.

,
. , Dr. sc. techn. ETH Zuerich

2007

:
7 154 51 .
. (210) 6725 144, 6722 360 366 389 FAX 382
e-mail : cubus@ath.forthnet.gr
Copyright 2007 by cubus Hellas Ltd

site .

(, , , )
. pdf
.
 1

(Push Over)

1.1
3
1.2 18
1.2.1 (DCM) 20
1.2.2 (CSM) 24
1.3 38
1.4
Push Over 48
1.5 Push Over
56
1.6 59
1.7 66
1.8 75
1.8.1 76
1.8.2 78
1.8.3 79
1.8.4 80
1.9 81
 1

Push Over
1.1

Push Over

1.1

(focus).
, ,
.

.

,
.
,
.
,
, ()
.

, ,
( )

(.. 5%) , .
.
,
,
,

(.. 50 m).

,
,
( )
() (.1.1).

3
 1. Push Over

. 1.1
1986

4
1.1

(.1.2) , ug(t)
:
M(+g) + C + Ku = 0 (1.1)

M(u+ug)
Ku Cu

ug

. 1.2

:
:
g : ()
C :
:
:
u :

, (+g) ,
( Newton).

C
(
Rayleigh).
.
.
,
u (
Hooke).

(g=0),
, =0.

5
 1. Push Over

u = const sin t -max u / max = 1/ 2 = ( / 2 )2 (1.2)

(1.1) M max + K max u = 0 (1.3)

(1.2), (1.3) T = 2 / (1.4)

,
, ,
, .

.
,
( g=10 m/sec2) .
2.5
(.1.3).

1.5 1.6 .
Sd S
Sa , .

S
S = Sa = a (1.5)
2
2
T S
S d = Sa = a2 (1.6)
2

1.3

C,
. ,
.
C, .

(. 1.3) :
- (PGA : Peak Ground Acceleration = g )
(=0.16 0.36 ).

6
1.1

Sa/ (m/sec )
=0.16 0.36

2
g=10 m/sec
:
TB=0.20 sec

25 TC=0.80 sec
1 :
TD=2.00 sec ()
2 : = 2.5
20
3 :
15
25TC/ D
12.5TC ( D = 2 sec)
10

5
1 2 3

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

T (sec)
B C D
Sa/ = 10+15T/TB 25 25TC/T 25TCTD/T
2
(m/sec )
S / (m/sec)

25TC/ 2 = 4C
3.20
4TCTD/ T
S Sa . 2.40
= 2 25T/ 2 = 4
(m/sec) 1.60

0.80

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Sd / (m)

T (sec)

1.25
1.25TC ( D=2 sec)
1.00

0.625TC
0.75
Sd S . Sa . 2

= 2 = ( 2 )
(m) 0.50

0.25

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

T (sec)

. 1.3 ,

7
 1. Push Over

- B, C
:
=0 Sa
g. =B 2.5
, (2.5g)
C. B, C
(.1.1, .1.4, 1.5).
(EC8 .)
(PGA)
.
S 1.1.

. 1.1 B , C (sec) S EC8(2003)

B 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.20

C 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.20

S (EC8) 1.00 1.20 1.15 1.35

Sa/g

2.5

2.0

1.5

B
1.0 A

0.5

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 T (sec)

B C D

. 1.4

8
1.1

Sd/ (m)
1.75

1.50

1.25

1.00

0.75

A
0.50

0.25

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 T (sec)

B C D

. 1.5

C (.1.3)
(~1/) D,
2 3 sec.
D = 2 sec ( 8,
D). , C D,
, , .
D (~1/2).
.
4 sec.
B C
(amplification) 2.5
,
() .
,
:

7
= 0 .7 (1.7)
2+

= 5% = 1.

9
 1. Push Over

(.1.2, .1.6).

. 1.2 T

2
:
4

: 5

6
:
5

: 4

2003 = 5% ,
D=2 sec 0.08 m ( , =0.16) 0.54 m ( ,
=0.36). (. 1.3),
max Sd =1.25 TC (m).

