortgage).
2. To exclude or rule out; bar 3. To settle or resolve beforehand.
] () , .
mortgage A temporary, conditional pledge of property to a creditor as security for
performance of an obligation or repayment of a debt.
() ;() []
carp To find fault in a disagreeable way; complain fretfully.
38

() , ,
guzzle 1. To drink greedily or habitually: guzzle beer.
2. To consume to excess: a car that guzzles gas.
, ; <> .
stipulate 1.a. To lay down as a condition of an agreement; require by contract. b. To specify
or arrange in an agreement: stipulate a date of payment and a price.
2. To guarantee or promise (something) in an agreement.
) () [], ) [];
, ; ( ) .
enlist 1. To engage (persons or a person) for service in the armed forces.
2. To engage the support or cooperation of.
, () ; < >
relegate 1. To assign to an obscure place, position, or condition.
2. To assign to a particular class or category; classify.
3. To refer or assign (a matter or task, for example) for decision or action.
4. To send to a place of exile; banish.
, , ; <A( ) B( )> , [
, ](consign).
consign 1. To give over to the care of another; entrust.
2. To turn over permanently to another's charge or to a lasting condition; commit
irrevocably
3. To deliver (merchandise, for example) for custody or sale.
4. To set apart, as for a special use or purpose; assign
1 () , , ; ( ) , ,
; ()
2 ( ) , ,
redoubtable 1. Arousing fear or awe; formidable.
2. Worthy of respect or honor.
<> < > , ; .
awe A mixed emotion of reverence, respect, dread, and wonder inspired by authority,
genius, great beauty, sublimity, or might
, ().
tart 1. Having a sharp, pungent taste; sour..
2. Sharp or bitter in tone or meaning; cutting.
<> ; (sour); < > , [](biting,
39

caustic).
pungent 1. Affecting the organs of taste or smell with a sharp, acrid sensation.
2. a. Penetrating, biting, or caustic: pungent satire. b. To the point; sharp:
pungent talks during which the major issues were confronted.
3. Pointed: a pungent leaf.
1 () , (acrid).
2 () .
3 < > ; , ,
tacit 1. Not spoken: indicated tacit approval by smiling and winking.
2. a. Implied by or inferred from actions or statements
; ; < >, (implied). agreement
despicable Deserving of contempt or scorn; vile.
, , .
engrossing Occupying one's complete attention; wholly absorbing: listened to an engrossing
symphony.
<> , ; ( ) .
oblivious 1. Lacking all memory; forgetful.
2. Lacking conscious awareness; unmindful.
; () (unmindful); () ;
blasphemy 1. a. A contemptuous or profane act, utterance, or writing concerning God or a
sacred entity. b. The act of claiming for oneself the attributes and rights of
God.
2. An irreverent or impious act, attitude, or utterance in regard to something
considered inviolable or sacrosanct.
( ) ; ();
glaring 1. Shining intensely and blindingly: the glaring noonday sun.
2. Tastelessly showy or bright; garish.
3. Conspicuous; obvious: a glaring error.
4. Staring with anger, fierceness, or hostility: glaring eyes.
1 <> , ; <> , , .
2 < > ; , ; .
3 , .
iridescent 1. Producing a display of lustrous, rainbowlike colors: an iridescent oil slick;
iridescent plumage.
40

2. Brilliant, lustrous, or colorful in effect or appearance
[ ]
deafening Very loud
inferno 1. A place or condition suggestive of hell, especially with respect to human
suffering or death: the inferno of battle.
2. A place of fiery heat or destruction.
; .
minnow 1. Any of a large group of small, freshwater fishes of the family Cyprinidae, widely
used as live bait.
2. Any of various other small, often silver-colored fishes.
] ; ; ; []
embellish 1. To make beautiful, as by ornamentation; decorate.
2. To add ornamental or fictitious details to
; (adorn); < > , []
illusive Produced by, based on, or having the nature of an illusion; deceptive:
[] , ( ) , .
glimmer 1. A dim or intermittent flicker or flash of light.
2. A faint manifestation or indication; a trace: a glimmer of understanding.
1. To emit a dim or intermittent light.
2. To appear faintly or indistinctly: Hope still glimmered in our minds.
[] , ; , .
dazzle 1. To dim the vision of, especially to blind with intense light.
2. To amaze, overwhelm, or bewilder with spectacular display: a figure skater
who dazzled the audience with virtuosic jumps.
< > , <> .;<(
)> , , ;
, .
delineate 1. To draw or trace the outline of; sketch out.
2. To represent pictorially; depict.
3. To depict in words or gestures; describe.
, []; < > .
[].
disclaim 1. To deny or renounce any claim to or connection with; disown.
2. To deny the validity of; repudiate.
41

> [], <> <doing>; < > [
].
recite 1. To repeat or utter aloud (something rehearsed or memorized), especially
before an audience.
2. To relate in detail. 3. To list or enumerate.
; ; . a poem .
() ,
harangue 1. A long, pompous speech, especially one delivered before a gathering.
2. A speech or piece of writing characterized by strong feeling or expression; a
tirade.
To deliver a harangue to.
() , ; ; , .
muse To be absorbed in one's thoughts; engage in meditation.
) [], , ()
Synonyms: ponder, meditate, deliberate, ruminate, mull, muse.
murmur 1. A low, indistinct, continuous sound: spoke in a
2. An indistinct, whispered, or confidential complaint; a mutter.
1. To make a low, continuous, indistinct sound or succession of sounds.
2. To complain in low mumbling tones; grumble.
> ; <> .
resound 1. To be filled with sound; reverberate
2. To make a loud, long, or reverberating sound
3. To sound loudly; ring.
4. To become famous, celebrated, or extolled
<> ( ) , ; > ()
, ; < > () ,
colossus 1. A huge statue.
2. Something likened to a huge statue, as in size or importance: a colossus of
bureaucracy.
().
figurine A small molded or sculptured figure; a statuette.
( ) ().
chipmunk Any of several small, striped, terrestrial squirrels of the genera Tamias and
Eutamias, especially T. striatus of eastern North America.
. .
42

