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Bharat Electronics: Project Report
Bharat Electronics: Project Report
PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED BY:
NAME : NARENDER KUMAR
ROLL NO: 2724031002
INSTITUTE: SUNDERDEEP
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ENGINEERING COLLEGE
CONTENTS
1 : CERTIFICATE
2 : ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3 : PREFACE
4 : BHARAT ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
5 : COMPANY PROFILE
6 : FORMATION OF GZB. UNIT
7 : ROTATION PROGRAME
8 : INTRODUCTION TO RADAR
9 : PROJECT ON IFF UNIT
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CERTIFICATE
TO WHOM SO EVER IT MAY CONCERN
They worked diligently and made valuable contribution during this period. All
their works are genuine and original.
PROJECT GUIDE)
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2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude towards
institutefor forwarding my training letter to Bharat
Electronics, Ghaziabad and also to Mr. Tapas Bose, Manager, Bharat
Electronics, Ghaziabad for accepting my letter and allowing me to
complete my training in Bharat Electronics.
Finally, I would like to thanks each and every member of BEL family for
making me feel comfortable and helping me in every possible manner.
Name.
Roll No..
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3. PREFACE
With the ongoing revolution in electronics and communication where
innovations are taking place at the blink of eye, it is impossible to keep
pace with the emerging trends.
Excellence is an attitude that the whole of the human race is born with. It is
the environment that makes sure that whether the result of this attitude is
visible or otherwise. A well planned, properly executed and evaluated
industrial training helps a lot in collocating a professional attitude. It
provides a linkage between a student and industry to develop an awareness
of industrial approach to problem solving, based on a broad understanding
of process and mode of operation of organization.
During this period, the student gets the real experience for working in the
industry environment. Most of the theoretical knowledge that has been
gained during the course of their studies is put to test here. Apart from this
the student gets an opportunity to learn the latest technology, which
immensely helps in them in building their career.
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4. ABOUT
BHARAT ELECTRONICS
LIMITED (BEL)
THE INDUSTRY
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BEL was born to meet the growing needs of Indian Defence services for
electronic systems. Employing the best engineering talent available in the country,
BEL has progressed manufacturing state-of-the-art products in the field of Defence
Electronics like Communications including encryption, Radars and strategic
components.
Over the years, BEL has diversified to meet the needs of civilian customers
as well and has provided products and network solutions on turnkey basis to
customers in India and abroad.
With the Research & Development efforts, its engineers have fructified it into
a world-class organization. The company has a unique position in India of having
dealt with all the generations of electronic component and equipment. Having started
with a HF receiver in collaboration with T-CSF of France, the companys equipment
designs have had a long voyage through the hybrid, solid-state discrete component
to the state-of-art integrated circuit technology. In the component arena also, the
company established its own electron valve
manufacturing facility. It moved on to semiconductors with the manufacture of
germanium and silicon devices and then to manufacture of Integrated circuits. To
keep in pace with the component and equipment technology, its manufacturing and
product assurance facilities have also undergone sea change. The design groups
have CADDs facility, the manufacturing has CNC machines and a Mass
Manufacture Facility, and QC checks are performed with multi-dimensional profile
measurement machines. Automatic testing machines, environmental labs to check
extreme weather and other operational conditions are there. All these facilities have
been established to meet the stringent requirements of MIL grade systems.
Product mix of the company are spread over the entire electromagnetic (EM)
spectrum ranging from tiny audio frequency semiconductor to huge radar systems
and X-ray tubes on the upper edge of the spectrum. Its manufacturing units have
special focus towards the product ranges like Defence Communications, Radars,
Optical & Opto-electronics, Telecommunications, Sound and Vision broadcasting,
Electronic components, etc.
BEL has nurtured and built a strong in-house R&D base by absorbing
technologies from more than 50 leading companies worldwide and DRDO labs for a
wide range of products. A team of more than 800 engineers is working in R&D. Each
unit has its own R&D Division to bring out new products to the production lines.
Central Research Laboratory (CRL) at Bangalore and Ghaziabad works as
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independent agency to undertake contemporary design work on state-of-art and
futuristic technologies. About 70% of BELs products are of in-house design.
