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Bi ging kt cu thp theo tiu chun 22TCN272-05- o Vn Dinh 2015 1
BI GING KT CU THP
(THEO 22TCN272-05 & AASHTO-LRFD 1998)
MC LC
1 I CNG V THIT K KT CU THP ................................................................. 5
1.1 GII THIU CHUNG ................................................................................................... 5
1.1.1 u nhc im v phm vi s dng....................................................................... 5
1/ u im : .......................................................................................................................... 5
2/ Nhc im : .................................................................................................................... 5
3/ Phm vi s dng : ............................................................................................................. 6
1.1.2 Yu cu c bn i vi kt cu thp ....................................................................... 6
1.2 THIT K KT CU THP THEO TIU CHUN 22TCN 272-05 .......................... 7
1.2.1 Quan im chung v thit k .................................................................................. 7
1.2.2 S pht trin ca qu trnh thit k ......................................................................... 7
1.2.3 Nguyn tc c bn ca tiu chun 22TCN 272-05 ............................................... 10
1.2.4 Gii thiu v ti trng v t hp ti trng theo tiu chun 22TCN 272-05 .......... 17
1.3 VT LIU THP XY DNG .................................................................................. 21
1.3.1 Thnh phn ho hc v phn loi thp ................................................................. 22
1.3.2 Khi nim v ng sut d ..................................................................................... 27
1.3.3 Gia cng nhit ....................................................................................................... 28
1.3.4 nh hng ca ng sut lp ( s mi).................................................................. 28
1.3.5 S ph hoi gin ................................................................................................... 31
2 LIN KT TRONG KT CU THP .............................................................................. 33
2.1 GII THIU CHUNG V LIN KT TRONG KT CU THP ............................ 33
2.1.1 Lin kt dng inh: ( inh tn, bu lng) ............................................................... 33
2.1.2 Lin kt hn .......................................................................................................... 33
2.1.3 Phn loi lin kt theo tnh cht chu lc .............................................................. 33
2.2 CU TO LIN KT BU LNG .............................................................................. 34
2.2.1 Cu to , phn loi bu lng ................................................................................... 34
2.2.2 Cc hnh thc cu to ca lin kt bu lng ........................................................... 37
2.2.3 B tr bu lng ........................................................................................................ 39
2.3 LIN KT BU LNG CHU CT ............................................................................. 42
2.3.1 Cc trng hp ph hoi trong lin kt bu lng thng ....................................... 42

2.3.2 Cng chu p mt v cng chu ct ca lin kt ..................................... 44
1/ Cng chu ct ca bu lng ........................................................................................... 44
2/ Cng chu p mt ca bu lng ..................................................................................... 44
2.3.3 Cng chu ma st ca lin kt bu lng cng cao .................................... 48
1/ c im ch to v c im chu lc ca lin kt bu lng cng cao chu ma st, cc
phng php x l b mt thp: ................................................................................................. 48
2/ Tnh ton sc khng trt ...................................................................................................... 49
2.3.4 Tnh ton lin kt bu lng chu ct ....................................................................... 50
2.4 LIN KT BU LNG CHU KO ............................................................................. 59
2.4.1 Lin kt bu lng chu ko ..................................................................................... 59
2.4.2 Lin kt bu lng chu ko v ct kt hp .............................................................. 61
2.5 LIN KT HN .......................................................................................................... 62
2.5.1 Cu to v ch to lin kt hn ............................................................................. 62
2.5.2 Sc khng tnh ton ca mi hn .......................................................................... 72
2.5.3 Lin kt hn lch tm chu ct ............................................................................. 76
2.6 CT KHI................................................................................................................... 80
2.6.1 Ct khi trong lin kt bu lng ............................................................................. 80
2.6.2 Ct khi trong lin kt hn.................................................................................... 81
3 CU KIN CHU KO ..................................................................................................... 84
3.1 c im cu to : ........................................................................................................ 84
3.1.1 Cc hnh thc mt ct : ......................................................................................... 84
3.1.2 Cc dng lin kt : ................................................................................................ 84
3.2 Tnh ton cu kin chu ko ng tm ......................................................................... 85
3.2.1 Tng qut : ........................................................................................................... 85
3.2.2 Sc khng ko chy .............................................................................................. 86
3.2.3 Sc khng ko t ................................................................................................ 86
3.2.4 Gii hn mnh ................................................................................................. 91
4 CU KIN CHU NN ..................................................................................................... 93
4.1 c im cu to .......................................................................................................... 93
4.1.1 Hnh thc mt ct kn ........................................................................................... 94
4.1.2 Hnh thc mt ct h ............................................................................................ 95
4.2 Khi nim v n nh ca ct....................................................................................... 96
4.2.1 Khi nim v mt n nh n hi ........................................................................ 96
4.2.2 Khi nim v mt n nh qu n hi ............................................................... 100
4.3 Tnh ton cu kin chu nn ng tm ....................................................................... 102
4.3.1 Sc khng nn ..................................................................................................... 102
4.3.2 T s b rng/b dy gii hn ............................................................................ 104

4.3.3 T s mnh gii hn ...................................................................................... 105
4.3.4 Cc dng bi ton................................................................................................ 106
5 CU KIN CHU UN TIT DIN CH I ................................................................... 111
5.1 C IM CHUNG V CU TO ........................................................................ 111
5.1.1 Cc kch thc c bn ca dm .......................................................................... 111
5.1.2 Cc loi dm v phm vi s dng: ...................................................................... 112
1/ Dm thp hnh .............................................................................................................. 112
2/ Dm ghp ( dm t hp) ............................................................................................... 112
5.2 S LM VIC CHU UN CA DM I............................................................... 113
5.2.1 Cc giai on lm vic ca mt ct dm chu un thun ty. Khi nim m men
chy v m men do ......................................................................................................... 113
5.2.2 Mmen chy v m men do .............................................................................. 115
5.2.3 S phn b li mmen ........................................................................................ 126
5.2.4 Khi nim v n nh ca dm ........................................................................... 128
5.2.5 Phn loi tit din ............................................................................................... 130
5.2.6 cng .............................................................................................................. 131
5.3 CC TRNG THI GII HN ............................................................................... 132
5.3.1 Trng thi gii hn cng .............................................................................. 132
5.3.2 Trng thi gii hn s dng ................................................................................ 132
5.3.3 Trng thi gii hn mi v t gy..................................................................... 133
5.4 SC KHNG UN CA MT CT DM I.......................................................... 146
5.4.1 nh hng ca mnh ca vch ng n sc khng un ca dm ............... 146
5.4.2 nh hng ca mnh cnh nn n sc khng un ca dm ........................ 153
5.4.3 nh hng ca chiu di t do ca cnh nn n sc khng un ca dm ....... 157
5.4.4 Sc khng un ca tit din I ............................................................................. 166
5.5 SC KHNG CT CA MT CT CH I ........................................................... 174
5.5.1 Sc khng ct tc ng ln dm ......................................................................... 174
5.5.2 Sc khng ct do tc ng trng cng .............................................................. 176
5.5.3 Sc khng ct t hp .......................................................................................... 180
5.5.4 Sc khng ct ca vch khng c sn tng cng ........................................... 181
5.5.5 Sc khng ct ca vch c tng cng........................................................... 183
5.6 SN TNG CNG ............................................................................................. 191
5.6.1 Sn tng cng ng trung gian ...................................................................... 191
5.6.2 Sn tng cng gi ........................................................................................... 197
5.7 MI NI DM ......................................................................................................... 201
5.7.1 Cc loi mi ni dm .......................................................................................... 201
5.7.2 Mi ni cng trng bng bu lng ..................................................................... 202

6 CU KIN CHU UN, LC DC TRC KT HP .................................................. 207
6.1 Cu kin chu un v chu ko kt hp ...................................................................... 207
6.2 Cu kin chu un v chu nn kt hp ...................................................................... 208
6.2.1 M men un s cp v m men un th cp ...................................................... 208
Ti liu tham kho .................................................................................................................... 210
1 I CNG V THIT K KT CU THP

1.1 GII THIU CHUNG
1.1.1 u nhc im v phm vi s dng
1/ u im :
Kt cu thp c s dng rng ri trong cc cng trnh xy dng do c nhng u im c
bn nh sau:
Kt cu thp c kh nng chu lc ln. Do cng ca thp cao nn cc kt cu thp c
th chu c nhng lc kh ln vi mt ct khng cn ln lm, v th c th li dng c
khng gian mt cch hiu qu.
Vic tnh ton kt cu thp c tin cy cao. Thp c cu trc kh ng u, m un n
hi ln. Trong phm vi lm vic n hi, kt cu thp kh ph hp vi cc gi thit c bn ca
sc bn vt liu n hi (nh tnh ng cht, ng hng ca vt liu, gi thit mt ct phng,
nguyn l c lp tc dng).
Kt cu thp nh nht so vi cc kt cu lm bng vt liu thng thng khc (b tng,
gch , g). nh ca kt cu c nh gi bng h s c = / F , l t s gia t trng
ca vt liu v cng F ca n. H s c cng nh th vt liu cng nh. Trong khi b tng
1 1
ct thp (BTCT) c c = 24.10 4 , g c c = 4, 5.10 4 th h s c ca thp ch l
m m
1
3, 7.10 4 (Ti liu [1])
m
Kt cu thp c tnh cng nghip ho cao: N thch hp vi thi cng lp ghp v c kh
nng c gii ho cao trong ch to. Cc cu kin thp d c sn xut hng lot ti xng vi
chnh xc cao. Cc lin kt trong kt cu thp (inh tn, bu lng, hn) tng i n gin,
d thi cng.
Kt cu thp c tnh kn : Vt liu v lin kt kt cu thp khng thm cht lng v cht kh
nn rt thch hp lm cc kt cu cha cc cht lng, cht kh.
Ngoi ra thp cn l vt liu c th ti ch s dng li sau khi cng trnh ht thi hn s
dng , do vy c th xem thp l vt liu thn thin vi mi trng.
So vi kt cu b tng, kt cu thp d kim nghim, sa cha v tng cng.
2/ Nhc im :
Bn cnh cc u im ch yu k trn, kt cu thp cng c hai nhc im:
Kt cu thp d b han g: Trong mi trng m t, c cc tc nhn n mn thp d b
han g, t han g b mt n ph hng c th ch sau mt thi gian ngn. Do vy khi thit k
cn cn nhc dng thp ni thch hp, ng thi kt cu thit k phi thng thong, phi tin
cho vic kim tra sn bo dng .Trong thit k phi lun a ra bin php chng g b mt
cho thp nh sn, m.T nhc im ny dn n h qu l chi ph duy tu bo dng thng
xuyn ca cc kt cu thp thng thng l kh cao. chng g ngi ta cng c th dng
thp hp kim .
Thp chu nhit km. nhit trn 4000C, bin dng do ca thp s pht trin di tc
dng ca tnh ti (t bin ca thp). V th, trong nhng mi trng c nhit cao, nu khng
c nhng bin php c bit bo v th khng c php s dng kt cu bng thp.
3/ Phm vi s dng :
Thp c s dng rng ri trong lnh vc xy dng ni chung cng nh trong xy dng
cu ng ni ring. Trong thc t chng ta c th thy thp c dng lm dm, gin cu,
khung, gin v ko ca cc nh cng nghip, dn dng, cc ct in, cc b cha Tuy nhin,
kt cu thp c bit c u th trong cc kt cu vt nhp ln, i hi thanh mnh cao, chu
ti trng nng v nhng kt cu i hi tnh khng thm.
1.1.2 Yu cu c bn i vi kt cu thp
1/ Yu cu v mt s dng, y l yu cu c bn nht i vi ngi thit k.
- Kt cu thp phi c thit k sc khng li cc ti trng trong sut thi gian
s dng .
- Kt cu thp m bo tui th ra. Hnh dng, cu to phi sao cho tin bo
dng, kim tra v sn bo v.
- p cng l mt yu cu v mt s dng. Kt cu thp phi c hnh dng hi ha
thanh thot, ph hp vi cnh quan chung ca khu vc.
2/ Yu cu v mt kinh t:
- Tit kim vt liu.Thp cn c dng mt cch hp l. Khi thit k cn chn gii
php kt cu hp l, dung cc phng php tnh ton tin tin.
- Tnh cng ngh khi ch to. Kt cu thp cn c thit k sao cho ph hp vi vic
ch to trong xng, s dng nhng thit b chuyn dng hin c, gim cng ch
to.
- Lp rp nhanh
t c hai yu cu c bn trn y cn in hnh ha kt cu thp. in hnh ha tng
cu kin hoc in hnh ha ton b kt cu.
1.2 THIT K KT CU THP THEO TIU CHUN 22TCN 272-05

1.2.1 Quan im chung v thit k
Cng tc thit k bao gm vic tnh ton nhm chng minh cho nhng ngi c trch
nhim thy rng, mi tiu chun tnh ton v cu to u c tha mn. Quan im chung
m bo an ton trong thit k l sc khng ca vt liu v mt ct ngang phi khng nh hn
hiu ng gy ra bi cc ti trng v tc ng ngoi, ngha l
Sc khng ca vt liu Hiu ng ca ti trng hay R Q (1.1)
Khi p dng nguyn tc n gin ny, iu quan trng l hai v ca bt ng thc phi
c nh gi trong cng nhng iu kin. Ni cch khc, s nh gi ca bt ng thc phi
c tin hnh cho mt iu kin ti trng ring bit lin kt sc khng v hiu ng ti trng
vi nhau. Lin kt thng thng ny c quy nh bng vic nh gi hai v cng mt trng
thi gii hn.
Trng thi gii hn (TTGH) c nh ngha nh sau:
Trng thi gii hn l trng thi m nu vt qu ,th kt cu cu hoc mt b phn ca
n khng cn p ng c cc yu cu m thit k t ra cho n.
Cc v d ca TTGH cho cu dm hp bao gm vng, nt, mi, un, ct, xon, mt n
nh (on), ln, p mt v trt.
Mt mc tiu quan trng ca thit k l ngn nga khng t ti TTGH. Tuy nhin,
khng phi l ci ch duy nht. Cc mc tiu khc phi c xem xt v cn i trong thit k
ton th l chc nng, thm m v tnh kinh t. S l khng kinh t nu thit k mt cu m
khng c b phn no c th b ph hoi bao gi. Do , cn phi xc nh u l mc ri ro
hay xc sut xy ra ph hoi c th chp nhn c. Vic xc nh min an ton chp nhn
c (sc khng cn phi ln hn bao nhiu so vi hiu ng ca ti trng) khng phi cn c
vo kin ca mt c nhn m phi da trn kinh nghim ca tp th k s v c quan nghin
cu. Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05, da trn tiu chun AASHTO LRFD (1998) ca
Hip hi cu ng M, c th p ng c cc yu cu trn.
1.2.2 S pht trin ca qu trnh thit k

Qua nhiu nm, qu trnh thit k c pht trin nhm cung cp mt min an ton hp
l. Qu trnh ny da trn nhng kin ng gp trong phn tch hiu ng ca ti trng v
cng ca vt liu s dng.
1.Thit k theo ng sut cho php (-SCP-ASD)-Allowable Stress Design
Cc phng php thit k u tin trong lch s c xy dng tp trung trc ht vo
kt cu thp. Thp kt cu c ng x tuyn tnh cho ti im chy, c nhn bit kh r rng
v thp hn mt cch an ton so vi cng gii hn ca vt liu. an ton trong thit k
c m bo bng quy nh l ng sut do hiu ng ca ti trng sinh ra ch bng mt phn
ng sut chy fy. Gi tr ny tng ng vi vic quy nh mt h s an ton F bng 2, ngha

l.
sc khng, R f
F= = y =2
hiu ng ti trng, Q 0,5 fy
V phng php thit k ny t ra gii hn v ng sut nn c bit n vi tn gi thit
k theo ng sut cho php (Allowable Stress Design, ASD).
Khi phng php thit k theo ng sut cho php mi ra i, hu ht cc cu c cu to
gin hoc vm. Vi gi thit cc cu kin lin kt vi nhau bng cht v kt cu l tnh nh,
vic phn tch cho thy cc cu kin thng ch chu ko hoc chu nn. Din tch hu hiu cn
thit ca mt thanh ko chu ng sut phn b u c xc nh n gin bng cch chia lc
ko T cho ng sut ko cho php ft.
hiu ng ti trng T
din tch hu hiu cn thit Anet =
ng sut cho php ft
i vi cu kin chu nn, ng sut cho php fc ph thuc vo mnh ca cu kin, tuy
nhin, c s xc nh din tch cn thit ca mt ct ngang vn nh trong cu kin chu ko;
din tch mt ct cn thit bng lc nn C chia cho ng sut cho php fc.
hiu ng ti trng C
din tch hu hiu cn thit Agross =
ng sut cho php fc
Phng php ny c p dng trong nhng nm su mi ca th k 19 thit k
thnh cng nhiu cu gin tnh nh nhp ln. Ngy nay, cc cu tng t vn c xy dng
nhng chng khng cn l tnh nh v chng khng cn c lin kt bng cht. Do , ng
sut trong cc cu kin khng cn phn b u na.
Phng php thit k theo ng sut cho php cng c p dng cho dm chu un. Vi
gi thit mt ct phng v quan h ng sut-bin dng tuyn tnh, m un mt ct (m men
chng un) cn thit c th c xc nh bng cch chia m men un M cho ng sut un cho
php fb.
hiu ng ti trng M
m un mt ct cn thit S =
ng sut cho php fb
n trong phng php thit k theo ng sut cho php l gi thit ng sut trong cu kin
bng khng trc khi c ti trng tc dng, ngha l khng c ng sut d tn ti khi ch to.
Gi thit ny t khi ng hon ton nhng n gn ng hn i vi nhng thanh c hn l i
vi nhng mt ct h, mng ca cc dm thp cn in hnh. Cc chi tit mng ca dm thp
cn ngui i (sau x l nhit) vi mc khc nhau v ng sut d tn ti trong mt ct ngang.
Cc ng sut d ny khng ch phn b khng u m chng cn kh d on trc. Do ,
cn phi c s iu chnh i vi ng sut un cho php, c bit trong cc chi tit chu nn,
xt n nh hng ca ng sut d.
Mt kh khn khc trong p dng phng php thit k theo ng sut cho php i vi
dm thp l un thng i km vi ct v hai ng sut ny tng tc vi nhau. Do vy, s
khng hon ton ng khi s dng cc th nghim ko mu xc nh cng chy fy cho
dm chu un. Mt quan nim khc v ng sut chy c kt hp xem xt hiu ng ct s l
logic hn.
Nh vy, phng php thit k theo ng sut cho php c xy dng cho thit k cc
kt cu thp tnh nh. N khng nht thit phi c p dng mt cch cng nhc cho cc vt
liu khc v cho cc kt cu siu tnh.
Phng php thit k theo ng sut cho php hin vn c dng lm c s cho mt s
tiu chun thit k cc nc trn th gii, chng hn, tiu chun ca Vin kt cu thp M
(AISC)
Phng php ny c nhiu nhc im nh :
- Quan im v bn da trn s lm vic n hi ca vt liu ng hng ,ng nht .
- Khng biu hin c mt cch hp l v cng gii hn l ch tiu c bn v kh
nng chu lc hn l ng sut cho php
- H s an ton ch p dng ring cho cng , cha xt n s bin i ca ti trng
- Vic chn h s an ton da trn kin ch quan v khng c c s tin cy v xc sut
h hng.
khc phc thiu st ny cn mt phng php thit k c th :
- Da trn c s cng gii hn ca vt liu
- Xt n s thay i tnh cht c hc ca vt liu v s bin i ca ti trng
- nh gi an ton lin quan n xc sut ph hoi .
Phng php khc phc cc thiu st trn l AASHTO-LRFD 1998 v n c chn
lm c s bin son tiu chun thit k cu 22TCN272-05.
2. Thit k theo h s ti trng v sc khng LRFD ( Load and Resistance Factors

Design)
xt n s thay i c hai pha ca bt ng thc trong phng trnh 1.1 .Pha sc

khng c nhn vi mt h s sc khng da trn c s thng k (<=1).Pha ti trng
c nhn ln vi h s ti trng da trn c s thng k ti trng , thng ln hn 1.V
hiu ng ti trong trng thi gii hn bao gm mt t hp ca nhiu loi ti trng (Qi) nhiu
mc khc nhau ca s d tnh nn pha ti trng c biu hin l tng ca cc gi tr i Qi
.Nu sc khng danh nh l Rn , tiu chun an ton s l :
Rn hiu ng ca i Qi (1.2)
V cng thc 1.2 cha c h s ti trng v h s sc khng nn phng php thit k ny
c gi l phng php thit k theo h s sc khng v h s ti trng (Load and Resistance
Factors Design, vit tt l LRFD). H s sc khng cho mt TTGH nht nh phi xt n

s khng chc chn trong:
- Tnh cht vt liu
- Phng trnh d tnh cng
- Tay ngh ca cng nhn
- Vic kim tra cht lng
- Tm quan trng ca ph hoi
H s ti trng i c chn i vi mt loi ti trng nht nh phi xt n s khng
chc chn trong:
- ln ca ti trng
- S sp xp (v tr) ca ti trng
- T hp ti trng c th xy ra
Trong vic chn h s sc khng v h s ti trng cho cu, l thuyt xc xut c p
dng cho cc s liu v cng vt liu v thng k hc, cho trng lng vt liu cng nh
ti trng xe c.
Mt s kin nh gi v phng php LRFD c th c tm tt nh sau:
u im ca phng php
1. Xt ti s thay i trong c sc khng v ti trng.
2. t c mc an ton kh ng u cho cc TTGH v cc loi cu khc
nhau, khng cn phn tch thng k hay xc xut phc tp.
3. a ra mt phng php thit k hp l v nht qun.
Nhc im ca phng php
1. i hi s thay i trong quan im thit k (so vi tiu chun c).
2. Yu cu c hiu bit c bn v l thuyt xc xut v thng k.
3. Yu cu c cc s liu thng k y v thut ton tnh xc xut iu chnh
cc h s sc khng cho ph hp vi nhng trng hp c bit.
Phng php LRFD c dng lm c s cho cc tiu chun thit k ca M hin nay nh
tiu chun ca Vin kt cu thp M (AISC), ca Hip hi cu ng M (AASHTO) cng
nh tiu chun thit k cu nc ta.
1.2.3 Nguyn tc c bn ca tiu chun 22TCN 272-05

Bn Tiu chun thit k cu mi 22 TCN 272-05 ( lc ra i, nm 2001, mang k hiu
22 TCN 272-01) c bin son nh mt phn cng vic ca d n ca B giao thng vn
ti mang tn D n pht trin cc Tiu chun cu v ng b .
Kt qu ca vic nghin cu tham kho a n kt lun rng, h thng Tiu chun
AASHTO ca Hip hi cu ng M l thch hp nht c chp thun p dng Vit
nam. l mt h thng Tiu chun hon thin v thng nht, c th c ci bin ph hp

vi cc iu kin thc t nc ta. Ngn ng ca ti liu ny cng nh cc ti liu tham chiu
ca n u l ting Anh, l ngn ng k thut thng dng nht trn th gii v cng l ngn
ng th hai ph bin nht Vit nam. Hn na, h thng Tiu chun AASHTO c nh hng
rt ln trong cc nc thuc khi ASEAN m Vit nam l mt thnh vin.
Tiu chun thit k cu mi c da trn Tiu chun thit k cu AASHTO LRFD, ln
xut bn th hai (1998), theo h n v o quc t SI. Tiu chun LRFD ra i nm 1994, c
sa i v xut bn ln th hai nm 1998. Tiu chun ny c son tho da trn nhng
kin thc phong ph tch ly t nhiu ngun khc nhau trn khp th gii nn c th c coi
l i din cho trnh hin i trong hu ht cc lnh vc thit k cu vo thi im hin nay.
Cc ti liu Vit nam c lit k di y c tham kho hoc l ngun gc ca cc
d liu th hin cc iu kin thc t Vit nam:
Tiu chun v thit k cu 22 TCN 181979
Tiu chun v ti trng gi TCVN 2737 1995
Tiu chun v ti trng do nhit TCVN 4088 1985
Tiu chun v thit k chng ng t 22 TCN 221 1995
Tiu chun v giao thng ng thy TCVN 5664 1992
Cc quy nh ca b Tiu chun thit k cu mi ny nhm s dng cho cc cng tc thit
k, nh gi v khi phc cc cu c nh v cu di ng trn tuyn ng b. Cc iu khon
s khng lin quan n cu ng st, xe in hoc cc phng tin cng cng khc. Cc yu
cu thit k i vi cu ng st d kin s c ban hnh nh mt ph bn trong tng lai.
1.2.3.1 Tng qut

Cu phi c thit k t c cc mc tiu: thi cng c, an ton v s dng c,
c xt n cc yu t: kh nng d kim tra, tnh kinh t, m quan. Khi thit k cu, t c
nhng mc tiu ny, cn phi tha mn cc trng thi gii hn. Kt cu thit k phi c
do, phi c nhiu ng truyn lc (c tnh d) v tm quan trng ca n trong khai thc phi
c xt n.
Mi cu kin v lin kt phi tha mn cng thc 1.3 i vi tt c cc trng thi gii hn.
i Qi Rn = Rr (1.3)
trong :
Qi hiu ng ca tc ng (v d, ni lc do ti trng ngoi sinh ra).
i h s ti trng: h s nhn da trn thng k dng cho hiu ng ca tc
ng.
Rn sc khng danh nh.
h s sc khng: h s nhn da trn thng k dng cho sc khng danh

nh.
Rr sc khng tnh ton (hay sc khng c h s), Rr = .Rn.
h s iu chnh ti trng, xt n tnh do, tnh d v tm quan
trng trong khai thc
= D R I 0,95 i vi ti trng dng gi tr max
1
= 1, 0 i vi ti trng dng gi tr min
R D l
D h s xt n tnh do
R h s xt n tnh d
I h s xt n tm quan trng trong khai thc
Hai h s u c lin quan n cng ca cu, h s th ba xt n s lm vic ca cu
trng thi s dng. i vi tt c cc trng thi gii hn khng phi cng , D = R = 1,0.
1.2.3.2 Khi nim v tnh do, tnh d v tm quan trng trong khai
thc
1/ H s xt n tnh do D
Tnh do l mt yu t quan trng i vi s an ton ca cu. Nh tnh do, cc b phn
chu lc ln ca kt cu c th phn phi li ti trng sang nhng b phn khc c d tr v
cng . S phn phi li ny ph thuc vo kh nng bin dng ca b phn chu lc ln v
lin quan n s pht trin bin dng do m khng xy ra ph hoi.
Nu mt cu kin ca cu c thit k sao cho bin dng do c th xut hin th s c d
bo khi cu kin b qu ti. Nu l kt cu BTCT th vt nt s pht trin v cu kin c xem
l vo tnh trng nguy him. Phi trnh s lm vic gin v n dn n s mt kh nng chu
lc t ngt khi vt qu gii hn n hi. Cc cu kin v lin kt trong BTCT c th lm
vic do khi hn ch hm lng ct thp chu un v khi b tr ct ai kim ch bin dng.
Ct thp c th c b tr i xng chu un, iu ny cho php xy ra s lm vic do.
Ni tm li, nu trong thit k, cc quy nh ca Tiu chun c tun theo th thc nghim
cho thy rng, cc cu kin s c tnh do cn thit.
i vi trng thi gii hn cng , h s lin quan n tnh do c quy nh nh sau:
D 1,05 i vi cc cu kin v lin kt khng do
D = 1,0 i vi cc thit k thng thng v cc chi tit theo ng Tiu chun
ny
D 0,95 i vi cc cu kin v lin kt c cc bin php tng thm tnh do vt
qu nhng yu cu ca Tiu chun ny
2/ H s xt n tnh d R
Tnh d c tm quan trng c bit to ln i vi khong an ton ca kt cu cu. Mt kt

cu siu tnh l d v n c nhiu lin kt hn s lin kt cn thit m bo khng bin dng
hnh hc. V d, mt dm cu lin tc ba nhp l kt cu siu tnh bc hai. Mt t hp hai lin
kt n, hoc hai lin kt chng quay, hoc mt lin kt n v mt lin kt chng quay c th
b mt i m khng dn ti hnh thnh khp do ngay lp tc v ti trng tc dng c th tm
c cc con ng khc truyn xung t. Khi nim nhiu ng truyn lc l tng
ng vi tnh d. Cc ng truyn lc n hay cc kt cu cu khng d c khuyn co
khng nn s dng.
Tnh d trong kt cu cu lm tng khong an ton ca chng v iu ny c phn nh
trng thi gii hn cng qua h s xt n tnh d R, c quy nh trong Tiu chun 22
TCN 272-05 nh sau:
R 1,05 i vi cc cu kin khng d
R = 1,0 i vi cc cu kin c mc d thng thng
R 0,95 i vi cc cu kin c mc d c bit
3/ H s xt n tm quan trng trong khai thc I
Cc cu c th c xem l c tm quan trng trong khai thc nu chng nm trn con
ng ni gia cc khu dn c v bnh vin hoc trng hc, hay l con ng dnh cho lc
lng cng an, cu ha v cc phng tin gii cu i vi nh , c quan v cc khu cng
nghip. Cu cng c th c coi l quan trng nu chng gip gii quyt tnh trng i vng do
tc ng, gip tit kim thi gian v xng du cho ngi lao ng khi i lm v tr v nh.
Ni tm li, kh c th tm thy tnh hung m cu khng c coi l quan trng trong khai
thc. Mt v d v cu khng quan trng l cu trn ng ph dn ti mt vng ho lnh c
s dng khng phi quanh nm.
Khi c s c ng t, iu quan trng l tt c cc con ng huyt mch, nh cc cng
trnh cu, vn phi thng. V vy, cc yu cu sau y c t ra i vi trng thi gii hn
c bit cng nh i vi trng thi gii hn cng :
I 1,05 i vi cc cu quan trng
I = 1,0 i vi cc cu in hnh
I 0,95 i vi cc cu t quan trng
i vi cc trng thi gii hn khc:
I = 1,0
1.2.3.3 Cc trng thi gii hn theo tiu chun 22TCN 272-05