boulder A large rounded mass of rock lying on the surface of the ground or embedded in
the soil.
; , (bowlder).
pebble A small stone, especially one worn smooth by erosion.
, .
coma A state of deep, often prolonged unconsciousness, usually the result of injury,
disease, or poison, in which an individual is incapable of sensing or responding
to external stimuli and internal needs.
().
amnesia Partial or total loss of memory, usually resulting from shock, psychological
disturbance, brain injury, or illness.
, .
delirium A temporary state of mental confusion and clouded consciousness resulting from
high fever, intoxication, shock, or other causes. It is characterized by anxiety,
disorientation, hallucinations, delusions, trembling, and incoherent speech.
(), ( ), (); ,
mortify To cause to experience shame, humiliation, or wounded pride; humiliate.
embarrass To cause to feel self-conscious or ill at ease; disconcert:
<> , [] , , []
(abash).
adumbrate 1. To give a sketchy outline of.
2. To prefigure indistinctly; foreshadow.
3. To disclose partially or guardedly.
1 , .
2 () ().
3 () , , .
insinuate 1. To introduce or otherwise convey (a thought, for example) gradually and
insidiously..
2. To introduce or insert (oneself) by subtle and artful means.
<> () , , .
< > () , []
indulge 1. To yield to the desires and whims of, especially to an excessive degree; humor.
2. a. To yield to; gratify: indulge a craving for chocolate. b. To allow (oneself)
unrestrained gratification: indulged herself with idle daydreams.
43

3. To grant an ecclesiastical indulgence or dispensation to.
( )> , ; , ;()
<> () , ; () <>
mollycoddle To be overprotective and indulgent toward
<> ( ).
Synonyms: pamper, indulge, humor, spoil, coddle, mollycoddle, baby.
aggrandize 1. To increase the scope of; extend.
2. To make greater in power, influence, stature, or reputation.
3. To make appear greater; exaggerate: aggrandize one argument while
belittling another.
[, ]; < > , <> ; .
upstage 1. To distract attention from (another performer) by moving upstage, thus forcing
the other performer to face away from the audience.
2. To divert attention or praise from; force out of the spotlight: a vice president
who repeatedly tried to upstage the president.
3. To treat haughtily.
1 < > ( ,
) ; <> .
2 ( ) .
demoralize 1. To undermine the confidence or morale of; dishearten
2. To put into disorder; confuse.
3. To debase the morals of; corrupt.
1 <> , .
2 <> , ; <> [].
3 <> ; .
agog Full of keen anticipation or excitement; eager.
( ) , ( )
blithe 1. Carefree and lighthearted.
2. Lacking or showing a lack of due concern; casual: spoke with blithe ignorance
of the true situation.
<> < > , (joyous); (cheerful)
inveigle 1. To win over by coaxing, flattery, or artful talk.
2. To obtain by cajolery: inveigle a free pass to the screening of the new film.
<> () ; <> ()
44

<> () ( ) ; ()
Synonyms: lure, entice, inveigle, decoy, tempt, seduce.
foresee To see or know beforehand
[], , .
scheme 1. A systematic plan of action.
2. A secret or devious plan; a plot..
3. An impractical or unrealistic plan
(plan, project), , () ; (conspiracy, plot), .
persecute 1. To oppress or harass with ill-treatment, especially because of race, religion,
sexual orientation, or beliefs.
2. To annoy persistently; bother.
( ) , [], .
( ) , , <> ( ) (importune); <
> ()
astrology The study of the positions and aspects of celestial bodies in the belief that they
have an influence on the course of natural earthly occurrences and human
affairs.
alchemy A medieval chemical philosophy having as its asserted aims the transmutation of
base metals into gold, the discovery of the panacea, and the preparation of the
elixir of longevity.
, .
homeopathy A system for treating disease based on the administration of minute doses of a drug
that in massive amounts produces symptoms in healthy individuals similar to
those of the disease itself.
() , ,
mythology a. A body or collection of myths belonging to a people and addressing their origin,
history, deities, ancestors, and heroes. b. A body of myths concerning an
individual, event, or institution
(); <> .
pedagogy 1. The art or profession of teaching.
2. Preparatory training or instruction.
().
phenomenology The study of all possible appearances in human experience, during which
45

considerations of objective reality and of purely subjective response are left out
of account.
[] .
chauvinism Militant devotion to and glorification of one's country; fanatical patriotism.
[] []; ( ) , .
impudent Characterized by offensive boldness; insolent or impertinent.
< > , , , ; , , ,
furtive 1. Characterized by stealth; surreptitious.
2. Expressive of hidden motives or purposes; shifty.
< > , ; < > , , (sly).
surreptitious 1. Obtained, done, or made by clandestine or stealthy means.
2. Acting with or marked by stealth.
; ; ; .
incisive Penetrating, clear, and sharp, as in operation or expression: an incisive mind;
incisive comments.
1 < > , ; <> , .
2 < > (severe), , ; < > , .
trenchant 1. Keen; incisive: a trenchant comment.
2. Forceful, effective, and vigorous: a trenchant argument
3. Caustic; cutting: trenchant criticism.
4. Distinct; clear-cut.
1 < > , (biting), .
2 < > , , ; < > .
3 <> (distinct), .
malinger To feign illness or other incapacity in order to avoid duty or work.
hack To cut or chop with repeated and irregular blows
( ) , ,
snip To cut, clip, or separate (something) with short, quick strokes.
< > ( ) ; ; ()
mince 1. a. To cut or chop into very small pieces. b. To subdivide (land, for example)
into minute parts.
2. To pronounce in an affected way, as with studied elegance and refinement.
3. To moderate or restrain (words) for the sake of politeness and decorum;
euphemize: Don't mince words: say what you mean.
46