, 0.25 1.70 m/sec,

max S = 4 C (m/sec).

4.0 9.0 m/sec2,

max Sa=25 (m/sec2).
.
, 2003,
0.70.
(push over) .

10
1.1

Sa/(g)

3.5
(%)
3.0

2.5

2.0
= 2%
1.5
= 5%
1.0 = 10%

0.5

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 T (sec)

B C D
Sd / (m)

1.75 (%)

1.50
= 2%

1.25
= 5%
1.00
= 10%
0.75

0.50

0.25

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 T (sec)

B C D

. 1.6

11
 1. Push Over

K
, , .

.

. ()
(
...).
, .
(),
( 1.4, .1.3).
,

. .

, ( )
, , ().
( 1.4).
( )
,
.
, (
) .

.

5%,
20,
(. 1.7).
(.1.7)
.
.
5%.
()
.
,
.

12
1.1

PGA/g

Sa/g
(23/01/1992) 0.200
(17/01/1983) 0.162
1.2 (24/03/1983) 0.299
1.1 (23/03/1983) 0.234

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3 - =0.36
0.2

0.1

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 T (sec)

(cm)

18

16

14

12

10

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

T (sec)

. 1.7

13
 1. Push Over

Sa/g PGA/g
(16/10/1988) 0.167
(24/04/1988) 0.240
(25/02/1993) 0.133

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3 - =0.36
0.2

0.1

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

T (sec)
(cm)

18

16

14

12

10

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 T (sec)

. 1.7

14
1.1

Sa/g
1.2

1.1

1.0

0.9 PGA/g
(26/03/1993) 0.162
0.8 (13/09/1986) 0.268
(15/09/1986) 0.258
0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4
I - =0.24
0.3
B
0.2

0.1

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 T (sec)

(cm)

12
B

10

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 T (sec)

. 1.7

15
 1. Push Over

Sa/g
1.1

1.0

PGA/g
0.9
(14/07/1993) 0.393
0.8 (10/06/1987) 0.124
(26/08/1983) 0.175
0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3 I - =0.24
B
0.2

0.1

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 T (sec)

(cm)

12
B

10

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 T (sec)

. 1.7 ,

16
1.1

Sa/g
1.3
PGA/g
(07/09/1999) 0.156
1.2
-- (07/09/1999) 0.297
-- (07/09/1999) 0.119
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

- =0.16
0.2
B

0.1

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 T (sec)

(cm)

8
B

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 T (sec)

. 1.7

17
 1. Push Over

1.2

,

(stiffness degradation) .
(
) ,
Hooke,
, . ,
( )
, ( ) , .
;
,
( ) .
F=m ,
, ,
(.1.8).

pl + el =
pl el el pl F
F = M F = M
. .

. .

g g

t t

. 1.8

,
. ,

.

.
,
,
;

18
1.2

R,

, , :

Vel S a W 1 SM
R= = = a (1.8)
Vy g Vy Vy

:
Vel :
Sa :
g : 10 m/sec2
Vy :
W :

()
R,
, (R=1).
,
17 ,
. :
- C,

, . R ( ,
.1.9).
- C,

R
C
(C/).
R C/,

( , .1.9) :

C1 = (1.9)
el

19
 1. Push Over

- -
Vel=RVy Vel=RVy

- -

Vy Vy

0 y el= 0 y el =C1 el

. 1.9

1.2.1 (DCM)
T (.1.10 1.11)
,
C1 (
DCM Displacement Coefficient Method).
FEMA 356 :

DCM FEMA 1 1 T
C1 = + 1 C = , 0.10 < T < TC (1.10)
R R T el

C1, R C/ R
,
.