BEL was amongst the first Indian companies to manufacture computer parts
and peripherals under arrangement with International Computers India Limited (ICIL)
in 1970s. BEL assembled a limited number of 1901 systems under the arrangement
with ICIL. However, following Governments decision to restrict the computer
manufacture to ECIL, BEL could not progress in its computer manufacturing plans.
As many of its equipment were microprocessor based, the company continued to
develop computers based application, both hardware and software. Most of its
software requirements are in real time. EMCCA, software intensive naval ships
control and command system is probably one of the first project of its nature in India
and Asia. BEL has won a number of national and international awards for Import
Substitution, Productivity, Quality, Safety etc.
Today, BEL has set up impressive infrastructure spread in 9 location with 29-
production division and manufacturing facilities in their ISO-9001/9002 certified
production units around the country. They are Bangalore, Ghaziabad, Pune, Taloja
(Maharashtra), Hyderabad, Panchkula (Haryana), Chennai, Machilipathnam (A.P.)
and Kotdwara (U.P.)
BEL has won a number of national and international awards for Import
Substitution, Productivity, Quality, Safety Standardization etc. BEL was ranked no.1
in the field of Electronics and 46 th overall among the top 1000 private and public
sector undertakings in India by the Business Standard in its special supplement "The
BS 1000 (1997-98)". This organization also stands on number 7 th position in the best
100 public and private companies according to the "electronic for u" in 2002. BEL
was listed 3rd among the Mini Ratnas (category II) by the Government of India, 49 th
among Asia's top 100 Electronic Companies by the Electronic Business Asia and
within the top 100 worldwide Defence Companies by the Defence News, USA.
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VARIOUS UNITS
Its corporate office is at Bangalore. Bangalore complex is
the BELs first and largest unit and it accounts for two-thirds of
both the companys turnover and manpower. This units product
range covers over 300 Defence and Civilian products.
Ghaziabad is the second largest unit of BEL and it specializes
in radars, communication equipments & microwave-
components.
In total BEL has got 9 units. These are distributed in all over the India as:
GHAZIABAD
PANCHKULA
MACHILIPATNAM
PUNE
HYDERABAD
CHENNAI
KOTDWARA
TALOJA
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Bangalore (Karnataka)
BEL started its production activities in Bangalore in 1954 with 400W high
frequency (HF) transmitter and communication receiver for the Army. Since then, the
Bangalore Complex has grown to specialize in communication and Radar/Sonar
Systems for the Army, Navy and Air Force. BEL's in-house R&D and successful tie-
ups with foreign Defence companies and Indian Defence Laboratories has seen the
development and production of over 300 products in Bangalore alone. The Unit has
now diversified into manufacturing of electronic products for the civilian customers
such as DOT, VSNL, AIR and Doordarshan, Meteorological Dept., ISRO, Police,
Civil Aviation, and Railways. As an aid to Electorate, the unit has developed
Electronic Voting Machines that are produced at its Mass Manufacturing Facility
(MMF).
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included Static and Mobile Radars, Troposcatter equipment,
professional grade Antennae and Microwave components.
JOINT VENTURES
BE-Delft Electronics Limited, Pune, the first joint venture of the company with
Delft Instruments, Holland and UTI was established in the year 1990 for
conducting research, development and manufacture of Image Intensifier Tubes and
associated high voltage power supplies for use in military, security and commercial
systems. Its products include night vision goggles and binoculars, night vision
weapon sights and low light level input applications.
2. GE BE Private Limited
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CORPORATE MOTTO, MISSION AND
OBJECTIVES
Corporate Objectives
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(f) Research and Development as well as through collaboration/co-
operation with Defence/National Research Laboratories, International
Companies, Universities and Academic institutions.
Quality Policy
Quality Objectives
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Besides, there are two Central Research Laboratories (CRL) located at Bangalore
and Ghaziabad, to address futuristic technologies of interest to BEL.
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5. CUSTOMER PROFILE
Equipment
Defence
Army Tactical and Strategic Communication Equipment and
Systems, Secrecy Equipment, Digital Switches, Battlefield
Surveillance Radars, Air Defence and Fire Control Radars,
Opto-Electronic Instruments, Tank Fire Control Systems,
Stabilizer Systems, Stimulators and Trainers.
Navy Navigational, Surveillance, Fire Control Radars, IFF,
SONAR Systems, Torpedo Decoys, Display Systems, EW
Systems, Simulators, Communication Equipment and
Systems.