4. To walk with very short steps or with exaggerated primness.
1 < > , .
2 <> [].
3 <> , ; .
4 <> , [].
hew 1. To make or shape with or as if with an ax: hew a path through the underbrush.
2. To cut down with an ax; fell: hew an oak.
3. To strike or cut; cleave.
4. To cut something by repeated blows, as of an ax.
5. To adhere or conform strictly; hold: hew to the line.
1 ( ) ; , (chop, hack); ( )
2 [, ] ; < > <out>; < > <
> ; <> <> . hew out one's fortune.
3 < > ( ) , () <to ...>. hew to a rule
whet 1. To sharpen (a knife, for example); hone.
2. To make more keen; stimulate: The frying bacon whetted my appetite.
< > , (sharpen); < > , (stimulate).
engrave 1. To carve, cut, or etch into a material
2. To carve, cut, or etch a design or letters into
3. a. To carve, cut, or etch into a block or surface used for printing. b. To print
from a block or plate made by such a process.
4. To impress deeply as if by carving or etching: The experience was engraved
into his memory.
1 <> ( ) , ; ( )
2 ( ) .
3 ( ) , ,
rash Characterized by or resulting from ill-considered haste or boldness.
[]; , (reckless), (imprudent).
mettle 1. Courage and fortitude; spirit: troops who showed their mettle in combat.
2. Inherent quality of character and temperament.
( ) , ; , (spirit), ; .
moralistic 1. Characterized by or displaying a concern with morality.
47

2. Marked by a narrow-minded morality.
, , ; .
principled Based on, marked by, or manifesting principle: a principled decision; a highly
principled person.
() , ; , .
pedantic Characterized by a narrow, often ostentatious concern for book learning and formal
rules: a pedantic attention to details.
, , .
positivistic Any of several doctrines or viewpoints, often similar to Comte's, that stress
attention to actual practice over consideration of what is ideal
[] , .
empirical 1. a. Relying on or derived from observation or experiment: empirical results that
supported the hypothesis. b. Verifiable or provable by means of observation or
experiment: empirical laws.
2. Guided by practical experience and not theory, especially in medicine.
1 [] , []; [] .
2 , ; .
dogmatic 1. Relating to, characteristic of, or resulting from dogma.
2. Characterized by an authoritative, arrogant assertion of unproved or
unprovable principles.
, ; <> , , .
flammable Easily ignited and capable of burning rapidly; inflammable.
[]
noxious 1. Harmful to living things; injurious to health: noxious chemical wastes.
2. Harmful to the mind or morals; corrupting: noxious ideas.
, () [](injurious; () .
plead 1. To appeal earnestly; beg: plead for more time.
2. To offer reasons for or against something; argue earnestly: plead against a
bill.
3. To provide an argument or appeal
4. Law. a. To put forward a plea of a specific nature in court: plead guilty. b. To
make or answer an allegation in a legal proceeding. c. To address a court as a
lawyer or an advocate.
() [] ; , [];() []
drone 1. To make a continuous low dull humming sound
48

2. To speak in a monotonous tone: The lecturer droned on for hours.
3. To pass or act in a monotonous way.
, < > .
() [], [ ]
, () ; , , .
pest 1. An annoying person or thing; a nuisance.
2. An injurious plant or animal, especially one harmful to human beings.
3. A deadly epidemic disease; a pestilence.
1 , [], [, ]
2 , , (pestilence); ,
irksome Causing annoyance, weariness, or vexation; tedious
, , , .
nondescript Lacking distinctive qualities; having no individual character or form
, , (vague).
indict 1. To accuse of wrongdoing; charge: a book that indicts modern values.
2. Law. To make a formal accusation or indictment against (a party) by the
findings of a jury, especially a grand jury.
<> , ; < > <> () []
nominal 1. a. Of, resembling, relating to, or consisting of a name or names. b. Assigned to
or bearing a person's name: nominal shares.
2. Existing in name only.
3. Insignificantly small; trifling: a nominal sum.
1. []; < > , (slight)
2 [];
figurehead 1. A person given a position of nominal leadership but having no actual authority.
2. Nautical. A carved figure on the prow of a ship.
[] ; ] ().
autocrat A ruler having unlimited power; a despot.
2. A person with unlimited power or authority: a corporate autocrat.
, .
bishop A high-ranking Christian cleric, in modern churches usually in charge of a diocese
and in some churches regarded as having received the highest ordination in
unbroken succession from the apostles.
] ( ) (), () .
cloister 1. A covered walk with an open colonnade on one side, running along the walls of
49

buildings that face a quadrangle.
2. A place, especially a monastery or convent, devoted to religious seclusion.
3. A secluded, quiet place.
1. To shut away from the world in or as if in a cloister; seclude.
2. To furnish (a building) with a cloister.
1 [] ( ) , .
2 ( ), .
[] ; < >
tribunal 1. Law. a. A seat or court of justice. b. The bench on which a judge or other
presiding officer sits in court.
2. A committee or board appointed to adjudicate in a particular matter.
3. Something that has the power to determine or judge: the tribunal of public
opinion.
, , () ; <the > () []; [] .
statutory 1. Of or relating to a statute.
2. Enacted, regulated, or authorized by statute.
1 [ ], ().
2 ; .
monolithic 1. Constituting a monolith: a monolithic sculpture.
2. Massive, solid, and uniform: the monolithic proportions of Stalinist
architecture.
3. Constituting or acting as a single, often rigid, uniform whole: a monolithic
worldwide movement.
1 ; [] .
2 ; .
malapropism Ludicrous misuse of a word, especially by confusion with one of similar sound.
1 . .
2 .
heresy 1. a. An opinion or a doctrine at variance with established religious beliefs,
especially dissension from or denial of Roman Catholic dogma by a professed
believer or baptized church member. b. Adherence to such dissenting opinion
or doctrine.
2. a. A controversial or unorthodox opinion or doctrine, as in politics, philosophy,
or science. b. Adherence to such controversial or unorthodox opinion.
, , , ; []
50

hoax 1. An act intended to deceive or trick.
2. Something that has been established or accepted by fraudulent means.
To deceive or cheat by using a hoax.
; () , ; .
<> ,
cognitive Of, characterized by, involving, or relating to cognition
, ; .
gaffe A clumsy social error; a faux pas
, .
perjury 1. Law. The deliberate, willful giving of false, misleading, or incomplete testimony
under oath.
2. The breach of an oath or a promise..
] (); (),
liturgy A prescribed form or set of forms for public Christian ceremonies; ritual.
; ( ) .
skirmish 1. A minor battle in war, as one between small forces or between large forces
avoiding direct conflict.
2. A minor or preliminary conflict or dispute: a skirmish over the rules before the
debate began.
] , ; , .
duel 1. A prearranged, formal combat between two persons, usually fought to settle a
point of honor.
2. A struggle for domination between two contending persons, groups, or ideas.
; ( []) , ,
feud A bitter, often prolonged quarrel or state of enmity, especially such a state of
hostilities between two families or clans.
( ) , ;, .
bout 1. A contest between antagonists; a match: a wrestling bout.
2. A period of time spent in a particular way; a spell
( ) ; , ; () (turn), .
() (spell); () (fit).
sparring [] ; [].
crusade 1. Any of the military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the 11th,
12th, and 13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims.
51