F F

a) b)

. 1.10 . 1.11

20
1.2

R=2

4 DCM, T2=0.4
3.5 MODEL-A
MODEL-B
3
PROPOSITION
2.5
dn /de

2
1.5

1
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Frequency

R=4
8

DCM, T 2=0.4
7
MODEL-A
6 MODEL-B

PROPOSITION
5
dn /de

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Frequency

R=6
9

8 DCM, T 2=0.4
MODEL-A
7
MODEL-B
PROPOSITION
6

5
dn /de

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Frequency

. 1.11 T C1=/el
( , TC= 0.4 sec)

21
 1. Push Over

1.11,
.1.11:

R 1 TC
C1 = 1+ 1 = , 0.10 < T < TC (1.11)
2 T el

1.10 1.11
(.1.12).
/ (m)

FEMA 356 0.50

1.75
( DCM)
0.40
1.50

1.25 0.30
1.00

0.75 0.20 R=6

R=4
R=2
0.50
0.10 R=1
0.25

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
T (sec) C T (sec)
/ (m)
/ (m)

0.50

1.75

0.40
1.50
R=6
1.25 0.30
1.00 R=4

0.75 0.20
R=2
0.50 1.11
0.10 R=1
0.25

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
T (sec) C T (sec)

. 1.12

=/y :

C
= = 1 el = C1 R (1.12)
y y

22
1.2

R, . ,
,
. . ,

.
R, q,
1.5 4.0, (.1.3,
.1.13). ,
Vy (
Vel), :

Vy = Vel / q (1.13)

. 1.3 q 2003

. 3.50

.
1. 3.00


. 50%
2.00
1/3

. 4.00

. * 4.00

. :
2. - 3.00

- V L 1.50

- ( *) 1.00

. 1.50

3. . 2.00

. ( ) 2.50

. 1.00

. 1.50
4.
. 2.00

. 3.00

23
 1. Push Over

Sa/(g)

2.5 q

2.0

1.5
q=1

1.0
q=2

q=3
0.5

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 T (sec)

. 1.13 q

1.2.2 (CSM)


. ATC 40
(CSM Capacity Spectrum Method)

. ,
,
,
.

,
:

Ke = Ki / (1.14)

Te = i (1.15)

24
1.2

D
(.1.14) :

Vy

Ki
Ke
EE

ED

-Vy

. 1.14

ED = 4 Vy ( y ) (1.16)

1
EE = Vy (1.17)
2

100 D 100 4 Vy ( y ) 200 1 1

(1.12) D = = = = 64 % (1.18)
4 E E 2 Vy

,
.

7
nEAK = (1.19)
2 + e

10
EC8 = (1.20)
5 + e

: e = +D % (1.21)
ATC 40
. (. 1.15)
EC8 .
5%.

25
 1. Push Over

1.2

0.8
EAK
=5%
0.6 EC8

ATC40 TB<Ti<Tc

0.4 ATC40 Tc<Ti<TD

0.2

0
0 5 15 25 35 45 55 60
D(%)

. 1.15 D

,
- (ADRS) :
Sa , V
C
Sa-Sd

i

Te = i

e

=/'
D
=/y
Vy
Ke=Ki/

Ke
Ki
y =el ' Sd,

. 1.16

26
1.2

TC < Ti < Te < TD :

2 .5 2 .5
= ' = g TC Te = g C Ti
4 2
4 2

(1.9) = el C1 = el (1.22)

. 1.16 ,
, ,
.
( 1.20).
C1 TC TD
0.70 1.30 1.0 11.0.
C1
<6.5,
.
, C1 = 1.0 (
DCM ATC40).
EC8 C1, ,
:

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

, C1

C1
C1=1
0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

. 1.17 C1 (=5%)

27
 1. Push Over

(. 1.17) ,
=2
.
,
.
.
Ti<TC, ,
(R>1),
.
,
.