Kt cu cu thp phi c thit k sao cho, di tc dng ca ti trng, n khng vo
bt c TTGH no c quy nh bi Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05. Cc TTGH ny
c th c p dng tt c cc giai on ca cuc i kt cu cu. iu kin phi t ra cho
tt c cc TTGH l sc khng c h s phi khng nh hn hiu ng ca t hp ti trng c h

s (cng thc 1.3)
Theo Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05, i vi kt cu thp, c bn trng thi gii
hn c cp:
Trng thi gii hn s dng: c xt n nhm hn ch bin dng ca cu kin v
hn ch ng sut i vi thp.
Trng thi gii hn cng : c xt n nhm m bo kh nng chu lc ca
cc b phn kt cu v cng v v n nh di cc t hp ti trng c bn.
Trng thi gii hn mi: c xt n nhm hn ch bin ng sut do mt xe ti
thit k gy ra vi s chu k bin ng sut d kin.
Trng thi gii hn c bit: c xt n nhm m bo s tn ti ca cu khi xy
ra cc s c c bit nh ng t, va m xe, xi l, l ln.
1/Trng thi gii hn s dng
TTGH s dng lin quan n c tnh ca cu chu ti trng trng thi khai thc.
TTGH s dng ca kt cu thp, cc gii hn c t ra i vi vng v cc bin dng qu
n hi di ti trng s dng. Bng hn ch vng, cng thch hp c m bo v
dao ng c gim ti mc c th chp nhn c. Bng kim tra s chy cc b, c th
trnh c cc bin dng qu n hi thng xuyn v ci thin kh nng giao thng.
V cc quy nh cho TTGH s dng l da trn kinh nghim v phn quyt ca ngi thit
k hn l c xc nh theo thng k, h s sc khng , h s iu chnh ti trng v h
s ti trng i trong cng thc 1.3 c ly bng n v.
Gii hn v vng l khng bt buc. Nu ch u t yu cu, c th ly vng tng
1
i cho php i vi hot ti l l , vi l l chiu di nhp tnh ton. Trong tnh ton
800
vng, phi gi thit v phn phi ti trng i vi dm, v cng chng un ca dm c s
tham gia lm vic ca bn mt cu v s ng gp cng ca cc chi tit gn lin nh ro
chn v g chn bnh bng b tng. Ni chung, kt cu cu c cng ln hn gi tr c xc
nh bng tnh ton. Do vy, vic tnh ton vng ch l s c lng vng thc t.
Cc gii hn i vi bin dng qu n hi l bt buc. S chy cc b di ti trng s
dng II (theo AASHTO LRFD) l khng c php. S chy cc b ny s khng xy ra cho
cc mt ct c thit k bng cng thc 1.3 i vi TTGH cng nu hiu ng lc ln nht
c xc nh bng phn tch n hi. Tuy nhin, nu c phn phi li m men qu n hi th
khp do c th hnh thnh v cc ng sut phi c kim tra. Trong trng hp ny, cc ng
sut ca bn bin chu un dng v chu un m cn khng vt qu:
i vi c hai bn bin thp ca mt ct lin hp (dm thp, bn b tng)
f f 0, 95 Rh Fyf (1.4)
i vi c hai bn bin thp ca mt ct khng lin hp

f f 0,80 Rh Fyf (1.5)
trong , Rh l h s gim ng sut ca bn bin cho dm lai (l dm m vch v bn bin
lm bng vt liu khc nhau), ff l ng sut n hi ca bn bin gy ra bi ti trng s dng II
(MPa) v Fyf l ng sut chy ca bn bin (MPa). i vi trng hp dm thng thng c
cng loi thp vch v cc bn bin, Rh = 1, 0 . Vic m bo cng thc 1.4 (hay 1.5) s ngn
chn s pht trin ca bin dng thng xuyn do s chy cc b ca bn bin di tc ng
ca vt ti s dng i khi xy ra.
2/Trng thi gii hn mi v t gy
Thit k theo TTGH mi bao gm vic gii hn bin ng sut do xe ti mi thit k sinh
ra ti mt gi tr ph hp vi s chu k lp ca bin ng sut trong sut qu trnh khai thc
cu. Thit k cho TTGH t gy bao gm vic la chn thp c do dai thch hp cho mt
phm vi nhit nht nh.
3/Trng thi gii hn cng
TTGH cng c lin quan n vic quy nh cng hoc sc khng tho mn
bt ng thc ca cng thc 1.3 cho cc t hp ti trng quan trng theo thng k sao cho cu
c khai thc an ton trong tui th thit k ca n. TTGH cng bao hm s nh gi sc
khng un, ct, xon v lc dc trc. Cc h s sc khng c xc nh bng thng k
thng l nh hn 1,0 v c gi tr khc nhau i vi cc vt liu v cc TTGH khc nhau.
Cc h s ti trng c xc nh bng thng k i c cho trong ba t hp ti trng khc
nhau ca bng 1.1 theo nhng xem xt thit k khc nhau
TTGH cng c quyt nh bi cng tnh ca vt liu hay n nh ca mt mt
ct cho. C 3 t hp ti trng cng khc nhau c quy nh trong bng 1.2 (Theo
AASHTO LRFD: c 5 t hp ti trng cng ). i vi mt b phn ring bit ca kt cu
cu, ch mt hoc c th hai trong s cc t hp ti trng ny cn c xt n. S khc bit
trong cc t hp ti trng cng ch yu lin quan n cc h s ti trng c quy nh i
vi hot ti. T hp ti trng sinh ra hiu ng lc ln nht c so snh vi cng hoc sc
khng ca mt ct ngang ca cu kin.
Trong tnh ton sc khng i vi mt hiu ng ti trng c h s no nh lc dc trc,
lc un, lc ct hoc xon, s khng chc chn c biu th qua h s gim cng hay h
s sc khng . H s l h s nhn ca sc khng danh nh Rn v s tha mn trong thit k
c m bo bi cng thc 1.3.
Trong cc cu kin bng thp, s khng chc chn c lin quan n cc thuc tnh ca vt
liu, kch thc mt ct ngang, dung sai trong ch to, tay ngh cng nhn v cc cng thc
c dng tnh ton sc khng. Tm quan trng ca ph hoi cng c cp trong h s
ny. Chng hn, h s sc khng i vi ct nh hn i vi dm v cc lin kt ni chung v
s ph hoi ca ct ko theo nguy him cho cc kt cu ta trn n. Cc xem xt ny c

phn nh trong cc h s sc khng TTGH cng c cho trong bng 1.1.
Bng 1.1 Cc h s sc khng cho cc TTGH cng

Trng hp chu lc H s sc khng
Un f = 1,00
Ct = 1,00
Nn dc trc, cu kin ch c thp c = 0,90
Nn dc trc, cu kin lin hp c = 0,90
Ko, t gy trong mt ct thc (mt ct hu hiu) u = 0,80
Ko, chy trong mt ct nguyn y = 0,95
p mt trn cc cht, cc l doa, khoan, l bu lng v cc b b = 1,00
mt cn
p mt ca bu lng ln thp c bn bb = 0,80
Neo chng ct sc = 0,85
Bu lng A325M v A490M chu ko t = 0,80
Bu lng A307 chu ko t = 0,65
Bu lng A325M v A490M chu ct s = 0,80
Ct khi bs = 0,80
Kim loi hn trong cc ng hn ngu hon ton
- Ct trn din tch hu hiu el = 0,85
- Ko hoc nn vung gc vi din tch hu hiu = ca thp c bn
- Ko hoc nn song song vi din tch hu hiu = ca thp c bn
Kim loi hn trong cc ng hn ngu khng hon ton
- Ct song song vi trc ng hn e2 = 0,80
- Ko hoc nn song song vi trc ng hn = ca thp c bn
- Nn vung gc vi din tch hu hiu = ca thp c bn
- Ko vung gc vi din tch hu hiu el = 0,80
Kim loi hn trong cc ng hn gc
- Ko hoc nn song song vi trc ng hn = ca thp c bn
- Ct trong mt phng tnh ton ca ng hn e2 = 0,80
4/Trng thi gii hn c bit

TTGH c bit xt n cc s c vi chu k xy ra ln hn tui th ca cu. ng t, ti

trng bng tuyt, lc m xe v va x ca tu thuyn c coi l nhng s c c bit v ti
mi thi im, ch xt n mt s c. Tuy nhin, nhng s c ny c th c t hp vi l lt
ln (khong lp li > 100 nm nhng < 500 nm) hoc vi cc nh hng ca xi l.
H s sc khng i vi TTGH c bit c ly bng n v.
1.2.4 Gii thiu v ti trng v t hp ti trng theo tiu chun 22TCN 272-05
1/ Cc t hp ti trng
Ti trng thng xuyn
DC = ti trng bn thn ca cc b phn kt cu v thit b ph phi kt cu
DW = ti trng bn thn ca lp ph mt v cc tin ch cng cng
EH = ti trng p lc t nm ngang
EL = cc hiu ng b hm tch lu do phng php thi cng.
ES = ti trng t cht thm
EV = p lc thng ng do t trng t p.
Ti trng tm thi
BR : lc hm xe LS: hot ti cht thm
CE : lc ly tm PL: ti trng ngi i
CR : t bin SE: ln
CT : lc va xe SH: co ngt
CV : lc va tu TG: gradien nhit
EQ : ng t TU: nhit u
FR : ma st WA: ti trng nc v p lc dng
IM : lc xung kch ca xe chy
LL: hot ti xe WL: gi trn hot ti
WS: ti trng gi trn kt cu
Tiu chun AASHTO LRFD quy nh xt 11 t hp ti trng.

Trong Tiu chun 22TCN 272-05, vic t hp ti trng c n gin ha ph hp
vi iu kin Vit nam. C 6 t hp ti trng c quy nh nh trong bng 1.2.
Bng 1.2 Cc t hp ti trng theo Tiu chun 22TCN 272-05

DC LL Cng mt lc ch
T hp ti DD IM dng mt trong
trng DW CE cc ti trng
Trng thi TU
EH BR
gii hn WA WS WL FR CR TG SE
EV PL
ES LS SH EQ CT CV
EL
Cng I p 1,75 1,00 - - 1,00 0,5/1.20 TG SE - - -

Cng II p - 1,00 1,40 - 1,00 0,5/1.20 TG SE - - -
Cng III p 1,35 1,00 0.4 1,00 1,00 0,5/1.20 TG SE - - -
c bit p 0,50 1,00 - - 1,00 - - - 1,00 1,00 1,00
S dng 1.0 1,00 1,00 0,30 1,00 1,00 1,0/1,20 TG SE - - -
Mi ch c LL,
- 0,75 - - - - - - - - - -
IM & CE
1. Khi phi kim tra cu dng cho xe c bit do Ch u t quy nh hoc xe c giy
php thng qua cu th h s ti trng ca hot ti trong t hp cng I c th gim
xung cn 1,35.
2. Cc cu c t l tnh ti trn hot ti rt cao (tc l cu nhp ln) cn kim tra t hp

khng c hot ti, nhng vi h s ti trng bng 1,50 cho tt c cc kin chu ti trng
thng xuyn.
3. i vi cu vt sng cc trng thi gii hn cng v trng thi s dng phi xt
n hu qu ca nhng thay i v mng do l thit k xi cu.
4. i vi cc cu vt sng, khi kim tra cc hiu ng ti EQ, CT v CV trng thi
gii hn c bit th ti trng nc (WA) v chiu su xi c th da trn l trung bnh
hng nm. Tuy nhin kt cu phi c kim tra v v nhng hu qu do cc thay i
do l, phi kim tra xi nhng trng thi gii hn c bit vi ti trng nc tng
ng (WA) nhng khng c cc ti trng EQ, CT hoc CV tc dng.
5. kim tra chiu rng vt nt trong kt cu b tng ct thp d ng lc trng thi

gii hn s dng, c th gim h s ti trng ca hot ti xung 0,08.
6. kim tra kt cu thp trng thi gii hn s dng th h s ti trng ca hot ti

phi tng ln 1,30.
H s ti trng tnh cho gradien nhit TG v ln SE cn c xc nh trn c s mt

n c th ring. Nu khng c thng tin ring c th ly TG bng:
0,0 cc trng thi gii hn cng v c bit

1,0 trng thi gii hn s dng khi khng xt hot ti, v
0,50 trng thi gii hn s dng khi xt hot ti
Bng 1.2b H s ti trng dng cho ti trng thng xuyn, p
H s ti trng
Loi ti trng
Ln nht Nh nht
DC: Cu kin v cc thit b ph 1,25 0,90
DW: Lp ph mt cu v cc tin ch 1,50 0,65
2/ Hot ti xe thit k
a/ S ln xe thit k
B rng ln xe c ly bng 3500 mm ph hp vi quy nh ca Tiu chun thit
k ng t. S ln xe thit k c xc nh bi phn nguyn ca t s w/3500, trong w
l b rng khong trng ca lng ng gia hai va hoc hai ro chn, tnh bng mm.
b/ H s ln xe
H s ln xe c quy nh trong bng 1.3
Bng 1.3 H s ln xe m
S ln cht ti H s ln
1 1,20
2 1,00
3 0,85
>3 0,65
c/ Hot ti xe t thit k
Hot ti xe t trn mt cu hay cc kt cu ph tr c k hiu l HL-93, l mt t hp ca
xe ti thit k hoc xe hai trc thit k v ti trng ln thit k (hnh 1.2).
Xe ti thit k
Trng lng, khong cch cc trc v khong cch cc bnh xe ca xe ti thit k c cho
trn hnh 1.1. Lc xung kch c ly theo bng 1.4.
C ly gia hai trc sau ca xe phi c thay i gia 4300 mm v 9000 mm gy ra ng
lc ln nht.
i vi cc cu trn cc tuyn ng cp IV v thp hn, ch u t c th xc nh ti
trng trc thp hn ti trng cho trn hnh 1.1 bi cc h s chit gim 0,50 hoc 0,65.
Xe hai trc thit k
Xe hai trc gm mt cp trc 110.000 N cch nhau 1200 mm. Khong cch theo chiu
ngang ca cc bnh xe bng 1800 mm.
Lc xung kch c ly theo bng 1.4.

i vi cc cu trn cc tuyn ng cp IV v thp hn, ch u t c th xc nh ti
trng hai trc thp hn ti trng ni trn bi cc h s chit gim 0,50 hoc 0,65.
Hnh 1.1 c trng ca xe ti thit k

Ti trng ln thit k
Ti trng ln thit k l ti trng c cng 9,3 N/mm phn b u theo chiu dc cu.
Theo chiu ngang cu, ti trng c gi thit l phn b u trn b rng 3000 mm. Khi tnh
ni lc do ti trng ln thit k, khng xt tc ng xung kch. ng thi, khi gim ti trng
thit k cho cc tuyn ng cp IV v thp hn, ti trng ln vn gi nguyn gi tr 9,3 N/mm,
khng nhn vi cc h s (0,50 hay 0,65).
Hnh 1.2 Hot ti thit k theo Tiu chun 22 TCN 272-05 v AASHTO LRFD
(1998)
Lc xung kch
Tc ng tnh hc ca xe ti thit k hoc xe hai trc thit k phi c ly tng thm mt
t l phn trm cho tc ng xung kch IM, c quy nh trong bng 1.4.
Bng 1.4 Lc xung kch IM

Cu kin IM
Mi ni bn mt cu, i vi tt c cc 75%
trng thi gii hn
Tt c cc cu kin khc
Trng thi gii hn mi 15%
Cc trng thi gii hn khc 25%
3/ Ti trng mi
35 KN 145 KN 145 KN
4300 mm 9000 mm
Hnh 1.2a Xe t i thit k mi
Lc xung kch l 15% v h s ti trng l 0,75.

V sc khng mi ph thuc vo chu k ng sut , do vy cn bit chu k ca ti trng
mi..
1.3 VT LIU THP XY DNG

Cc thuc tnh c bn ca thp l th hin cng chy, cng ko t, do,
rn v dai.
Cng chy l ng sut m ti xy ra s tng bin dng m ng sut khng tng.
Cng chu ko l ng sut ln nht t c trong th nghim ko.
do l ch s ca vt liu phn nh kh nng gi c bin dng qu n hi m khng
xy ra ph hoi. N c th c tnh bng t s gia gin khi ph hoi v gin im
chy u tin.
rn l thuc tnh ca vt liu cho php chng li s mi mn b mt.
dai l thuc tnh ca vt liu cho php tiu hao nng lng m khng xy ra ph hoi.
1.3.1 Thnh phn ho hc v phn loi thp

1.3.1.1 Thnh phn ho hc ca thp
Thnh phn ho hc c nh hng trc tip ti cu trc ca thp, do c lin quan cht
ch n tnh cht c hc ca n.
Thnh phn ho hc ch yu ca thp l st (Fe) v cc bon (C). Lng cc bon tuy rt nh
nhng c nh hng quan trng i vi tnh cht c hc ca thp: lng cc bon cng nhiu th
cng ca thp cng cao nhng tnh do, tnh dai v tnh hn ca n gim. Thp dng trong
xy dng i hi phi c tnh do cao trnh t gy t ngt nn hm lng cc bon c
hn ch kh thp, thng khng ln hn 0,2-0,22 % v khi lng.
Trong thp cc bon thng, ngoi st v cc bon cn c nhng nguyn t ho hc khc.
Cc nguyn t ho hc c li thng gp l mangan (Mn) v silic (Si). Cc nguyn t c hi c
th k n l pht pho (P) v lu hunh (S) th rn, xy (O) v ni t (N) th kh. Cc
nguyn t c hi ny, ni chung, lm cho thp tr nn gin, c bit khi thp lm vic trong
iu kin bt li (chu ng sut tp trung, ti trng lp, chu nhit cao).
Thp hp kim l loi thp m ngoi nhng thnh phn ho hc k trn, cn c thm cc
nguyn t kim loi b sung. Cc nguyn t ny c a vo nhm ci thin mt s thuc tnh
tt ca thp nh lm tng cng m khng gim tnh do, tng kh nng chng g hay kh
nng chng mi mn. Chng hn, crm v ng lm tng kh nng chng g ca thp, c s
dng trong ch to thp chng g, mangan lm tng cng ca thp v c th kim ch nh
hng xu ca sunfua. Tuy nhin, hm lng cc kim loi b sung cng cao (hp kim cao) th
tnh do, tnh dai, tnh hn cng gim. Thp hp kim dng trong xy dng l thp hp kim thp
vi thnh phn kim loi b sung khong 1,5-2,0%.
Phn loi thp theo mc kh xy
Thp lng t l luyn c rt vo cc khun ngui .tu theo phng php lng
ngui chia ra :
+ Thp si: thp khi ngui bc ra nhiu bt kh nh xy , cacbon oxyt (nn trng nh
si); Cc bt kh to thnh nhng ch khng ng cht trong cu trc ca thp , lm thp si c
cht lng khng tt , b gin v lo ho .
+ Thp tnh ( thp lng) thp tnh trong qu trnh ngui khng c hi bc ra nh thp
si, do c thm vo cc cht kh oxy nh silic, nhm, mangan. Nhng cht ny kh ht
oxy c hi v nhng cht phi kim loi khc to nn x ni trn mt. Phn x ny c loi b i,
thp tr nn ng cht hn nhiu, chu ti trng ng tt, nhng thp tnh t hn .
+ Thp na tnh ( na lng ) : l trung gian gia hai loi trn. Thp ny oxy khng c
kh hon ton, do vy cht lng v gi thnh ca n cng l trung gian gia hai loi thp trn.
1.3.1.2 Biu ng sut bin dng in hnh ca thp khi chu ko mt

phng
Cc thuc tnh c hc ca cc loi thp kt cu in hnh c biu din bng bn ng
cong ng sut-bin dng trong hnh 1.3. Mi ng cong i din cho mt loi thp kt cu vi
thnh phn cu to p ng cc yu cu ring. R rng l cc loi thp ng x khc nhau, tr
vng bin dng nh gn gc to . Bn loi thp khc nhau ny c th c nhn bit bi
thnh phn ho hc v cch x l nhit ca chng. l thp cc bon (cp 250), thp hp kim
thp cng cao (cp 345), thp hp kim thp gia cng nhit (cp 485) v thp hp kim gia
cng nhit cng cao (cp 690). Cc thuc tnh c hc nh nht ca cc thp ny c cho
trong bng 1.5.
Hnh 1.3 Cc ng cong ng sut-bin dng in hnh i vi thp kt cu

Mt tiu chun thng nht ho cho thp cu c cho trong ASTM (1995) vi k hiu
A709/A709M-94a (M ch mt v 94a ch nm xt li ln cui). Su cp thp tng ng vi bn
cp cng c cho trong bng 1.2 v hnh 1.2. Cp thp c k hiu W l thp chng g,
c kh nng chng g trong khng kh tt hn v c bn so vi thp than thng v c th c
s dng trong nhiu trng hp m khng cn sn bo v.
Tt c cc cp thp trong bng 1.5 u c th hn, tuy nhin khng phi vi vi cng mt
quy cch hn. Mi cp thp c nhng yu cu ring v hn phi c tun theo.
Trong hnh 1.4, cc s trong ngoc bn mc cng thp l k hiu theo ASTM ca
thp c cng chu ko v thuc tnh bin dng ging thp A709M. Cc con s ny c
nu l v chng quen thuc i vi nhng ngi thit k khung nh thp v cc cng trnh
khc. S khc nhau c bn nht gia cc thp ny v thp A709M l ch thp A709M c
dng cho xy dng cu v phi c yu cu b sung v th nghim xc nh dai. Cc yu cu
ny khc nhau i vi cc cu kin ti hn t gy v khng t gy trong tnh ton TTGH
mi v t gy.
Hai thuc tnh ca tt c cc cp thp c coi l khng i, l m un n hi Es = 200
GPa v h s gin n v nhit bng 11,7.10-6.
Phn sau y gii thiu tm tt v thuc tnh ca cc cp thp ng vi cc cp cng
khc nhau. gip so snh cc loi thp ny, cc biu ng sut-bin dng giai on u v
ng cong g ph thuc thi gian c cho, tng ng, trong cc hnh 1.5 v 1.6.
Bng 1.5 Cc tnh cht c hc nh nht ca cc thp cn, cng v chiu dy

Thp kt Thp hp kim thp Thp hp Thp hp kim ti
cu cng cao kim thp nhng cng cao
ti nhng
K hiu theo AASHTO M270 M270 Cp M270 M270 M270
Cp 250 345 Cp Cp Cp 690/690W
345W 485W
K hiu theo ASTM A709M A709M A709M A709M A709M
tng ng Cp 250 Cp 345 Cp Cp Cp 690/690W
345W 485W
Chiu dy ca bn (mm) Ti 100 Ti 100 Ti 100 Ti 100 Ti 65 Trn 65
ti 100
Thp hnh Tt c cc Tt c cc Tt c cc Khng p Khng p Khng p
nhm nhm nhm dng dng dng
Cng chu ko nh 400 450 485 620 760 690
nht, Fu, (MPa)
Cng chy nh nht, 250 345 345 485 690 620
Fy, (MPa)
1.3.1.3 Phn loi thp kt cu theo tiu chun 22TCN 272-05

1/Thp cc bon cng trnh
Tn gi nh vy tht ra khng c trng lm v tt c thp cng trnh u c cc bon. y
ch l nh ngha k thut. Cc tiu chun nh loi thp cc bon c th tham kho trong ti
liu lin quan
Mt trong nhng c trng ch yu ca thp cc bon cng trnh l c im chy c nhn
bit r v tip theo l mt thm chy di. iu ny c miu t trong hnh 1.4 v n biu th
tnh do tt, cho php phn phi li ng sut cc b m khng t gy. Thuc tnh ny lm cho
thp cc bon c bit ph hp khi s dng lm chi tit lin kt.
Thp cc bon c tnh hn tt v thch hp cho bn, thanh v cc thp cn nh hnh trong
xy dng. Chng c d kin cho s dng trong nhit khng kh. Mc g trong hnh 1.5
i vi thp cc bon c ng (Cu) bng khong mt na thp cc bon thng thng.
2/Thp hp kim thp cng cao
Cc thp ny c thnh phn ho hc c hn ch pht trin cng chy v cng
ko t ln hn thp cc bon nhng lng kim loi b sung nh hn trong thp hp kim.
Cng chy cao hn (Fy = 345 MPa) t c trong iu kin cn nng hn l qua gia cng
nhit. Kt qu l chng c im chy r rng v tnh do tuyt vi nh c miu t trong hnh
1.4.
Thp hp kim thp cng cao c tnh hn tt v thch hp cho bn, thanh v cc thp
cn nh hnh trong xy dng. Cc hp kim ny c sc khng g trong khng kh cao hn nh
cho thy trong hnh 1.5. Do c cc phm cht tt ny, thp cp 345 thng l s la chn u
tin ca ngi thit k cc cu c nhp trung bnh v nh.
3/Thp hp kim thp gia cng nhit
Thp hp kim thp cng cao c th c gia cng nhit t c cng chy
cao hn (Fy = 485 MPa). Thnh phn ho hc cho cc cp 345W v 485W l gn nh nhau.
Vic x l nhit (ti thp) lm thay i cu trc vi m ca thp v lm tng cng , rn
v dai.
S gia cng nhit lm im chy ca thp dch chuyn cao ln nh cho thy trong hnh 1.4.
C mt s chuyn tip r rt t ng x n hi sang ng x qu n hi. Cng chy ca
cc thp ny thng c xc nh gin bng 0,5% di tc dng ca ti trng hoc
gin bng 0,2% theo nh ngha b (xem hnh 1.4).
Thp hp kim thp c gia cng nhit c th hn, tuy nhin ch thch hp cho tm. Sc
khng g trong khng kh ca chng l ging nh thp hp kim thp cng cao.
4/ Thp hp kim gia cng nhit cng cao
Thp hp kim l loi thp c thnh phn ho hc khng phi nh trong thp hp kim thp
cng cao. Phng php gia cng nhit ti nhng c thc hin tng t nh i vi thp
hp kim thp nhng thnh phn khc nhau ca cc nguyn t hp kim lm pht trin cng
cao hn (Fy = 690 MPa) v tnh dai ln hn nhit thp.
ng cong g trong khng kh i vi cc thp hp kim (cp 690) c cho trong hnh
1.6 v th hin sc khng g tt nht trong bn cp thp.
y, cng chy cng c xc nh gin bng 0,5% di tc dng ca ti trng
hoc gin bng 0,2% theo nh ngha b nh miu t trong hnh 1.5. Khi xem xt ng
cong ng sut-bin dng y trong hnh 1.4, r rng cc thp c gia cng nhit t cng
chu ko dng chp v ng sut gim nhanh hn so vi thp khng c x l nhit. do
thp hn ny c th gy ra vn trong mt s tnh hung khai thc v, do vy, cn phi thn

trng khi s dng thp gia cng nhit.
Hnh 1.4 Cc ng cong ng sut-bin dng ban u in hnh

i vi thp cng trnh
Hnh 1.5 Cc ng cong g cho mt vi loi thp trong mi trng cng nghip
1.3.2 Khi nim v ng sut d
Hnh 1.6 S ha ng sut d trong cc mt ct thp cn v ghp trong xng.

(a) mt ct cn nng, (b) mt ct hnh hp hn, (c) bn cn mp, (d) bn ct mp bng la, (e)
mt ct I t hp hn ct mp bng la
ng sut tn ti trong cc b phn kt cu m khng do tc ng ca bt k ngoi lc no
c gi l ng sut d. iu quan trng l nhn bit s c mt ca n v ng sut d nh
hng n cng ca cc cu kin chu lc. ng sut d c th pht sinh trong qu trnh gia
cng nhit, gia cng c hc hay qu trnh luyn thp. ng sut d do gia cng nhit hnh thnh
khi s ngui xy ra khng u. ng sut d do gia cng c hc xy ra do bin dng do khng
u khi b kch p. ng sut d do luyn kim sinh ra do s thay i cu trc phn t ca thp.
Khi mt ct ngang c ch to bng hn ba chiu, ng sut d xut hin c ba chiu. S
t nng v ngui i lm thay i cu trc ca kim loi v s bin dng thng b cn tr, gy
ra ng sut d ko c th t ti 400 MPa trong mi hn.
Nhn chung, cc mp ca tm v thp bnh thng chu ng sut d nn, khi c ct bng
nhit th chu ng sut d ko. Cc ng sut ny c cn bng vi ng sut tng ng c
du ngc li v tr khc trong cu kin. Hnh 1.6 biu din mt cch nh tnh s phn b
tng th ng sut d trong cc thanh thp hn v cn nng. Ch rng, cc ng sut trong hnh
ny l ng sut dc thanh.
1.3.3 Gia cng nhit

Thuc tnh c hc ca thp c th c nng cao bng cc phng php gia cng nhit
khc nhau: gia cng lm ngui chm v gia cng lm ngui nhanh.
Gia cng lm ngui chm l php ti chun thng thng. N bao gm vic nung nng
thp n mt nhit nht nh, gi nhit ny trong mt khong thi gian thch hp ri
sau , lm ngui chm trong khng kh. Nhit ti tu theo loi gia cng. Gia cng lm
ngui chm lm tng tnh do, tnh dai ca thp, lm gim tnh d nhng khng nng cao c
cng v cng.
Gia cng lm ngui nhanh c ch nh cho thp cu, cn c gi l ti nhng. Trong
phng php ny, thp c nung nng ti ti khong 9000C, c gi nhit trong mt
khong thi gian, sau c lm ngui nhanh bng cch nhng vo b nc hoc b du. Sau
khi nhng, thp li c nung ti khong 5000C, c gi nhit ny, sau c lm
ngui chm. Ti nhng lm thay i cu trc vi m ca thp, lm tng cng , rn v
dai.
1.3.4 nh hng ca ng sut lp ( s mi)

Vo nm 1850 xy ra hin tng hng lot cc trc bnh xe ca tu ha b gy m khng r
nguyn nhn. Sau ny hin tng trn c Wohler tin hnh nghin cu k lng v c h
thng. l mt bc tin ln nh du s hiu bit v hin tng mi l ny: hin tng mi.
V sau, hin tng mi cn c pht hin c cc kt cu khc na nh cu, tu thu, my
bay.v..v.
1/ Khi nim chung v mi : Khi thp chu ti trng lp i lp li nhiu ln ( hng triu
ln) n c th b ph hoi mc ng sut nh hn cng khi chu ti trng tnh. Ngi ta
gi hin tng ny l s mi ca thp. S ph hoi mi mang tnh cht ph hoi gin, thng
xy ra t ngt v km theo vt nt. ng sut ph hoi mi ca thp gi l cng mi. Cc
th d v ng sut lp xem hnh 1.7.
Bn cht ca hin tng mi l do hnh thnh v tch lu h hng di tc dng ca ti
trng mi, gn lin vi n l s hnh thnh v lan truyn vt nt.
Khi thit k kt cu cu thp, ngi thit k phi nhn thc c nh hng ca ng sut
lp. Xe c i qua bt k v tr xc nh no u lp i lp li theo thi gian. Trn ng cao tc
xuyn quc gia, s chu k ng sut ln nht c th hn mt triu ln mi nm.
Cc ng sut lp ny c gy ra bi ti trng s dng v gi tr ln nht ca ng sut
trong thp c bn ca mt ct ngang no s nh hn so vi cng ca vt liu. Tuy
nhin, nu c hin tng tng ng sut do s khng lin tc v vt liu hoc v hnh hc, ng
sut ti ni gin on c th d dng ln gp hai hoc ba ln ng sut c tnh ton t ti
trng s dng. Ngay c khi ng sut cao ny tc dng khng lin tc, nu n lp i lp li nhiu
ln th h hng s tch lu, vt nt s hnh thnh v s ph hoi cu kin c th xy ra.
C ch ph hoi ny, bao gm bin dng v s pht trin vt nt di tc ng ca ti
trng s dng, m nu t bn thn n th khng gy ra ph hoi, c gi l mi. Thp b
mi khi chu mc ng sut trung bnh nhng lp li nhiu ln. Mi l mt t xc ng m t
hin tng ny.
Hnh 1.7 Cc th d v ng sut mi .
2/ Xc nh cng mi
Cng mi khng phi l mt hng s vt liu nh cng chy hay m un n hi.