2. A holy war undertaken with papal sanction.
3. A vigorous concerted movement for a cause or against an abuse.
[] ; ( ) (); ( ) ; (
) , ()
anvil A heavy block of iron or steel with a smooth, flat top on which metals are shaped
by hammering.
gong 1. A rimmed metal disk that produces a loud, sonorous tone when struck with a
padded mallet.
2. A usually saucer-shaped bell that is struck with a mechanically operated
hammer.
() , ; ( ) , (gong bell).
pestle A club-shaped, hand-held tool for grinding or mashing substances in a mortar.
; .
mortar A vessel in which substances are crushed or ground with a pestle.
, (); .
gavel A small mallet used by a presiding officer or an auctioneer to signal for attention or
order or to mark the conclusion of a transaction.
( ) .
lectern A reading desk with a slanted top holding the books from which scriptural passages
are read during a church service.
(); ( )
scalpel A small, straight knife with a thin, sharp blade used in surgery and dissection.
[] .
insignia 1. A badge of office, rank, membership, or nationality; an emblem.
2. A distinguishing sign.
( ) , ; () ; () .
podium 1. An elevated platform, as for an orchestra conductor or a public speaker.
2. A stand for holding the notes of a public speaker; a lectern.
(dais), (), .
caret A proofreading symbol (^) used to indicate where something is to be inserted in a
line of printed or written matter.
() [ ] ()
* karat : A unit of measure for the fineness of gold, equal to 1/24 part.
: ; 24karats (: k., kt.)
52

tongs A grasping device consisting of two arms joined at one end by a pivot or hingelike
scissors.
, ,
comma A punctuation mark (,) used to indicate a separation of ideas or of elements within
the structure of a sentence.
2. A pause or separation; a caesura.
spin 1. a. To draw out and twist (fibers) into thread. b. To form (thread or yarn) in this
manner.
2. a. To tell, especially imaginatively: spun tales for the children. b. To prolong or
extend: spin out a visit with an old friend.
3. To cause to rotate swiftly; twirl.
, ; < > <> .
() ,
caulk 1. To make watertight or airtight by filling or sealing: caulk a pipe joint; caulked
the cracks between the boards with mud.
2. Nautical. To make (a boat) watertight by packing seams with a waterproof
material, such as oakum or pitch.
<> ; < > .
seal 1. To affix a seal to in order to prove authenticity or attest to accuracy, legal
weight, quality, or another standard.
2. a. To close with or as if with a seal. b. To close hermetically. c. To make fast or
fill up, as with plaster or cement. d. To apply a waterproof coating to: seal a
blacktop driveway.
3. To grant, certify, or designate under seal or authority.
< > , ; .. () , , (ratify);
( ) [], (confirm); [](certify);
( ) .
, < > ;
gallon A unit of volume in the U.S. Customary System, used in liquid measure, equal to 4
quarts (3.785 liters).
purify 1. To rid of impurities; cleanse.
2. To rid of foreign or objectionable elements.
3. To free from sin, guilt, or other defilement.
1 ; , (refine).
53

2 .
3 [ ()] , () .
align 1. To arrange in a line or so as to be parallel: align the tops of a row of pictures
2. To adjust (parts of a mechanism, for example) to produce a proper relationship
or orientation: aligning the wheels of a truck.
3. To ally (oneself, for example) with one side of an argument or cause: aligned
themselves with the free traders.
1 [ ]; , .
2 < > () [] (ally)
weary To make or become weary, tired.
1 () ;
2 .
Synonyms: tire, weary, fatigue, exhaust, jade.
verify 1. To prove the truth of by presentation of evidence or testimony; substantiate.
2. To determine or test the truth or accuracy of, as by comparison, investigation,
or reference: conducted experiments to verify the hypothesis.
1 [, ]; < > < > [
] , .
2 () [] , , .
centrifuge An apparatus consisting essentially of a compartment spun about a central axis to
separate contained materials of different specific gravities, or to separate
colloidal particles suspended in a liquid
().
colander A bowl-shaped kitchen utensil with perforations for draining off liquids and rinsing
food.
() .
damp Slightly wet.
1. To make damp or moist; moisten.
2. To extinguish (a fire, for example) by cutting off air.
3. To restrain or check; discourage.
4. Music. To provide (the strings of a keyboard instrument) with dampers as a
means of reducing the dynamic level.
5. Physics. To decrease the amplitude of (a wave).
, .
1 <> (moisten).
54

2 < > , ; < > , , ;
<> ; <> .
3 <() > ; <> ; [] <> .
perforate 1. To pierce, punch, or bore a hole or holes in; penetrate.
2. To pierce or stamp with rows of holes, as those between postage stamps, to
allow easy separation.
1 , <> ( ) ; <>
2 , (pierce).
stanch 1. To stop or check the flow of (blood or tears, for example).
2. To stop the flow of blood from (a wound).
3. To check or allay: My anxiety is stanched; I am at peace
1 () < > [] .
2. < > ; <> .
roll call 1. The reading aloud of a list of names of people, as in a classroom or military
post, to determine who is present or absent.
2. The time fixed for such a reading.
1 ( ) ,
2 ( ) .
cloture A parliamentary procedure by which debate is ended and an immediate vote is
taken on the matter under discussion.
concession ; (); , ; , (from the verb, concede)
quorum The minimal number of officers and members of a committee or an organization,
usually a majority, who must be present for valid transaction of business. (
).
filibuster The use of obstructionist tactics, especially prolonged speechmaking, for the
purpose of delaying legislative action
<> ( ) , ; ( ) .
lubricate 1. To apply a lubricant to.
2. To make slippery or smooth.
To act as a lubricant.
* lubricant : A substance, such as grease or oil, that reduces friction when applied
as a surface coating to moving parts.
55