Air Force Surveillance and Tracking Radars, Communication
Equipment and Systems, IFF and EW Systems.
Non-Defence
Para-Military Communication Equipment and Systems.
Space Department Precision Tracking Radars, Ground Electronics, Flight and
On-Board Sub-systems.
All India Radio MW, SW & FM Transmitters.
Doordarshan Low, Medium and High Power Transmitters, Studio
(TV Network) Equipment, OB Vans, Cameras, Antennae, Mobile and
Transportable Satellite Uplinks.
NCERT TV Studios on Turnkey Basis for Educational Programs.
Department of Transmission Equipment (Microwave and UHF) and PCM
Telecommunications Multiplex, Rural and Main Automatic Exchanges, Flyaway
Satellite Terminals, Solar Panels for Rural Exchanges.
Videsh Sanchar MCPC VSATs, SCPC VSATs, Flyaway Earth Stations. Hub
Nigam and other Stations, Up/Down Convertors, LNA Modems
Corporate Bodies
Civil Aviation Airport Surveillance Radars, Secondary Surveillance
Radars.
Meteorological Cyclone Warning and Multipurpose Meteorological Radars.
Department
Power Sector Satellite Communication Equipment.
Oil Industry Communication Systems, Radars.
Forest Departments, Communication Systems.
Irrigation &
Electricity Boards
Medical & Clinical and Surgical Microscope with Zoom.
Health Care
Railways Communication Equipment for Metros, Microwave Radio
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Relays, Digital Microwave Radio Relays.
3. Components
4. Systems / Network
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6 Formation of unit
In the mid 60's, while reviewing the defence requirement of the country, the
government focused its attention to strengthen the air defence system, in particular
the ground electronics system support, for the air defence network. This led to the
formulation of a very major plan for an integrated Air Defence Ground Environment
System known as the Plan ADGES with Prime Minister as the presiding officer of the
apex review committee. At about the same time, Public attention was focused on the
report of the Bhabha Committee on the development and production of electronic
equipment. The ministry of defence immediately realized the need to establish
production capacity for meeting the electronic equipment requirements for its Plan
ADGES.
BEL was then entrusted with the task of meeting the development and
production requirement for the Plan ADGES and in view of the importance of the
project it was decided to create additional capacity at a second unit of the company.
In December 1970 the Govt. sanctioned an additional unit for BEL. In 1971,
the industrial license for manufacture of radar and microwave equipment was
obtained; 1972 saw the commencement of construction activities and production
was launched in 1974.
Over the years, the Unit has successfully manufactured a wide variety of equipment
needed for defence and civil use. It has also installed and commissioned a large
number of systems on turnkey basis. The Unit enjoys a unique status as
manufacturer of IFF systems needed to match a variety of Primary Raiders. More
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than 30 versions of IFFs have already been supplied traveling the path from vacuum
technology to solid-state to latest Microwave Component based system.
PRODUCT RANGE
The product range today companies:
1. Radar Systems:
3-Dimensional High Power Static and Mobile Radar for the Air Force.
Low Flying Detection Radar for both the Army and the Air force.
Tactical Control Radar Systems for the Army
Battlefield Surveillance Radar for the Army
1. IFF Mk-X Radar systems for the Defence and Export
2. ASR/MSSR systems for Civil Aviation.
1. Radar & allied systems Data Processing Systems.
2. Communications:
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3. Antenna:
4. Microwave Component:
Most of these products and systems are the result of a harmonious combination of
technology absorbed under ToT from abroad, defence R&D Laboratories and BEL's
own design and development efforts.
Organization:
I. Microwave Components.
Support Divisions :
a. Material Management,
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b. Marketing & Customer Co-ordination,
c. Quality Assurance & Torque,
d. Central Services,
e. PCB & Magnetics,
f. Information Systems,
g. Finance & Accounts,
h. Personnel & Administration,
a. Management Services.
Design facilities are also constantly being modernized and substantial computer-
aided design facilities are being introduced including installation of mini- and micro-
computers and dedicated design application. About 170 graduate and post-graduate
engineers are working on research and development and indication of the
importance R&D has in BEL's growth.
Three Design and Engineering groups are product based viz. Communication,
Radar and Antenna. These divisions are further divided into different departments to
look after products of a particular nature. Each of them has a drawing office attached
to them, which are equipped with latest drafting and engineering software. The PCB
layout and PCB master making is done at CADD Centre. A central Records &
Printing section takes care of the preserving the engineering documents and
distribution thereof. Most of the engineering documents are available online.