.
; H
CSM
.
Ti<Te<TC,
:
32
= (1.23)
37 5 R 2
C1 = (1.24)

(1.9) = el C1 = 0.625 Ti2 C1 (1.25)

R=2.5
Sa/,V/
(m/sec2) Ti=0.33 Te=0.79

25 Tc=0.80
C1=0.16/0.07=2.29

2
20 15.625Tc/(Sd/)

=0.40
15

10

0.07 0.16 0.39

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Sd/,/ (m)

. 1.18 CSM i<Te<TC

28
1.2

Ti<TC<Te, :
2
5 R TC 32
= + (1.26)
37 Ti 37

TC
C1 = (1.27)
Ti

(1.9) = el C1 = 0.625 Ti2 C1 (1.25)

Sa/,V/
(m/sec2) R=6.0
Ti=0.40
Tc=0.80
25
C1= 0.34/0.10 =3.40

2
20 15.625Tc/(Sd/)

=0.38

15
Te=1.80

10

0.10 0.34 0.5 0.93 1.0 1.5 2.0

Sd/,/ (m)

. 1.19 CSM i<TC<Te

TC<Ti<Te
:

5 32
= R2 + (1.28)
37 37

C1 = (1.29)

(1.9) = el C1 = 0.625 Ti TC C1 (1.22)

29
 1. Push Over

Sa/,V/
(m/sec2)
Tc=0.80 R=4.0
25
Ti=1.00 C1=0.38/0.50 =0.76

2
20 15.625Tc/(Sd/)
=0.43

15
Te=1.80

10

0.38 0.5 0.87 1.0 1.5 2.0

Sd/,/ (m)

. 1.20 CSM C<Ti<Te

( )
.
() (
),
( ).
,
.
, ( C),
,
.

DCM .
. (1.11).
i=1/Ti
C1 (.1.21).
DCM .
/10 CSM.
C=0.80 sec ( ) R=2.5, 4.0, 6.0 7.0.

30
1.2

10.0 R=2.5
9.0 Tc=0.80

8.0
7.0 CSM
6.0 DCM
MK
C1

5.0
/10
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0
10.0 R=4.0
9.0 Tc=0.80

8.0
7.0 CSM
6.0 DCM
MK
C1

5.0
/10
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

. 1.21 C1 C=0.80

(.1.21)
2.5 C1
DCM, .
CSM.
,
.
CSM
,
.

31
 1. Push Over

10.0 R=6.0
9.0 Tc=0.80

8.0
7.0 CSM
6.0 DCM
MK
C1

5.0
/10
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0
10.0 R=7.0
9.0 Tc=0.80

8.0
7.0 CSM
6.0 DCM
MK
C1

5.0
/10
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

. 1.21 C1 C=0.80

, =2.5
5 Hz ( =0.4 0.2 sec),
R=4.0 R=6.0 (.1.22).
.
,
(.1.22),
1.7 .

32
1.2

CSM DCM MK ARGO183-1

ATHENS-2 ATHENS-3 ATHENS-4 ARGO183-7
ZAK188-4 ARGO183-8 PAT393-2 LEF194-1
KYP187-1 ARGO192-1 LEF188-2 IER183-3

10.0 R=2.0
Tc=0.40

8.0

6.0
C1

4.0

2.0

0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

CSM DCM MK ARGO183-1

ATHENS-2 ATHENS-3 ATHENS-4 ARGO183-7
ZAK188-4 ARGO183-8 PAT393-2 LEF194-1
KYP187-1 ARGO192-1 LEF188-2 IER183-3

10.0 R=4.0
Tc=0.40

8.0

6.0
C1

4.0

2.0

0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

. 1.22 C1 CSM, DCM, MK

33
 1. Push Over

CSM DCM MK ARGO183-1

ATHENS-2 ATHENS-3 ATHENS-4 ARGO183-7
ZAK188-4 ARGO183-8 PAT393-2 LEF194-1
KYP187-1 ARGO192-1 LEF188-2 IER183-3

10.0 R=6.0
Tc=0.40

8.0

6.0
C1

4.0

2.0

0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

CSM DCM MK KAL186-1 PYR193-8 KAL286-2

R=4.0
10.0 Tc=0.60

8.0

6.0
C1

4.0

2.0

0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

. 1.22 C1 CSM, DCM, MK

34
1.2

CSM DCM MK KAL186-1 PYR193-8 KAL286-2

R=6.0
10.0 Tc=0.60

8.0

6.0
C1

4.0

2.0

0.0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

. 1.22 C1 CSM, DCM, MK

CSM, DCM
MK C=0.80 sec (.1.23).
C1 .