1 < > , ; <> .
2 ; < > .
abrasion 1. The process of wearing down or rubbing away by means of friction.
2. a. A scraped or worn area. b. A scraped area on the skin or on a mucous
membrane, resulting from injury or irritation.
1 () []; .
2 , ; () ; ( ) , .
burnish 1. To make smooth or glossy by or as if by rubbing; polish.
2. To rub with a tool that serves especially to smooth or polish.
A smooth, glossy finish or appearance; luster.
, ; [] , .
n. () ; , , .
decompose 1. To separate into components or basic elements; disintegrate
2. To cause to rot.
( ) ; < > ; [].
vent 1. To give often forceful expression or utterance to.
2. To release or discharge (steam, for example) through an opening.
3. To provide with a vent.
, , [];
( ) , ( ) .
distillation 1. The evaporation and subsequent collection of a liquid by condensation as a
means of purification: the distillation of water.
2. The extraction of the volatile components of a mixture by the condensation and
collection of the vapors that are produced as the mixture is heated: petroleum
distillation.
3. A distillate
(); , , .
tamp 1. To pack down tightly by a succession of blows or taps.
2. To pack clay, sand, or dirt into (a drill hole) above an explosive.
1 () ( ) ,
2 < > .
adhesion 1. The act or state of adhering.
2. Attachment or devotion; loyalty.
3. Assent or agreement to join.
56

(), , ; ; ; ; ; [] (); [] .
irrigate 1. To supply (dry land) with water by means of ditches, pipes, or streams; water
artificially.
2. To wash out (a body cavity or wound) with water or a medicated fluid.
3. To make fertile or vital as if by watering.
1 <> , <> [, ].
2 [] < > [()].
3 , .
detoxify 1. To counteract or destroy the toxic properties of.
2. To remove the effects of poison from.
, .
deviance 1. The act of deviating or turning aside.
2. An abnormality; a departure: Vice was a deviation from our nature (Henry
Fielding).
3. Deviant behavior or attitudes.
4. Divergence from an accepted political policy or party line.
5. Deflection of a compass needle caused by local magnetic influence, especially
on a ship.
( ) , ()
incubator 1. An apparatus in which environmental conditions, such as temperature and
humidity, can be controlled, often used for growing bacterial cultures, hatching
eggs artificially, or providing suitable conditions for a chemical or biological
reaction.
2. Medicine. An apparatus for maintaining an infant, especially a premature
infant, in an environment of controlled temperature, humidity, and oxygen
concentration.
3. A place or situation that permits or encourages the formation and
development, as of new ideas: the college campus as an incubator of radical
new sociological concepts.
[, ] ; ; () ; .
strut A bar or rod used to brace a structure against forces applied from the side.
() , ().
lever 1. A simple machine consisting of a rigid bar pivoted on a fixed point and used to
transmit force, as in raising or moving a weight at one end by pushing down on
the other.
57

2. A projecting handle used to adjust or operate a mechanism.
3. A means of accomplishing; a tool: used friendship as a lever to obtain
advancement.
axle The bar of rod on which a wheel or wheels turn.
[] () , .
buttress A structure, usually brick or stone, built against a wall for support or
reinforcement.
1. To support or reinforce with a buttress.
2. To sustain, prop, or bolster
(); ( ); ()[], , .
; , ; < > ; <>
rivet A metal bolt or pin having a head on one end, inserted through aligned holes in the
pieces to be joined and then hammered on the plain end so as to form a second
head.
1. To fasten or secure with or as if with a rivet.
2. To hammer the headless end of so as to form a head and fasten something.
3. To fasten or secure firmly; fix.
4. To engross or hold (the attention, for example).
1 , ; < >
2 ; .
3 < > , () []
deflect To turn aside or cause to turn aside; bend or deviate.
( ) ( ); <[]> [];
( ), [](swerve)
prune The partially dried fruit of any of several varieties of the common plum
1. To trim away by cutting away dead or overgrown branches on shoots
2. To shorten and improve (a speech or book) by removing unnecessary parts.
3. To curtail, reduce
1 < > , ; <> (),
2 < > ; < > (reduce); < >
58

hedge A row of closely planted shrubs or low-growing trees forming a fence or boundary.
1. To enclose or bound with or as if with hedges.
2. To hem in, hinder, or restrict with or as if with a hedge.
3. To minimize or protect against the loss of by counterbalancing one transaction,
such as a bet, against another.
4. to avoid giving a direct answer or commitment.
() ;
1 < > .
2 <> ; () , <( )> ; <
> () ,
3 <> ; .
shuck 1. a. A husk, pod, or shell, as of an ear of corn, a pea, or a hickory nut. b. The
shell of an oyster or a clam.
2. Informal. Something worthless.
1. To remove the husk or shell from.
2. Informal. To cast off: shucked their coats and cooled off; a city trying to
shuck a sooty image.
1 ( ) (husk), , (pod), (shell); <> ( )
2 < s> <>
1 <> [] .
3 , .
arbitrate 1. To judge or decide in or as in the manner of an arbitrator: arbitrate a dispute
between neighbors.
2. To submit to settlement or judgment by arbitration: Management and labor
agreed to arbitrate their remaining differences.
() , []; <>
.
correspond 1. To be in agreement, harmony, or conformity.
2. To be similar or equivalent in character, quantity, origin, structure, or function.
3. To communicate by letter, usually over a period of time.
1 <> () [], ,
2 <> () ,
3 <> () ,
59

parry 1. To deflect or ward off (a fencing thrust, for example).
2. To deflect, evade, or avoid: He skillfully parried the question with a clever
reply.
1 < > , , (avert), ( ) .
2 < > , ( ) , .
shirk To avoid or neglect (a duty or responsibility).
> , (evade);
hurl 1. To throw with great force; fling.
2. To send with great vigor; thrust: hurled the army against the enemy.
3. To throw down; overthrow.
4. To utter vehemently: hurled insults at the speaker
1 <> ( ) , ; < > ()
2 () , , .
3 ,
subpoena A writ requiring appearance in court to give testimony.
To serve or summon with such a writ.
, , () .
, .
suborn 1. To induce (a person) to commit an unlawful or evil act.
2. Law. a. To induce (a person) to commit perjury. b. To procure (perjured
testimony).
1 ; .
2 [] <> .
conscript One compulsorily enrolled for service, especially in the armed forces; a draftee.
Enrolled compulsorily; drafted.
To enroll compulsorily into service; draft.
<> () , ; < > [].