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Train Actuated Warning System
Magnesium Manganese Dioxide Battery Packs
Dosimeter Locket
Telemedicine System
VLSI & ASCIs
7 ROTATION PROGRAMME
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1. Oscilloscope (C.R.O)
2. Multimeter
3. Signal Analyzer
4. Logical Pulsar
5. Counters
6. Function Generator etc.
for every industry to have its own calibration unit if it can afford it.
Moreover those who have this unit can make memory by providing
their standards to others.
Test equipment and automation laboratory mainly deals with
the equipment that is used for testing and calibration.This section
calibrates and maintains the measuring instrument mainly used for
Defense purpose. A Calibration is basically testing of equipment with a
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standard one. It is done with the help of standard equipment should be
of some make, model and type.
The national physical laboratory (NPL) New Delhi provides the
standard values yearly. BEL follows International Standard Organization
(ISO) standard. The test equipment is calibrated either half yearly or
yearly.
After testing, different tags are labeled on the equipment according
to the observations.
GREEN ---O.K, Perfect
YELLOW --- Satisfactory but some trouble is present
RED --- Cannot be used, should be disposed off.
INTRODUCTION:-
As the name suggests, printed circuit board refers to a
board on which a circuit is imprinted. The circuit appears as copper
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tracks on non conducting surface. Here the surface or the board is a
glass epoxy sheet with copper coating on either both sides or on one
side only. The board material is not restricted to glass epoxy only, it can
be any hard surface (non conducting) with copper coating. In some
cases we use Teflon sheets also.
Generally the PCBs can be categorized in three forms viz.:
SINGLE SIDED PCB
DOUBLE SIDED PCB
MULTI LAYERED PCB
In the following sections we would consider the various steps
which come together to fabricate a single or double sided PCBs :-
1-Launching
2-C.N.C. Drilling
3-Through Hole Plating
4-Photo Tool Generation
5-Photo Resist Printing
6-Pattern Plating
7-Resist/Tin Stripping & Etching
8-Solder Masking
9-Hot Air Leveling
10-Reverse Marking
11-Routing, Shearing & Deburring
12-Inspection
MAGNETICS
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This department is making all types of transformers and coils that
are used in various equipments. This department basically consists of
four sections:
1. Planning section
2. Mechanical assembly section
3. Moldings section
4. Inspection
The D & E department gives the following description numbers
of layers, numbers of turns /layers, types of winding , gapes in core ,
insulation between layers , ac/dc impedance , dielectric strength ,
electrical parameters and earthing.
The various types of transformer being made are:
1.Open type transformer
2.Oil cooling types transformer
3.Moulding type transformer
4.PCB moulding type transformer
The transformer is mechanically assembled, leads are taken out
and checking of specification is done .
Winding machines are of three types:
1. Heavier one DNR for 0.1 to 0.4 mm diameter.
2. LC control machine
3. Torroidal machines having 32 operations from winding to mechanical
assembly.
The various types of windings used are :-
1. Hand-winding
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2. Torroidal-winding
3. Sector-winding
4. Pitch-winding
5. Variable winding
6. Wave winding
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10. Termination
11. Testing: dielectric testing is done at 50 KV voltage applied for a
minimum of one minute. During inspection, the following characteristics
are checked :-
(a)Turn ratio
(b)DC resistance of or each coil
(c) Inductance
(d)No load voltage
(e)Leakage
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MICROWAVE LABORATORY
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Drawings of various equipments that are to be tested is
obtained and testing is performed on manufactured part. In the antenna
section as well as SOHANA site various parameters such as
gain, bandwidth, VSWR, phase, return loss, reflection etc. are checked.
The instruments used for this purpose are as follows:-
1.Filters
2.Isolators
3.Reflectors
4.Network Analyzers
5.Spectrum Analyzers
6.Amplifiers and Accessories
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CS -(ELECTRICAL)
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Current transformers are used at the main station for the measurement
of power consumption. Lighting arresters are used at the main station to
protect the station and all the electrical equipments from being
damaged. For extra security two different set of lighting arresters are
used one above the other so that station is not damaged at any cost and
the excess charge gets grounded.