C1/10 CSM DCM MK /100

1.0
0.9
R=2.5
Tc=0.80
0.8
0.7
0.6
/ (m)

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Ti
0.0
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

. 1.23 C=0.80

35
 1. Push Over

C1/10 CSM DCM MK /100

1.0
0.9
R=4.0
Tc=0.80
0.8
0.7
0.6
/ (m)

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Ti
0.0
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0
C1/10 CSM DCM MK /100

1.0
0.9
R=6.0
Tc=0.80
0.8
0.7
0.6
/ (m)

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Ti
0.0
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

. 1.23 C=0.80

C, ,
CSM
DCM.
C1
( ).

R>2.5.

36
1.2

i=C CSM (
).

5 R 2 + 32
min = 0.625 2
C (1.30)
37 R
2
T 5 R2 + 32
C1 = C , 0.20 < i < TC (1.31)
Ti 37 R

C1/10 CSM DCM MK /100

1.0
0.9
R=7.0
Tc=0.80
0.8
0.7
0.6
/ (m)

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Ti
0.0
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

C1/10 CSM DCM MK /100

1.0
0.9
R=9.0
Tc=0.80
0.8
0.7
0.6
/ (m)

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Ti
0.0
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

. 1.23 C=0.80

37
 1. Push Over

DCM R>2.5 .
i
R C.

.

1.3

(. 1.3)
:

C (
),
.
, B
C, ( )
R<2.5 (.1.12),

C D
( ).
(.1.3) :
g max Sa
= 2 .5 2
C = C T 0.625 TC T (1.32)
4 4 2
:

ks = 0.625 TC (1.33)

ks
,
(C).
,
,


(), :

T = (1.34)
ks

38
1.3

, 1.4,

:
2
2
= = M
2
(1.35)

(
),
( ) T.

,
.

C<<D, .
R<2.5,
<<C (. 1.12). R :
(1.8) Vel = Vy R = Sa max Sa M (1.36)

<C
maxSa. C<T :
TC
Sa = 25 (1.37)
T
(1.33) (1.34) (1.37) :

Sa =
(2 k s )2 (1.38)

(1.36) (1.38) :
M M
Vy = (2 k s )2 max Sa (1.39)
R R
2ks = maxSV=4C
(1.39)
:
R=Vel/Vy :
Vy :
:
ks : ( )
:

39
 1. Push Over

max S a = 2.5 g , .

1.12 =C1 R.
>C,
C1 1.0.
<C, C1
1.10 ( DCM) 1.11 ( ).
1.31 ( CSM).
R ( q)
(
).
,
.

, Push Over,
.

. .

, .
.
>C
, .

:

200 m2 , =0.16,
(C=0.80 sec). m2 0.5 t ,
: =1000 m2 0.5 t=500 t.

M =500 t

15.00 m
10.00 m

. 1.24

,
10 m

40
1.3

( ) =0.05 m,
0.05/10=5 :
1.33 : k s = 0.625 C = 0.625 0.16 0.80 = 0.08m / sec

0.05
1.34 : = = = 0.625 sec
k s 0.08

,
x
y, =x=Ty= 0.625 sec.
,
.