dally 1. To play amorously; flirt.
2. To trifle; toy.
3. To waste time; dawdle.
1 ( ) , ; () .
2 ( , ) ; ()
3 ( ) , ,
trespass 1. To commit an offense or a sin; transgress or err.
60

2. Law. To commit an unlawful injury to the person, property, or rights of
another, with actual or implied force or violence, especially to enter onto
another's land wrongfully.
3. To infringe on the privacy, time, or attention of another:
1 [] ( ) , ( )
2 <A( )> [](encroach).
3 <> () , (sin), ()
squander To spend wastefully or extravagantly; dissipate.
< > ; , , .
harbor 1. To give shelter to: harbor refugees; harbor a fugitive.
2. To provide a place, home, or habitat for: a basement that harbors a maze of
pipes; streams that harbor trout and bass.
3. To entertain or nourish (a specified thought or feeling): harbor a grudge.
1 < > , ; < > .
2 < > .
embezzle To take (money, for example) for one's own use in violation of a trust.
) [].
wield 1. To handle (a weapon or tool, for example) with skill and ease.
2. To exercise (authority or influence, for example) effectively.
1 < > . a sword
2 < > , , < > . authority
usurp 1. To seize and hold (the power or rights of another, for example) by force and
without legal authority.
2. To take over or occupy without right: usurp a neighbor's land.
1 < > [ ] , [].
2 [()] , .
impede To retard or obstruct the progress of.
< > , ,
Synonyms: hinder, hamper, impede, obstruct
extemporize To do or perform (something) without prior preparation or practice: extemporized
an acceptance speech.
1 [].
2 [, , ](improvise).
3 .
61

improvise 1. To invent, compose, or recite without preparation.
2. To make or provide from available materials: improvised a dinner for the
unexpected guests; improvise a makeshift tourniquet
< > [] [, ]; < >
, .
friction 1. The rubbing of one object or surface against another.
2. Conflict, as between persons having dissimilar ideas or interests; clash.
3. Physics. A force that resists the relative motion or tendency to such motion of
two bodies in contact.
1 [] .
2 ; , , .
distillate 1. A liquid condensed from vapor in distillation.
2. A purified form; an essence
1 (), .
2 () []; , .
anodize To coat (a metallic surface) electrolytically with a protective or decorative oxide.
] <> , .
vaporize To convert or be converted into vapor.
[].
astringent A substance or preparation, such as alum, that draws together or constricts body
tissues and is effective in stopping the flow of blood or other secretions.
1. Medicine. Tending to draw together or constrict tissues; styptic.
2. Sharp and penetrating; pungent or severe: astringent remarks.
[] , ; < > , ; <( )> .
[] (); . .
analgesic A medication that reduces or eliminates pain.
, ; [].
coagulant An agent that causes a liquid or sol to coagulate.
euphoria A feeling of great happiness or well-being.
; ( ) .
drowsy 1. Dull with sleepiness; sluggish.
2. Produced or characterized by sleepiness.
3. Inducing sleepiness; soporific.
62

, ; , ; .
emollient 1. Softening and soothing, especially to the skin.
2. Making less harsh or abrasive; mollifying: the emollient approach of a
diplomatic mediator.
Noun) 1. An agent that softens or soothes the skin.
2. An agent that assuages or mollifies.
<> () ; ; .
n. [] (), .
crease A line made by pressing, folding, or wrinkling.
To make a pressed, folded, or wrinkled line in.
1 ( ) (fold, rumple); () .
2 ( ) (wrinkle).
serration 1. The state of being serrate.
2. A series or set of teeth or notches.
3. A single tooth or notch in a serrate edge.
1 , ().
2 [ , ]
* serrate : Having or forming a row of small, sharp, projections resembling the
teeth of a saw: serrate teeth; a serrate talon; Having a saw-toothed edge or
margin notched with toothlike projections: serrate leaves.
braid 1. a. To interweave three or more strands, strips, or lengths of in a diagonally
overlapping pattern: braided the rags into a strong rope. b. To create
(something) by such interweaving: braid a rug. c. To style (the hair) by such
interweaving. d. To mingle (discrete elements, for example) as if by such
interweaving: braided the ideas into a complex thesis.
2. To decorate or edge (something) with a trim of interwoven strands: finished
the jacket by braiding the collar and cuffs.
3. To fasten or decorate (hair) with a band or ribbon.
1 < > , ; < > .
2 <> ( ) , (bind); < >
crack 1. To break or snap apart.
2. To make a sharp, snapping sound.
3. To break without complete separation of parts; fissure: The mirror cracked.
63

4. To change sharply in pitch or timbre, as from hoarseness or emotion. Used of
the voice.
5. To break down; fail: The defendant's composure finally began to crack.
6. To have a mental or physical breakdown: cracked under the pressure.
7. To move or go rapidly: was cracking along at 70 miles an hour.
8. Chemistry. To break into simpler molecules by means of he
1 < > , <> .
2 [, , (become fissured),
].
3 <> []; .
4 <> < >( ) , ,
pluck 1. To remove or detach by grasping and pulling abruptly with the fingers; pick:
pluck a flower; pluck feathers from a chicken; plucked a rabbit from the hat.
2. To pull out the hair or feathers of: pluck a chicken.
3. To remove abruptly or forcibly: plucked the child from school in midterm.
4. To give an abrupt pull to; tug at: pluck a sleeve.
noun
1. The act or an instance of plucking.
2. Resourceful courage and daring in the face of difficulties; spirit.
3. The heart, liver, windpipe, and lungs of a slaughtered animal.
1 [] ; < > () ;
2 [](pull, snatch), (grasp);
3 <> [ ] , , .
[] , ; , .
verve 1. Energy and enthusiasm in the expression of ideas, especially in artistic
performance or composition: The play lacks verve.
2. Vitality; liveliness.
( ) , , ; () , , .
Synonyms: vigor, dash, punch, verve, vim, vitality.
flinch 1. To start or wince involuntarily, as from surprise or pain.
2. To recoil, as from something unpleasant or difficult; shrink.
() []; ( ) ,
Synonyms: recoil, blench, quail, shrink, flinch.
gall 1. A bitter, alkaline, brownish-yellow or greenish-yellow fluid that is secreted by
64