N ph thuc vo cu to c th ca mi ni v, thc t, ch c th c xc nh bng thc
nghim. V hu ht cc vn tp trung ng sut do s khng lin tc v hnh hc v vt liu
c lin quan n lin kt hn nn hu ht cc th nghim v cng mi c thc hin trn
cc loi mi hn.
Qu trnh th nghim i vi mi lin kt hn l cho mt lot mu chu mt bin ng

sut S nh hn cng chy ca thp c bn v lp li ng sut ny vi N chu k cho ti khi
lin kt ph hoi. Khi gim bin ng sut, s chu k lp dn n ph hoi tng ln. Kt qu
th nghim thng c biu din bng biu quan h gia log S v log N. Mt biu S-N
in hnh cho mt lin kt hn c cho trong hnh 1.7a. Ti mt im bt k trn biu , gi
tr ng sut l cng mi v s chu k l tui th mi ti mc ng sut . Ch rng, khi
bin ng sut gim ti mt gi tr c trng, s chu k ng sut c th tng khng gii hn
m khng gy ra ph hoi. ng sut gii hn ny c gi l gii hn mi ca lin kt.
Hnh 1.7a Biu S-N in hnh cho cc mi ni hn
nh hng ca cng ca vt liu c bn

Cng mi ca cc b phn khng hn tng theo cng chu ko ca vt liu c bn.
Cng mi ny c biu din trn hnh 1.8 cho c cc mu trn c v mu c l. Tuy
nhin, nu thp cng cao c s dng trong cc cu kin hn th khng c s tng trong
cng mi.
S d c s khc nhau trong ng x ny l v trong vt liu khng hn, vt nt phi c
hnh thnh trc khi chng c th pht trin, trong khi cc mi ni hn, vt nt c sn v
tt c chng ch cn pht trin. Mc pht trin vt nt khng thay i nhiu theo cng
chu ko; do , cng mi ca mi hn khng ph thuc vo loi thp c lin kt.
nh hng ca ng sut d
Ni chung, mi hn s khng c gim ng sut nn c th gi thit rng, ng sut d s
tn ti u trong lin kt. Nu mt chu k ng sut c bin S tc dng th bin ng
S v bin ng sut danh nh l S. Do , c th biu din
sut thc t s chy t r ti r
ng x mi ca mt mi hn ch ph thuc vo bin ng sut, khng cn bit ng sut ln
nht v nh nht thc t. Trong Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05, mi do ti trng gy ra
c xem xt ph thuc vo bin ng sut v ng sut d c b qua.
Hnh 1.8 Cng mi so snh vi cng tnh

Nhn xt kt lun v mi
Mi l nguyn nhn ph bin nht gy ph hoi thp, ch yu l do vn ny khng c
nhn thc y trong giai on thit k. S ch thch ng n vic la chn mi ni v cu
to chi tit cng nh hiu bit v cc yu cu ca ti trng s dng c th loi tr hu ht cc
vt nt ph hoi, trong khi s b qua cc nhn t ny c th dn n thm ho.
1.3.5 S ph hoi gin

Mt k s thit k cu phi hiu nhng iu kin l nguyn nhn gy ra ph hoi gin
trong thp kt cu. Phi trnh ph hoi gin v chng khng do v c th xy ra ng sut
tng i thp. Khi c nhng iu kin ny, vt nt c th lan truyn rt nhanh v s ph hoi
t ngt c th xy ra.
Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ca ph hoi gin l trng thi ng sut ko ba trc c th
xut hin mt khe, rnh trong mt b phn hoc do s khng lin tc b cn tr trong mt lin
kt hn.
Ph hoi gin cn c th xy ra do nhit mi trng thp. Thp cng trnh th hin tnh
do nhit trn 0oC nhng chuyn thnh gin khi nhit gim.
Lin kt hn cn c cu to trnh ng sut ko ba chiu v kh nng ph hoi gin.
Mt v d l lin kt hn ca sn tng cng ngang trung gian vi dm ghp. Trc y, sn
tng cng ny thng c thit k c chiu cao bng chiu cao vch v c hn c vo bin
nn v bin ko. Nu sn tng cng c hn vo bin ko nh trong hnh 1.9 th s cn tr

bin dng ca mi hn khi ngui theo ba phng s sinh ra ng sut cng ba chiu trong vch,
l iu kin thun li dn n ph hoi gin, c bit khi ng thi c s gim nhit hoc
c s khng hon ho v vt liu.V vy, ngy nay, sn tng cng ngang khng c php
hn vo bin ko.
Hnh 1.9 Lin kt ca sn tng cng ngang trung gian vo dm ghp

(a) Cu to khng ng, (b) Cu to ng
2 LIN KT TRONG KT CU THP

2.1 GII THIU CHUNG V LIN KT TRONG KT CU THP
Trong kt cu thp cc cu kin c ni vi nhau bng cc lin kt nh: lin kt hn , bu
lng , inh tn .
Trong cc kt cu thp hin nay, c hai loi lin kt thng c s dng: lin kt inh v
lin kt hn. Hnh 2.1 gii thiu mt s dng lin kt ph bin trong kt cu thp.
2.1.1 Lin kt dng inh: ( inh tn, bu lng)

Lin kt inh l cm t chung dng ch cc loi lin kt c dng thanh thp trn xu qua
l ca cc b phn cn lin kt. Nh vy, inh i din cho inh tn, bu lng, bu lng cng
cao, cht Cc loi lin kt inh c cp trong chng ny l lin kt bng bu lng
thng v lin kt bng bu lng cng cao.
u im ca lin kt dng inh l : Chu ti trng ng tt, thun tin cho vic tho lp.
c bit hin nay trong cc cng trnh cu ngi ta s dng bu lng cng cao rt ph bin.
Nhc im : Tn vt liu v tn cng ch to , gy ra hin tng gim yu tit din.
2.1.2 Lin kt hn
Lin kt hn c th c dng cho cc mi ni ngoi cng trng nhng ni chung, ch
yu c s dng ni cc b phn trong nh my.
2.1.3 Phn loi lin kt theo tnh cht chu lc

Tu theo trng hp chu lc, cc lin kt c phn chia thnh lin kt n gin, hay lin
kt chu lc ng tm, v lin kt chu lc lch tm. Trong chng ny, lin kt n gin c
trnh by trong cc mc 2.1-2.7, lin kt chu lc lch tm c cp trong mc 2.8.
Hnh 2.1 Cc loi lin kt v cc trng hp chu lc
2.2 CU TO LIN KT BU LNG
2.2.1 Cu to , phn loi bu lng

Bu lng c phn thnh hai loi : Bu lng thng v bu lng cng cao ;
2.2.1.1 Bu lng thng

Bu lng thng c lm bng thp t cc-bon ASTM A307 c cng chu ko 420
MPa. Bu lng A307 c th c u dng hnh vung, lc gic hoc u chm(hnh 2.2). Bu lng
thp thng khng c php s dng cho cc lin kt chu mi.
2.2.1.2 Bu lng cng cao

Bu lng cng cao phi c cng chu ko nh nht 830 MPa cho cc ng knh d
= 16 27 mm v 725 MPa cho cc ng knh d = 30 36 mm. Bu lng cng cao c th
dng trong cc lin kt chu ma st hoc lin kt chu p mt.
Hnh 2.2 Bu lng thp t cc bon A307 cp A. u bu lng do nh sn xut quy nh

a. u v ai c hnh lc lng ; b. u v ai c hnh vung ; c. u chm
Lin kt chu p mt chu c ti trng ln hn nhng gy bin dng ln khi chu ng
sut i du nn ch c dng trong nhng iu kin cho php. Trong cu, mi ni bu lng
chu p mt khng c dng cho cc lin kt chu ng sut i du.
Lin kt bu lng cng cao chu ma st thng dng trong kt cu cu chu ti trng
thng xuyn gy ng sut i du hoc khi cn trnh bin dng trt ca mi ni. Lin kt bu
lng cng cao chu p mt ch c dng hn ch cho cc b phn chu ng sut mt du
v cho cc b phn th yu.
Trong xy dng cu, c lin kt bu lng cng cao v lin kt hn u c th c s
dng cho cc mi ni ngoi cng trng song lin kt bu lng cng cao c dng l ch
yu. Lin kt hn ch c s dng trong cc lin kt th yu, khng chu hot ti, dng lin
kt cc tm mt cu hoc cc b phn khng chu lc chnh.
Trong thc t, thng s dng hai loi bu lng cng cao A325 v A490 vi u m v
ai c theo tiu chun ASTM nh trn hnh 2.3.
Hnh 2.3 Bu lng cng cao

Trong cc lin kt bng bu lng cng cao chu ma st, cc bn ni c p vo nhau
nh lc xit bu lng. Lc xit bu lng cn ln khi chu ct, ma st gia cc bn thp
kh nng chng li s trt. Lin kt chu ma st yu cu b mt tip xc ca cc bn ni phi
c lm sch khi sn, du m v cc cht bn. Cng c th dng lin kt trong bu lng b
p mt, s dch chuyn ca cc bn ni c ngn cn bi thn bu lng.
Bng 2.1 Chiu di ng ren ca bu lng CC
ng knh bu Chiu di ren lch ren Chiu di tng
lng (mm) danh inh (mm) (mm) cng ren (mm)
12.7 25.4 4.8 30.2
15.9 31.8 5.6 37.3
19.0 35.0 6.4 41.4
22.2 38.1 7.1 45.2
25.4 44.5 7.9 52.3
28.6 50.8 8.6 59.4
31.8 50.8 9.7 60.5
35.0 57.2 11.2 68.3
38.1 57.2 11.2 68.3
Cc kch thc l bu lng khng c vt qu cc tr s trong bng 2.2.
Bng 2.2 Kch thc l bu lng ln nht
ng knh
L chun L qu c L van ngn L van di
bu lng
d (mm) ng knh ng knh Rng x Di Rng x Di
16 18 20 18 22 18 40
20 22 24 22 26 22 50
22 24 28 24 30 24 55
24 26 30 26 33 26 60
27 30 35 30 37 30 67
30 33 38 33 40 33 75
36 39 44 39 46 39 90
L qu c c th dng trong mi lp ca lin kt bu lng cng cao chu ma st. Khng

dng l qu c trong lin kt kiu p mt.
L van ngn c th dng trong mi lp ca lin kt chu ma st hoc p mt. Trong lin
kt chu ma st, cnh di l van c dng khng cn ch n phng tc dng ca ti
trng, nhng trong lin kt chu p mt, cnh di l van cn vung gc vi phng tc dng
ca ti trng.
L van di ch c dng trong mt lp ca c lin kt chu ma st v lin kt chu p
mt. L van di c th c dng trong lin kt chu ma st khng cn ch n phng tc
dng ca ti trng, nhng trong lin kt chu p mt, cnh di l van cn vung gc vi
phng tc dng ca ti trng.
Trong xy dng cu, ng knh bu lng nh nht cho php l 16 mm, tuy nhin khng
c dng bu lng ng knh 16 mm trong kt cu chu lc chnh.
2.2.2 Cc hnh thc cu to ca lin kt bu lng

Tu theo hnh thc cu to c lin kt i u c bn ghp hoc lin kt chng
1/ i vi thp tm
C th dng lin kt i u c hai bn ghp , hay c mt bn ghp hoc dng lin kt
chng.
Lin kt i u c hai bn ghp i xng, lc truyn i ng tm nn c kh nng truyn
lc tt.
Lin chng lc truyn i lch tm pht sinh m men un ph gy bt li cho s lm vic
ca bu lng.
Hnh 2.4 Cc hnh thc lin kt thp bn vi thp bn

2/ i vi thp hnh
Hnh 2.5 Cc hnh thc lin kt thp hnh vi thp hnh

Khi lin kt i u, cc thp hnh c ni bng cc bn ghp v c th ni bng thp gc,
vi ch tng din tch tit din ca thp ni ( bn ghp ) khng c nh hn din tch tit
din ca cu kin c lin kt .S phn b ca bn ghp nn ph hp vi thp hnh cu kin.
ng knh ca bu lng khng c nh hn 16mm. Khng c dng bu lng ng
knh 16mm trong cc cu kin ch yu, tr phi ti cc cnh ca thp gc 64mm v cc bn
cnh ca cc mt ct c kch thc yu cu cc bu lng lin kt 16mm phi tho mn cc quy
nh v cu to khc quy nh y.
Thp hnh kt cu khng dng c bu lng 16mm th ch nn gii hn dng cho cc lan
can.
Cc thp gc m quy cch ca n khng yu cu phi xc nh bng tnh ton th c th
dng cc loi bu lng nh sau:
+ Bu lng ng knh 16mm cho cnh 50mm
ng knh bu lng trong cc thp gc ca cc thanh ch yu khng c vt qu mt phn
t chiu rng cnh ca thanh c b tr chng.
2.2.3 B tr bu lng
B tr bu lng cn phi m bo yu cu truyn lc tt , cu to v ch to n gin. C hai
cch b tr : b tr song song ( hnh 2.6a) v b tr so le (hnh 2.6b ), vic la chn cch b tr
tu thuc vo cu to lin kt v s lng bu lng.
Hnh 2.6 B tr bu lng (a) b tr song song (b) b tr so le

Vic quy nh khong cch nh nht, khong cch ln nht gia cc bu lng cng nh t
bu lng ti mp cu kin nhm nhng mc ch khc nhau.
Khong cch nh nht gia cc bu lng c quy nh nhm m bo khong cch trng
gia cc ai c v khng gian cn thit cho thi cng (xit bu lng). Khong cch nh nht t bu
lng ti mp cu kin c quy nh nhm mc ch chng x rch thp c bn.
Khong cch ln nht gia cc bu lng cng nh t bu lng ti mp cu kin c quy
nh nhm m bo mi ni cht ch, chng m v chng lt bi cng nh chng cong vnh
cho thp c bn.
Cc yu cu c bn v khong cch bu lng v khong cch ti mp theo Tiu chun thit
k cu 22 TCN 272-05 c tm tt nh sau:
- Khong cch t tim ti tim ca cc bu lng (theo mi phng) khng c nh hn 3d,
vi d l ng knh ca bu lng.
- Khong cch nh nht t tim l ti mp cu kin (theo mi phng), l hm ca kch
thc bu lng v dng gia cng mp, c cho trong bng 2.3. Khong cch t tim l ti
mp thanh (theo mi phng), ni chung, khng c ln hn 8 ln chiu dy ca thanh
ni mng nht v khng c ln hn 125 mm.
Khong cch gia cc bu lng v khong cch t bu lng ti mp, k hiu tng ng l s
v Le, c minh ho trn hnh 2.7c.
Cc iu khon y v chi tit v khong cch bu lng v khong cch ti mp c th
c tham kho trong Ti liu [2], mc 6.13.2.6.
Hnh 2.7 Cc nh ngha khong cch trong lin kt bu lng
2.2.3.1 Khong cch ti thiu

Khong cch t tim n tim bu lng khng c nh hn ba ln ng knh. Khi dng bu
lng c l qu c hoc l van th khong cch tnh ti thiu gia hai mp l k nhau theo
phng lc cng nh phng vung gc khng c nh hn 2 ln ng knh bu lng.
2.2.3.2 Khong cch ti a ca cc bu lng chng thm (sealing bults)

m bo chng thm cho cc mi ni, c ly bu lng trn mt tuyn tim n 1 hng
k lin vi mp t do ca bn tp ngoi hay thp hnh phi tho mn:
S (100 + 4,0t) 175 (2.1) (6.13.2.6.2-1)
Nu c mt hng th hai b tr u so le vi hng gn mp t do c khong cch nh hn
38+4.0t th c li so le gia hai hng inh phi tho mn:
S 100+4.0 t(3.0 g / 4.0)175 (2.2) (6.13.2.6.2-2)
Khong cch so le ny khng nh hn mt na khong cch yu cu cho mt hng n.

Trong :
t- Chiu dy nh hn ca bn ni hay thp hnh (mm)
g- Khong cch ngang gia cc bu lng (mm)
2.2.3.3 Bc dc ln nht cho bu lng trong thanh ghp

Bu lng ghp dng lin kt cc b phn ca thanh gm hai hoc nhiu tm bn hoc thp
hnh ghp li vi nhau.
Bc dc cho bu lng ghp ca thanh chu nn khng vt qu 12.0t. khong cch ngang
gia cc hng bu lng k nhau khng vt qu 24.0t. Bc dc so le gia hai hng l so le phi
tha mn:
p 15.0t- (3.0 g / 8.0)12.0t (2.3)
Bc dc trong thanh chu ko khng vt qu hai ln quy nh cho thanh chu nn.
Khong cch ngang cho thanh chu ko khng vt qu 24.0t
Bc dc ln nht ca bu lng trong cc thanh ghp khng vt qu tr s nh hn theo yu
cu chng m.
2.2.3.4 Bc dc ln nht cho bu lng ghp u thanh chu nn

Bc dc bu lng lin kt cc b phn ca thanh chu nn khng vt bn ln ng knh
bu lng trn on chiu di bng 1.5 ln chiu rng ln nht ca thanh. Ngoi on ny bc
inh c th tng dn trn on chiu chiu di bng 1,5 ln chiu rng ln nht ca thanh cho
n khi t c bc ln nht theo cng thc.
2.2.3.5 Khong cch n mp thanh

Khong cch n mp thanh l khong cch tnh t tim bu lng n u thanh khng nh
hn khong cch n mp cho trong bng 2.3. Khi dng l qu c hoc l ovan , khong cch
tnh cui nh nht khng nh hn ng knh bu lng. Khong cch cui ln nht s l khong
cch n mp ln nht khng ln hn 8 ln chiu dy ca bn ni mng nht hay 125mm.
Bng 2.3 Khong cch n mp thanh ti thiu (mm)
ng knh bu lng (mm) Cc mp ct Cc mp tm, bn hay thp hnh c

cn hoc cc mp c ct bng kh t
16 28 22
20 34 26
22 38 28
24 42 30
27 48 34
30 52 38
36 64 46
2.3 LIN KT BU LNG CHU CT

Lin kt bu lng chu ct l loi lin kt m lc tc dng trong lin kt c phng vung
gc vi ng trc ca thn bu lng.
2.3.1 Cc trng hp ph hoi trong lin kt bu lng thng

C hai dng ph hoi ch yu trong lin kt bu lng chu ct: ph hoi ca bu lng v ph
hoi ca b phn c lin kt.
1/ Ph hoi ca bu lng :
Hnh 2.8 Cc trng hp ph hoi ct bu lng

Xt mi ni c biu din trong hnh 2.8a. S ph hoi ca bu lng c th c gi thit
xy ra nh trong hnh v. ng sut ct trung bnh trong trng hp ny s l
P P
fv = =
A d2 / 4
trong , P l lc tc dng ln mt bu lng, A l din tch mt ct ngang ca bu lng v d l
ng knh ca n. Lc tc dng c th c vit l
P = fv A
Mc d lc tc dng trong trng hp ny khng hon ton ng tm nhng lch tm l
nh v c th c b qua. Lin kt trong hnh 2.8b l tng t nhng s phn tch cn bng
lc cc phn ca thn bu lng cho thy rng, mi din tch mt ct ngang chu mt na ca
ti trng ton phn, hay, hon ton tng ng, c hai mt ct ngang tham gia chu ti trng
ton phn. Trong trng hp ny, ti trng l P = 2 fv A v y l trng hp ct kp (ct hai

mt). Lin kt bu lng trong hnh 2.8a ch vi mt mt chu ct c gi l lin kt chu ct n
(ct mt mt). S tng hn na b dy vt liu ti lin kt c th lm tng s mt phng ct v
lm gim hn na lc tc dng trn mi mt ct. Tuy nhin, iu ny s lm tng chiu di ca
bu lng v khin cho n c th phi chu un.
1/ Ph hoi ca b phn lin kt :
Cc dng ph hoi ca cc b phn c lin kt c chia thnh hai trng hp chnh
nh sau:
1. S ph hoi do ko, ct hoc un ln trong cc b phn c lin kt. Nu mt cu kin
chu ko c lin kt, lc ko trn c mt ct ngang nguyn v mt ct ngang hu hiu u
phi c kim tra. Tu theo cu to ca lin kt v lc tc dng, cng c th phi phn tch v
ct, ko, un hay ct khi. Vic thit k lin kt ca mt cu kin chu ko thng c tin
hnh song song vi vic thit k chnh cu kin v hai qu trnh ph thuc ln nhau.
2. S ph hoi ca b phn c lin kt do s p mt gy ra bi thn bu lng. Nu l bu
lng rng hn mt cht so vi thn bu lng v bu lng c gi thit l nm lng lo trong l
th khi chu ti, s tip xc gia bu lng v b phn c lin kt s xy ra trn khong mt
na chu vi ca bu lng (hnh 2.9). ng sut s bin thin t gi tr ln nht ti A n bng
khng ti B; n gin ho, mt ng sut trung bnh, c tnh bng lc tc dng chia cho
din tch tip xc, c s dng.
Do vy, ng sut p mt s c tnh l f p = P /(dt ), vi P l lc tc dng ln bu lng, d l
ng knh bu lng v t l b dy ca b phn b p mt. Lc p mt, t , l P = f p dt .
Hnh 2.9 S p mt ca bu lng ln thp c bn

Vn p mt c th phc tp hn khi c mt mt bu lng gn hoc khi gn mp u

cu kin theo phng chu lc. Khong cch gia cc bu lng v t bu lng ti mp s c nh
hng n cng chu p mt.
2.3.2 Cng chu p mt v cng chu ct ca lin kt

1/ Cng chu ct ca bu lng
Bu lng thng khc vi bu lng cng cao khng ch cc thuc tnh ca vt liu m
cn ch lc p cht do xit bu lng khng c tnh n. Bu lng thng c quy nh
trong Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05 l bu lng ASTM A307.
Sc khng ct danh nh ca bu lng cng cao TTGH cng trong cc mi ni
m khong cch gia cc bu lng xa nht o song song vi phng lc tc dng nh hn 1270
mm c ly nh sau:
Khi ng ren rng khng ct qua mt phng ct
Rn = 0, 48 Ab Fub Ns (2.4)
Khi ng ren rng ct mt phng ct
Rn = 0,38 Ab Fub Ns (2.5)
trong :
Ab din tch bu lng theo ng knh danh nh (mm2),
Fub cng chu ko nh nht ca bu lng (MPa), v
Ns s mt phng ct cho mi bu lng
Sc khng ct danh nh ca bu lng trong cc mi ni di hn 1270 mm c ly bng
0,80 ln tr s tnh theo cc cng thc 2.4 hoc 2.5.
Sc khng ct danh nh ca bu lng thng ASTM A307 c xc nh theo cng thc
2.5. Khi b dy tp bn ni ca mt bu lng A307 ln hn 5 ln ng knh, sc khng danh
nh s gim i 1,0% cho mi 1,50 mm ln hn 5 ln ng knh.
Sc khng ct c h s ca bu lng l Rn , vi = 0, 65 i vi bu lng thng v
= 0,80 i vi bu lng cng cao (bng 1.1).
2/ Cng chu p mt ca bu lng
Cng chu p mt khng ph thuc vo loi bu lng v ng sut c xem xt l trn
b phn c lin kt ch khng phi trn bu lng. Do vy, cng chu p mt cng nh cc
yu cu v khong cch bu lng v khong cch ti mp u cu kin, l nhng i lng
khng ph thuc vo loi bu lng, s c xem xt trc khi bn v cng chu ct v chu
ko ca bu lng.
Cc quy nh ca Tiu chun AISC v cng chu p mt cng nh tt c cc yu cu
i vi bu lng cng cao c c s l cc quy nh ca tiu chun RCSC, 2000 (Hi ng
nghin cu v lin kt trong kt cu). Phn trnh by sau y gii thch c s ca cc cng thc
cho cng chu p mt trong Tiu chun AISC cng nh AASHTO LRFD.
Mt trng hp ph hoi c th xy ra do p mt ln l s x rch ti u mt cu kin
c lin kt nh c minh ho trn hnh 2.10a. Nu b mt ph hoi c l tng ho nh
biu din trn hnh 2.10b th ti trng ph hoi trn mt trong hai mt s bng ng sut ph hoi
ct nhn vi din tch chu ct, hay
Rn
= 0, 6 Fu Lc t
2
Trong
0,6Fu ng sut ph hoi ct ca cu kin c lin kt
Lc khong cch t mp l ti mp cu kin c lin kt
t chiu dy ca cu kin c lin kt
Cng tng cng l
Rn = 2(0, 6 Fu Lc t ) = 1, 2 Fu Lc t (2.6)
Hnh 2.10 S x rch ti u cu kin

S x rch ny c th xy ra ti mp ca mt cu kin c lin kt, nh trong hnh v,
hoc gia hai l theo phng chu lc p mt. ngn nga bin dng qu ln ca l, mt gii
hn trn c t ra i vi lc p mt c cho bi cng thc 2.6. Gii hn trn ny l t l
thun vi tch s ca din tch chu p mt v ng sut ph hoi, hay
Rn = C din tch p mt Fu = CdtFu (2.7)
Trong
C hng s
D ng knh bu lng
T chiu dy cu kin c lin kt
Tiu chun AISC s dng cng thc 2.6 cho cng chu p mt vi gii hn trn c
cho bi cng thc 2.7. Nu c bin dng ln, m iu ny thng xy ra, th C c ly bng
2,4. Gi tr ny tng ng vi gin di ca l bng khong inch. Nh vy
Rn = 1, 2 Fu Lc t 2, 4 dtFu
Theo Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05 (cng nh AASHTO LRFD), cng chu
p mt ca lin kt bu lng, v bn cht, c xc nh trn c s phn tch trn. Tuy nhin,
quy nh v cc trng hp ca sc khng p mt danh nh th hin khc bit v hnh thc, c
th nh sau:
i vi cc l chun, l qu c, l van ngn chu tc dng lc theo mi phng v l
van di song song vi phng lc tc dng:
Khi khong cch tnh gia cc l bu lng khng nh hn 2d v khong cch tnh n
u thanh khng nh hn 2 d:
Rn = 2,4.d.t.Fu (2.8)
Khi khong cch tnh gia cc l bu lng nh hn 2 d hoc khong cch tnh n u
thanh nh hn 2 d:
Rn = 1,2.Lc.t.Fu (2.9)
i vi cc l van di vung gc vi phng lc tc dng:
Khi khong cch tnh gia cc l bu lng khng nh hn 2 d v khong cch tnh n
u thanh khng nh hn 2 d:
Rn = 2,0.d.t.Fu (2.10)
Khi khong cch tnh gia cc l bu lng nh hn 2 d hoc khong cch tnh n u
thanh nh hn 2d:
Rn = Lc.t.Fu (2.11)
trong ,
Lc khong cch trng, theo phng song song vi lc tc dng, t mp ca l bu
lng ti mp ca l gn k hoc ti mp ca cu kin
t chiu dy cu kin c lin kt
d ng knh bu lng
Fu ng sut ko gii hn ca cu kin c lin kt (khng phi ca bu lng)
Trong ti liu ny, bin dng c xem xt l trn gc thit k. Cng chu p mt
tnh ton ca mt bu lng n, do vy, c th c tnh bng Rn , vi l h s sc khng
i vi p mt ca bu lng ln thp c bn
= 0, 75 theo AISC
= 0,80 theo AASHTO LRFD (1998)
trong ,
Lc khong cch trng, theo phng song song vi lc tc dng, t mp ca l bu

lng ti mp ca l gn k hoc ti mp ca cu kin
t chiu dy cu kin c lin kt
Fu ng sut ko gii hn ca cu kin c lin kt (khng phi ca bu lng)
Hnh 2.11 miu t khong cch Lc. Khi tnh ton cng p mt cho mt bu lng, s
dng khong cch t bu lng ny n bu lng lin k hoc n mp theo phng lc tc dng
vo cu kin lin kt. i vi trng hp trong hnh v, lc p mt s tc dng trn phn bn
tri ca mi l. Do vy, cng cho bu lng 1 c tnh vi Lc bng khong cch gia hai
mp l v cng cho bu lng 2 c tnh vi Lc bng khong cch ti mp cu kin c
lin kt.
Hnh 2.11 Xc nh Lc
Cho cc bu lng gn mp, dng Lc = Le h / 2 . Cho cc bu lng khc, dng Lc = s h ,
trong
Le khong cch t tm l ti mp
s khong cch tim n tim ca l
dh ng knh l
Khi tnh khong cch Lc, cn s dng ng knh l thc t (tc l rng hn 1/16 inch so
vi ng knh thn bu lng, theo AISC)
1
dh = d + in.
16
hay n gin
dh = d + 2 mm cho bu lng c d24mm v dh=d+3mm cho bu lng c d>24mm
Khong cch bu lng v khong cch ti mp
Yu cu v khong cch ti thiu gia cc bu lng v t bu lng ti mp c lin quan n
x rch thp c bn . Khong cch gia cc bu lng v khong cch t bu lng ti mp, k hiu
tng ng l s v Le, c minh ho trn hnh 2.12.
Hnh 2.12 nh ngha cc khong cch bu lng v khong cch ti mp
2.3.3 Cng chu ma st ca lin kt bu lng cng cao
1/ c im ch to v c im chu lc ca lin kt bu lng cng cao chu ma

st, cc phng php x l b mt thp:
Bu lng cng cao c lm t thp hp kim (40Cr;38CrSi) v phi qua gia cng
nhit.
V mt sc khng trt ca bu lng cng cao c to nn bi lc ma st pht sinh
trn b mt tip xc ca cc cu kin. Do vy sc khng trt ca bu lng cng cao ph
thuc vo lc cng trong thn bu lng , h s ma st ca b mt tip xc v nh hng ca kch
thc l. Khi lp rp loi bu lng ny cn phi m bo hai vn chnh l: (1) Khng ch lc
xit m bo to ra c lc cng Pt trong thn bu lng nh quy nh, (2)Lm sch mt tip
xc.
a. Cc phng php khng ch lc xit l:
- Phng php dng cl o lc :
- Cl o lc c ng h cho bit m men xon, t ta c c lc cng trong
bu lng. Gi tr m men xon: M=kPtd ( M- m men xon; Pt-lc cng trong bu lng, k
h s xc nh bng thc nghim). Phng php ny nhanh nhng khng chnh xc v c
nhiu nguyn nhn nh hng n m men xon: lc xit, cht lng ca ren, v cu, ma
st gia cu v mt bn thp, tnh n hi ca tay n cl.
- Phng php quay thm cu: Mi u dng cl o lc xit n m men xon khong
40%; 60% hoc 70% lc ko cn thit Pt ca bu lng. Sau vn tip cu thm mt gc 120o;
90o hoc 60o so vi v tr ban u.
- Phng php o trc tip: Dng vng m c vu li nh hnh 2.13 khi xit vu bin
dng ngn li, t yata s tnh c lc cng. Khi s dng cn tun th quy trnh lp t ca
nh sn xut bu lng.
Hnh 2.13 Vng m c vu li ca phng php o trc tip
b. Cc bin php lm sch mt tip xc:

- Dng bn chi st
- Phun ct
- Phun la
- X l ho hc b mt
2/ Tnh ton sc khng trt

ngn nga s trt, Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05 quy nh vic tnh ton
phi c tin hnh vi t hp ti trng s dng. Sc khng trt ca bu lng cng cao,
v c bn, l mt hm ca tch s gia h s ma st tnh v lc cng trc trong bu lng. Quan
h ny c phn nh bng cng thc xc nh sc khng trt danh nh ca mt bu lng
cng cao nh sau
Rn = Kh K s Ns Pt (2.12)
trong :
Ns s mt ma st ca mi bu lng (thc t bng s mt ct ca bu lng),
Pt lc ko ti thiu yu cu trong bu lng, c quy nh trong bng 2.4,
Kh h s kch thc l, c quy nh trong bng 2.5, v
Ks h s iu kin b mt, c quy nh trong bng 2.6.
Bng 2.4 Lc ko ti thiu yu cu trong bu lng

ng knh bu lng Lc ko ti thiu yu cu trong bu lng Pt (kN)
(mm) Bu lng A325M Bu lng A490M
16 91 114
20 142 179
22 176 221
24 205 257
27 267 334
30 326 408
36 475 595
Bng 2.5 Cc tr s ca Kh
Cho cc l chun 1,0
Cho cc l qu c v kha rnh ngn 0,85
Cho cc l kha rnh di vi rnh vung gc vi 0,70
phng ca lc
Cho cc l kha rnh di vi rnh song song vi 0,60
phng ca lc
Bng 2.6 Cc tr s ca Ks
Cho cc iu kin b mt loi A 0,33
Cho cc iu kin b mt loi B 0,50
Cho cc iu kin b mt loi C 0,33
Tiu chun i vi cc loi b mt:

Loi A: cc lp cu bn c lm sch, b mt khng sn v c lm sch bng
thi vi lp ph loi A.
Loi B: cc b mt khng sn v c lm sch bng thi vi lp ph loi B.
Loi C: b mt m km nng, c lm nhm bng bn chi st sau khi m.
Sc khng trt tnh ton (c h s) ca bu lng cng cao cng chnh l sc khng trt
danh nh ( = 1, 0 )
Rr = Rn = Kh K s Ns Pt (2.13)
2.3.4 Tnh ton lin kt bu lng chu ct
2.3.4.1 Lin kt chu lc ng tm

a/ Chon ng knh bu lng v chn kch thc bn ghp
ng knh bu lng c la chn ph thuc vo kch thc cu lin v lin kt .
Kch thc bn ghp chn phi m bo :
A sp A (2.14)
Trong Asp tng din tch tit din ngang ca cc bn ghp (Splice plate -bn ni)
A din tch tit din ca cu kin c lin kt
b/ Tnh ton s lng bu lng v b tr
S bu lng c s b chn theo cng chu ct , sau chn v b tr bu lng. Tip
theo l kim tra theo cng chu p mt, vi bu lng cng cao cn phi kim tra sc
khng trt trng thi s dng.
V d 2.1:
Tnh ton thit k mi ni i vi lin kt c cho trong hnh 2.13. S dng bu lng
ASTM A307, ng knh 20 mm, thp kt cu M270 cp 250, mp cu kin dng cn. Lc ko
c h s bng 120 kN.
Hnh 2.14 Hnh cho v d 2.1