There are five sub stations at BEL which receive the power from
main station at 11 KV and stepped down to 433 V for the use of various
machines in the factory. The transformers being used
at various sub stations are of rating1600 KVA. These sub stations
provide power to different divisions of the factory. Like the main station
these stations are also provided with lighting arresters, ACBs, OCBs
and gang operated switches.
In case of power failure there are two generators, which can
supply the power to production divisions only, and some other important
sections. These generators are imported from Czechoslovakia and are
of Ascorda make. These generators are air starting type and need a
pressure of 1000 Pound for starting. These can develop a power of 325
bhp. And consume 400 Litres/Hr. of diesel each. Each generator is
having 6 cylinders. These have a firing order of 15-36-24 to operate the
cylinders in the same order. These are of capacity 860 KV and each
generator generates 400 V at 50 Hz.This voltage is stepped up by a
transformer to 11KV and supplied to the sub stations
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ENVIRONMENTAL LAB
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3. Low Temperature Operate and Storage
4. Altitude Test
5. Bump / Vibrations Test
6. Salt Spray Test
7. Tropical Exposure Test
8. Rain Test
9. Humidity Test
10. Dust Test
11.Transportation Test
12. Shock Test
13. Burn in Test
WORKS ASSEMBLY
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4. Writing list of all components.
In work assembly following things are done.
Preparation:
This is done before mounting and undertakes two procedures.
Tinning:
The resistors, capacitors and other components are tinned with
the help of tinned lead solution. The wire coming out from the
component is of copper and it is tinned nicely by applying flux on it is so
that it does not tarnished and seventh soldering becomes easy.
Bending:
Preparation is done by getting the entire documents j, part list
drawing and bringing all the components before doing the work.
Mounting:
It means soldering the components of the PCB plate with the
help of soldering tools. The soldering irons are generally of 25 W and
are of variable temperature, one of the wires of the components is
soldered so that they dont move from their respective places on the
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PCB plate. On the other hand of the component is also adjusted so that
the PCB does not burn.
Wave Soldering:
This is done in a machine and solder sticks on the entire path,
which are tinned. Wave soldering machine consists of following parts
1. Conveyor
2. Fluxer
3. Heater
4. Flux Cleaner
Touch up:
This is done by hand after the finishing is done.
Inspection:
This comes under quality work.
Heat ageing:
This is done in environment lab at temperature of 40 0C
for 4 hrs and three cycles.
8 INTRODUCTION TO RADAR :
RADAR :-
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An elementary form of radar consists of a transmitting antenna emitting
electromagnetic radiation generated by an oscillator, a receiving
antenna, and an energy detecting device or receiver. A position of the
transmitted signal is intercepted by a reflecting object (target) and is re-
radiated in all the directions. The receiving antenna collects the returned
energy and delivers it to a receiver, where it is processed. The distance
to the target is determined by measuring the time taken by the radar
signal to travel and come back. The direction or angular position of the
target may be determined from the detection of arrival of the reflected
wavefront .
that the radar beam sweeps through 300 degrees all around the ship out
to a range of about 90 kilometers.
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In all RADARS it is vital that the transmitting and receiving in the
transceiver are in close harmony. Everything depends on accurate
measurement of the time which passes between the transmission of the
pulse and the return of the ECHO about 1,000 pulses per second are
transmitted. Though it is varied to suit requirements. Short pulses are
best for short-range work, longer pulses are better for long range.
An important part of the transceiver is the modulator circuit. This
keys the transmitter so that it can oscillate, or pulses, for exactly the
right length of time. The pulses so generated are video pulses. These
pulses are short range pulses and hence cannot serve out purpose of
long-distance communication. In order to modify these pulses into radio
frequency pulses or RF pulses, we need to generate power. The
transmitted power is generated in a device called magnetron, which
can handle these very short pulses and very high oscillations.
Between each pulse, the transmitter is switched off and isolated.
The weak echoes from the target are picked up by the antenna and fed
into the receiver. To avoid overlapping of these echoes with the next
transmitted pulse, another device called duplexer is used. Thus, by
means of a duplexer, undisturbed, two-way communication is
established. The RF echoes emerging from the duplexer are now fed
into the mixer where they are mixed with pulses of RF energy. These
pulses are generated by means of a local oscillator. Once the two are
mixed, a signal is produced in the output witch is of intermediate
frequency range or IF range. The IF signals is received by a receiver
where it is demodulated to video frequency range, amplified, and then
passed to the display unit.