the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and discharged into the duodenum and aids
in the emulsification, digestion, and absorption of fats ; bile.
2. a. Bitterness of feeling; rancor. b. Something bitter to endure: the gall of
defeat.
3. Outrageous insolence; effrontery.
1 ( ) , ; , . the of repentance
2 , ; , . vent one's on
3 <> .
Synonyms: temerity, audacity, effrontery, nerve, cheek, gall.
grovel 1. To behave in a servile or demeaning manner; cringe.
2. To lie or creep in a prostrate position, as in subservience or humility.
3. To give oneself over to base pleasures
1 <> , ; <> , , (crawl);
, . before authority
2 (wallow). be ing in petty sentimentality
poise 1. A state of balance or equilibrium; stability.
2. Freedom from affectation or embarrassment; composure.
1 [](balance) ().
2 , , ()(equanimity); (stability),
Synonyms: balance, equilibrium, equipoise, poise.
fidget 1. To behave or move nervously or restlessly.
2. To play or fuss; fiddle: He fidgeted with his notes while lecturing.
() , , ;
cringe 1. To shrink back, as in fear; cower.
2. To behave in a servile way; fawn.
1 <> ( ) . I d at the sight of blood
2 <> ( ) , .
regale 1. To provide with great enjoyment; entertain.
2. To entertain sumptuously with food and drink; provide a feast for.
[ ] , [] (delight, gratify)
Synonyms: amuse, entertain, divert, regale.
nag 1. To annoy by constant scolding, complaining, or urging.
2. To torment persistently, as with anxiety or pain.
> ; <> ; <> ()
jeer To speak or shout derisively; mock.
65

) , , ,
deride To speak of or treat with contemptuous mirth.
, []
* derision 1. a. Contemptuous or jeering laughter; ridicule. b. A state of being
derided: The proposal was held in derision by members of the board.
2. An object of ridicule; a laughingstock.
cower To cringe in fear.
( ) ,
slouch 1. To sit, stand, or walk with an awkward, drooping, excessively relaxed posture.
2. To droop or hang carelessly, as a hat.
1 , [, ].
2 <( )> .
vigilant On the alert; watchful.
1 <> , ( )
2 <> .
Synonyms: aware, cognizant, conscious, sensible, awake, alert, watchful, vigilant.
reprimand To reprove severely, especially in a formal or official way.
, ; , , .
adversity 1. A state of hardship or affliction; misfortune.
2. A calamitous event.
, , (misfortune).
Synonyms: misfortune, adversity, mishap, mischance.
fret 1. To cause to be uneasy; vex.
2. a. To gnaw or wear away; erode. b. To produce a hole or worn spot in;
corrode.
3. To form (a passage or channel) by erosion.
4. To disturb the surface of (water or a stream); agitate.
, ;
rant To speak or declaim in a violent, loud, or vehement manner; rave.
, , , , (rave); ;
sedative Having a soothing, calming, or tranquilizing effect; reducing or relieving anxiety,
stress, irritability, or excitement.
Noun) An agent or a drug having a soothing, calming, or tranquilizing effect.
[] < > . pills ; n. (sedative agent).
66

epidemic 1. Spreading rapidly and extensively by infection and affecting many individuals in
an area or a population at the same time: an epidemic outbreak of influenza.
2. Widely prevalent: epidemic discontent.
noun
1. An outbreak of a contagious disease that spreads rapidly and widely.
2. A rapid spread, growth, or development: an unemployment epidemic.
> ; < > , ; < >
; < > , .
n. () , , ; () ; ( ) .
laxative A food or drug that stimulates evacuation of the bowels.
(), .
anesthetic An agent that causes loss of sensation with or without the loss of consciousness.
[]( ).
antidote 1. A remedy or other agent used to neutralize or counteract the effects of a
poison.
2. An agent that relieves or counteracts: jogging as an antidote to nervous
tension.
1 .
2 ( ) [] ,
narcotic 1. An addictive drug, such as opium, that reduces pain, alters mood and behavior,
and usually induces sleep or stupor. Natural and synthetic narcotics are used in
medicine to control pain.
2. A soothing, numbing agent or thing.
adjective
1. Inducing sleep or stupor; causing narcosis.
2. Of or relating to narcotics, their effects, or their use.
3. Of, relating to, or intended for one addicted to a narcotic.
1 <> [ ] ; []; .
2 <> () .
3 ().
, , .
relapse 1. To fall or slide back into a former state.
2. To regress after partial recovery from illness.
3. To slip back into bad ways; backslide.
1 ( ) (fall back); ( ) , ,
67

(backslide).
2 <> .
stimulant 1. An agent, especially a chemical agent such as caffeine, that temporarily
arouses or accelerates physiological or organic activity.
2. A stimulus or an incentive.
3. A food or drink, especially an alcoholic drink, believed to have a stimulating
effect.
1. [] , .
2 ; , , .
3 [] , .
tonic An agent, such as a medication, that restores or increases body tone.
[]; () .
resuscitate To restore consciousness, vigor, or life to.
1 , ( ) , <> .
2 , .
Synonyms: revive, restore, resuscitate, revivify.
insomnia Chronic inability to fall asleep or remain asleep for an adequate length of time.
, ()
dyslexia A learning disorder marked by impairment of the ability to recognize and
comprehend written words.
[] ,
hemophilia Any of several hereditary blood-coagulation disorders in which the blood fails to clot
normally because of a deficiency or an abnormality of one of the clotting
factors. Hemophilia, a recessive trait associated with the X-chromosome, is
manifested almost exclusively in males.
[] ()
paranoia 1. A psychotic disorder characterized by delusions of persecution or grandeur,
often strenuously defended with apparent logic and reason.
2. Extreme, irrational distrust of others.
, , .
pediatrics The branch of medicine that deals with the care of infants and children and the
treatment of their diseases.
().
dermatology The branch of medicine that is concerned with the physiology and pathology of the
skin.
68