Li gii
Thp kt cu M270 cp 250 c cng chu ko Fu = 400 Mpa
Bu lng ASTM A307 c cng chu ko nh nht Fub = 420 MPa
d2
Din tch mt ct ngang bu lng Ab = = 314 mm 2
4
S mt chu ct ca bu lng: Ns = 1
Sc khng ct danh nh ca mt bu lng c tnh theo cng thc 2.5
Rn = 0,38 Ab Fub Ns = 0,38.314.420.1 = 50114 N = 50,114 kN
Sc khng ct c h s ca mt bu lng l
Rn = 0.65 * 50,114 = 32,574kN
P 120
S bu lng cn thit l : n = = = 3,68bulng
Rn 32,574
Chn 4 bu lng b tr nh hnh v sau :
Kim tra cc khong cch

Khong cch thc t gia cc bu lng = 65 mm > 3d = 60 mm (khong cch nh nht)
Khong cch thc t ti mp = 30 mm > 26 mm (khong cch nh nht, bng 2.2)
ng knh l bu lng tnh p mt
h = d + 2 mm = 22 mm
Kim tra p mt c trn thanh ko v trn bn nt
a) p mt trn thanh ko
L gn mp
h 22
Lc = Le = 30 = 19 mm < 2d = 40 mm
2 2
Cng chu p mt danh nh c tnh theo cng thc 2.9
Rn = 1, 2 Lc tFu = 1, 2.19.12.400 = 109440 N = 109, 44 kN
Rn = 0,8.109, 44 = 87,552 kN
L khc
Lc = s h = 65 22 = 43 mm > 2d = 40 mm
.(2, 4 dtFu ) = 184,320 kN
Cng chu p mt i vi cu kin chu ko l
Rn = 2.(87,552) + 2.(184,320) = 543, 74 kN
b) p mt trn bn nt
L gn mp
h 22
Lc = Le = 30 = 19 mm < 2d = 40 mm
2 2
Rn = 0,8.1, 2 Lc tFu = 0,8.1, 2.19.10.400 = 72960 N = 72, 96 kN
L khc
Lc = s h = 65 22 = 43 mm > 2d = 40 mm

.(2, 4 dtFu ) = 0,8.2, 4.20.10.400 = 153600 N = 153, 60 kN
Cng chu p mt i vi bn nt l
Rn = 2.(72, 96) + 2.(153, 60) = 453,12 kN
Kt lun kim tra p mt:
Cng chu p mt ca bn nt l quyt nh.
Rn = 453,12kN P = 120kN
Vy lin kt m bo !
Khong cch bu lng v khong cch ti mp trong v d 2.1 l ging nhau i vi cu
kin chu ko v bn nt. Ch c chiu dy ca chng l khc nhau, do cn kim tra bn nt.
Trong nhng trng hp th ny, ch cn kim tra cu kin mng hn. Nu cc khong cch ti
mp l khc nhau th phi kim tra c cu kin chu ko v bn nt.
V D 2.2
Mt thanh ko c ni vi bn nt nh trong hnh 2.15. bng bu lng cng cao A325,
ng knh 20 mm, ng ren ct mt phng ct ca mi ni. S dng thp M270M cp 250
cho c hai cu kin, b mt loi A. Lin kt khng cho php trt. Ti trng c h s TTGH
cng bng 250 kN, ti trng c h s TTGH s dng bng 160 kN. Hy kim ton mi
ni (xt n tt c cc trng hp ph hoi c th xy ra).
Li gii
a) Tnh sc khng ct:
Tnh cho mt bu lng
d2
4
Rn = 0, 8.0,38 Ab Fub Ns = 0,8.0, 38.314.830.1 = 79230 N = 79, 23 kN
Sc khng ct c h s ca bn bu lng l
Rn = 4.79, 23 = 317 kN
Hnh 2.15 Hnh cho v d 2.2. Kch thc ghi bng mm.
b) Tnh sc khng p mt
Thp kt cu M270 cp 250 c cng chu ko Fu = 400 MPa
ng knh l bu lng tnh p mt h = 22 mm
Kim tra p mt cho bn nt (l chi tit mng hn).
L st mp
h 22
Lc = Le = 35 = 24 mm < 2d = 40 mm
2 2
Rn = 0,8.1,2 Lc tFu = 0,8.1, 2.24.10.400.10 3 = 92,16 kN
Cc l khc
Lc = s h = 75 22 = 53 mm > 2d = 40 mm
.(2, 4 dtFu ) = 0,8.2, 4.20.10.400.10 3 = 153, 6 kN
Cng chu p mt ca bn nt l
Rn = 2(92,16 + 153, 6) = 491,52 kN
c) Tnh sc khng trt:
Sc khng trt danh nh ca mt bu lng c tnh bng cng thc 2.9:
Rn = Kh K s Ns Pt
= 1.0,33.1.142 = 46,86 kN
Sc khng trt c h s cng bng sc khng trt danh nh ( = 1 )
Sc khng trt c h s ca bn bu lng:
Rn = 46,86.4 = 187, 4 kN
p s
Xt TTGH cng , sc khng ct ca bu lng (317 kN) l quyt nh. Gi tr ny ln

hn so vi ti trng TTGH cng (250 kN).
Xt TTGH s dng, sc khng trt ca bu lng (187,4 kN) ln hn so vi ti trng
TTGH s dng (160 kN).
Vy, lin kt m bo an ton.
2.3.4.2 Lin kt chu lc lch tm

Lin kt cng son vo ct nh trong hnh v 2.16, y l lin kt bu lng chu ct chu lc
lch tm. C hai cch tip cn gii quyt bi ton: phn tch n hi theo truyn thng v
phn tch cng gii hn. Phn sau y trnh by cch tnh ni lc bu lng trong lin kt
lch tm bng phn tch n hi. Cch tnh ton theo phn tch cng gii hn c th tham
kho ti liu [5].
Ti trng P tc dng lch tm c th c thay th bng mt lc P tc dng ti trng tm
cng vi mt m men M = P.e, vi e l lch tm.
Di tc dng ca ti trng ng tm P, mi bu lng chu tc dng ca mt phn lc chia
u pc = P / n , vi n l s bu lng.
Ti trng P tc dng lch tm c th c thay th bng mt lc P tc dng ti trng tm
ca cc bu lng lin kt v mt m men M=P.e ( e- l lch tm)
a lc v trng tm ta c :
Lc dc : N = P cos
Lc ct : V = P sin
M men : M = Pe
Hnh 2.16 Phn tch cc thnh phn lc ca bu lng chu lc lch tm

Thnh phn lc dc v lc ct chia u cho cc bu lng chu.
N V
p xN = ; px =
V
n n
Tnh ton lin kt di tc dng ca m men ta a ra hai gi thit:
- Di tc dng ca m men bn thp s quay quanh im O l trng tm tp th cc bu lng
mi ni.
- Gi thit bn thp l cc tm cng
T hai gi thit ny ta c lc tc dng ln cc bu lng s t l vi khong cch t tim bu lng
n trng tm O, v cc lc ny c phng vung gc vi bn knh.
Ta c:
p1M p 2M piM
= = ... = (2.15)
r1 r2 ri
trong
piM l thnh phn lc do m men tc dng ln bu lng th i
ri l khong cch t tim bu lng th i n trng tm O
T 2.15 ta c :
p1M
p = i
M
ri
r1
Xt cn bng bn thp ta c tng m men ni ngoi lc l bng nhau:
p1Mn n
M =p r = m
i i r i
2
1 r1 1
M
p1M = n
r1
r 1
i
2
Qua O lp h trc ta xOy ta c :

M
p1M = n
r1
(x1
i
2
+y ) i
2
M
T cng thc ny ta thy bu lng xa nht chu lc ln nht. Ta phn tch p1 thnh hai
thnh phn theo phng trc x v trc y, d dng ta c:
M M
p1Mx = n
y1 p1My = n
x1
(x
1
i
2
+y )
i
2
(x1
i
2
+y )i
2
v ni lc tng cng ca bu lng l
P= ( P ) + ( P )
x
2
y
2
Rn (2.16)
trong P = p x
N
x
+ p xM
P = p y
V
y + p yM
Hnh 2.17 Hai thnh phn lc vung gc ca bu lng

V D 2.3
Kim ton mi ni cho trong hnh 2.18. S dng bu lng cng cao A325, ng knh
22 mm, l chun, lm vic chu p mt. Gi thit rng ng ren bu lng ct qua mt phng ct
ca mi ni. Cc cu kin bng thp M270 cp 345.
Li gii
Bu lng A325 c cng chu ko nh nht Fub = 830 MPa
Thp M270 cp 345 c Fu = 450 MPa
a) Tnh ni lc tc dng ti trng tm lin kt
Lc thng ng bng 200 kN gy ra ni lc ti lin kt gm hai thnh phn:
Lc ct V = 200 kN
75 3
M men M = Pe = 200(130 +
)10 = 33,5 kNm
2
Vy, y l lin kt bu lng chu ct di tc dng ng thi ca m men v lc ct.
a) Tnh ni lc ln nht ca bu lng
Ni lc bu lng do lc ct l
P 200
pcy = = = 25 kN
n 8
Di tc dng ca m men, bu lng xa trng tm nht l bu lng chu lc ln nht.
75 2 75
2
3.75
2
( x 2
+y 2
) = .8 + .4 + .4 = 67500 mm 4
2 2 2
ymax = 112,5 mm; x max = 37,5 mm
Ni lc thnh phn ca bu lng xa nht do m men l
My 33,5.103
pmx = = .112,5 = 55,8 kN
( x 2 + y 2 ) 67500
Mx 33,5.103
pmy = = .37,5 = 18, 6 kN
( x 2 + y 2 ) 67500
Ni lc tng cng trong bu lng xa nht l
p = ( p x )2 + ( py )2 = (55,8)2 + (25 + 18, 6)2 = 70,8 kN
b) Tnh sc khng ct ca mt bu lng
d2
4
Rn = 0,8 * 0, 48 Ab Fub Ns = 0,8 * 0, 48 * 380 * 830 *1 = 79230 N = 121 kN
c) Tnh sc khng p mt ti mt l bu lng
Bn cng son c chiu dy t = 10 mm, mng hn thp bn nt . Vic tnh ton p mt
c tin hnh i vi bn cng son .
Vi l st mp
h 24
Lc = Le = 50 = 38 mm < 2d = 44 mm
2 2
Rn = 0,8.(1, 2 Lc tFu ) = 0,8 *1, 2 * 38 *10 * 450 *10 3 = 164,16 kN
Vi cc l khc
Lc = s h = 75 24 = 51mm > 2d = 44 mm
Rn = .(2, 4dtFu ) = 0,8 * 2, 4 * 22 *10 * 450 *10 3 = 190, 08 kN
Cng p mt ti l st mp l quyt nh: Rn = 169 kN>p=70,8kN
Kt lun lin kt khng b ph hoi do p mt
2.4 LIN KT BU LNG CHU KO
2.4.1 Lin kt bu lng chu ko
Khi lc ko tc dng ln mt bu lng khng c cng trc th lc ko trong bu lng s

bng lc tc dng. Tuy nhin, nu bu lng c ko trc th mt phn ln ti trng tc dng
c s dng vo vic lm gim bt lc nn hay lc p gia cc b phn c lin kt. Cc bu
lng cng cao chu ko dc trc phi c cng n lc quy nh trong bng 2.3.
Lc tc dng ln lin kt chu ko c xc nh bng tng cng lc do ti trng bn ngoi

sinh ra v lc do tc ng by ln i vi bu lng.
Theo Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05, sc khng ko danh nh ca bu lng cng
cao, Tn, c lp vi mi lc xit ban u, c tnh bng cng thc
Tn = 0, 76. Ab .Fub (2.17)
trong :
Ab din tch bu lng theo ng knh danh nh (mm2)
Fub cng chu ko nh nht quy nh ca bu lng (MPa)
Tc ng by ln ( Tc ng nh)
Hnh 2.19 Tc ng by ln trong lin kt bu lng chu ko
Do tc ng by ln gy ra bi s bin dng ca cc cu kin trong lin kt chu ko

(hnh 2.19), bu lng cng cao chu mt lc ko b sung.
Da vo cng thc bn thc nghim ca Nair nm 1974 m ASCE a ra lc ko do

tc ng by c tnh bng
3b t3
Qu = Pu (2.18)
8a 328000
trong :
Qu lc nh trn mt bu lng do ti trng c h s, c ly bng
khng khi lc l m (N)
Pu lc ko trc tip trn mt bu lng do ti trng c h s (N)
a khong cch t tim bu lng n mp tm (mm)
b khong cch t tim bu lng n chn ng hn ca cu kin lin kt (mm)
t b dy nh nht ca cc cu kin lin kt
2.4.2 Lin kt bu lng chu ko v ct kt hp

Sc khng ko danh nh ca bulng chu ct kt hp ko dc trc , Tn, phi ly nh
sau:
Pu
Nu 0,33 th Tn = 0,76 Ab Fub (6.13.2.11-1)
Rn
Nu khng,
2
P
T n = 0,76 A b Fub 1- u (6.13.2.11-2)
s R n
trong :
Ab = din tch bulng ng vi ng knh danh nh (mm2)
Fub = ng sut ko nh nht quy nh ca bulng quy nh trong iu 6.4.3 (MPa)
Pu = lc ct tc ng ln bulng do cc ti trng thnh phn (N)
Rn = sc khng ct danh nh ca bulng quy nh trong iu 6.13.2.7 (N)
Sc khng danh nh ca bulng trong cc lin kt ma st do T hp ti trng s dng
quy nh trong Bng 3.4.1-1, chu ct kt hp ko dc trc, khng c vt qu sc khng
trt danh nh quy nh trong iu 6.13.2.8 nhn vi:
Tu
1- (6.13.2.11-3)
Pt
trong : Tu = lc ko do ti trng thnh phn di T hp ti trng s dng

(N)
Pt = lc ko nh nht yu cu ca bu lng quy nh trong Bng 6.13.2.8-1
2.5 LIN KT HN
Lin kt hn l hnh thc lin kt ch yu hin nay trong kt cu thp. Lin kt hn n

gin v cu to, thit k v thi cng, t chi tit v khng gy gim yu mt ct. Thng thng,
cc cu kin thp c hn ni trong nh my v c lp ghp ti cng trng bng bu lng
cng cao.
Tuy nhin, nhc im ca lin kt hn l thng gy ng sut d, c bit trong nhng
mi hn ln. Ngoi ra, cht lng mi hn ph thuc nhiu vo cng ngh hn v trnh
ngi thi cng.
Cc mi hn c thit k vi cng bng cng thp c bn, trong , que hn
c quy nh ph hp vi tng loi thp kt cu.
2.5.1 Cu to v ch to lin kt hn
2.5.1.1 Cc phng php hn trong kt cu
1. Hn h quang in
a) Hn tay-SMAW Shielded metal arc welding(Hnh 2.20)
Nguyn l: Di tc dng ca dng in mt chiu xut hin h quang gia hai in
cc que hn v thanh thp cn hn ( thp c bn). Nhit lng cao ca h quang lm nng
chy mp thp thanh hn v que hn. Kim loi que hn nng chy thnh tng git ri xung
rnh hn do lc ht in trng. Hia kim loi nng chy ha vo nhau, ngui li to thnh
ng hn. Bn cht ca ng hn l s lin kt gia cc phn t ca cc kim loi b nng
chy.
Tay cm Dy dn in
Que hn
Ngun
in
H quang
Kim loi c bn
Dy dn
Hnh 2.20 S hn h quang in bng tay
Que hn: Hn tay dng que hn bc thuc, thuc bc dy 11,5mm c tc dng: 1)

Tng cng ion ha khng kh xung quanh gi cho h quang c n nh; 2) Khi chy to
nn lp x cch ly khng kh xung quanh vi kim loi lng, ngn khng cho oxy v nit lt vo
kim loi ng hn lm ng hn tr nn gin; 3) trong thuc hn c mt s bt hp kim c
tc dng ci thin tnh nng c hc ca ng hn.
b) Hn di lp thuc-SAW Submerged arc welding (Hnh 2.21)

nh ngha
Hn h quang di lp thuc bo v cn gi l hn h quang chm, ting Anh vit tt l
SAW (Submerged arc welding) l qu trnh hn h quang gia dy hn v vt hn di lp
thuc bo v.
c im hn h quang di lp thuc
- H quang n nh, nhit lng tp trung lm nng chy su thp c bn. V vy
phng php hn ny c th hn nhng chi tit c chiu dy ln m khng cn
phi vt mp.
- Cht lng lin kt hn cao do bo v tt kim loi mi hn khi tc dng ca oxi
v nit trong khng kh xung quanh. Kim loi mi hn ng nht v thnh phn
ha hc.
- Lp thuc v x hn lm lin kt ngui chm nn mi hn c hnh dng tt, u
n, t b cc khuyt tt nh khng ngu, r kh, nt v bn te.
- Gim tiu hao vt liu (dy hn).
- H quang c bao bc kn bi thuc hn nn khng lm hi mt v da ca th
hn. Lng khi (kh c) sinh ra trong qu trnh hn rt t so vi hn h quang
tay.
- D c kh ha v t ng ha qu trnh hn
Phm vi ng dng ca hn h quang di lp thuc:
- Cc kt cu thp dng tm v kch thc ln, cc dm thp c khu v chiu
cao, cc ng thp c ng knh ln, cc bn, b cha, bnh chu p lc v trong
cng nghip ng tu v.v.
- Ch yu c ng dng hn cc mi hn v tr hn bng cc mi hn c
chiu di ln v c qu o khng phc tp.
- Hn c cc chi tit c chiu dy t vi mm cho n hng trm mm.
Phu ri thuc hn ng ht thuc hn
Dy hn
Dy hn trn
My hn
Thuc hn
Thuc hn
H quang chm
Hnh 2.21 S hn di lp thuc hn
c) Hn trong kh bo v -GMAW Gas metal arc welding (Hnh 2.22)
Hnh 2.22 S hn trong kh bo v
nh ngha
Hn h quang bng in cc nng chy trong mi trng kh bo v (Gas metal arc
welding - GMAW) phn thnh 2 loi MAG (Metal active gas welding) v MIG (metal inert
gas welding) l qu trnh hn nng chy trong ngun nhit hn c cung cp bi h quang
to ra gia in cc nng chy (dy hn) v vt hn: h quang v kim loi nng chy c bo
v khi tc dng ca oxi v nit trong mi trng xung quanh bi mt loi kh hoc mt hn
hp kh.
Kh bo v c th l kh tr (Ar, He hoc hn hp Ar + He) khng tc dng vi kim loi
lng trong khi hn hoc l cc loi kh hot tnh (CO2; CO2 + O2; CO2 + Ar, ...) c tc dng
chim ch v y khng kh ra khi vng hn hn ch tc dng xu ca n.
c im
- Nng sut hn trong CO2 cao, gp hn 2,5 ln so vi hn h quang tay;
- Tnh cng ngh ca hn trong CO2 cao hn so vi hn h quang di lp thuc
v c th tin hnh mi v tr khng gian khc nhau;
- Cht lng hn cao. Sn phm hn t b cong vnh do tc hn cao, ngun
nhit tp trung, hiu sut s dng nhit ln, vng nh hng nhit hp;
- iu kin lao ng tt hn so vi hn h quang tay v trong qu trnh hn
khng pht sinh kh c.
Phm vi ng dng:
- N khng nhng c th hn cc loi thp kt cu thng thng, m cn c th
hn cc loi thp khng g, thp chu nhit, thp bn nng, cc hp kim c bit,
cc hp kim nhm, magi, niken, ng, cc hp kim c i lc ha hc mnh vi
xi.
- Phng php hn ny c th s dng c mi v tr trong khng gian.

-Chiu dy vt hn t 0,4 4,8 mm th ch cn hn mt lp m khng phi vt
mp, t 1,6 10mm th hn mt lp c vt mp, cn t 3,2 25mm th hn nhiu
lp.
- Khng thch hp cho hn ngoi tri ,bi v s chuyn ng ca khng kh xung
quanh c th lm nh hng ti kh bo v v mi hn .Nn s dng trong trong
ngnh xy dng kh hn ch.
- c dng ph bin trong hn t ng v bn t ng.
d) Hn dy li thuc -FCAW Flux cored arc welding (Hnh 2.23)
nh Ngha:
Hn h quang bng in cc li thuc (Flux-cored arc welding FCAW) l phng php
hn bn t ng hoc t ng trong in cc nng chy l mt ng kim loi ,bn trong c
lp y bng thuc hn vi tnh nng tng t nh v bc que hn. Hn FCAW thng s
dng ngun cp in p c nh hoc i khi l dng in khng i (t ph bin). Hn FCAW
i khi c s dng ngun cp kh bo v, nhng thng thng li thuc ca dy hn t cung
cp mi trng bo v mi hn. Hn FCAW c tnh c ng v tc hn cao do thng
c s dng trong ngnh xy dng.
Hnh 2.23 S hn dy li thuc

c im:
+ u im:
- So vi hn h quang tay: Duy tr h quang lin tc, tc p cao hn , khng tn tht
u mu que hn, khc phc cc nhc im lin quan n k nng v s mt mi ca
th hn, c mc bn te thp ,hnh dng b mt mi hn c ci thin ng k (do
c cc cht n nh ha h quang v to x trong thnh phn thuc hn).
- C hai loi FCAW. Mt loi khng cn thit b cp kh bo v do trong thuc hn c
cc hp cht gip tao mi trng bo v mi hn. Vi loi ny gip cho tnh c ng
ca thit b cao, v thit b c th lm vic ti cc ni c gi.
- FCAW cng bao gm mt dng khc c yu cu ngun cp kh bo v. dng ny c u

im tiu th t kh bo v n so vi hn bng dy c. Nng xut lao ng cao ph hp
vi cc mi hn dy mi hn tt v t li hn so vi hn que v hn MIG/MAG
+ Nhc im:
- Thit b phc tp v t tin hn so vi hn h quang tay, cng nh hn MIG/MAG.
- t ch v iu khin phc tp hn.
- Khi hn nhiu hn ,cn thng gi tt trong xng hn.
- Mt nhiu thi gian lm sch x. N cng yu cu ngi thc hin c k nng cao.
Phm vi ng dng:
- Thng c s dng vi nhng hp kim:thp ccbon v hp kim thp,thp khng
g,thp Nickel,
- Hn kt cu dn khoan ngoi khi ,ng ng dn du ,b cha kh ha lng.
- Lp rp kt cu thp nh trc tri (dy hn t bo v)
- Ch to dm ch I,dn trao i nhit nh my nhit in
- Ch to cc kt cu nng:khung xe i,gu xc,hp gim tc ,cn trc ,gm toa xe la.
- Hn p khi lng ln (dy t bo v )
Bng 2.7 Vt liu hn hp cch theo tiu chun Hoa k

2.5.1.2 Cu to ca lin kt hn
1/ ng hn rnh
c)
Hnh 2.24 Mi hn rnh v cc loi gia cng mp
Mi hn rnh thng c s dng ni hai cu kin nm trong cng mt mt phng

(hnh 2.24), nhng cng c th dng cho mi ni ch T hay mi ni gc. Trong loi mi hn
ny, mp cc cu kin phi c gia cng m bo cho mi hn ngu trn ton b chiu dy
cc thanh ni. Cc yu cu v hn rnh nh mt ct ng hn, gia cng mp thp, tun th
theo tiu chun hn cu thp 22TCN280-01.
Hnh 2.25 Chuyn tip chiu dy lin kt i u cc bn thp c chiu dy khc nhau
Hnh 2.26 mt ct mi hn rnh

i vi mi ni bn thp bng ng hn rnh th AASHTO LRFD 1998 yu cu nh hnh

2.27 nh sau:
Hnh 2.27 Mi hn rnh cho thp bn c chiu rng khc nhau
Lin kt bng ng hn rnh truyn lc tt, ng lc m thun, ph hp vi kt cu

chu ti trng ng.
1/ ng hn gc
Hnh 2.28 Mi hn gc
a) ng hn gc cnh; b) ng hn gc u
Hnh 2.29 Mt ct mi hn gc
Mt ct mi hn c th quy v dng tam gic vung. Kch thc c trng ca mt ct mi

hn l cnh nh hn trong hai cnh vung gc ca tam gic, c gi l chiu dy ng hn,
k hiu l w. Do mt on ng hn c th chu tc dng ca ct, nn hay ko theo mi
phng, mt ng hn yu nht l khi chu ct v n lun lun c gi thit l b ph hoi
do ct. c bit, s ph hoi c gi thit l xy ra do ct trong mt phng i qua ch hp
nht ca ng hn. B rng nh nht ny l khong cch vung gc t chn ng hn ti
cnh huyn ca tam gic vung. Khi mt ct ng hn l hnh tam gic vung cn cnh gc
vung l w, khi chiu cao chu ct ca ng hn l 0,707w. Khi mt ct ng hn l hnh
tam gic vung hai cnh gc vung l a v b khi chiu cao chu ct ca ng hn l
ab
a2 + b 2
Gii hn kch thc ca mi hn gc

Theo Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05, chiu dy ln nht ca mi hn gc dc theo
cnh ca cu kin lin kt c ly bng
Chiu dy bn ni, nu bn ni mng hn 6 mm
Chiu dy bn ni tr i 2 mm nu bn ni dy hn hoc bng 6 mm.
Chiu dy nh nht ca mi hn gc c quy nh nh trong bng 2.8.
Bng 2.8 Chiu dy nh nht ca ng hn gc (Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05 )
Chiu dy chi tit lin kt mng hn Chiu dy nh nht ca ng hn gc

(mm) (mm)
T 20 6
T >20 8
Chiu di c hiu nh nht ca ng hn gc phi ln hn bn ln chiu dy ca n v
phi ln hn 40 mm.
Cc quy nh cu to chi tit ca lin kt hn theo Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05
c th tham kho trong Ti liu [2].
2.5.2 Sc khng tnh ton ca mi hn

2.5.2.1 Mi hn rnh
a) Mi hn rnh ngu hon ton
Chu lc dc trc
Sc khng tnh ton ca cc lin kt hn rnh ngu hon ton chu nn hoc chu ko trc
giao vi din tch hu hiu hoc song song vi trc ng hn c ly nh sc khng tnh
ton ca thp c bn.
Chu ct
Sc khng tnh ton ca cc lin kt hn rnh ngu hon ton chu ct trn din tch hu
hiu c ly theo tr s nh hn hoc cho bi cng thc 2.19 hoc 60% sc khng tnh ton
chu ko ca thp c bn.
Rr = 0, 6e1 Fexx (2.19)
trong
Fexx cng phn loi ca thp ng hn
e1 h s sc khng i vi i vi thp hn (bng 1.1)
b) Mi hn rnh ngu cc b
Chu lc dc trc
Sc khng tnh ton ca cc lin kt hn rnh ngu cc b chu ko hoc chu nn song
song vi trc ng hn hoc chu nn trc giao vi din tch hu hiu c ly nh sc khng
tnh ton ca thp c bn.
Sc khng tnh ton ca cc lin kt hn rnh ngu cc b chu ko trc giao vi din tch
hu hiu c ly theo tr s nh hn hoc cho bi cng thc 2.20 hoc sc khng tnh ton
chu ko ca thp c bn.
Rr = 0, 6e1 Fexx (2.20)
trong , e1 l h s sc khng i vi thp hn (bng 1.1)
Chu ct
Sc khng tnh ton ca cc lin kt hn rnh ngu cc b chu ct song song vi trc
ng hn c ly theo tr s nh hn hoc ca sc khng c h s ca vt liu lin kt c
quy nh trong iu 6.13.5 (Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05), hoc cho bi cng thc
2.21
Rr = 0, 6e 2 Fexx (2.21)
trong , e 2 l h s sc khng i vi thp hn (bng 1.1).
2.5.2.2 Mi hn gc
Chu ct
Sc khng tnh ton ca ng hn gc chu ct trn din tch hu hiu c ly theo tr s
nh hn hoc cho bi cng thc 2.22 hoc sc khng c h s ca vt liu lin kt c quy
nh trong iu 6.13.5.
Rr = 0, 6e 2 Fexx (2.22)
trong
Fexx cng phn loi ca thp ng hn
e 2 h s sc khng i vi i vi thp hn (bng 1.1)
Sc khng c h s ca vt liu lin kt trong lin kt chu ct c quy nh nhm m
bo khng xy ra ph hoi ct chy i vi cu kin lin kt (hnh 2.30), phi c ly theo
cng thc 2.23.
Rr = v Rn (2.23)
Rn = 0,58 Ag Fy (2.24)
trong , Ag l din tch nguyn chu ct ca cu kin lin kt, Fy l cng chy ca thp
lin kt v v l h s sc khng i vi ct ( v = 1, 0 ).
Hnh 2.30 ng hn gc chu ct. Cn phi kim tra cng chu ct ca tm cng son
Din tch hu hiu ca ng hn gc bng chiu di hu hiu ca ng hn nhn vi
chiu dy tnh ton ca mi hn, l khong cch nh nht t chn ng hn n mt mi hn
(hnh 2.31).
Trong phn ln cc bi ton ca lin kt hn, phn tch cng nh thit k, nn s dng
cng trn mt n v chiu di ca ng hn (hoc l cng ca bn thn ng hn,
hoc l cng ca thp c bn, tu theo gi tr no nh hn). Cch tip cn ny s c
minh ho trong v d sau y.
Hnh 2.31 Mt ct tnh ton ca ng hn gc

V D 2.4
Mt thanh thp dt chu ko dc trc c lin kt vo mt bn nt nh trong hnh 2.32
ng hn gc c chiu dy 6 mm c ch to bng que hn E70XX c cng
Fexx = 485 MPa . S dng thp kt cu loi M270, cp 250. Gi thit rng cng chu ko
ca thanh ko l c m bo. Hy xc nh cng thit k ca lin kt hn.
Li gii
Do ng hn c b tr i xng vi trc dc ca cu kin, lin kt c xem l mt
lin kt n gin v khng c ti trng b sung do lch tm.
Chiu dy tnh ton ca ng hn l (0,707 6)
Kh nng chu ct trn mt n v chiu di (1 mm) ng hn l
Rr = 0, 6e 2 Fexx .0, 707w = 0, 6.0,8.485.0, 707.6 = 987, 6 N/mm
Kh nng chu ct trn mt n v chiu di ca thanh ni mng hn (thanh ko) l

v Rn = v .(0,58 tFy ) = 1, 0.0,58.8.250 = 1160 N/mm
Cng ng hn l quyt nh. Kh nng chu lc ca ton lin kt l
Rr = 987, 6.(100 + 100) = 197520 N = 197,52 kN
p s Cng thit k ca lin kt hn l 197,52 kN.
V D 2.5
Mt thanh thp dt c kch thc 12 100 mm2 bng thp M270, cp 250 chu ko ng
tm vi lc ko c h s bng 210 kN. Thanh ko c hn vo bn nt c chiu dy 10 mm
nh trong hnh 2.33. Hy thit k lin kt hn.

Li gii
i vi thp c bn M270, cp 250, thng dng loi que hn E70XX c
Fexx = 485 MPa .
Th chn ng hn c kch thc ti thiu w = 6 mm.
Kh nng chu lc ca mt n v chiu di ng hn, nh c tnh trong v d 2.5,
l 987,6 N/mm.
Kh nng chu ct trn mt n v chiu di ca thanh ni mng hn (bn nt) l
v Rn = v .(0,58 tFy ) = 1, 0.0,58.10.250 = 1450 N/mm
Cng ng hn l quyt nh.