The display unit usually carried all the controls necessary for the
operation of the whole radar. It has a cathode ray tube, which consist of
an electron gun in its neck. The gun shoots a beam of electron at a
phosphorescent screen at the far end. The phosphorescent screen
glows when hit by the electrons and, the resulting spot of light can be
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When an echo is received it brightens up the trace for a moment. This is
a blip, and its distance from the center of the tube corresponds exactly
with the time taken for the radar pulse to travel to the target and return.
So that blip on the screen gives the range and bearing of the target. As
the trace rotates, a complete picture is built up from the coating of the
tube. This type of display is called a PPI (plane position indicator) and is
the most common form of presenting radar information.
TYPES OF RADAR
Based on its functions, RADAR may be classified as:
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the aircraft, on receipt of a chain of pulses from the ground interrogator,
automatically transmits a reply. The reply, coded for purposes of
Identification is received back at the ground interrogator where it is
decoded and displayed on a radar type presentation.
The secondary radar gives the aircraft identity code and height data
derived from a pressure capsule in the aircraft. In the Secondary
Surveillance Radar (SSR), by providing the interrogation pulses above
the minimum triggering level, the transponder makes a powerful reply.
This enables the interrogator transmitters to be of lower power and the
ground equipment simpler.
IFF ANTENNA
RF SWITCH UNIT
MODE S DRAWER
(INTERROGATOR DECODER)
GROUND / SHIP PPI
INTERROGATOR
9 PROJECT ON IFF
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IFF SYSTEM BASIC PRINCIPLE
GENERAL
The identification of Friend and Foe (IFF) is basically a radar
beacon system employed for the purposes of general identification of
military targets. The beacon system when used for the control of civil air
traffic is called as secondary surveillance radar (SSR).
Primary radar locates an object by transmitting a signal and
detecting the reflected echo. A secondary radar system is similar in
ration to primary radar except that the return signal is radiated from a
transmitter on board the target rather than by reflection, i.e. it operates
with a co-operative active target while the primary radar operates with
passive target.
Secondary radar system consists of an interrogator and a
transponder. The interrogator transmitter in the ground station
interrogates transponder equipped aircraft, providing a two way data link
on separate transmitting and receiving frequencies. The transponder, on
board the aircraft, on receipt of a chain of pulses from the ground
interrogator, automatically transmits a reply, coded for purposes of
identification, is received back at the ground interrogator where it is
decoded and displayed on a radar type presentation.
a) Reply pulses are stronger than the echo signals of primary radar.
b) Separate transmitting and receiving frequencies eliminate ground
clutter and weather return problems.
c) Reply signal is independent of target cross section.
d) Interrogation and reply path coding provide discrete target
identification and altitude data.
The interrogator transmitter operates in S Band at 1030 MHz and the
airborne transponder operates at 1090 MHz.
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BASIC CONSIDERATIONS:
OPERATION
The SSR system can operate in association with both static and
mobile primary radar or independently with its own monitor display. The
transmitter can be triggered either internally or externally. Interrogations
are pre-triggered with respect to the primary radar pulse transmission
(external triggering) to provide for a timing match between radar echoes
and SSR replies at the PPI display. The PRF of the interrogation
transmission is either the same as the primary radar or counted down to
maintain a nominal value as the case may be. The interrogation modes
provide for separation of replies by function. For e.g., mode C is the
automatic altitude mode. Interlacing of two modes is done to update
identity and altitude data on each scan of the ground based antenna.
PURPOSE
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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
INTERROGATION SIGNAL
P1 P2 P3
The three pulses viz P1, P2, P3 are produced to achieve the 3 pulse
side lobe suppression. The pulses P1, P2 and P3 are of same width viz
0.8 microseconds each.
The P1 and P3 pulses occur at discrete pulse intervals and the P1, P3
combination is known as MODE. The aircraft transponder on receipt of
the mode pulses P1and P3 recognizes the mode and responds with its
suitable reply code.
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that amplitude of P1 and P3 are greater than that of P2 only along the
direction of the main beam of the signal. In all other directions, amplitude
of P2 is greater than that of the other pulses. The target is required to
respond only when it finds the amplitude of the P1 and P3 greater than
that of P2.