pathology The scientific study of the nature of disease and its causes, processes,
development, and consequences.
; , .
cauterize 1. To burn or sear with a cautery.
2. To deaden, as to feelings or moral scruples; callous.
1 [] < > ; .
2. <> .
* cautery: An agent or instrument used to destroy abnormal tissue by burning,
searing, or scarring, including caustic substances, electric currents, lasers, and very
hot or very cold instruments.
discomfit 1. To make uneasy or perplexed; disconcert.
2. To thwart the plans of; frustrate.
1 <> , ; < > , .
3 (baffle), (disconcert).
Synonyms: embarrass, abash, chagrin, discomfit, disconcert, faze, rattle
sterilize 1. Not producing or incapable of producing offspring.
2. a. Not producing or incapable of producing seed, fruit spores, or other
reproductive structures. Used of plants or their parts. b. Producing little or no
vegetation; unfruitful: sterile land.
3. Free from live bacteria or other microorganisms: a sterile operating area;
sterile instruments.
4. Lacking imagination, creativity, or vitality.
5. Lacking the power to function; not productive or effective; fruitless: a sterile
discussion.
1 < > , .
2 <> (), ; <> .
3 <> , ; <> .
4 < > , [] ; < >
, ; < > [, ()] .
antiseptic 1. Of, relating to, or producing antisepsis.
2. Capable of preventing infection by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.
3. Thoroughly clean; aseptic.
4. Of or associated with the use of antiseptics.
5. a. Devoid of enlivening or enriching qualities. b. Free of disturbing or
69

unpleasant features; sanitized: an antiseptic version of history.
1 []; , ; , [].
2 .
n. [].
optometrist A person who is professionally trained and licensed to examine the eyes for visual
defects, diagnose problems or impairments, and prescribe corrective lenses or
provide other types of treatment.
, [] .
oncology The branch of medicine that deals with tumors, including study of their
development, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
[] .
cardiology The medical study of the structure, function, and disorders of the heart.
().
ethics , ; .
epistemology The branch of philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge, its presuppositions
and foundations, and its extent and validity.
[] .
rhetoric 1. a. The art or study of using language effectively and persuasively. b. A treatise
or book discussing this art.
2. Skill in using language effectively and persuasively.
3. a. A style of speaking or writing, especially the language of a particular
subject: fiery political rhetoric. b. Language that is elaborate, pretentious,
insincere, or intellectually vacuous: His offers of compromise were mere
rhetoric.
4. Verbal communication; discourse.
( ) (); ; ( ) ,
; <> []; , ; < > ( ), [
] ; (). , .
theology The study of the nature of God and religious truth; rational inquiry into religious
questions.
70

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T&G world (http://my.dreamwiz.

sage One venerated for experience, judgment, and wisdom.

mumbled an insincere apology.

2. To chew slowly or ineffectively without or as if without teeth.

strut To walk with pompous bearing; swagger.

poise state of balance or equilibrium; stability; Freedom from affectation or

[](balance) (); , , ()(equanimity); (stability), .

indolent 1. a. Disinclined to exert oneself; habitually lazy. b. Conducive to inactivity or

laziness; lethargic: humid, indolent weather.

2. a. Causing little or no pain: an indolent tumor. b. Slow to heal, grow, or

develop; inactive: an indolent ulcer.

Synonyms: lazy, idle, indolent, slothful.

slothful Disinclined to work or exertion; lazy. ,

forge A furnace or hearth where metals are heated or wrought; a smithy.

1. a. To form (metal, for example) by heating in a forge and beating or

hammering into shape. b. To form (metal) by a mechanical or hydraulic press.

forge a close relationship.

3. To fashion or reproduce for fraudulent purposes; counterfeit: forge a

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cacophony Jarring, discordant sound; dissonance

levee 1. An embankment raised to prevent a river from overflowing.

2. A small ridge or raised area bordering an irrigated field.

carve 1. To divide into pieces by cutting; slice: carve a roast turkey. 2

3. To make or form by or as if by cutting: carve initials in the bark; carved out an

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barter To trade goods or services without the exchange of money.

blush 1. To become red in the face, especially from modesty, embarrassment, or

2. To become red or rosy.

3. To feel embarrassed or ashamed: blushed at his own audacity.

bore 1. To make a hole in or through, with or as if with a drill.

2. To form (a tunnel, for example) by drilling, digging, or burrowing.

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2. A young or inexperienced person.

(a)New and untried or inexperienced: a fledgling enterprise; a fledgling skier.

daunt To abate the courage of; discourage

trepidation A state of alarm or dread; apprehension ;An involuntary trembling or quivering.

2. An eddying motion of the atmosphere that interrupts the flow of wind.

tyranny 1. A government in which a single ruler is vested with absolute power.

2. The office, authority, or jurisdiction of an absolute ruler.

3. Absolute power, especially when exercised unjustly or cruelly

2. To weaken, injure, or impair, often by degrees or imperceptibly; sap: Late

hours can undermine one's health.

3. To dig a mine or tunnel beneath.

obtrusive 1. Thrusting out; protruding: an obtrusive rock formation.

2. Tending to push self-assertively forward; brash: the obtrusive behavior of a

3. Undesirably noticeable: an obtrusive scar.

glaring 1. Shining intensely and blindingly: the glaring noonday sun.

2. Tastelessly showy or bright; garish.

3. Conspicuous; obvious: a glaring error.

4. Staring with anger, fierceness, or hostility: glaring eyes.

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vacillate 1. To sway from one side to the other; oscillate.

2. To swing indecisively from one course of action or opinion to another.

resolute Firm or determined; unwavering.

venerate To regard with respect, reverence, or heartfelt deference.

Synonyms: revere, worship, venerate, adore, idolize.

viable 1. Capable of living, developing, or germinating under favorable conditions.

2. Capable of living outside the uterus. Used of a fetus or newborn.

3. Capable of success or continuing effectiveness; practicable: a viable plan

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