Chiu di ng hn cn thit l
210.103
L= = 213 mm
987, 6
tho mn yu cu v chiu di ti thiu ca ng hn l 4w = 24 mm v 40 mm.
p s
Vy, s dng hai ng hn song song bng nhau, mi ng hn di 110 mm.
2.5.3 Lin kt hn lch tm chu ct

Lin kt hn lch tm c phn tch, v c bn, ging nh cch thc p dng cho
lin kt bu lng, ngoi tr chiu di n v ca ng hn s thay th cho cc bu lng ring bit
trong tnh ton. Cng nh trong lin kt bu lng lch tm chu ct, lin kt hn chu ct c th
c nghin cu bng phng php phn tch n hi hoc phng php cng gii hn.
Phn sau y trnh by cch tnh lin kt bu lng lch tm bng phn tch n hi. Cch tnh
ton theo phn tch cng gii hn c th tham kho ti liu [5].
Phn tch n hi
Ti trng tc dng ln cng son trong hnh 2.34a c th c coi l tc dng trong mt
phng ng hn ngha l mt phng hu hiu (c chiu rng nh nht). Chp nhn gi thit
ny, ti trng s c chu bi din tch ca ng hn nh miu t trong hnh 2.34b. Tuy
nhin, vic tnh ton s c n gin ho nu s dng chiu dy mt ct hu hiu ca ng
hn bng n v. Nh vy, ng sut tnh ton c phi gim i 0,707w ln (w l chiu dy
ca mi hn) c c ng sut thc t.
Mt lc lch tm trong mt phng ng hn gy ra c ct trc tip v ct xon. V tt
c cc phn t ca ng hn tham gia chu ct nh nhau nn ng sut ct trc tip l
P
f1 =
L
vi L l tng chiu di cc ng hn v bng din tch chu lc ct v y, s
dng chiu dy c hiu ca ng hn bng n v. Nu s dng cc thnh phn vung gc th
Px P
f1 x = v f1 y = y
L L
trong Px v Py l cc thnh phn ca lc tc dng theo trc x v trc y.
ng sut ct do m men sinh ra c th c tnh theo phn tch n hi nh

sau:
Hnh 2.34 ng hn gc chu lc lch tm
Gi thit di tc dng ca m men thanh hn s quay quanh trng tm (O) ca cc

mt ct ng hn ti lin kt, bn thp l khng bin dng.
Do vy ng sut do m men gy ra trong ng hn s t l thun vi khong cch t
trng tm (O) n im cn tnh ng sut, cc ng sut ny l ng sut ct c phng vung
gc vi bn knh, ta c:
fM f1M fi M f1M
= = ... = f M
= r
r r1 ri r1
Ta xt mt vi phn din tch bt k ca ng hn dA c mt lc trt l
dT = f M dA v n sinh ra mt m men dM = dTr .
Xt cn bng bn thp: tng m men ni v ngoi lc phi cn bng nhau, vy:
f1M 2 f1M f1M
M = dM =
A r1 A
2 2
( )
r dA = r x + y dA = r ( I y + I x )
1 A 1
M .r1
f1M =
Ix + Iy
M
Phn tch f 1 thnh hai thnh phn theo trc x v y ta c:
M.y1 M .x1
f1Mx = ; f1y =
M
Ix + Iy Ix + Iy
Hnh 2.34 biu din ng sut ny ti gc trn cng bn phi ca ng hn cho. Biu
din theo cc thnh phn vung gc
M.y1 M .x1
f1Mx = v f1My =
Ix + Iy Ix + Iy
trong , J = I x + I y , vi Ix v Iy l m men qun tnh ca din tch ct i vi hai trc
vung gc.
Nu bit tt c cc thnh phn vung gc th c th cng vc t xc nh hp ng
sut ct ti im cn tnh ton
fv = ( f ) + ( f )
x
2
y
2
Rn (2.25)
V D 2.6
Hy xc nh kch thc ng hn cn thit cho lin kt tm cng son vo ct nh
trong hnh 2.35. Ti trng c h s bng 260 kN. Tm cng son lm bng thp M270 cp 250,
ct ch I lm bng thp M270 cp 345. S dng que hn E70XX c cng Fexx = 485 MPa .

Li gii
Lc tc dng lch tm c th c thay th bng mt lc v mt m men nh trong

hnh 2.26. Trc ht, tnh ton vi chiu cao ng hn bng n v (0.707w=1mm). ng sut
ct trc tip, tnh bng N/mm, l nh nhau trn ton b din tch ng hn v bng
260.103
f1y = = 371, 4 N/mm 2
1.(200 + 300 + 200)
Trc khi tnh cc thnh phn ng sut ct do xon, cn xc nh trng tm ca cc
ng hn:
x .(700) = 200(100)(2) hay x = 57 mm
lch tm e = 250 + 200 57 = 393 mm v m men xon bng
M = Pe = 260(393) = 102,18.106 Nmm
Nu b qua m men qun tnh ca mi ng hn nm ngang i vi trc trng tm ca
n th m men qun tnh ca ton b din tch ng hn i vi trc trng tm nm ngang l
1
Ix = (1)(300)3 + 2(200)(150)2 = 11, 25.106 mm 4
12
Tng t
1
I y = 2 (1)(200)3 + (200)(100 57)2 + 300(57)2 = 3, 05.10 6 mm 4
12
V
J = I x + I y = (11, 25 + 3, 05).10 6 = 14,3.106 mm 4
Hnh 2.26 biu din phng ca hai thnh phn ng sut ti mi gc ca lin kt. Khi t
hp ng sut, ta thy gc trn cng bn phi v gc di cng bn phi l cc v tr nguy him
nht. Cc thnh phn ng sut ti cc im ny, tnh bng N/mm, l
My 102,18.106 (150)
f2 x = = = 1071,82 N/mm 2
J 14,3.106
Mx 102,18.10 6 (200 57)
f2 x = = 6
= 1021,8 N/mm 2
J 14,3.10
fv = (1071, 82)2 + (371, 4 + 1021,8)2 = 1758 N/mm 2

ng sut thc trong ng hn c chiu cao 0.707w s gim i 0.707w ln, v ta c lc
tc dng trn mt n v chiu di ng hn ( xem nh ng sut phn b u trn chiu cao
ng hn):
fv
fvn = 0.707w = 1758 N/mm
0.707w
Kim tra cng ca thp c bn (bn cng son l khng ch)
v Rn = v .(0,58 tFy ) = 1, 0.0,58.14.250 = 2030 N/mm fvn = 1758 N/mm (m bo)
T cng thc xc nh cng ng hn trn mt n v di (1 mm)

Rn = 0, 6e 2 Fexx .0, 707w fvn = 1758 N/mm
c th tnh c chiu cao cn thit ca mi hn
1758
w= = 10, 68 mm
0, 707(0, 6)(0,8)(485)
p s
S dng ng hn c chiu cao w = 12 mm.
2.6 CT KHI
2.6.1 Ct khi trong lin kt bu lng

Trong mt s dng lin kt, mt on (segment) hay mt khi block cu kin c
th b x rch ra v c gi l Ct khi (Block Shear). minh ho cho hin tng ny ta xem
th d hnh 2.27 :
Ct (Shear)
a b
c Ko (Tension)
Hnh 2.27 Ct khi xy ra thp gc n chu ko lin kt bu lng vi bn nt
Trong v d trn khi c t m s b ph hoi do ct dc theo mt ct ab v b ph

hoi do ko trn mt bc.
Vic ph hoi xy ra da trn gi nh l mt mt s b ph hoi do t gy, mt kia s
b ph hoi do chy do.Tc l t gy trn mt chu ct s i km chy do trn mt chu ko,
hoc t gy trn mt chu ko s i km chy do trn mt chu ct. C hai mt gp phn to
nn sc khng tng cng, sc khng ct khi s l tng ca cc sc khng ca hai mt chu ct
v mt chu ko.
Sc khng danh nh ko t l FuAtn ,i vi ko chy l FyAtg,trong Atn , Atg l din
tch thc v din tch nguyn ca mt chu ko bc.
Sc khng danh nh ct t l 0,58FuAvn ,i vi ct chy l 0,58FyAvg,trong Avn ,
Avg l din tch thc v din tch nguyn ca mt chu ct ab.
C hai kiu ph hoi l :
Kiu (1) :Ct chy i km vi ko t , Sc khng tnh ton l :

Rn = [0,58Fy Avg + Fu Atn ]
Kiu (2) :Ct t i km vi ko chy , Sc khng tnh ton l :
Rn = [0,58Fu Avn + Fy Atg ]
Bi v trng thi gii hn l t gy nn phng trnh khng ch s l kiu c gi hn
t gy l ln hn, ngha l nu FuAtn0,58FuAvn th phng trnh kiu (1) s l khng ch ,
trong trng hp ngc li phng trnh kiu (2) s khng ch.
Lin kt cn c xem xt tt c cc mt c th b ph hoi trong thanh v trong bn
ni. Xt hai mt phng song song v vung gc vi lc tc dng. Mt phng song song vi lc
tc dng c xem nh ch chu ng sut ct, mt phng vung gc vi lc tc dng c xem
nh ch chu ng sut ko. Sc khng tnh ton t hp ca hai mt phng theo LRFD
AASHTO-1998 ly nh sau:
Nu Atn 0,58Avn, th: Rr= bs (0,58 Fy Avg + Fu Atn) (2.26) (6.13.4-1)

Nu Atn < 0.58 Avn : Rr= bs (0,58 Fu Avn + FyAtg) (2.27) (6.13.4-2)
Avg = Din tch nguyn dc theo mt chu ng sut ct (mm2)
Avn = Din tch thc dc theo mt phng chu ng sut ct (mm2)
Atg =Din tch nguyn dc theo mt phng chu ng sut ko (mm2)
Atn = Din tch thc dc theo mt phng chu ng sut ko (mm2)
Fy =Cng chy nh nht qui nh ca vt liu lin kt (MPa)
Fu = Cng ko nh nht quy nh ca vt liu lin kt trong bng (MPa) [A6.4.1.1]
bs =H s sc khng i vi ct khi [A6.5.4.2] ( bs =0.80)
2.6.2 Ct khi trong lin kt hn

Ct khi trong lin kt hn gc vn dng cng thc 2.26 v 2.27 nhng cn lu trong lin
kt hn khng c s gim yu tit din nn tit din thc bng tit din nguyn ( Avg=Avn v
Atg=Atn).
V D 2.7
Xc nh sc khng ct khi trong v d 2.2 v 2.3
i vi v d 2.2:
Tnh sc khng ct khi:
Kch thc vng ct khi ca bn nt v thanh ko, tr chiu dy, l nh nhau. Bn nt
mng hn, do , trng hp 1 tnh cho bn nt.
Nu Atn 0,58 Avn th Rn = bs ( 0, 58 Fy Avg + Fu Atn )
Nu Atn < 0,58 Avn th Rn = bs ( 0, 58 Fu Avn + Fy Atg )

Tnh cc thnh phn din tch:
Avg = 10(75 + 35).2 = 2200 mm 2
Avn = 10(75 + 35 1,5.22).2 = 1540 mm 2

Atg = 10.75 = 750 mm 2
Atn = 10.(75 22) = 530 mm 2
Kim tra, c Atn < 0,58 Avn .
Vy
Rn = 0,8 ( 0,58.400.1540 + 250.750 ) = 435,82 kN
Trng hp 2 tnh cho thanh ko mt mt chu ko, mt mt chu ct:
Avg = 12(75 + 35) = 1320 mm 2
Avn = 12(75 + 35 1,5.22) = 924 mm 2

Atg = 12.(75 + 40) = 1380 mm 2
Atn = 10.(75 + 40 1,5.22) = 984 mm 2

Kim tra, c Atn > 0,58 Avn .
Vy
Rn = 0,8 ( 0,58.250.1320 + 400.984 ) / 1000 = 468 kN
Vy trng hp 1 l quyt nh: Sc khng ct khi ca lin kt l 435,82 kN
i vi v d 2.3:
d) Tnh sc khng ct khi trn thanh ko:
Mt chu ko l ab; Mt chu ct l bc
Nu Atn 0,58 Avn th Rn = bs ( 0, 58 Fy Avg + Fu Atn )
Nu Atn < 0,58 Avn th Rn = bs ( 0, 58 Fu Avn + Fy Atg )

Avg = 10(3.75 + 50) = 2750 mm 2
Avn = 10(3.75 + 50 3, 5.24) = 1910 mm 2
Atg = 10.(75 + 50) = 1250 mm 2
Atn = 10.(75 + 50 1,5.24) = 890 mm 2
Kim tra, c Atn < 0,58 Avn .

Vy
Rn = 0,8 ( 0,58.450.1910 + 345.1250 ) = 743808 N = 743,8kN>P=200kN
3 CU KIN CHU KO
3.1 c im cu to :
3.1.1 Cc hnh thc mt ct :
Cu kin chu ko l cc cu kin ca kt cu chu lc ko dc trc . Chng thng gp
trong cc khung ngang v ging dc ca h dm cu cng nh trong cc cu gin, cu gin
vm. Dy cp v thanh treo trong cu treo v cu dy vng cng l nhng cu kin chu ko.
iu quan trng l phi bit cu kin chu ko c lin kt vi cc cu kin khc trong kt
cu nh th no. Ni chung, y l cc chi tit lin kt quyt nh sc khng ca mt cu kin
chu ko v chng cn c cp trc tin.
Hnh thc mt ct ngang ca cu kin chu ko kh a dng , bt k hnh dng no cng c
th c s dng v yu t quyt nh cng ca cu kin chu ko ch l din tch mt ct
ngang .Ta thng gp cc dng mt ct : thp bn , thp hnh , mt ct ghp .
3.1.2 Cc dng lin kt :
C hai dng lin kt cho cc cu kin chu ko: lin kt bu lng v lin kt hn. Mt lin
kt bu lng n gin gia hai bn thp c cho trong hnh 3.1. R rng, l bu lng gy gim
yu mt ct ngang nguyn ca cu kin. L bu lng cn gy ng sut tp trung mp l, ng
sut ny c th ln gp ba ln ng sut u mt khong cch no i vi mp l (hnh
3.1). S tp trung ng sut xy ra khi vt liu lm vic n hi s gim i ti trng ln hn do
s chy do.
Hnh 3.1 S tp trung ng sut cc b v ct tr ti l bu lng

Mt mi ni n gin bng hn gia hai bn thp c biu din trn hnh 3.2. Trong lin
kt hn, mt ct ngang nguyn ca cu kin khng b gim yu. Tuy nhin, ng sut trong bn
b tp trung ti v tr k vi ng hn v ch tr nn u n k t mt khong cch no ti
ng hn.
Nhng s tp trung ng sut v tr k vi lin kt ny l do mt hin tng c gi l s
ct tr. vng gn vi l bu lng hoc gn vi ng hn, ng sut ct pht trin lm cho ng
sut ko xa l bu lng hoc ng hn gim i so vi gi tr ln hn ti mp.
Hnh 3.2 S tp trung ng sut cc b v ct tr ti lin kt hn
3.2 Tnh ton cu kin chu ko ng tm

3.2.1 Tng qut :
Cc kt qu th nghim ko thp cu c th hin bng cc ng cong ng sut-bin
dng trong hnh 1.5. Sau im chy vi ng sut t ti Fy, ng x do bt u. ng sut gn
nh khng i cho ti khi s cng ho bin dng lm ng sut tng tr li trc khi gim i v
mu th t t ngt. Gi tr nh ca ng sut cho mi loi thp trong hnh 1.4 c nh
ngha l cng chu ko Fu ca thp. Cc gi tr ca Fy v Fu c cho trong bng 1.5 i
vi cc loi thp cu khc nhau.
Khi lc ko tc dng ti u lin kt tng ln, im c ng sut ln nht ti mt ct nguy
him s chy u tin. im ny c th xut hin ti ni c ng sut tp trung nh c ch ra
trong hnh 3.1 v 3.2 hoc ti ni c ng sut d ko ln (hnh 1.3). Khi mt phn ca mt ct
nguy him bt u chy v ti trng tip tc tng ln, xut hin s phn phi li ng sut do s
chy do. Gii hn chu lc ko thng thng t c khi ton b mt ct ngang b chy.
C 3 dng h hng trong cu kin chu ko :
H hng do chy ca mt ct ngang nguyn

H hng do t ca mt ct thc
H hng do ct khi ( trong vng lin kt)
Ni dung yu cu cn kim ton trong cu kin chu ko l :
Sc khng chy ca mt ct ngang nguyn

Sc khng t ca mt ct thc ( mt ct gim yu )
Gii hn mnh
Kim ton lin kt ( xem phn tnh ton lin kt )
3.2.2 Sc khng ko chy

Sc khng chy tnh ton (c h s) c xc nh bi
y Pny = y Fy Ag (3.1)
trong :
y h s sc khng chy ca cu kin chu ko, ly theo bng 1.1
Pny sc khng ko chy danh nh trong mt ct nguyn (N)
Fy cng chy ca thp (MPa)
Ag din tch mt ct ngang nguyn ca cu kin (mm2)
3.2.3 Sc khng ko t
Sc khng t tnh ton (c h s) c xc nh bi
u Pnu = u Fu Ae (3.2)
trong :
u h s sc khng t ca cu kin chu ko, ly theo bng 1.1
Pnu sc khng ko t danh nh trong mt ct gim yu (N)
Fu cng chu ko ca thp (MPa)
Ag din tch mt ct thc hu hiu ca cu kin (mm2)
i vi lin kt bu lng, din tch mt ct thc hu hiu l
Ae = UAn (3.3)
vi An l din tch mt ct thc ca cu kin (mm2) v U l h s chit gim xt n ct
tr.
i vi lin kt hn, din tch mt ct thc hu hiu l
Ae = UAg (3.4)
H s chit gim U khng dng khi kim tra chy mt ct nguyn v s chy do c xu
hng lm ng u ng sut ko trn mt ct ngang do ct tr. H s sc khng t nh hn
h s sc khng chy do c th xy ra t gy t ngt trong vng cng ho bin dng ca
ng cong ng sut-bin dng.
1/ H s chit gim U
Khi tt c cc b phn hp thnh (bn bin, vch ng, cc cnh thp gc) c ni i
u hoc bng bn nt th lc c truyn u v U = 1,0. Nu ch mt phn ca cu kin c
lin kt (chng hn, ch mt cnh ca thp gc) th phn ny s chu ng sut ln v phn
khng c lin kt s chu ng sut nh hn. Trong trng hp lin kt mt phn, ng sut
phn b khng u, ct tr xy ra v U < 1,0.
i vi lin kt bu lng mt phn, Munse v Chesson (1963) cho bit rng, s gim
chiu di lin kt L (hnh 3.3) lm tng hiu ng ct tr. Cc tc gi ngh s dng cng thc
gn ng sau xc nh h s chit gim
x
U = 1 0,9 (3.5)
L
trong , x l khong cch t trng tm din tch cu kin c lin kt ti mt phng chu
ct ca lin kt. Nu cu kin c hai mt lin kt i xng th x c tnh t trng tm ca mt
na din tch gn nht. i vi lin kt bu lng mt phn c ba bu lng hoc nhiu hn trn
mi hng theo phng tc dng lc, h s U trong cng thc c th c ly bng 0,85.
Hnh 3.3 Cch xc nh x

i vi lin kt hn mt phn ca thp cn I v T ct t I, c ni ch bng ng hn
ngang u
Ane
U= (3.6)
Agn
trong :
Ane din tch thc ca cu kin c lin kt (mm2)
Agn din tch thc ca phn thp cn nm ngoi chiu di lin kt (mm2)
i vi lin kt hn c ng hn dc theo c hai mp cu kin ni ghp (hnh 3.2), h
s chit gim c th c ly nh sau:
U = 1, 0 i vi L 2W

U = 0,87 i vi 1,5W L < 2W (3.7)
U = 0, 75 i vi W L < 1,5W
vi L l chiu di ca cp mi hn (mm) v W l chiu rng cu kin c lin kt
(mm).
i vi tt c cc cu kin khc c lin kt mt phn, h s chit gim c th c ly
bng
U = 0,85 (3.8)
V D 3.1
Hy xc nh din tch thc hu hiu v sc khng ko c h s ca mt thp gc n

chu ko L 152 x 102 x 12,7, c hn vo bn nt phng nh trn hnh 3.4. S dng thp cng
trnh cp 250.
Hnh 3.4 Thp gc n chu ko lin kt hn vi bn nt

Bi gii
Do ch mt cnh ca thp gc c hn, din tch thc phi c ly gim i bi h s
U. S dng cng thc 3.7 vi L = 200 mm v W = 152 mm
200
L= W = 1,3 W U = 0,75
152
v t cng thc 3.4 vi Ag = 3065 mm2
Ae = UAg = 0,75.(3065) = 2298,8 mm2
Sc khng chy c h s c tnh t cng thc 3.1 vi y = 0,95 (bng 1.1) v Fy =
250 MPa (bng 1.5) bng
y Png = y Fy Ag = 0, 95(250)(3065) = 727, 9.103 N
Sc khng t c h s c tnh t cng thc 3.2 vi u = 0,80 (bng 1.1) v Fu = 400
MPa (bng 1.5) bng
u Pnu = u Fu Ae = 0,80(400)(2298,8) = 735, 6.103 N
p s Sc khng ko c h s c quyt nh bi s chy ca mt ct nguyn
ngoi lin kt v bng 727,9 kN.
2/ Din tch thc :

Din tch thc hay din tch gim yu An ca mt thanh chu ko l tng cc tch s ca
b dy t v b rng thc (b rng gim yu) nh nht wn ca mi b phn cu kin. Nu lin kt
bng bu lng, din tch thc ln nht c tnh vi tt c bu lng trn mt hng n (hnh 3.1).
i khi, s hn ch v khong cch i hi phi b tr nhiu hng. S gim din tch mt ct
ngang s l t nht khi b tr bu lng so le (hnh 3.5). B rng thc c xc nh cho mi
ng qua l tri ngang cu kin theo ng ngang, ng cho hoc ng zic zc. Cn xem
xt mi kh nng ph hoi c th xy ra v s dng trng hp cho Sn nh nht. B rng thc
i vi mt ng ngang qua l c tnh bng b rng nguyn tr i tng b rng cc l v
cng vi gi tr s2/4g cho mi ng cho, tc l
An = t.Wn (3.9)
Trong : Wn Chiu rng thc nh nht ca thanh xc nh theo cng thc sau :
s2
Wn = Wg d h + (3.10)
4g
s2
An = Ag dh t + t (3.11)
4g
vi wg l b rng nguyn ca cu kin (mm), dhole l ng knh l bu lng (mm), s l
khong cch so le ca hai l bu lng lin tip gia hai hng (mm) v g l khong cch ngang
gia hai hng l (hnh 3.5).
Hnh 3.5 B tr bu lng so le

- Cch tnh An trong mt s trng hp c bit sau:
g a
b
g+g1-tw
g1
s2 s2
A n(abefd) = A g A hole = A g 2d hole t f 2d hole t w + tf + tw
4(g + g1 t w ) 4(g + g1 t w )
a
g
b
g/2+g1-tw/2
g1
e
s2 s2
A n(abefcd) = A g A hole = A g 4d hole t f 2d hole t w + 2 tf + tw
4(g/2 + g1 t w /2) 4(g/2 + g1 t w /2)
V D 3.2
Hy xc nh din tch thc hu hiu v sc khng ko c h s ca mt thp gc n
chu ko L 152 x 102 x 12,7, c lin kt vo bn nt phng nh trn hnh 3.6, dng cho bu
lng ng knh 22 mm. S dng thp cng trnh cp 250.
Bi gii
ng knh l thc t l d = 22 +2 = 24 mm
Tra bng thp hnh c din tch tit din thp gc Ag=3065 mm2; x= 25 mm
Dng cng thc 3.11, din tch thc theo ng abcd l
(35)2
A abcd
n = 3065 2(24)(12, 7) + 12, 7 = 2520, 22 mm 2
4(60)
v theo ng abe
Anabe = 3065 1(24)(12, 7) = 2760, 2 mm 2
Trng hp th nht l quyt nh, nh vy An,min=2520,22 mm2
Hnh 3.6 Thp gc n chu ko lin kt bu lng vi bn nt

V ch mt cnh ca thp gc c lin kt, din tch thc phi c gim i bi h s

U. Theo bng tra cc c trng hnh hc ca thp hnh trong AISC (1992), khong cch t
trng tm ti mt ngoi ca cnh thp gc x = 25 mm. S dng cng thc 3.5 vi L = 3(70) =
210 mm
x 25
U = 1 = 1 = 0,88 < 0, 90
L 210
v t cng thc 3.3
Ae = UAn = 0,88(2520, 22) = 2217,8 mm 2
Sc khng chy c h s cng c tnh nh trong v d 3.1
y Pny = y Fy Ag = 0, 95(250)(3065) = 727, 9.103 N
Sc khng t c h s c tnh t cng thc 3.2:
u Puy = u Fu Ae = 0,80(400)(2217,8) = 709, 69.103 N
p s Sc khng ko c h s c quyt nh bi s ph hoi (t) ca mt
ct gim yu v bng 709,69 kN.
3.2.4 Gii hn mnh

Yu cu v mnh thng c t ra i vi cc cu kin chu nn. Tuy nhin trong
thc t cng cn gii hn mnh ca cu kin chu ko. Nu lc dc trc trong cu kin chu
ko b x dch v tr hoc c mt lc ngang nh tc dng, c th xut hin dao ng hoc
vng khng mong mun. Yu cu v mnh c cho theo L/r, vi L l chiu di cu kin v
r l bn knh qun tnh nh nht ca din tch mt ct ngang cu kin.
Cc yu cu v mnh i vi cu kin chu ko khng phi l thanh trn, thanh c
mc treo, cp v bn, c cho trong bng 3.1.
Bng 3.1 mnh ti a cho cc cu kin chu ko

Cu kin chu ko max L/r
Cc thanh chu lc ch yu
Chu ng sut i du 140
Khng chu ng sut i du 200
Cc thanh ging 240
Bi ton thit k
B1: T cc iu kin thit k:
Pu
Pry = y Fy A g Pu A gmin =
y Fy
Pu
Pru = u Fu A e Pu A emin =
u Fu
L L L
rmin =
r r max L

r max
B2: Tra bng, chn thp hnh c:
A g A gmin

r rmin
B3: Tnh v kim tra Ae Aemin
B4: Kt lun.
4 CU KIN CHU NN
4.1 c im cu to
Cu kin chu nn l cu kin ch chu lc nn tc dng dc theo trc ca cu kin v
gy ra ng sut u trn mt ct ngang. ng sut u ny l iu kin l tng v lun lun c
s lch tm no ca lc tc dng i vi trng tm mt ct cu kin. M men un tc dng
thng nh v t quan trng. Loi cu kin chu nn ph bin nht l ct. Nu c m men un
theo tnh ton, do s lin tc hoc do ti trng ngang, th ni lc ny khng th b qua v cu
kin phi c xem l ct dm. Cu kin chu nn xut hin trong gin, cc khung ngang v h
ging dc, ni m lch tm l nh v un th cp c th c b qua.
Hnh 4.1 Cc b phn ca ct thp
- u ct: cc kt cu bn trn v phn phi ti trng xung thn ct.

- Thn ct: l b phn chu lc chnh v truyn ti trng t u ct xung chn ct.
- Chn ct: l b phn lin kt ct vi mng hoc kt cu bn di v truyn ti trng t
ct thp xung mng BTCT hoc kt cu bn di .
Cc hnh thc mt ct ca cu kin chu nn ng tm kh ang dng ,khi chn mt ct
cn m bo nguyn tc sao cho n nh ca ct i vi cc h trc qun tnh chnh khng
chnh nhau nhiu (rx ry).
Theo cu to mt ct, ct c phn thnh hai loi chnh:
Mt ct kn ( ct c)
Mt ct h ( ct rng )
Theo tnh cht chu lc ct c phn thnh:
Ct chu nn ng tm
Ct chu nn lch tm
4.1.1 Hnh thc mt ct kn

a/ Tit din dng ch H
Hnh thc n gin d ch to , d lin kt vi cc cu kin khc .
Ct bng thp cn nh hnh : thp hnh ch I, thp W theo ASTM A6M ( thp
hnh ch I cnh rng) , loi ny cu to v ch to n gin nhng Ix v Iy chnh nhau
nhiu .
Loi mt ct ch H ghp bng ba thp bn lin kt hn loi ny ch to n gin
,nhng c Ix = Iy th b 2d
Loi mt ct ch H ghp bng cc thp hnh loi ny cho kh nng chu lc ln.
Hnh 4.2 Cc loi mt ct ct tit din ch H

b Tit din dng hp : hp trn , hp ch nht :
Hnh 4.3 Cc loi mt ct ct tit din dng hp kn

c/ Tit din dng ch thp
Hnh 4.4 Cc loi mt ct ct tit din dng ch thp
4.1.2 Hnh thc mt ct h
Hnh 4.5 Cc hnh thc mt ct ct h

Ct h gm nhnh ct v h ging. H ging c th l thanh ging c th l bn
ging. Ct h c nhnh lin kt bng thanh ging, thanh ging v nhnh ct lm thnh
mt kt cu dn. Ct h c nhnh lin kt bng bn ging, bn ging v nhnh ct lm
thnh mt kt cu khung. Trong ct h cn c bn ngn ngang tng cng chng
xon, khong cch gia cc bn ngn ngang t 34m.
Hnh 4.6 Cc hnh thc ca h ging

Trong ct h khong cch b gia hai nhnh ct c chn cho rx = ry. Ct h ch to
phc tp tn cng hn so vi ct kn nn t c dng.
4.2 Khi nim v n nh ca ct
4.2.1 Khi nim v mt n nh n hi