, ,
1.39:

Vy =
(2 k s ) M (2 0.08 ) 500 2524
2
=
2
= kN
2.5 0.16 10 500 2000
= kN
R R 0.05 R R R
:
2000 0.40
= =
R 500 g R

R,
, 3.5.
0.40
= = 0.114 11.4%
3 .5
(C=0.40 sec) ks=0.04 m/sec
=0.05/0.04=1.25 sec.
,
:

=
(2 k s )
2
=
(2 0.04 )2 = 0.037 3 .7 %
Rg 3.5 0.05 10

,
. min =0.25=0.250.16=0.04 4%.
,
>C ~(C/T)2/3
~C/T.
=1.25 sec C=0.40 sec 5.4%.

41
 1. Push Over

=0.625 sec,
: =ks=0.6250.04=0.025.
:

=
(2 0.04 )2 = 0.072 7 .2 %
3.5 0.025 10
,
,
.
, .
, .
q ( R),
.
(R=1),
=0.252 25.2%.
,
.
:
1. ,
.

.
2. ,
.
.
(, ..)
3.
. ,

.
,

.
4.

, , , , ..

.

42
1.3

5.


.
.
6.
(performance) .

,
,
,
, .
()
,
,
.
7. ,
. ,

() ,
.

:
(x
y).
e,
,
V ( ).
,

V (. 1.25,
Push Over).
Ti,
:

Ki
Te = Ti (1.40)
Ke

43
 1. Push Over

Vy

Ki

Ke

. 1.25 V ,

(.1.26). 1.4:

M Vy
T = 2 , =
K y

Vy

y

. 1.26

( 1.34):
= ks T

(
1.39):

Vel =
(2 k s ) M
2
max S M
a

Vy ( 1.8):

44
1.3

Vel
R=
Vy

.
,
, .
, .

.
,
Push Over, .
V

Vy

Vu Vu :

u y
. 1.27

:
,
.
.

e=1.25 sec Vy=300 kN.
( 1.34):
= k s Te = 0.08 1.25 = 0.10m

(
1.39) :

Vel =
(2 k s ) M
2
2 .5 g M

Vel =
(2 0.08 ) 500
2

= 1262kN 2000kN
0.10

45
 1. Push Over

Vy=300 kN ( 1.8):
Vel 1262
R= = = 4.20 =
Vy 300 y

, ,
.
,
( pilotis) .
,
, R 1.5 (
).
( .
FEMA 356) ,
:
0.10
(rad ) = = = 10
10.0 10.0

2 6, ,
.

(pilotis), ,
:
0.10
(rad ) = = = 37 (3.0m = )
3 .0 3 .0


.

, ,
, ,
, .
2 .
= 0.002 10 = 0.02m
k s = 0.08m / sec

0.02
(1.34) T= = = 0.25 sec
k s 0.08

46
1.3

. ,
, ( 1.39):

Vy =
(2 k s )2 M = (2 0.08 )2 500 = 6316 2.5 0.16 10 500 = 2000 kN
R R 0.02 R R R
R 1.5,
( ):
2000
Vy = = 1333kN
1.50
:
Vy 1333
= = = 0.27 27%
M g 500 10

,
.
, .
(
Push Over)
,
,
.

(R>2.5) :
(c=0.80 sec), e=0.40 sec R=7.0
1.30 :

min 5 R 2 + 32
= 0.625 C2 = 0.43m
37 R
=0.05 m =0.24
: min=0.430.24=0.10>0.05
. , R=2.5
min = 0.27X0.24 = 0.065 0.05

(1.33 , 1.34) :

T= k s = 0.625 a Tc
ks

47
 1. Push Over

0.05
k s = 0.625 0.24 0.8 = 0.12, T= = 0.42 sec
0.12
, = 0.40 < 0.42,
.
, :
max Sa M 2.5 g M 2.5 0.24 g M
Vy = = = = 0.24 W
R R 2 .5
=0.24.
( R=7.0) 0 = 0.085.
= 0.075 m
=0.24
, (R=4.0), :

10 4 2 + 64
min = 0.24 0.625 0.8 2 = 0.07 < 0.075m
74 4

2.5 0.24
= = 0.15
4

.
.

48