MODE PULSES
MODE 1
MODE 2
MODE
3/A
MODE C
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The
MODE 1
MODE 2
MODE
3/A
MODE C
MODE S
C 21 Altitude-Height
C1 1.45
A1 2.90
C2 4.35
A2 5.80
C4 7.25
A4 8.70
X 10.15
B1 11.60
D1 13.05
B2 14.50
D2 15.95
B4 17.40
D4 18.85
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The position of the X pulse is specified only as a technical
standard and at present is not used. It is reserved for future use. Thus,
eliminating the pulse X, the reply code train consists of 12 pulses formed
by A B C D combination and bracketed within F1 and F2 pulses. All reply
pulses have pulse duration of 0.45 0. 1 microsecond and pulse rise
time between 0.05 to 0.1 microseconds and pulse decay time
CODE NOMENCLATURE
The code designation consists of digits between 0 and 7 inclusive and
consists of the sum of the subscripts of the pulse numbers.
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Thus, there are 8 possible ABCD combinations, making 4096 total code
possibilities extending from 0000 to 7777.
a) NORMAL REPLY
The normal reply consists of the F1; F2 frame pulses bracketed the
code pulses appropriate to that particular aircraft for the mode of
interrogation
b) MODE 1 REPLY
c) MODE 2 REPLY
e) MODE 3 REPLY
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The aircraft transponders response to mode 3 interrogation, consisting
of P1, P3 spaced at 8 micro second . The mode 3 reply is assigned
differently in certain areas or zones.
f) MODE C REPLY
The replies on the above modes of interrogation consist of the two frame
pulses F1, F2 spaced at 20.3 microseconds apart bracketing the
information code pulses.
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ALL AIRCRAFT
EMER / COMMN SIGNAL
FAILURE
52
MILITARY EMERGENCY CONDITION
For identification purposes, when two SPI pulses are identified in a reply
code train, the reply code is declared as military emergency.
CIVIL EMERGENCY
GARBLE INDICATION
SYSTEM OPERATIONS
The IFF decoder processing unit does the decoding of the received
signal and generates video pulses to be displayed on the PPI at the
request of the operator. Such type of video presentation is known as the
passive decoding. By examining all the code trains received and then
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decoding only the ones chosen by the PPI operator at a particular
scope, the passive decoding circuits present the data as slashes or arcs
on the PPI. The slashes are generated by the symbol generation
circuitry.
The operator can select the mode and code he wants to monitor, and
see on his PPI the identification for only the air craft replying in that
mode and with that particular code.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
Operating Principle
The Interrogator-Decoder system with integrated feed
antenna is designed to identify aircraft fitted with MK-X transponders
within the intended radius of operation. The intended range of operation
of IFF is specified as 90 kilometers when integrated with INDRA PC
MK11 RADAR.
Interrogation is done by radiating two RF pulses P1 and P3 with
interval depending upon mode of interrogation through a directional
pattern. Pulse P2 is radiated through control pattern for achieving
interrogation side lobe suppression (ISLS). The transponder fitted in
aircraft compares pulse P1 and P2 and initiates reply only if P1 is
greater than P2 by 9dB corresponding to reception within main beam of
directional pattern. Separation between P1 and P3 is used for identifying
the mode of interrogation and selecting the corresponding replies. The
reply consists of two framing pulses (F1 and F2) with 12 possible pulses
within the frame. Presence or absence of these pulses determines the
reply code to one of the 4096 possible combinations. The mode/code
combinations of friendly aircraft are preset on the ground equipment and
identification is done by matching the received code with the preset
code. After matching, the video signals are send to the primary radar
system.
i. Passive decoding
ii. Active decoding
54
PASSIVE DECODING
In passive decoding, the IFF video-processing unit (decoder unit)
along with decoding the reply code generates video pulses to be
displayed on the PPI. The operator sets the mode and code
55
Passive height match
The display on the passive height match on the PPI consists of a
slash with width equal to 5 times the normal slash width. There will
be two slashed on over the radar reply and the second slash with
5 times the width of the first slash and precedes the first arc by
24.65 secs.