Trong thp cng trnh, cc mt ct ngang ct thng mnh v cc TTGH khc thng
t ti trc khi vt liu b ph hng. Cc TTGH khc ny c lin quan n s mt n nh qu
n hi ( ca cu kin t mnh) v s mt n nh n hi ca cu kin mnh. Chng bao gm
mt n nh ngang, mt n nh cc b v mt n nh xon ngang ca cu kin chu nn. Mi
TTGH u phi c kt hp cht ch trong cc quy tc thit k c xy dng chn cu
kin chu nn.
nghin cu hin tng mt n nh, trc ht xt mt ct thng, n hi tuyt i,
hai u cht. Khi lc nn dc trc tc dng vo ct tng ln, ct vn thng v co ngn n hi
cho n khi t ti trng ti hn Pcr. Ti trng ti hn c nh ngha l ti trng nn dc trc
nh nht m ng vi n, mt chuyn v ngang nh lm cho ct b cong ngang v tm thy mt
s cn bng mi. nh ngha v ti trng ti hn ny c biu din trn cc ng cong ti
trng - chuyn v ca hnh 4.7.
Trong hnh 4.7, im m ti c s thay i ng x c gi l im r. ng ti
trng - chuyn v l thng ng cho ti im ny, sau thn ct di chuyn sang phi hoc
sang tri tu theo hng ca tc ng ngang. Khi vng ngang tr nn khc khng, ct b h
hng do on v l thuyt bin dng nh d bo rng, khng th tip tc tng lc dc trc c
na. Nu s dng l thuyt bin dng ln th ng sut ph s pht trin v quan h ti trng -
chuyn v s theo ng ri nt trn hnh 4.7.
Li gii theo l thuyt bin dng nh v vn mt n nh c Euler cng b nm
1759. ng chng minh rng, ti trng gy on ti hn Pcr c th c tnh bng cng thc
sau:
2 EI
Pcr = (4.1)
L2
Hnh 4.7 Biu ti trng-chuyn v i vi cc ct n hi

trong ,
E m un n hi ca vt liu,
I m men qun tnh ca mt ct ngang ct quanh trc trng tm vung gc vi
mt phng on,
L chiu di ct c hai u cht.
Cng thc ny rt quen thuc trong c hc v phn chng minh n khng c trnh
by y.
Cng thc 4.1 cng c th c biu din theo ng sut on ti hn cr khi chia c hai
v cho din tch nguyn ca mt ct ngang As
Pcr 2 ( EI / As )
cr = =
As L2
Khi s dng nh ngha v bn knh qun tnh ca mt ct I = Ar2, biu thc trn c
vit thnh
2E
cr = 2
(4.2)
L
r

trong , L/r thng c xem l ch s mnh ca ct. S on(Buckling) s xy ra
quanh trc trng tm c m men qun tnh nh nht I (cng thc 4.1) hay c bn knh qun tnh
nh nht r (cng thc 4.2). i khi, trc trng tm ti hn li xin, nh trong cu kin chu nn
bng thp gc n. Trong bt k trng hp no, t s mnh ln nht u phi c xc
nh v n khng ch ng sut ti hn trn mt ct ngang.
ng sut gy on ti hn l tng c cho trong cng thc (4.2) b nh hng bi ba
thng s cng chnh: lin kt hai u, ng sut d v cong ban u. Hai thng s sau
ph thuc vo phng thc ch to cu kin. Cc thng s ny v nh hng ca chng i vi

cng on s c tho lun trong cc phn tip theo.
1/Chiu di hu hiu ca ct
Bi ton mt n nh c gii quyt bi Euler l i vi mt ct l tng khng c
lin kt chu m men hai u. i vi ct c chiu di L m cc u ca n khng chuyn v
ngang, s rng buc u cu kin bi lin kt vi cc cu kin khc s lm cho v tr ca cc
im c m men bng khng dch xa khi cc u ct. Khong cch gia cc im c m men
bng khng l chiu di ct hu hiu hai u cht, trong trng hp ny K < 1. Nu lin kt
u l cht hoc ngm th cc gi tr tiu biu ca K trng hp khng c chuyn v ngang
c biu din trong ba s u tin ca hnh 4.8.
Nu mt u ct c chuyn v ngang so vi u kia th chiu di ct hu hiu c th ln
hn chiu di hnh hc, khi K > 1. ng x ny c th hin trong hai s sau ca hnh
4.8 vi mt u t do v u kia l ngm hoc cht. Tng qut, ng sut on ti hn cho ct c
chiu di hu hiu KL c th c tnh bng cng thc sau khi vit li biu thc (4.2):
2E
cr = (4.3)
( KL / r )
2
vi K l h s chiu di hu hiu.
Cc rng buc u ct trong thc t nm u trong khong gia cht v ngm, ph
thuc vo cng ca cc lin kt u ct. i vi cc lin kt bng bu lng hoc hn c hai
u ca cu kin chu nn b cn tr chuyn v ngang, K c th c ly bng 0,75. Do ,
chiu di hu hiu ca cc cu kin chu nn trong cc khung ngang v ging ngang c th
c ly bng 0,75L vi L l chiu di khng c ngang ca cu kin.
Hnh 4.8 Lin kt u v chiu di hu hiu ca ct. (a) cht-cht, (b) ngm-
ngm, (c) ngm-cht, (d) ngm-t do, (e) cht-t do
2/ng sut d
ng sut d c cp mc 1.3.2. Ni chung, ng sut d sinh ra bi s ngui
khng u ca cu kin trong qu trnh gia cng hay ch to nh my. Nguyn tc c bn ca
ng sut d c th c tm tt nh sau: Cc th lnh u tin chu ng sut d nn, cc th
lnh sau cng chu ng sut d ko (Bjorhovde, 1992).
ln ca ng sut d thc t c th bng ng sut chy ca vt liu. ng sut nn dc

trc tc ng thm khi khai thc c th gy chy trong mt ct ngang mc ti trng thp hn
so vi d kin FyAs. ng sut t hp ny c biu din trn hnh 4.9, trong cr l ng sut
d nn, rt l ng sut d ko v a l ng sut nn dc trc tc dng thm. Cc phn u ca
cu kin b chy do trong khi phn bn trong vn cn lm vic n hi.
Hnh 4.9 (a) ng sut d, (b) ng sut nn tc dng v (c) ng sut t hp (Bjorhovde, 1992)
3/ cong ban u
ng sut d pht trin trn chiu di cu kin v mi mt ct ngang c gi thit l
chu mt phn b ng sut tng t nh trong hnh 4.9. Phn b ng sut khng u trn chiu
di cu kin s ch xy ra khi qu trnh lm lnh l khng u. iu thng gp l mt cu kin
sau khi c cn trong xng thp s c ct theo chiu di v c t sang mt bn
lm ngui. Cc cu kin khc nm cnh n trn gi lm lnh s nh hng n mc ngui i
ca cu kin ny.
Nu mt cu kin nng nm mt bn v mt cu kin m nm bn kia th s ngui
s l khng u trn mt ct. Ngoi ra, cc u b ct s ngui nhanh hn phn thanh cn li v
s ngui s khng u trn chiu di cu kin. Sau khi thanh ngui i, phn b ng sut d
khng u s lm cho thanh b vnh, cong, thm ch b vn. Nu thanh c dng lm ct th
c th khng cn tho mn gi thit l thng tuyt i m phi c xem l c cong ban
u.
Mt ct c cong ban u s chu m men un khi c lc dc trc tc dng. Mt phn

sc khng ca ct c s dng chu m men un ny v sc khng lc dc s gim i. Do
vy, ct khng hon ho c kh nng chu lc nh hn so vi ct l tng.
cong ban u trong thp cn I cnh rng, theo thng k, c biu din trn hnh
4.10 dng phn s so vi chiu di cu kin. Gi tr trung bnh ca lch tm ngu nhin e1
l L/1500, trong khi gi tr ln nht vo khong L/1000 (Bjorhovde, 1992).
Hnh 4.10 S bin thin ca cong ban u theo thng k (Bjorhovde, 1992).
4.2.2 Khi nim v mt n nh qu n hi
Ti trng gy mt n nh theo Euler trong cng thc (4.1) c a ra da trn gi
thit vt liu lm vic n hi. i vi cc ct di, mnh, gi thit ny l hp l v s on xy
ra mc ti trng tng i thp v ng sut c sinh ra l thp hn cng chy ca vt
liu. Tuy nhin, vi nhng ct ngn, thp, ti trng gy on li cao hn v s chy xy ra trn
mt phn mt ct ngang.
i vi cc ct ngn, khng phi tt c cc th ca mt ct ngang u bt u chy
cng mt thi im. iu ny l hp l v cc vng c ng sut d nn s chy u tin nh
c minh ho trn hnh 4.9. Do , khi ti trng nn dc trc tng ln, phn mt ct cn lm
vic n hi s gim i cho ti khi ton b mt ct ngang tr nn do. S chuyn t ng x n
hi sang ng x do xy ra t t nh c biu din bng ng cong ng sut-bin dng trn
hnh 4.11 cho mt ct ngn. Quan h ng sut-bin dng ny khc nhau do s thay i kh t
ngt khi chuyn t n hi sang do thng xy ra trong cc th nghim thanh hoc mu thp
cng trnh (hnh 4.11).
ng cong ng sut bin dng ca ct cng son ngn trong hnh 4.11 lch i so vi
ng x n hi gii hn t l prop ( Proportional limit) v chuyn dn sang ng x do khi
t ti Fy. M un n hi E c trng cho ng x n hi cho ti khi tng cc ng sut nn
tc dng v ng sut d trong hnh 4.9 bng ng sut chy, tc l khi
a + rc = Fy
hay
prop = Fy rc (4.4)
Hnh 4.11 ng cong ng sut bin dng ca ct cng son ngn

Trong s chuyn tip gia ng x n hi v ng x do, mc thay i ng sut so
vi bin dng c biu th bng m un tip tuyn ET nh trong hnh 4.11. Vng ng cong
m mt ct ngang c ng sut hn hp c n hi v do c gi l vng qu n hi.
M un tip tuyn hay m un qu n hi ca ti trng gy on ct c nh ngha khi thay
ET cho E trong cng thc 4.9 i vi ng x n hi
2 ET
T = (4.5)
( KL / r )2
ng cong on t hp n hi v qu n hi (theo Euler v m un tip tuyn) c
biu din trn hnh 4.12. im chuyn tip th hin s thay i t ng x n hi sang ng x
do l gii hn t l prop ca ca cng thc (4.4) v t s mnh tng ng ( KL / r ) prop .
Hnh 4.12 M un tip tuyn lin hp v ng cong ct theo Euler

4.3 Tnh ton cu kin chu nn ng tm

4.3.1 Sc khng nn
Sc khng nn dc trc ca ct ngn t gi tr ln nht khi s on khng xy ra v ton
b mt ct ngang c ng sut sut chy Fy. Ti trng chy do hon ton Py l ti trng ln nht
m ct c th chu c v c th c s dng chun ho nhng ng cong ct sao cho
chng khng ph thuc vo cp thp cng trnh. Lc dc chy l
Py = As Fy (4.6)
i vi ct di, ti trng gy on ti hn Euler Pcr thu c khi nhn cng thc 4.3 vi
As
2 EAs
Pcr = (4.7)
( KL / r )
2
Khi chia biu thc 4.7 cho biu thc 4.6, ta c cng thc xc nh ng cong ct n
hi Euler chun
Pcr r E
2
1
= = 2 (4.8)
Py KL Fy c
vi c l gii hn mnh ca ct
KL F
c =
y
(4.9)
r E
ng cong ct Euler v thm chy chun c biu din bng ng trn cng trong
hnh 4.13. ng cong chuyn tip qu n hi cng c th hin. ng cong ct c xt n
s gim hn na ti trng mt n nh ti hn do cong ban u l ng di cng trong
hnh 4.13. ng di cng ny l ng cong cng ca ct c s dng trong tiu
chun thit k.
Hnh 4.13 ng cong ct chun vi cc nh hng ca s khng hon ho

ng cong cng ca ct phn nh s t hp ng x qu n hi v n hi. S

on qu n hi xy ra i vi ct c chiu di trung bnh t c = 0 ti c = prop , vi prop l
gii hn mnh cho mt ng sut ti hn Euler prop (cng thc 4.4). S on n hi xy ra
cho ct di vi c ln hn so vi prop. Khi thay biu thc 4.4 v cc nh ngha ny vo 4.8, ta
thu c
Fy rc As 1
= 2
Fy As prop
hay
1
prop
2
= (4.10)
rc
1
Fy
Gi tr ca prop ph thuc vo tng quan ln ca ng sut d nn rc v ng sut
chy Fy. V d, nu Fy = 345 MPa v rc = 190 MPa th cng thc 4.10 cho kt qu
1
prop
2
= = 2, 23
190
1
345
v prop = 1,49. ng sut d cng ln th gii hn mnh m ti xy ra s chuyn
sang mt n nh n hi cng ln. Gn nh tt c cc ct c thit k trong thc t u lm
vic nh ct c chiu di trung bnh qu n hi. t khi gp cc ct c mnh n lm
vic nh cc ct di n hi, b on ti trng ti hn Euler.
Sc khng nn danh nh
trnh cn thc trong cng thc 4.9, gii hn mnh ct c nh ngha li nh
sau
2
KL F
= c2 =
y
(4.11)
r E
im chuyn tip gia on qu n hi v on n hi hay gia ct c chiu di trung
bnh v ct di c xc nh ng vi = 2,25. i vi ct di ( 2,25), cng danh nh
ca ct Pn c cho bi
0, 88 Fy As
Pn = (4.12)

l ti trng on ti hn Euler ca cng thc 4.7 nhn vi h s gim 0,88 xt n
cong ban u bng L/1500.
i vi ct di trung gian ( < 2,25), cng danh nh ca ct Pn c xc nh t
ng cong m un tip tuyn c chuyn tip m thun gia Pn = Py v ng cong on Euler.
Cng thc cho ng cong chuyn tip l
Pn = 0,66 Fy As (4.13)
Cc ng cong m t cc cng thc 4.12 v 4.13 c biu din trong hnh 4.8 ng
vi c ch khng phi gia nguyn hnh dng ca ng cong nh c biu din
trc y trong cc hnh 4.12 v 4.13.
Sc khng nn tinhs ton
Bc cui cng xc nh sc khng nn ca ct l nhn sc khng danh nh Pn vi
h s sc khng i vi nn c c ly t bng 1.1, tc l
Pr = c Pn (4.14)
Hnh 4.14 ng cong ct thit k
4.3.2 T s b rng/b dy gii hn

Cng chu nn ca ct di trung bnh c c s l ng cong m un tip tuyn thu
c t th nghim ct cng son. Mt ng cong ng sut-bin dng in hnh ca ct cng
son c cho trn hnh 4.11. V ct cng son l kh ngn nn n s khng b mt n nh un.
Tuy nhin, c th xy ra s mt n nh cc b vi hu qu l s gim kh nng chu ti nu t
s b rng/b dy ca cc chi tit ct qu ln. Do vy, mnh ca cc tm phi tho mn
b E
k (4.15)
t Fy
trong , k l k s on ca tm c ly t bng 4.1, b l b rng ca tm c cho
trong bng 4.1 (mm) v t l b dy tm ((mm). Cc quy nh cho trong bng 4.1 i vi cc
tm c dc trn mt cnh v cc tm c dc trn hai cnh c minh ho trn hnh
4.15.
4.3.3 T s mnh gii hn

Nu cc ct qu mnh, chng s c cng rt nh v khng kinh t. Gii hn c
kin ngh cho cc cu kin chu lc chnh l ( KL / r ) 120 v cho cc thanh cu to l
( KL / r ) 140 .
Hnh 4.15 Cc t s b rng/b dy gii hn

Bng 4.1 Cc t s b rng/b dy gii hn
Cc tm c dc theo mt cnh k b
Cc bn bin v cnh cha ra ca tm 0,56 B rng na cnh ca mt ct I
B rng ton b cnh ca mt ct U
Khong cch gia mp t do v ng bu lng
hoc ng hn u tin trong tm
Chiu rng ton b ca mt cnh thp gc cha ra
i vi mt cp thp gc t p st nhau
Thn ca thp cn T 0,75 Chiu cao ton b ca thp T
Cc chi tit cha ra khc 0,45 Chiu rng ton b ca mt cnh thp gc cha ra
i vi thanh chng thp gc n hoc thanh chng thp
gc kp t khng p st
Chiu rng ton b ca phn cha ra cho cc
trng hp khc
Cc tm c dc theo hai cnh k b

Cc bn bin ca hnh hp v cc 1,4 Khong cch trng gia cc vch tr i bn knh gc
tm y trong mi bn i vi cc bn bin ca mt ct hnh hp
Khong cch trng gia cc ng hn hoc bu lng i
vi cc tm y cnh
Cc vch v cc cu kin tm khc 1,49 Khong cch trng gia cc bn bin tr i bn knh cong
i vi vch ca dm thp cn
Khong cch trng gia cc gi mp cho cc trng
hp khc
Cc tm y c l 1,86 Khong cch trng gia cc gi mp
4.3.4 Cc dng bi ton

1. Bi ton tnh duyt
B1: Kim tra t s mnh gii hn
B2: Kim tra t s rng/dy gii hn
B3: Tnh v kt lun ct c chiu di trung gian hay ct di
B4: Tnh Pn, Pr v so snh vi Pu
B5: Kt lun.
2. Bi ton thit k 1 (thp hnh c lp)
B1: Gi s Fcr (khong 2/3Fy)
B2: Tnh Agmin v rmin
B3: Tra bng, chn thp hnh c:
A g A gmin

r rmin
B4: Tnh Pr v kim tra iu kin Pr Pu. Nu khng t, th ta phi th li vi Fcr bng
Fcr va tnh c cho n khi tha mn.
B5 : Kim tra t s rng/dy gii hn
B6: Kt lun.
3. Bi ton thit k 2 (mt ct t hp)
B1: Gi s Fcr (khong 2/3Fy)
B2: Tnh Agmin v rmin
B3:
- Gi s ct c chiu di trung gian hay ct di
- Tnh v kim tra li gi s trn
KL Fy
- Tnh r =
E
B4: Chn kch thc tit din sao cho rx ry theo cc cng thc gn ng v t s
rng/dy gii hn
B5: Tnh Pr v kim tra iu kin Pr Pu. Nu khng t, th ta phi th li vi Fcr bng
Fcr va tnh c cho n khi tha mn.
B6 : Kim tra t s rng/dy gii hn
B7: Kt lun.
V D 4.1
Tnh cng chu nn thit k c Pn ca mt ct W360 x 110 c chiu di bng 6100
mm v hai u lin kt cht. S dng thp cng trnh cp 250.
Cc c trng
Tra t AISC (1992): As = 14100 mm2, d = 360 mm, tw = 11,4 mm, bf = 256 mm, tf =
19,9 mm, hc/tw = 25,3, rx = 153 mm, ry = 62,9 mm.
Bi gii
KL 1, 0(6100)
T s mnh max = = 97, 0 < 120, t
r 62, 9
b rng bf 256 E 200000
: = = 6, 4 < k = 0,56 = 15,8, t
b dy 2t f 2(19, 9) Fy 250
hc E 200000
= 25,3 < k = 1, 49 = 42,1, t
tw Fy 250
Gii hn mnh ca ct
2 2
KL Fy 97, 0 250
= = = 1,19 < 2, 25 ct c chiu di trung gian
r E 200000
Pn = 0, 66 Fy As = (0, 66)1,19 (250)(14100) = 2,15.10 6 N
Cng chu nn thit k c Pn = 0, 90(2,15.10 6 ) / 103 = 1935 kN
V D 4.2
Thit k mt ct thanh chu nn ng tm c tit din nh hnh v 4.16 di y. Cho bit: Lc
nn tnh ton l Pu = 2100kN. Thanh thuc b phn chnh, c chiu di L = 7m; lin kt mt
u ngm, mt u cht; thp kt cu loi A709M cp 250.
Hnh 4.16 Hnh v cho v d 4.2
Bi gii
Tra bng c Fy=250MPa
Gi s Fcr=2/3Fy=166,67 MPa
Pu 2100.10 6
Ag min = = = 14000mm 2
c Fcr 0 ,9.166 ,67
KL 0,7.7000
rmin = = = 40,8mm
KL 120
r
gh
Gi s ct l ct di trung gian ta c:

Fcr = 0 ,66 Fy = 0 ,66 .250 = 166,67 MPa
Fcr 166 ,67
= log 0 ,66 = log 0 ,66 250 = 0 ,976
.Fy
=0,9762,25 Vy gi s ct di trung gian l ng.
2
KL Fy KL Fy 0 ,7.7000 250
= = 0 ,976 r = = = 56mm
r E E 5
3,14 0 ,976 .2.10
T bng 4.2 ta c quan h gn ng:
rx = 0 ,43h
ry = 0 ,24b
r 56 r 56
Vy ta c b f = = = 233mm; D h = = = 133mm
0 ,43 0 ,43 0,24 0 ,24
Chn bf=250mm; D=130mm
Chn chiu dy cch v bng:
T iu kin n nh cc b ( t s rng trn dy gii hn) ta c :
bf E bf
0 ,56 tf = 8mm
2.t f Fy E
2.0 ,56
Fy
D E D
1,49 tw = 3mm
tw Fy E
1,49
Fy
Trng hp xem cnh v bng dy nh nhau ta c:
Ag min 14000
ttb = = = 22mm
2b f + D 2.250 + 130
Chn tf=25mm; tw=14mm
Ta tnh c Ag=14320mm2
b (t )
3
D + t f tw D
2 3
Ix = 2 f f
+ bf t f + = 7829 , 23.10 mm
4 4
12 2 12

t (b )
3
D ( t )3
I y = 2 + = 6513,39.10 mm
f f w 4 4
12 12

4
Iy 6513,39 .10
rmin = = = 67 mm
Ag 14320
Tnh
2
KL Fy
= = 0 ,67
rmin E
Fcr = 0 ,66 Fy = 0 ,66 0 ,67 .250 = 189 ,31MPa

Pr = c .Pn = 0 ,9.Fcr Ag = 0 ,9.189 ,31.14320 = 2439 ,821.10 3 N = 2439 ,82kN Pu = 2100kN
Vy ct chn m bo cc iu kin.
y y y
x x x
h
h
b b b
rx = 0,32h rx = 0,38h rx = 0,38h

ry = 0,49b ry = 0,60b ry = 0,60b
y y y
x x x
h
h
b b b
rx = 0,32h rx = 0,32h rx = 0,43h

ry = 0,58b ry = 0,40b ry = 0,24b
Bng 4.2 Quan h gn ng gia bn knh qun tnh v kch thc mt ct ngang cu kin
chu nn
5 CU KIN CHU UN TIT DIN CH I
5.1 C IM CHUNG V CU TO
Dm l mt loi cu kin c bn,ch yu l chu un. Ni lc chnh trong dm l mmen
un M v lc ct V.
5.1.1 Cc kch thc c bn ca dm
Hnh 5.1 Cc kch thc c bn ca dm

Cc kch thc c bn ca dm l khu ( nhp dm)v chiu cao dm.
1/ Khu dm :
- Khu tnh khng ( chiu di tnh khng ) l khong cch trng gia cc m tr.
- Khu tnh ton ( chiu di nhp tnh ton ) l khong cch gia cc ng tim cc gi ca
dm. (L)
- Chiu di ton b l chiu di thc t ca dm (chiu di ch to- LT) bng khu tnh ton
cng vi khong k gi dm hai u dm, LT=L+2*(250-300)mm.
Trong thit k vic chn gi tr nhp tnh ton l yu t quan trng so snh cc gii php
kt cu ph hp vi yu cu s dng, yu cu kinh t.
2/ Chiu cao ca tit din dm
Chiu cao ca tit din dm l thng s c bn khi thit k dm. Chiu cao ca tit din
dm cn phi tha mn cc yu cu v mt s dng ( Cng , n nh, cng), yu cu
v mt kinh t cng nh lin kt vi cc cu kin khc.
Chiu cao ca dm khng c ln qu chiu cao gia cc cao khng ch.
Theo khuyn co ca 22TCN 272-05:
Kt cu phn trn Chiu cao ti thiu (gm c mt cu)

Vt liu Loi hnh Dm gin n Dm lin tc
Chiu cao ton b ca dm I lin hp 0,040L 0,032L
Chiu cao ca phn dm I ca dm I
0,033L 0,027L
Thp lin hp
Gin 0,100L 0,100L
5.1.2 Cc loi dm v phm vi s dng:

Theo cu to tit din chia dm thp thnh hai loi : Dm thp cn nh hnh( dm thp
hnh) v dm ghp hay dm t hp.
1/ Dm thp hnh
Dm thp hnh l dm lm t mt thp hnh, thng c tit din ch I,C,Z. Dm thp
hnh ch I c tit din i xng theo c hai trc, li c Ix kh ln nn c dng cho cc
dm chu un phng nh dm sn nh, dm cu trn ng t nhp nh v va.
Dm thp hnh b iu kin cn thp hn ch nn vt liu phn phi trn tit din cha
tht hp l , bn bng kh dy, vt liu gn trc trung ho cu kin khng pht huy ht
cng .
Hnh 5.2 Dm thp hnh
2/ Dm ghp ( dm t hp)
Dm ghp l dm c to thnh t cc thp bn, thp hnh hoc hn hp c thp bn v
thp hnh.
Theo dng mt ct v cch lien kt ta c cc loi dm ghp sau:
Dm ghp tit din ch I lin kt bng ng hn (h5.0-a).
Dm ghp tit din ch I lin kt bng bu lng hoc inh tn (h5.0-b).

Dm ghp tit din hp lin kt bng ng hn (h5.0-c).
Dm ghp tit din hp lin kt bng bu lng hoc inh tn (h5.0-e).
Hnh 5.3 Cc loi mt ct dm ghp
5.2 S LM VIC CHU UN CA DM I

Tit din I chu un l mt b phn kt cu chu ti trng vung gc vi trc dc trong t
hp lc un v ct. Lc dc trc thng nh trong hu ht cc dm cu nn thng b qua.
Nu lc dc trc ln th tit din ngang s c xem nh mt dm ct. Nu ti trng ngang
lch tm ln i vi tm ct ca tit din ngang th cn xem xt t hp un xon. Phn di
y ch gii hn trong cc tnh cht c bn v thit k cc dm I thng tuyt i bng thp cn
hoc dm ghp ch to trong nh my c tit din i xng vi trc thng ng trong mt
phng vch v ch yu chu un.
Sc khng ca tit din I chu un ch yu ph thuc vo n nh hoc cc b hoc tng
th. Nu tit din n nh khi chu ti trng th c th c sc khng ln hn mmen chy u
tin My cho ti khi mmen un hon ton chy do Mp. Nu n nh b hn ch bi mt n
nh cc b hay ton b th kh nng chu un s nh hn Mp v nu mt n nh nghim
trng th nh hn My.
5.2.1 Cc giai on lm vic ca mt ct dm chu un thun ty. Khi nim m men
chy v m men do
Xt mt tit din I i xng trn hnh 5.4 chu mmen un thun tu ti gia nhp bi hai
lc tp trung bng nhau. Gi thit dm n nh v ng cong ng sut - bin dng ca thp l
n hi hon ton do. Do ti trng tng tit din vn phng, bin dng tng n khi th
ngoi ca tit din t (hnh 5.4b). Tr s mmen un gy ra ng sut th xa nht ca mt ct
dm thp t cng chy gi l mmen chy My.
Tip tc tng ti trng, bin dng tng v hin tng quay bt u v cng nhiu cc th
bin t cng chy (hnh 5.4c). Trng hp ti hn khi bin dng do ti trng ln n mc
ton b tit din coi nh t cng chy Fy (hnh 5.4d). Khi t n im ny ton tit din
thnh do v mmen un tng ng gi l mmen un do Mp.
Bt k thm ti trng no na cng ch gy bin dng m khng tng sc khng un.
Mmen gii hn ny c th thy trn ng cong l tng mmen - cong trn hnh 5.5.
cong c cc nh nh t s thay i ca bin dng hoc n gin l dc ca biu
bin dng tc l:
c
= (5.1)
c
Trong c l bin dng khong cch c cch trc trung ho.
Hnh 5.4 Cc giai on chu lc ca dm I

Quan h mmen - cong trn hnh 5.5.c ba phn: n hi, qu n hi v do. Phn qu
n hi l s chuyn i hi ho gia tnh cht n hi v do khi ngy cng nhiu th trong
tit din ngang b chy. T s gia cong p vi cong n hi y l tnh do ca tit

din.
Hnh 5.5 ng x ca ng cong Mmen - cong l tng
5.2.2 Mmen chy v m men do

Kh nng chu mmen un ca tit din I ph thuc trc tin vo kh nng chu un ca
bin chu nn. Nu bin chu nn c gi lin tc theo chiu ngang v vch c t l vng chc,
khng xy ra mt n nh ca bin chu nn v tit din ngang c th pht trin ton b
mmen do, ngha l Mn = Mp. Tit din ngang tho mn cc im gi theo phng ngang v t
s rng/dy cho bn bin v vch ng th gi l tit din chc. Cc tit din ny th hin tnh
ho do ton phn v ng cong ng x mmen ging nh phn nh ca ng cong trn
hnh 5.5.
Nu cnh chu nn c gi theo chiu ngang khong cch rng cho php cnh chu
nn mt n nh cc b, nhng khng ton b th cnh chu nn s c tnh cht ging nh mt
ct qu n hi. Tit din ca cc ct qu n hi l tit din T c mt phn t ng sut chy
v mt phn khng chy. Cc tit din ngang ny l trung gian gia tnh do v n hi v
c gi l tit din khng chc. N c th pht trin mmen chy My nhng c ng x gii
hn do nh th hin on gia ng cong hnh 5.5.
Nu bin chu nn c gi theo phng ngang vi khong cch rng cho php mt
n nh xon ngang th bin chu nn s c tnh cht ging nh mt ct n hi m kh nng
chu lc ca n l ti trng mt n nh Euler b gim bt do hiu ng xon. Hin tng mt n
nh ca tit din ny vi t s mnh tng i cao ca bin chu nn s xut hin trc khi
c th t c mmen chy My. Tit din c gi l tit din mnh. Tnh cht ca tit
din mnh th hin y ca ng cong hnh 5.5.
Cc tit din mnh s dng vt liu khng hiu qu v hu ht ngi thit k nn trnh
bng cch b tr chng ngang. Tu theo tnh hung mt tit din c th c thit k
chc hoc khng chc.
5.2.2.1 M men chy v m men do ca tit din khng lin hp

a) M men chy
i vi tit din khng lin hp, mmen chy My l m men gy ra ng sut th ngoi cng
t ti gii hn chy (Fy) :
M M
= ymax =
I S NC
My
Fy =
S NC
M y = Fy S NC (5.2)
SNC l m men chng un ca tit din khng lin hp .
I
S NC = (5.3)
ymax
Hnh 5.6 Phn b ng sut trn tit din ng vi m men chy
b) M men do ca tit din chu m men dng

xc nh m men do trc tin ta cn xc nh trc trung ha do. V tr trc trung

ha do c xc nh t iu kin cn bng lc: Tng lc nn do bng vi tng cc
lc ko do. Xt v d trong hnh 5.7 di y:
Hnh 5.7 Phn b ng sut trn tit din ng vi m men do

- Lc do trong cnh nn: Pc = bc tc Fy
- Lc do trong cnh ko: Pt = bt tt Fy
- Lc do trong vch ng: Pw = Dtw Fy
- V tr trc trung ha do:
yp =
( Pt Pc + Pw ) D (5.4)
Pw 2
M men do ca tit din khng lin hp :
P y p Pw ( D yd )
2 2
M p = Pc ( y p + 0,5tc ) + Pt ( D y p + 0,5tt ) + w + (5.5)

D 2 D 2
Khi tit din i xng th yp=D/2 :
D t D D t
M p = Pt + t + Pw + Pc + c (5.6)
2 2 4 2 2
5.2.2.2 M men chy v m men do ca tit din lin hp

a) M men chy
M men chy My l m men gy nn ng sut chy u tin ti bt k bn bin no ca tit
din thp . V tit din ngang c tnh cht n hi cho n khi xut hin cng chy u
tin, nn c th p dng nguyn l cng tc dng mmen. Do mmen chy My l tng s tc
dng ring r ln tit din thp, tit din lin hp ngn hn v tit din lin hp di hn.
Ba giai on ti trng tc dng ln tit din lin hp biu din cho min mmen un dng
th hin trn hnh 5.8. Mmen do ti trng thng xuyn c h s ln tit din thp trc khi b
tng t 75% cng chu nn 28 ngy l MD1 v n vn cn lm vic theo mmen khng
un ca tit din khng lin hp SNC. Mmen do phn cn li ca ti trng thng xuyn c h
s (lp o ng, b tng ro chn) l MD2 v do mmen khng un tit din lin hp di hn
chu SLT. Mmen b sung do yu cu t gii hn chy mt trong cc bin thp l MAD.
Mmen ny do hot ti c h s v do mmen khng un tit din lin hp ngn hn chu SST.
C th tm mmen MAD t phng trnh:
M D1 M D 2 M AD
Fy = + + (5.7)
S NC S LT S ST
v mmen chy My c xc nh theo:
My = MD1 + MD2 + MAD (5.8)
Bng 5.1 T s m uyn n hi ca thp vi b tng t trng bnh thng
fc (MPa) n
16 fc< 20 10
20 fc< 25 9
25 fc< 32 8
32 fc< 41 7
41 fc 6
+ + =
MD1 MD2 MAD Fy

S NC S LT S ST
ng sut
Dm thp Lin hp b c Lin hp b c Tng cng
3n n
Hnh 5.8 ng sut do un ti cng chy u tin
V d 5.1
Xc nh mmen chy My ca mt dm lin hp c tit din ngang trn hnh 5.9 chu
mmen dng c h s MD1 = 1180kNm v MD2 = 419kNm. Dng fc = 30 MPa cho bn b
tng v dm thp cng trnh cp 345.
Cc tnh cht
Cc tnh cht ca tit din khng lin hp, lin hp ngn hn v di hn c tnh trong
bng 5.3 -5.4. T s mun n = 8 trong bng 5.1 vi fc = 30MPa. Chiu rng c hiu chuyn i
bc chia cho n xt ti tnh cht ngn hn v 3n xt ti tnh cht t bin di hn.
Trng tm tit din ti mi giai on tnh t nh dm thp v trc song song qua tm
c dng xc nh mmen qun tnh ca cc thnh phn i vi trng tm tit din.
bc=2210
t s=205
276
n=8
92
3n=24
15x300
Bn bin trn
25
10x1500
Vch
25x400
Bn bin di
Hnh 5.9. Mmen chy ca tit din lin hp chu mmen dng
26.784 10 6
y NC = = 907.9mm di nh dm
29.500
10607 109
S 1 NC = = 11.68 106 mm 3 nh dm thp
907.9
Bng 5.2 Cc tnh cht ca tit din khng lin hp

2
A y Ay A (y- y ) lo lx
Thnh phn 2 2 4
(mm ) (mm) (mm ) (mm)2 (mm ) (mm2)
Cnh trn
4500 7.5 0.034x106 3.649x109 8.44 x104 3.649x109
15 x300mm
Vch ng
15000 765 11.475x106 0.306x109 2.813x109 3.119x109
10x1500mm
Cnh di
10 000 1527.5 15.275x106 3.839x109 5.21x105 3.839x109
25 x 400mm
Cng 29.500 26784x104 10.607x109
Bng 5.3 Cc tnh cht ca tit din ngn hn, n = 8

2
Thnh phn
(mm2) (mm) (mm2) (mm)2 (mm4) (mm2)
Dm thp 29.500 907.9 26.784x106 13.672x109 10.607 x104 24.27x109

Bn b tng
56631 -127.5 -7.22x106 7.121x109 0.198x109 7.320x109
205x(2210/8)mm
Cng 86.131 19.563x106 31.599x109
Bng 5.4 Cc tnh cht ca tit din di hn, 3n = 24
2
Thnh phn 2 2 4
(mm ) (mm) (mm ) (mm)2 (mm ) (mm2)
Dm thp 29.500 907.9 26.78x106 4.815x109 10.607 x104 15.422x109

Bn b tng
18 877 -127.5 -2.407x106 7.256x109 0.066x109 7.592x109
205x(2210/24)mm
Cng 48377 24.377x106 23.104x109 23.014x109
10.607 109
b
S NC = = 16.78 x10 6 mm 3 y dm thp
1540 907.9
19.563 106
y ST = = 227.1mm di nh dm
86131
31.599 109
1
S ST = = 139.12 10 6 mm 3 nh ca thp
227.1
31.599 10 9
b
S ST = = 24.07 10 6 mm 3 y ca thp
1540 227.1
24.377 10 6
y LT = = 503.9mm di nh dm
48.377
23.014 10 9
t
S LT = = 45.67 10 6 mm 3 nh ca thp
503.9
23.014 10 9
b
S LT = = 22.21 10 6 mm 3 y ca thp
1540 503.9
Gii
ng sut y ca dm t gii hn chy trc. T phng trnh 5.7:
M D1 M D 2 M AD
Fy = + +
S NC S LT S ST
1180 x106 419 106 M AD

345 = + +
16.78 x10 6
22.1 10 6
24.07 106
MAD = 24.07 x 106 (345 - 70.3 - 18.9) = 6157 x 106 Nmm
MAD = 6157kNm
Tr li:
T phng trnh 5.8 mmen chy l:
My = MD1 + MD2 + MAD
My = 1180 + 419 + 6157 = 7756 kNm.
Bc u tin trong vic xc nh ng sut do mmen do ca tit din lin hp l xc nh

trc trung ho ca lc ho do. Lc ho do trong phn thp ca tit din ngang l tch s ca
din tch bn bin, vch ngn v ct thp nhn vi cng chy thch hp. Lc do trong
phn b tng chu nn ca tit din da trn c s tng ng gia khi ng sut hnh ch
nht vi ng sut phn b u 0.85fc. B qua b tng trong vng chu ko.
V tr trc trung ho do(TTHD)tnh c bng cch cn bng lc do chu nn vi lc do

chu ko. Nu khng r rng th cn gi nh v tr trc trung ho do sau chng minh hoc
bc b gi thit bng cch cng cc lc do. Nu v tr gi nh khng tho mn iu kin cn
bng th gii biu thc xc nh v tr ng ca trc trung ho do.
V d 5.2: Xc nh v tr trc trung ha do ca tit din lin hp ca v d 5.1 chu

mmen ung dng. Dng fc = 30MPa, cho b tng v Fy = 345 MPa cho thp. B qua lc do
trong ct thp dc ca bn.
Cc lc do
Cc kch thc c bn v lc do th hin trn hnh 5.12.
Bn:
Ps = 0.85fcbcts = 0.85 (30) (2210) (205) = 11.55 x 106N
. Bin chu nn:
Pc = Fybctc = 345 (300) (15) = 1.55 x 106N
. Vch ng:
Pw = FyDtw = 345 (1500) (10) = 5.175 x 106N
. Bin chu ko:
Pt = Fybttt = 345 (400) (25) = 3.45 x 106N
bc=2210
Y
ts =205
Ps
t c =15
25
15x300 Pc
Bn bin trn
1500
10x1500 Pw
Vch
t t =25
25x400 Pt
Bn bin di
Hnh 5.10. Cc lc do cho tit din lin hp chu mmen dng

Gii:
Qua kim tra, trc trung ha do (TTHD) nm trong bn b tng v:
Ps > Pc + Pw + Pt
Ch c mt phn ca bn yu cu c cn bng vi lc do trong dm thp ngha l:
Y
Ps = Pc + Pw + Pt
ts
nh vy TTDH nm cch nh bn mt khong cch Y

Pc + Pw + Pt
Y = ts = (5.9)
Ps
Tr li:
Thay s vo biu thc trn ta c:
(1.55 +6.176 +3.45) 10 6
Y = 205 = 180.6mm
11.53 106
Trong min chu mmen m khi neo chng ct to tc dng lin hp, ct thp trong bn
b tng c th c xt chu mmen. Ngc vi min chu mmen dng, v cnh tay n
ngn, s tham gia ca ct thp trong min chu mmen m c th c s khc bit.
V d 5.3:
Xc nh v tr ca trc trung ha do cho tit din lin hp trn hnh 5.9 khi chu
mmen m. Dng fc = 30MPa v Fy = 345 MPa. C xt n lc do trong ct thp dc bn mt
cu, gm hai lp, lp trn 9 thanh No10, lp di 7 thanh No15. Dng fy = 400MPa.
Cc lc do:
Coi kch thc c bn v lc do th hin trn hnh 5.10b. Bn b tng trong vng chu
ko, coi nh khng lm vic tc l Ps = 0
Ct thp trn:
Prt = Artfy = 9 (100) (400) = 0.36 x 106N
Ct thp di:
Prb = Arbfy = 7 (200) (400) = 0.56 x 106N
Bin bn chu ko:
Pt = Fybttt = 345 (400) (30) = 4.14 x 106N
Vch ng:
Pw = FyDtw = 345 (1500) (10) = 5.175 x 106N
Bn bin chu nn:
Pc = Fybctc = 345 (400)(300) = 4.14 x 106N
Li gii:
Bng cch kim tra, trc trung ha nm trong vch ng v:
Pc + Pw > Pt + Prb + Prt
Lc do trong vch ng phi chia ra lc do chu ko v chu nn c cn bng:
Y Y
Pc + Pw (1- ) = Pw ( ) +Pt + Prb + Prt
D D
trong Y l khong cch tnh t vch ng n TTHD, gii theo Y ta c:

D Pc + Pwc Pt Prb Prt

Y= (5.10)
2 Pw
Tr li:
Thay s vo biu thc trn ta c:
1500 (4.14 + 5.175 4.14 0.56 0.36) 10 6

Y= = 616.7 mm
2 5.175 10 6
bc=2210
9#10
7#15
77
Prt
49
Prb
t t =30
25
30x400 Pt
Y
D=1500
10x1500 Pw
Vch
t c =30
30x400 Pc
Hnh 5.10b. Lc do cho tit din lin hp chu mmen m
Mmen do Mp l tng ca cc lc do i vi trc trung ho do. Tt nht th hin

trn v d. Trong tnh ton gi thit khng xy ra mt n nh tng th v cc b do c
th xut hin cc lc do.
V d 5.4
Xc nh mmen do dng cho tit din lin hp ca v d 5.2 trn hnh 5.9. Cc lc
do tnh trong v d 5.2 v Y c xc nh l 180.6mm tnh t nh bn.

Cnh tay n mmen
Cnh tay n i vi TTHD cho mi lc do c th thy trn hnh 5.9
Bn:
Y 180.6
ds = = = 90.3mm
2 2
Bin chu nn:
tc
dc = (ts - Y ) + 25 + = (205 180.6) + 25 + 15 / 2 = 56.9mm
2
Vch ng:
D
d w = (t s Y ) + 25 + t c +
2
= (205 - 180.6) + 25 + 15 + 1500/2 = 814.4mm
Bn bin chu ko:
t1
d t = (t s Y ) + 25 + t c + D +
2
= (205 - 180.6) + 25 + 15 + 1500 + 25/2 = 1576.9mm
Bi gii:
Tng s mmen do cc lc do i vi TTHD l mmen do:
Y
Mp = Ps d s + Pc d c + Pw d w + Pt d t (5.11)
ts
Tr li: Thay s vo biu thc trn ta c:
180.6
Mp = (11.55 10 6 )(90.3) + 1.55 10 6 (56.9) + 5.175 10 6 (814.4) + 3.45 x10 6 x(1576.9)
205
M p = 10.66 x109 Nmm = 10660kNm.
V d 5.6:
Xc nh mmen do m ca tit din lin hp ca trn hnh 5.10. Cc lc do tnh
trong v d 5.3 v Y xc nh l 616.7mm tnh t nh ca vch ng.

Cnh tay n mmen
Cnh tay n mmen i vi TTHD cho mi lc do c th thy trn hnh 5.10
Ct thp trn
d rt = Y + t1 + 25 + t s 77
= 616.7 + 30 + 25 + 205 + 77 = 799.7mm
Ct thp di:
d rb = Y + t t + 25 + 49 = 616.7 +30 + 25 +49 = 720.7mm
Bn bin chu ko:
tt
dt = Y + = 617.5 + 30 / 2 = 631.7 mm
2
Vch ng chu ko:
d wt = 1 / 2(Y ) = 1 / 2(616.7) = 308.4mm

Vch ng chu nn:
d wc = 1 / 2( D Y ) = 1 / 2(1500 616.7) = 441.7 m
Bin chu nn:
d c = ( D Y ) + t c / 2 = (1500 616.7) + 30 / 2 = 898.3mm
Bi gii:
Mmen do l tng mmen do cc lc do i vi TTHD:
Y (D Y )
M p = Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pt d t + Pw d w + Pw d wc + Pc d c (5.12)
D D
Tr li:
Thay s vo cc biu thc trn ta c:
M p = 0.36 10 6 (799.7) +0.56 x10 6 (720.7) + 4.14 x10 6 (631.7)
616.7 (1500 617.7)
+ (5.175 10 6 )(308.4) + (5.175x10 6 )441.7 + 4.14 x10 6 (898.3)
1500 1500
M p = 9.028 10 9 Nmm = 9028kNm
5.2.2.3 Chiu cao ca vch chu nn

Khi xt mnh ca vch ng v n nh, chiu cao cu vch chu nn ng vai tr quan
trng. Trong tit din khng lin hp, vi dm thp i xng kp, mt na chiu cao D s chu
nn. i vi tit din khng i xng khng lin hp v lin hp, chiu cao chu nn ca vch
khng phi l D/2 v s thay i theo chiu un ca dm lin tc.
Khi ng sut do ti trng khng h s cn giai on n hi, chiu cao chu nn ca dm l
Dc s l chiu cao m ti tng i s ca ng sut do ti trng tnh D1 ca tit din thp
cng tnh ti D2 v hot ti LL + IM ca tit din lin hp ngn hn l nn.
5.2.3 S phn b li mmen

Khi tit din t ti mmen do Mp, quay ph s xut hin ti tit din v hnh thnh
mt khp do c sc chu mmen Mp khng i. Khi khp do xut hin trong mt kt cu
tnh nh nh dm dn gin nh trn hnh 5.4, dm s b gy.
Tuy nhin nu khp do hnh thnh trong mt kt cu siu tnh, hin tng gy khng xy
ra v xut hin mt kh nng chu ti trng ph. Hin tng tng ti trng ny c biu din
trn mt dm hng c gi k trn hnh 5.11a chu ti trng tp trung tng dn gia nhp. Gii
hn ca tnh n hi l khi ti trng gy mmen ngm t ti My. Ti trng gii hn Mp ny

s gy mmen ph hp vi kt qu phn tch n hi nh trnh by trn hnh 5.11b.
Nu tip tc tng ti trng, s gy khp do ti ngm. Tuy nhin kt cu khng v cha
hnh thnh c c cu chuyn ng. Dm trc y ngm mt u nay thnh dm n gin
vi tr s Mp bit ti ngm. C cu chuyn ng cha hnh thnh khi cha xut hin mt
khp do th hai im c mmen ph ln nht di lc tp trung. iu kin ny th hin trn
hnh 5.11c.
Gi thit My = 0.9 Mp t s ca ti trng ph hoi Pcp i vi ti trng chy Py l:
Pcp
=
( 6M L ) = 1.25
p
Py 16
3
( 0.9M ) L
p
Trong v d ny sc khng ti c th tng khong 25% so vi sc khng ti tnh theo n

hi. Tuy nhin khi ny kh nng quay c th xy ra ti khp ngm do c s phn b li
mmen.
P
L/2
(a)
3PL/16
5PL/32
Py
(b)
M y =3Py L/16
5Py L/32
P cp (c)
0,5Mp
M p=Pcp L/6
Mp
Hnh 5.11. S phn phi li m men trong dm siu tnh

a) M men n hi ; b) M men chy u tin ;c) M men lc gy c hc

Mt cch th hin khc v s phn b li mmen do khp do l so snh t s gia mmen
dng v mmen m. i vi biu mmen n hi trn hnh 5.11a t s l:
5
M pos PL
= 32 = 0.833
3
M neg e PL
16
Trong khi i vi biu mmen khi gy dm:
M pos Mp
= = 1.0
M neg ep M p
Cng nh trc mmen c phn b li.
Mt s trng hp AASHTO LRFD (1998) cho php gim nhiu nht 10% gi tr mmen
m tnh c do phn tch n hi (A1.10.2). Khi gim mmen m, yu cu mmen dng
nhp bn cnh phi tng ln. Trng hp mt dm hng c gi k nh trn hnh 5.11, nu
mmen m Mneg thay i 10% th tho mn iu kin tnh hc s thay i, s mmen dng
M*pos gia nhp phi tng 0.05Mneg tc l:
M *pos = M pos + 0.05M neg

5 3
= PL + 0.05 PL = 0.156 PL + 0.009 PL = 0.165 PL
32 16
Nu c hai u dm u lin tc, tng ca mmen dng c th gp i.

S phn b li mmen c th xut hin trong kt cu siu tnh khi m bo n nh v nu
kh nng quay tn ti khi xut hin khp do. iu ny to ra s chuyn mmen t cc v tr
ng sut cao ti v tr c d tr cng . Kt qu l nng cao kh nng chu ti v ti trng
ph hoi kt cu s cao hn.
5.2.4 Khi nim v n nh ca dm

C hai dng mt n nh ca dm: mt n nh xon ngang ( hay mt n nh tng th) v mt
n nh cc b:
5.2.4.1 Mt n nh xon ngang (mt n nh tng th)

Trong cc dm (mt ct ch I) thng c cng EIx ln hn EIy rt nhiu, do vy cho
d ti trng tc dng ng mt i xng ca dm th dm cng ch gi c n nh trong mt
gii hn ti trng nht nh. Khi ti trng vt qu gii hn dm s b un v pha c
cng nh hn, do tit din dm ti gi b c nh nn khi dm chu un ngang th ng thi

chu xon, m men xon ny lm cho dm b mt n nh xon ngang ( dng xon v , hnh
5.12a). Hin tng nh vy gi l mt n nh tng th ca dm hay mt n nh xon ngang.
Hnh 5.12. Cc dng mt n nh ca dm thp

a) mt n nh xon ngang, b) mt n nh cc b
Khi m men un trong dm t ti gi tr Mcr dm bt u mt kh nng gi n nh tng
th. M men Mcr ny ph thuc vo cng chng un ngang EIy, cng chng xon GJ v
c bit n ph thuc nhiu vo chiu di t do ca cnh nn Lb. Do vy bin php hiu qu
nht nng cao n nh tng th l gim Lb.
Vn c bn ca vic xut hin sc khng mmen do Mp l tit din ngang c n nh
khng. Nu c mt n nh tng th hay cc b th khng th t dc Mp.
Mt n nh tng th xut hin nu bn bin chu nn ca tit din chu un khng c
gi theo phng ngang. Bn bin chu nn khng c gi theo phng ngang s c tnh cht
nh mt ct v c khuynh hng mt n nh ra ngoi mt phng gia hai im c gi theo

phng ngang. Tuy nhin v bn bin l mt b phn ca dm, c vng chu ko gi cho bin
i din lun lun thng, tit din ngang b xon khi bin trn chuyn dch ngang. Tnh cht
trn th hin trn hnh 12a v c xem nh mt n nh xon ngang.
5.2.4.2 Mt n nh cc b
Cc tm bn mng trong dm nh bn cnh nn, vch ng (bn bng) di tc dng ca
ng sut nn, ng sut ct c th b phingf cong cc b hay cong vnh tng phn, hnh 12b.
Mt n nh cc b xy ra s cn tr s lm vic ca dm v c th khin dm mt i sc
khng li cc ti trng. Sc khng do mt n nh cc b l rt kh xc nh nn cc tiu chun
u a ra cch tip cn n gin l: Mt n nh cc b khng c php xy ra cho n khi
dm mt n nh tng th.
Bin php nng cao n nh cc b l tng cng ca tm bn bng cch gim t l
chiu rng trn chiu dy (b/t hoc D/tw).
Mt n nh cc b c th xut hin nu t s rng/dy ca phn t chu nn qu ln. Gii
hn ca t s cng ging nh vi cc ct trong chng 4. Nu mt n nh xut hin bin chu
nn th gi l mt n nh cc b bn bin. Nu xut hin vng chu nn ca vch ng th
gi l mt n nh cc b vch ng.
5.2.5 Phn loi tit din

Tit din ngang c phn bit l tit din chc, khng chc, hay mnh tu theo t s
rng/dy ca b phn chu nn v khong cch cc thanh ging.
Mt tit din chc l tit din c th pht trin mmen do ton phn Mp trc khi xy ra
mt n nh ngang hoc mt n nh cc b bn bin hoc vch ng.
Tit din khng chc l tit din c th pht trin mmen bng hoc ln hn mmen chy
My trc khi xy ra mt n nh ca bt k b phn no.
Tit din mnh l tit dinc b phn chu nn qu mnh c th xy ra mt n nh cc
b trc khi t ti mmen chy My. S so snh gia ng cong ng s mmen ca cc dng
ny trn hnh 5.13 th hin tnh cht khc nhau ca tit din mnh, chc v khng chc.
Tit din cng c phn loi l lin hp v khng lin hp. Tit din lin hp l tit din
khi thit k dng cc lin kt chng ct gia bn b tng mt cu v dm thp . Tit din m
bn mt cu b tng khng lin kt vi dm thp th coi l tit din khng lin hp.
M men
Chc
Mp
Khng chc
My
Mnh
cong

Hnh 5.13: ng x ca ba loi dm
Khi c neo chng ct, bn mt cu v dm lm vic cng nhau chng li mmen un.
min c mmen dng, bn b tng chu nn v tng kh nng khng un. Trong min mmen
m, b tng mt cu chu ko v ch c ct thp chu nn thm vo kh nng khng un ca
dm thp. Kh nng khng un ca tit din lin hp do c nng cao, v neo gia bn b
tng v dm thp to cc im gi ngang lin tc cho bn bin chu nn, chng mt n nh
xon ngang. V cc u im trn y, AASHTO LRFD (1998) kin ngh khi no c th, nn
dng kt cu lin hp.
5.2.6 cng
Khi tnh phn t chu un c tit din khng lin hp, ch dng cng ca dm thp. Khi
tnh phn t chu un c tit din lin hp, dng din tch chuyn i ca b tng tnh
cng, da trn t s muyn n hi n (bng 5.1) cho ti trng tc thi v 3n cho ti trng
thng xuyn.
T s muyn n hi 3n l xt ti tng bin dng do t bin ca b tng di tc
dng ca ti trng thng xuyn. T bin ca b tng c khuynh hng chuyn ng sut di
hn t b tng sang thp, lm tng cng tng i ca thp. Vic nhn vi 3n l xt ti
hin tng ny. cng ca tit din lin hp ton phn c th c dng cho ton chiu di
cu, gm c min chu mmen m. cng khng i ny l hp l v tin li v cc th
nghim hin trng ca dm lin tc lin hp cho thy c tc dng lin hp ng k trong
vng chu mmen m.
5.3 CC TRNG THI GII HN

Tit din I chu un cn c thit k chu cc t hp ti trng trong trng thi gii hn
cng , s dng v mi theo bng t hp ti trng chng 1.
5.3.1 Trng thi gii hn cng

i vi tit din chc h s khng un l h s cho mmen:
Mr = f Mn (5.13)
f l h s khng un theo bng v Mn = Mp l sc khng danh nh c trng cho tit din

chc.
i vi tit din khng chc h s khng un c xc nh theo dng ng sut:
Fr = f Fn (5.14)
Trong Fn l sc khng danh nh c trng cho tit din khng chc.

Sc khng v h s Vr s c ly:
Vr = vVn (5.15)
Trong v l h s khng ct theo bng sau v Vn l sc khng ct danh nh c trng cho

vch ng khng gia cng v c gia cng.
Cc h s sc khng, , i vi trng thi gii hn cng phi ly nh sau:

i vi un .............................................................................................................. f = 1,00
i vi ct ............................................................................................................... v = 1,00
i vi ct khi ....................................................................................................... bs= 0,80
5.3.2 Trng thi gii hn s dng

1/Kim tra vng di hn
p dng t hp ti trng s dng . Dng t hp ti trng ny kim tra chy ca kt cu
thp v ngn nga vng thng xuyn bt li c th nh hng xu n iu kin khai thc.
Khi kim tra ng sut bn bin, s phn b li mmen c th c xt n nu tit din ngang
trong min chu mmen m l chc. ng sut ca bn bin chu mmen dng v m i vi
tit din lin hp khng c qu:
f f 0.95 Rh Fyf (5.16)
v i vi tit din khng lin hp

f f 0.80 Rh Fyf (5.17)
Trong ff l ng sut n hi ca bn bin do ti trng c h s, Rh l h s gim ng sut

ca bn bin lai (i vi tit din ng nht Rh = 1) v Fyf l cng chy ca bn bin.
2/Kim tra vng do hot ti khng bt buc (A2.5.2.6.2 & A3.6.1.3.2)

vng ca dm phi tho mn iu kin sau y:
1
cp = L
800
Trong :
L = Chiu di nhp dm (m);
= vng ln nht do hot ti TTGHSD, bao gm c lc xung kch, ly tr s
ln hn ca:
+ Kt qu tnh ton do ch mt mnh xe ti thit k, hoc
+ Kt qu tnh ton ca 25% xe ti thit k cng vi ti trng ln thit k.
vng ln nht (ti mt ct gia dm) do xe ti thit k gy ra c th ly gn ng ng
vi trng hp xp xe sao cho m men un ti mt ct gia dm l ln nht. Khi ta c th s
dng hot ti tng ng ca xe ti thit k tnh ton.
vng ln nht (ti mt ct gia dm) do ti trng ri u gy ra c tnh theo cng
thc ca l thyt n hi nh sau:
5wL4
=
384EI
Trong :
w = Ti trng ri u trn dm (N/m);
E = M un n hi ca thp lm dm (MPa);
I = M men qun tnh ca tit din dm, bao gm c bn BTCT mt cu i vi dm
lin hp (mm4).
5.3.3 Trng thi gii hn mi v t gy

Thit k theo TTGH mi bao gm gii hn ng sut do hot ti ca xe ti thit k mi ch
t n mt tr s thch hp ng vi mt s ln tc dng lp xy ra trong tui th thit k ca
cu .
Thit k theo TTGH t gy bao gm vic chn thp c do dai thch hp mt nhit
quy nh.
1/Ti trng mi
Tui th mi c xc nh bng bin ng sut ko trong lin kt, do vy khng quan

tm n ng sut thc cng nh ng sut d.
Bin ng sut chu ko c xc nh bng cch t hot ti mi trn cc nhp khc nhau
ca cu .Nu cu l dm gin n ch c ng sut cc i ng sut cc tiu bng khng.khi tnh
ton cc ng sut ny dng l thuyt n hi tuyn tnh .
Trong mt s vng dc theo chiu di dm chnh ng sut nn do ti trng thng xuyn
khng h s ( tnh ti danh nh ) ln hn ng sut ko do hot ti mi gy ra , vi h s ti
trng mi theo quy nh . b qua hin tng mi ti cc vng ny th ng sut nn phi ln
hn hoc bng hai ln ng sut ko ,v xe ti nng nht qua cu xp x bng hai ln hot ti mi
dng tnh ng sut ko .
35KN 145KN 145KN
4300mm 9000 mm
Hnh 5.14 Xe t i thit k mi

Lc xung kch l IM= 15% v h s ti trng = 0,75.
V sc khng mi ph thuc vo chu k ng sut, do vy cn bit chu k ca ti trng mi .

2/ Tiu chun thit k mi
Phng trnh tng qut vit di dng ti trng mi v sc khng mi cho mi mi ni nh
sau:
(F ) n (f ) (5.18)
Trong : (F)n l sc khng mi danh nh ( MPa) ;

( f) l bin ng sut do xe ti mi gy ra (MPa)
l h s ti trng ( ly theo t hp ti trng mi )
TTGH mi =1 v =1 do vy ta c :
(F ) n (f ) (5.19)
Xc nh chu k ng sut
Chu k ng sut ph thuc vo s chu k ti trng mi trong tui th thit k ca cu. Chu
k ti trng mi c ly nh s ln giao thng trung bnh ca mt ln xe ti n hng ngy
ADTTST.Tr trng hp c iu khin giao thng , s lng xe ca mt ln n c th tnh t

lng xe ti trung bnh hng ngy ADTT bng :
ADTTSL = p*ADTT (5.20)
ADTT = s xe ti / ngy theo mt chiu tnh trung bnh trong tui th thit k;
ADTTSL = s xe ti / ngy trong mt ln xe n tnh trung bnh trong tui th thit k;
p l phn s xe ti trong mt ln xe n :
S ln xe ti p
1 1
2 0,85
3 0,80
Nu ch bit lng giao thng trung bnh ngy ADT , ADTT c th xc nh bng cch
nhn vi t l xe ti trong lung :
Cp ng t l xe ti trong lung
ng nng thn lin quc gia 0,2
ng thnh ph lin quc gia 0,15
ng nng thn 0,15
ng Thnh ph 0,10
Gii hn trn ca tng s xe khch v xe ti vo khong 20.000 xe mt ln trong ngy v c

th dng tnh ADT.
S lng chu k ng sut N l s lng xe d kin qua cu ca ln xe nng nht trong tui
tho thit k . Vi tui th 100 nm c th biu din nh sau:
N= (365)(100)n(ADTTST) (5.21)
Trong n l s chu k ng sut trn mt xe ti ly theo bng .Tr s n>1 chng t chu k
ph xut hin do dao ng sau khi xe ra khi cu.
Bng 5.5 : S chu k ng sut trn mt xe ti n
Phn t dc Chiu di nhp

>12.000 mm 12.000 mm
Dm gin n 1,0 2,0
Dm lin tc : 1. Gn tr ga 1,5 2,0
2. Ch khc 1,0 2,0
V d 5.7 : Tnh chu k bin ng sut N thit k mi cho mt cu dm n gin hai

ln xe nhp L=12000 mm , thuc ng thnh ph lin quc gia c ADT=20000 xe mt ln
trong ngy .
ADTT =0,15*2*20000 =6000 xe/ ngy
ADTTSL = p*ADTT =0,85*6000=5100 xe /ngy

N=365*100*n*ADTTST = 365*100*2*5100=372,3*106 chu k
3/ Cc loi cu to Cc b phn v cc cu to chi tit c th chu c hiu ng mi c
tp hp vo tm loi , tu theo sc khng mi ca chng .Mi loi k hiu bng ch in hoa : A
l loi tt nht , v E l loi xu nht .Loi cu to A v B dng cho cc b phn phng v lin
kt hn cht lng tt trong cc phn t lp rp khng mi ni .Loi chi tit D v E dng cho
cc loi lin kt hn gc v hn rnh khng c bn knh chuyn thch hp hoc chiu dy tm
bn khng ph hp .Loi C c th p dng cho cc mi hn ca cc lin kt c bn knh chuyn
ln hn 150 mm v thch hp vi mi hn tt .Yu cu cho mi loi cu to khc nhau tng kt
trong bng 6.6.1.2.3-1 quy trnh 22TCN272-05 bng di dy trch dn 1 phn .
Bng 5.6 - Cc loi chi tit i vi ti trng gy ra mi (6.6.1.2.3-1)
iu kin Loi Th d minh ha,
chung Trng thi chi xem hnh
tit (6.6.1.2.3-1)
Kim loi c bn:
Vi cc b mt cn v lm sch. Cc mp ct bng 1,2
la vi ANSI/AASHTO/AWS D1.5 (Bn cnh 3.2.2), A
Cc cu kin nhn 0,025mm hoc thp hn
thng Thp c x l chng n mn khng sn, tt c cc cp
c thit k v cu to theo ng vi FHWA (1990) B
mt ct thc ca cc u ca thanh c tai treo v E
cc bn cht.
Kim loi c bn v kim loi hn trong cc b phn, 3,4,5,7
khng c cc gn kt ph, c lin kt bng:
Cc ng hn rnh lin tc ngu hon ton vi cc
thanh m lt ly i, hoc B
Cc ng hn lin tc song song vi phng ca
Kt cu t ng sut B
hp Cc ng hn rnh lin tc ngu hon ton vi cc
thanh m lt li, hoc B
Cc ng hn rnh lin tc ngu khng hon ton
song song vi phng ca ng sut B
Kim loi c bn cc u ca cc bn ph trn mt 22
phn chiu di:
Vi cc lin kt u bng bulng trt ti hn 7
B
Hp hn bn cnh, vi c hoc khng c cc mi hn

u, hoc rng hn bn cnh vi cc mi hn u
+ Chiu dy bn cnh 20mm
+ Chiu dy bn cnh > 20mm E
Rng hn bn cnh khng c cc mi hn u. E
E
Bng 5.7
LOI CHI TIT HNG S A Gii hn mi