ACTIVE DECODING
With the help of designation pulse generated from primary radar display,
the actual code of the designated target can be read on control unit by
means of active decoding. The mode for active decoding can be
selected with the help of thumbwheel switches (as in passive decoding)
56
provided in the control units. The code is then displayed on a 4 digit
numeric indicator. The fifth digit displays the validity of the incoming
code. Altitude of the target aircraft can also be displayed on control unit
when the IFF is operated in mode C.
Radars are also fitted on board of some aircraft to warn the pilot of air
turbulence and thunderstorms. They now play an important role in
weather forecasting and are also found on board spacecraft,
57
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF INTERROGATOR - DECODER
TX POWER TO RX 240V,A
0-6 MONITOR
C
TX 400W db CAVITY DIPLEXER P1,P2,P3 RF SU P1,P3
STEP ATTN. P2
+12
MODE PULSES V
10db
3 dB 40 dB GATED XTAL
OSCILLATOR
CRYSTAL
1090 MHz
DETECTOR
TX PROCESSER
TRANSMITER PCB
DETECTED RF TEST PULSE
PULSE
58
PRE TRIGGER
MODE PULSE MONITOR
DETECTED RF
TX STATUS TO CONTROL
PANNEL MODULATION FAIL
PRE TRIGGER + MODE INDICATION
PULSE
P1,P2,P3 DETECTOR
TEST PULSES PCB ASSY - TX
TX POWER MONITOR
P1,P2,P3
P1,P2,P3
VARIABLE RF TO/FROM RF
TX 400 W DIPLEXER
ATTENUATOR SWITCH
TX MODULE
RX MODULE
VARIABLE IF SIGNAL
RECEIVER MONITOR
ATTENUATOR
59
REGULATED POWER SUPPLY
MODULE PS III REGULATED
VOLTAGES REGULATION .
CURRENT LIMITING
OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION
REGULATED DC
VOLTAGES
VOLTAGES REGULATION .
CURRENT LIMITING
OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION
REGULATED DC
VOLTAGES
60
POWER SUPPLY 50 V
+ 50 V TO Tx
FOR Tx 400 W
MAINS REGULATED
AC TRANSFORMER PCB + 50 V MONITOR
50 V ON FP AND
CONTROL PANEL
INPUT 240 V
PERFORMS
OUTPUT 51 V
RECTIFICATION
VOLTAGE REGULATION
CURRENT LIMITING
OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION
CURRENT 350 mA
OVERVOLTAGE 54 V
61
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IFF PROCESSOR
INT.
PRY. TRIGGER
EXT. PRY. TRIGGER STATUS
MODE GENERATOR
MODE PULSES TO TX TPA- (PCB ASSY. MG1)
PRY.
400W PRE. MONITOR
TRIGGER
MODE.
TRIGGER
PULSE
RAW VIDEO
TEST VIDEO DECODER DEFRUITER
(PCB ASSY A 010) (PCB ASSY A 011) AA
(MONITOR)
62
SWITCH SETTINGS
x 1 SEC
S1& S2 : Set to align IFF video
position wrt primary video
S1
x 10 SEC
S3 : In ON position ( P2 will not be
generated in OFF position)
S2
S4 : In DELAY mode, ( Generation of
OFF
IFF pre-Trig. wrt Primary Trigger)
P2
ON
S3
ADVANCE
S4
DELAY
PCB ASSY MG 1
MODE GENERATOR
63
SWITCH SETTINGS
SW1
ON
PCB ASSY MC 1
MONITORING & CONTROL
64
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF GRL 600 (SERIES)
SSR IFF FOR INDRA-II PC RADAR
OUT/IN
P30+PI,P2,P3 TX- SHELTER Interrogate
RF
DISPLAY SHELTER
IFFBITE pulse P1,P3 ANTENNA
IFF DECODER INT TX-Rx
& &
VEHICLE
RAW VIDEO
CONTROL PANEL RFSU RF OUT
TX. Rx. STATUS Control pulse
P2
P1,P3
P2 INTERROGATE CH
CONTROL CH.
COUPLER
HYBIRD HYBIRD
COUPLER
65
UNREGULATED POWER SUPPLY PS III
UNREGULATED MODULE
33 V RECTIFIER
UNREGULATED
VOLTAGES
17,18
V RECTIFIER
240 V TRANSFORMER 17,18 V
AC TO
MAINS
RECTIFIER
REGULATED
VOLTAGESSUPPLY
MODULE
RECTIFIER
11,3 V
66