1011 (MPA)3 F)TH(MPa)
(
A 82,0 165
B 39,3 110
B' 20,0 82,7
C 14,4 69,0
C' 14,4 82,7
D 7,21 48,3
E 3,61 31,0
E' 1,28 17,9
Bulng M164 M (A325M) 214
5,61
chu ko dc trc
Bulng M253 M (A490M) 10,3 262
chu ko dc trc
Bn knh 600 mm
ng hn rnh
hoc hn gc
iu kin hn Loi
Chiu dy khng bng nhau-Ct hn ti E
ch
Loi C ** Chiu dy khng bng nhau-Ct hn ly i
Chiu dy bng nhau-Ct hn ti ch
D
C
Chiu dy bng nhau-Ct hn ly i B
Gt x vch ngn
* i vi ti trng ngang-kim tra bn knh chuyn tip v loi
u vung vut thon thp hn c kh nng
hoc rng hn cnh
Loi B
Loi E/ * R** Loi
Hn Hn
gc rnh
R >610 D B
610 >R >150 D C
150 > R > 50 D D
50 > R E E
Loi B Loi B
Loi E* ** cng p dng cho ti
trng ngang
u ca ng hn
(ch cho mt bulng) Loi B
Loi E* Loi Figure (trong kim loi hn)

trong kim loi c bn)
Li E*
(trong kim loi c bn
Din tch mt
ct thc
* u ca ng hn khng c chiu di
Din tch mt
ct thc
Cc th d minh ho
Th d minh ho Chi tit M t iu kin Loi chi tit
Mi ni i u Hn ni i u rnh
bn mt cu c n trn tm lt c
hn ngang nh. Cc ng hn
ca tm lt phi hn
lin tc
Mi ni i u Trong cc mi ni i
bn mt cu c u khng i xng, cc
bt bu lng ngang tc dng ca lch tm
phi c xt trong tnh
ton ng sut
Cc mi ni i Cc mi hn rnh kp.
u ca sng Chiu cao ca li hn
c hn khng c vt qu 20%
ca chiu rng ng hn.
Phi s dng cc di hn
chy v sau ly i, cc
mp bn c lm cho
phng n tn bn nn
phng ca ng sut
Mi ni i Hn ni i u rnh
u ca sn n vi tm lt c nh.
c hn Cc mi hn gc ca
tm lt phi hn lin tc
Mi ni i
u ca sn Hn ni i u rnh
c hn n khng c tm lt
khng c tm
lt
Bng 5.8.(6.6.1.2.3-2) - Cc loi chi tit i vi ti trng gy ra mi ca cc

mt cu trc hng
4, Sc khng mi
T ng cong mi in hnh S-N ,sc khng mi c chia thnh hai loi tnh cht: mt
loi cho tui th v cng v mt loi cho tui th hu hn.Nu bin ng sut ko thp hn
gii hn mi hoc ngng ng sut , chu k ti trng ph thm s khng lan truyn vt nt mi
v mi ni c tui th cao. Nu ng sut ko ln hn gii hn mi, vt nt mi c th lan
truyn v mi ni c tui th hu hn Khi nim chung ca sc khng mi c th hin:
A 1
( F ) n = 3 (F ) TH (5.22)
N 2
( F)n l sc khng mi danh nh (MPa) , A l h s cu to (MPa)3 ly theo bng , N chu

k bin ng sut theo phng trnh 5.21, (F)TH l ngng ng sut mi c bin khng
i (MPa)ly theo bng .
ng cong S-N ca tt c cc cu to chi tit trnh by trong phng trnh 5.22 chng
c v trn hnh 5.15 bng cch ly gi tr A v (F)TH nh trong bng 5.7 .
Trong on tui th hu hn ca ng cong S-N nh hng ca thay i bin bin

ng sut n s chu k ph hng c th c c bng cch gii phng trnh 5.11 :
A
N= (5.23)
(F ) 3 n
T trn ta thy khi bin ng sut gim mt na, s chu k ph hoi tng ln 8
ln.Tng t nu bin ng sut tng gp i tui th ca chi tit gim i 8 ln .
Trong on tui th v hn ca ng cong S-N cho bi phng trnh 5.22 dng h s
bng mt na nhn vi ngng ng sut mi ( F)TH, l tnh hung trong vng 100 nm c
mt xe ti nng c trng lng gp i xe ti mi dng tnh bin ng sut . ng ra nh
hng ny cn c p dng v pha ti trng ca phng trnh 5.22 thay cho pha cng
.Nu dng ngng ng sut kim tra sc khng th phng trnh 5.22 c th vit :
1
(F ) TH (F )
2
Suy ra : (F ) TH 2 (F )
Nh vy r rng nh hng ca xe ti nng c xt n trong phn tui th vhn ca sc

khng mi .
Hnh 5.15 Bin ng sut i vi s chu k

b/Yu cu v mi i vi vch ng
Nh ni v mi, bin ng sut do ti trng lp khng c qu ln, vn cn li l
kim tra un ra ngoi mt phng vch ng do ti trng lp( mt n nh). kim tra vch
ng chu un, ng sut n hi ln nht, hoc ng sut ct b hn ch bi ng sut mt n
nh trong vch ng chu un hoc chu ct.
Trong tnh ton s s dng: ng sut n hi ln nht, ti trng tnh khng nhn h s v
dng hai ln t hp ti trng mi. Xe ti mi c nhn i khi tnh ng sut ln nht v xe ti
nng nht qua cu gn bng hai ln xe ti mi dng tnh bin ng sut. Cng vy h s
phn b cho xe ti mi ch cht mt ln, khng c s hin din ca nhiu xe v ti trng xung
kch IM= 15%.
ng sut mt n nh un ca vch da trn cc cng thc mt n nh n hi ca tm c

mp bin c gi tng phn. Bn cnh hng s vt liu E v Fy, tham s chnh xc nh
kh nng mt n nh ca vch l t s mnh ca vch w.
2 Dc
w = (5.24)
tw
Trong Dc l chiu cao ca vch chu nn trong giai on n hi v tw l chiu dy ca

vch ng. Chiu cao chu nn ca vch Dc l chiu cao tnh ca vch gia bn bin chu nn
v im ca vch c ng sut nn bng khng (A.6.10.5.1.4a). im c ng sut nn bng
khng c th tnh bng cng tc dng ca ng sut n hi do t hp ti trng nht nh (xem
hnh 5.16).
V l thuyt, sn tng cng dc ca vch c th ngn cn mt n nh un ca vch. i

vi vch khng c sn tng cng dc, ng sut nn n hi ln nht bin chu nn khi un
fcf i din cho ng sut ln nht trong vch, c gii hn bi cc biu thc sau:
E
Vi w 5.76 th f cf Rh Fyc (5.25)
Fyc
E E F
Vi 5.76 w 6.43 th f cf Rh Fyc 3.58 0.448w yc (5.26)
Fyc Fyc E

E E
Vi w > 6.43 th f cf 28.9 Rh (5.27)
Fyc w2
Trong Fyc l cng chy ca bin chu nn. Cc k hiu khc ca cc PT 5.25 5.27
cho trn hnh 5.17 vi Rh = 1.0, E = 200 GPa v Fyc = 345 Mpa.
S tch bit ng s mt n nh un ca vch trn hnh 5.8 thnh tnh do, qu n hi v
n hi l in hnh cho vng chu nn ca tit din I chu un. on do ca ng cong ch
ra rng khng c hin tng mt n nh un ca vch trc khi t ng sutchy.
Mt n nh ct ca vch cng c th xut hin. nng cao kh nng chu ct ngi ta b

tr cc sn tng cng ng c khong cch d0 chia vch thnh mt lot khoang hnh ch
nht vi t s hnh dng bng:
d0
= (5.28)
D
Trong D l chiu cao tnh ca vch gia hai bn bin ca dm (xem hnh 5.18).
bc bc /n or bc /3n
ts
ts
tf
Dc
D tw tw
D
d
Tit din khng lin hp Tit din lin hp chuyn i
f c1 f c2 f ct
Dc+t f
+ =
f t1 f t2 f tf
ng sut trong dm thp ng sut trong ng sut
Tit din lin hp Tng cng
Hnh 5.16. nh ngha v chiu cao chu nn ca vch
fct / F yc
Rh=1.0
1.00 F
3,58-0,4 48 yc
w
E
0.70 28,9 E
F 2
w yc
0.50
0 100 139 15 5 200 250

Do n hi
K h n g m t n n h Q u n hi
Hnh 5.17. Tnh cht mt n nh ca vch un

Sn tng cng ng
tw
D
D
do
Hnh 5.18. nh ngha mt n nh do ct ca vch

ng sut mt n nh ct ti hn ca vch vcr ph thuc vo t s mnh ton phn ca
vch D/tw v c biu hin nh mt phn C ca cng chu ct khi chy Fyw. Cng ct
chy khng th t xc nh c, nhng n ph thuc vo tiu chun h hng do ct chp
nhn. Nu chp nhn tiu chun h hng do ct ca Mises th cng chu ct chy (Fyv) lin
quan n cng chu ko chy theo:
Fy
Fyv = = 0.577 Fy (5.29)
3
Do : vcr = CFyv = 0.58CFyw (5.30)
Trong Fyw l cng chy ca vch. ng sut ct n hi ln nht trong vch vcf do ti
trng tnh khng h s v hai ln t hp ti trng mi trong bng 1.1 khng c vt qu vcr
ngha l:
vcf 0.58CFyw (5.31)
Trong C xc nh theo (A.6.10.7.3.3a)
D Ek
Vi < 1.1 th C = 1.0 (5.32)
tw Fyw
Ek D Ek 1.10 Ek
Vi 1.1 1.38 th C = (5.33)
Fyw tw Fyw D Fyw
tw
D Ek 1.52 Ek
Vi > 1.38 th C = (5.34)
( D tw )
2
tw Fyw Fyw
Trong k l h s mt n nh ct xc nh theo:
5
k = 5+ (5.35)
( d0 D)
2
Biu ca cc PT 5.32 5.34 trnh by trn hnh 5.19 vi E = 200Gpa, Fyw = 345Mpa v
d0 = D. Nh trn hnh 5.17, min n hi (khng mt n nh), qu n hi v do cng r rng
cho vch chu mt n nh ct.
C
k=10
1,10 Ek
1.00
D/t w
F yw
0.80 1,52 Ek
2
(D/t ) F
w yw
0.50
0 50 84 105 150 200

D o n hi
Khng m t n nh Q u n hi
Hnh 5.19 Tnh cht mt n nh ct ca vch
5.4 SC KHNG UN CA MT CT DM I
5.4.1 nh hng ca mnh ca vch ng n sc khng un ca dm

Ngoi nhim v chng ct , vch ng cn c chc nng to bn bin xa nhau
chu un c hiu qu. Khi mt tit din I chu un, c hai kh nng h hng, hoc trng thi
gii hn c th xut hin trong vch ng, vch ng c th mt n nh nh mt ct thng
ng chu ng sut nn c bn bin hoc c th mt n nh nh mt tm do ng sut dc
trong mt phng un. C hai dng mt n nh u yu cu hn ch mnh ca vch.
5.4.1.1 Mt n nh thng ng ca vch

Khi mt tit din I chu un, cong pht sinh ng sut nn gia bn bin v vch ng ca
tit din. ng sut nn ny l do thnh phn thng ng ca lc trong bn bin nh trnh by s
lc cho mt tit din I i xng kp trn hnh 5.20. pht trin mmen chy ca tit din
ngang yu cu bin chu nn phi t cng chy Fyc trc khi vch ng mt n nh. Nu
vch ng rt mnh, s mt n nh nh mt ct, bin chu nn mt chng v cng mt n
nh theo chiu ng v pha vch trc khi t mmen chy.
Hnh 5.20 : Vch ng b nn thng do dm b cong
Fc r
D
dx
tw
Hnh 5.21: Mt n nh thng ng ca vch ng
Mt n nh ng cu bn bin v pha vch c th c chng minh khi xem xt mt on

chiu di vch dx dc theo trc dm trn hnh 5.21. N chu ng sut dc trc nn fwc do thnh
phn thng ng ca lc trong bin chu nn Pc. T hnh 5.20, thnh phn lc thng ng l
Pcd m i vi tit din I i xng kp l:
2fc
d = dx (5.36)
D
Trong fc l bin dng ca bin chu nn v D l chiu cao ca vch. ng sut nn dc trc
ca vch khi bng:
Pc d 2A fc f c fc
f wc = = (5.37)
t w dx Dt w
Trong Afc l din tch bin chu nn v fc l ng sut trong bin chu nn. Phng trnh 5.37
c th vit cho din tch tit din ngang ca vch Aw = Dtw nh sau:
2A fc f c fc
f wc = (5.38)
Aw
Nh vy ng sut nn ng trong vch t l vi t s din tch bn bin, vi din tch vch trong
tit din, ng sut nn v bin dng nn trong bin. Bin dng fc khng n gin l fc/E m
phi bao gm c nh hng ca ng sut d fr trong bn bin , ngha l:
( fc + fr )
fc =
E
Nh vy phng trnh 5.35 tr thnh:
2A fc
f wc = fc ( fc + fr ) (5.39)
EA w
V quan h gia ng sut nn trong vch v ng sut nn trong bn bin c xc nh.

Gi thit phn t trong hnh 5.21 l thuc tm di v ch c n gin dc theo bin trn v
bin di, mt n nh ti hn n hi hoc ti trng Euler l:
2 EI
Pcr = (5.40)
D2
Trong mmen qun tnh ca phn t tm c chiu di dx l:
t 3w dx
I= (5.41)
12 (1 2 )
Trong h s Poisson c a vo xt n hiu ng tng cng do s lm vic hai chiu

ca tm vch. ng sut ti hn mt n nh Fcr nhn c bng cch chia phng trnh 5.40
cho din tch phn t twdx:
2 Et 3w dx 2 E t w
2
Fcr = = (5.42)
12 (1 2 ) D2 t w dx 12 (1 2 ) D
chng mt n nh vch, ng sut trong vch phi nh hn ng sut ti hn mt n nh,

ngha l:
Fwc < Fcr (5.43)

Thay phng trnh 5.39 v 5.42 vo phng trnh 5.43 ta c:
2 E t w
2
2A fc
fc ( fc + fr ) <
EA w 12 (1 2 ) D
Gii theo t s mnh D/tw ta c:

2
D Aw 2 E 2 1
< (5.44)
tw A fc 24 (1 ) f c ( f c + f r )
2
t c mmen chy My trong tit din ch I, yu cu ng sut nn trong bn bin fc t

ti cng chy fyc trc khi vch mt n nh ng. Gi thit tr s nh nht cho Aw/Afc
=0.5v tr s ln nht fr= 0.5Fyc th gii hn trn nh nht ca t s mnh ca vch c th ly t
phng trnh 5.44.
D
<
( 0.5) 2 E 2 = 0.388
E
(5.45)
tw 24 (1 0.3 ) Fyc (1.5 )
2 2
Fyc
Trong h s Poisson i vi thp ly l 0.3. Phng trnh 5.45 khng cht ch v ngun
gc v gi thit Aw/Afc v fr nhng n c th c ch v khi nim gn ng ca mnh ca
vch trnh mt n nh thng ng ca bn bin v pha vch.
V d, nu E = 200 GPa v Fyc = 250 MPa th cng thc 5.45 yu cu D/tw nh hn 310.
5.4.1.2 Mt n nh un ca vch
V un gy ng sut nn trn mt phn ca vch c th xy ra mt n nh ra ngoi mt phng
vch nh trnh by trn hnh 5.22. ng sut ti hn mt n nh n hi cho bi tng qut ho
phng trnh 5.42 tc l:
k 2 E t w
2
Fcr = (5.46)
12 (1 2 ) D
Trong k l h s mt n nh, ph thuc vo iu kin bin ca bn cnh, t s hnh dng
ca tm (=do/D -phng trnh 5.28) v s phn b ca ng sut trong mt phng. Vi c bn
cnh c n gin v t s hnh dng ln hn 1, Timoshenko v Gere (1969) cho gi tr
ca k vi s phn b ng sut khc nhau trnh by trn hnh 5.22.
Gii phng trnh 5.46 cho t s mnh khi on ca vch:
2
D k 2 E
=
t w 12 (1 ) Fcr
2
Hnh 5.22 : Mt n nh un ca vch
i vi tit din I, t mmen chy trc khi vch ng mt n nh, ng sut mt n nh

ti hn Fcr phi ln hn Fyc, do t = 0.3, mnh yu cu ca vch t mmen chy
tr thnh:
D k ( 0.904 ) E E
= 0.95 k (5.47)
tw Fyc Fyc
Trng hp un thun tu ca hnh 5.16, k = 23.9
D E E
0.95 23.9 = 4.64 (5.48)
tw Fyc Fyc
So snh vi kt qu thc nghim cho thy phng trnh 5.48 rt an ton v n b qua sc khng
sau mt n nh ca vch.
Tiu chun thit k cu AASHTO 1998 cho cc cng thc khc nhau r rng xc nh t
s mnh ca vch trong phn bit mt n nh n hi v qu n hi. tng qut v tri
ca phng trnh 5.47 cho tit din I khng i xng, chiu cao chu nn ca vch Dc c xc
nh trn hnh 5.23, thay D/2 cho trng hp i xng:
D 2Dc
= (5.49)
tw tw
V phi ca phng trnh 5.47 cho tit din I khng i xng c sa cho trng hp ng
sut trong bn bin chu nn fc nh hn gii hn chy Fyc. Sau ly gi tr gn ng ca
cng sau mt n nh v nh hng ca sn tng cng dc, tr s ca k c ly l 50
v 150 cho vch khng v c sn tng cng dc. Cc biu thc ca AASHTO nh sau :
- Khng c sn tng cng dc(k=50):
2 Dc E
6.77 (5.50) (6.10.2.2)
tw fc
- C sn tng cng dc (k=150):
2Dc E
11.63 (5.51)
tw fc
5.4.1.3 Yu cu ca tit din chc i vi vch

Tit din chc l tit din c th t mmen do ton phn Mp. Khng ch c cc bn bin t
do m nh trnh by trn hnh 5.4 , cn c c vch na. Bin dng ln pht sinh ti v tr tip
gip gia bn bin v vch khi chy do lan truyn vo vch. bo v cho vch khi mt n
nh trc khi bin dng quay xut hin, k c hiu c ly bng 16. V yu cu mnh l
t mmen do, chiu cao chu nn ca vch Dcp da trn trc trung ho do thay th cho Dc
vo phng trnh 5.49. Thay vo phng trnh 5.47, mnh yu cu ca vch cho tit din
chc ta c:
2Dcp E
3.76 (5.52) (6.10.4.1.2)
tw Fyc
Hnh 5.23 Sc khng un ca dm I ph thuc t s mnh
5.4.1.4 Tm tt hiu ng mnh
Hnh 5.23 l biu tng qut ca kh nng chu un Mn, l hm s ca tham s mnh . Mt
ln na, ba loi tnh cht (n hi, qu n hi v do) c th hin r.
mnh ca vch l:
2Dcp 2Dc
= hoc = (5.53)
tw tw
v tr s im chuyn tip l:
E
p = 3, 76 (5.54)
Fyc
v (i vi vch khng c sn tng cng dc)
E
r = 6,77 (5.55)
fc
Khi c sn tng cng dc
E
r = 11,63 (5.56)
fc
Sc khng un do Mp da trn Fyc v tnh cht ca tit din do. Sc khng un n hi Mr

ph thuc vo ng sut un danh nh Fn v cc tnh cht n hi ca tit din.
5.4.1.5 H s chuyn ti trng

Khi tit din I khng chc, sc khng un danh nh ph thuc vo ng sut chu un danh
nh Fn cho bi:
Fn = R b R h Fyf (5.57)
Trong Rb l h s chuyn ti trng, Rh l h s lai v Fyc l cng chy ca bn

bin. Khi bn bin v vch c cng cng chy, Rh = 1. Dm lai c cng vch thp hn
so vi bn bin. Trong chng ny gi thit dng mt tr s thng nht cho Rh.
H s chuyn ti trng Rb to chuyn tip cho tit din qu n hi c mnh gia p

v r (Hnh 5.23). Theo nghin cu gii tch v thc nghim ca Basler v Thurlimann (1961),
s chuyn tip cho bi:
Mu
= 1 C ( 0 ) (5.58)
My
Trong C l dc ca ng thng gia p v r . o l tr s ca khi Mu/My = 1.

Hng s C c th hin bi:
Aw Af
C= (5.59)
1200 + 300A w A f
Tiu chun AASHTO LRFD cng dng phng trnh c dng phng trnh 5.58 v
5.59 cho Rb tc l:
ar 2Dc E
Rb = 1 b (5.60)
1200 + 300a r tw f c
Trong
2D c t w
ar = (5.61)
A fc
b = 5.76 i vi cc phn t c din tch bin chu nn bng hoc ln hn din tch
bin chu ko.
b = 4.64 i vi cc phn t c din tch bin chu nn nh hn din tch bin chu ko.
5.4.2 nh hng ca mnh cnh nn n sc khng un ca dm

Do tng bin dng ca vch, pht sinh cng sau mt n nh, tit din I cha h hng
do un, khi t ti trng mt n nh vch. Tuy nhin n s h hng do un khi mt trong
cc phn t cnh ca khoang vch h hng. Nu mt trong cc bn bin hoc sn tng
cng ng b hng th chuyn v ca vch s khng b kim ch, vch khng chng li c
phn mmen un dnh cho vch v tit din I s b h hng.
Trong tit din I i xng kp chu un, bin chu nn s h hng trc tin do mt n nh
cc b hay tng th. Do lin kt dc v t l ca bin chu nn rt quan trng khi xc nh
kh nng chu un ca tit din I. nh gi cng mt n nh ca bin chu nn, bin
c xem nh mt ct ring r.
Gi thit c lin kt lai gia vch v bn bin, mt na bin chu nn c th c m hnh
ho nh mt tm di chu nn u (hnh 5.24) vi mt cnh dc t do v cnh kia c n
gin. Thng thng tm l di so vi chiu rng v iu kin bin cnh chu ti trng c
b qua th h s mt n nh l k = 0.425 i vi nn u.
5.4.2.1 Yu cu v bin chu nn ca tit din chc

t c kh nng khng un do ca tit din I, ng sut mt n nh ti hn Fcr phi ln
hn gii hn chy Fyc ca bin chu nn. Bng cch tng t, pht trin phng trnh 5.47
mnh gii hn ca bin chu nn tr thnh:
bf E
0.95 k (5.62)
2t f Fyc
i vi tm hon ton l tng, k = 0.425 v gii hn mnh s c vit nh sau:
bf E
0.62 (5.63)
2t f Fyc
Trong l h s xt n c s khng hon ho hnh hc v ng sut d trong bin

chu nn. AASHTO LRFD ly = 0.61 v mnh yu cu ca bin chu nn cho tit din
chc tr thnh:
bf E
0.382 (5.64) (6.10.4.1.3)
2t f Fyc
Nu tit din I thp thp lin hp vi bn b tng min chu mmen dng, bin chu
nn c gi trn sut chiu di v yu cu mnh khng cn thit na.
Hnh 5.24 : M hnh mt na bin chu nn
5.4.2.2 Gii hn ca bin chu nn i vi tit din khng chc

Nu bin chu nn qu mnh, mt n nh cc b n hi s xut hin trc khi t
cng chy. m bo c tnh qu n hi xy ra AASHTO LRFD yu cu:
bf E
1.380 (5.65)
2t f f c 2 Dc t w
Trong fc l ng sut trong bin chu nn do ti trng c h s. Phng trnh 5.65 ph

thuc vo t s mnh ca vch 2Dc/tw v n c th thay i gia cc tr s cho bi phng
trnh 5.51 v 5.52 cho tit din khng chc.
V mnh ca vch tng, cnh dc c chng n gin trn hnh 5.18 mt mt vi
lin kt ng v ngang. nh hng ca mnh ca vch n mt n nh ca bin chu nn
c th c vit li phng trnh nh sau:
bf E
Cf (5.66)
2t f fc
Trong :
1.38
Cf = (5.67)
2Dc
4
tw
Trong Cf l h s mnh ca bin chu nn thay i theo 2Dc/tw nh trnh by trn

hnh 5.25. Tr s ca Cf c so snh vi hng s trong phng trnh 5.68 cho tit din chc.
Tht ra nu 2Dc/tw = 170 th chng s nh nhau, i vi cc tr s ca 2Dc/tw > 170 gii hn
trn bf/2tf gim n ti 2Dc/tw = 300 l:
bf E
= 0.332 (5.68)
2t f 300 fc
Hnh 5.25: mnh ca bin chu nn ph thuc vo mnh ca vch
Kim ton tng tc gia mnh bn bng v bin chu nn ca mt ct c chc

Thc nghim cho thy cc mt ct c chc c th khng c kh nng t c cc m

men do khi t s mnh ca bng v cnh chu nn c hai u vt 75% ca cc gii hn
cho trong cc phng trnh (5.52) v (5.64). Do , tng tac gia mnh bn bng v bin
chu nn, m bo tit din l c chc phi tho mn iu kin sau: (A6.10.4.1.6)
2D cp E
(0,75)3,76 (5.69)
tw Fyc
bf E
(0,75)0,382 (5.70)
2t f Fyc
Nu mt trong cc bt phng trnh 5.69 hoc 5.70 khng t th s tc ng qua li gia

bn bng v bin chu nn ca mt ct c chc phi tho mn phng trnh tng tc sau:
2D cp b E
+ 9,35 f 6,25 (5.71)
tw 2t f Fyc
5.4.2.3 Tm tt nh hng mnh ca bin chu nn

Xem li hnh 5.23 v by gi biu quen thuc th hin ba loi tnh cht, tham s
mnh cho bin chu nn l:
bf
= (5.72)
2t f
v tr s ti im chuyn tip l:
E
p = 0.382 (5.73)
Fyc
E
r = 1.38 (5.74)
fc 2Dc t w
Sc khng mmen do Mp ph thuc vo Fyc v tnh cht tit din do, trong khi sc khng
un n hi Mr ph thuc vo Fn ca phng trnh 5.57 v tnh cht ca tit din n hi.
5.4.3 nh hng ca chiu di t do ca cnh nn n sc khng un ca dm

Cc mc 5.4.1 v 5.4.2 ni v mnh ca vch v mnh ca bin chu nn c lin quan
n mt n nh cc b ca vng chu nn ca tit din I chu un. Mt n nh tng th ca
bin chu nn nh mt ct gia cc im lin kt dc cng cn c xem xt. Nh m t v
trng thi gii hn n nh, bin chu nn khng lin kt dc s b di chuyn theo phng
ngang v vn theo mt dng bit l mt n nh xon ngang.
Nu bn bin c gi bng cc lin kt dc vi khong cch ngn Lp th vt liu ca
bn bin c th chy trc khi mt n nh v c th t c mmen do Mp. Nu khong
cch gia cc lin kt dc ln hn gii hn mt n nh qu n hi Lr, bin chu nn s mt n
nh n hi v gim kh nng chu un. Tnh cht ny c th mt ln na th hin trn quan h
chung gia mmen v mnh trn hnh 5.23 vi tham s mnh cho bi.
Lb
= (5.75)
rt
Trong Lb l khong cch gia cc im lin kt dc v rt l bn knh qun tnh nh

nht ca bin chu nn cng mt phn ba ca vch chu nn ly i vi trc thng ng trong
mt phng vch.
V chiu di khng lin kt Lb l quan trng hng u trong thit k tit din I chu un
nn n c coi nh mt thng s c lp hn l t s mnh Lb/rt trong vic xc nh kh nng
chu mmen. Do hnh 5.23 v li thnh hnh 5.26 vi Lb thay cho . Ba min tnh cht vn
c gi nh vy: Do (khng mt n nh), mt n nh xon ngang qu n hi v mt n
nh xon ngang n hi.
i vi Lb < Lp trn hnh 5.26 bin chu nn xem nh cgi ngang v kh nng chu
mmen Mn l hng s. Tr s ca Mn ph thuc vo tit din ngang. Nu tit din ngang c
phn loi l chc, tr s ca Mn l Mp. Nu tit din ngang l khng chc hoc mnh, tr s ca
Mn s nh hn Mp. ng ngang t trn hnh 5.26 ch tr s chun ca Mn ca tit din khng
chc.
i vi Lb > Lr tit din ngang s b hng do mt n nh xon ngang. Dng h hng
ny c li gii n hi c in (Timoshenko v Gere 1969) trong sc chu mmen l cn
bc hai ca tng bnh phng ca hai thnh phn: Mt n nh xon thun tu (xon St Venant)
v mt n nh ngang (xon on) ngha l:
M 2n = M 2n.v + M n.w
2
(5.76)
Trong Mn.v l sc khng xon St Venant v Mn.w tham gia on. Trng hp un
thun tu gia cc im ging dc, Gaylord (1992) tm c cc biu thc sau:
2
M 2
n ,v = EI y GJ (5.77)
L2b
4
M n2,w = EI y ECw (5.78)
L4b
Trong Iy l mmen qun tnh ca tit din thp i vi trc thng ng nm trong
mt phng vch. G l muyn chng ct n hi, J l hng s cng chng xon St Venant v
Cw l hng s on. Khi tit din I thp v chc (hnh 5.27a ), cng xon thun tu (xon St
Venant) khng ch. Khi tit din cao v mnh (hnh 5.27.b ), cng xon un quyt nh.
Vi Lb gia Lp v Lr bin chu nn s h hng bi mt n nh xon ngang qu n hi.
V qu phc tp, tnh cht qu n hi thng dng cc kt qu gn ng thc nghim. ng
thng nh gi sc chu mt n nh xon ngang qu n hi thng c dng hai gi tr Lp v
Lr.
Hnh 5.26 : Sc khng un ca tit din I vi bin chu nn khng ging

Hnh 5.27 : a) Xon St Venant v (b) Xon on trong mt n nh ngang
5.4.3.1 S cn xng ca phn t

Tit din I chu un l cn xng khi :
I yc
0.1 0.9 (5.79)
Iy
Trong Iyc l mmen qun tnh bin chu nn ca tit din thp i xng i vi trc
thng ng nm trong mt phng vch v Iy l mmen qun tnh ca tit din thp i vi trc
thng ng trong mt phng vch. Nu t l ca phn t khng nm trong gii hn trn, cng
thc mt n nh xon ngang dng trong AASHTO LRFD khng c gi tr.
5.4.3.2 H s iu chnh Cb khi mmen thay i

Phng trnh 5.77 v 5.78 nhn c do mmen khng i gia hai im lin kt dc.
Trng hp chung nht l trng hp mmen thay i trong on lin kt dc. i vi tit
din I, c trng hp chiu cao thay i v mmen thay i, lc trong bin chu nn ti cc
im lin kt c dng o nh hng ca mmen thay i. Biu thc tnh h s iu chnh
Cb c cho bi:
2
P P
C b = 1.75 1.05 1 + 0.3 1 2.3 (5.80)
P2 P2
Trong P1 l lc trong bin chu nn ti im lin kt c lc nh hn do ti trng c

h s v P2 l lc trong bin chu nn ti lin kt c lc ln hn do ti trng c h s. Thay
phng trnh 5.77 v phng trnh 5.78 vo 5.76 gii theo Mn v p dng h s iu chnh Cb
ta c:
2 4
M n = Cb EI y GJ + EI y EC w (5.81)
L2b L4b
Tit din I vi cc mmen M1 v M2 ti cc im lin kt dc c th hin trn hnh

5.29 Biu mmen gia cc im lin kt dc th hin trn hnh 5.29a v cc lc tng ng
trong bin chu nn P1 v P2 trn hnh 5.29b. Nu P1 = P2, phng trnh 5.80 cho Cb = 1. V lc
trong bin chu nn P1 gim, cng mt n nh xon ngang tng. Nu P1 = 0 (hnh 5.29c)
th Cb = 1.75. Nu P1 tin ti chu ko, Cb tip tc tng cho n khi t tr s ln nht 2.3 ti P1
= 0.46P2 (hnh 5.29d).
Trong nhiu trng hp s thay i mmen gia cc im lin kt dc khng tuyn

tnh. V d khi ti trng phn b u tc dng ln tit din I nm gia cc im lin kt, s thay
i mmen l parabol. Kt qu nhn c cho s thay i mmen khng tuyn tnh bng cch
dng cc cng thc sau y cho Cb:
12.5Pmax
Cb = (5.82)
2.5Pmax + 3PA + 4PB + 3PC
Trong Pmax l gi tr tuyt i ca lc nn ln nht trong bin trong on khng c

ging dc. PA l tr s tuyt i ca lc trong bin chu nn ti im mt phn t ca on
khng c ging dc. PB l tr s tuyt i ca lc trong bin chu nn ti im gia ca on
khng c gng dc v PC l tr s tuyt i ca lc dc trong bin chu nn ti im ba phn t
ca on khng c ging dc. p dng phng trnh 5.82 cho trng hp tuyn tnh trn hnh
5.29 kt qu l: Vi P1 = P2, Cb = 1; vi P1 = 0, Cb = 1.67 v vi P1 = 0.46 P2, Cb = 2.17. Do
phng trnh 5.82cho kt qu khng qu tha an ton i vi mmen thay i tuyn tnh
khi so vi phng trnh 5.80 v c th dng thun li th hin mi trng hp thay i ca
mmen.
Hnh 5.29 : (a) M men Thay i gia hai im lin kt ; (b) Lc trong bin nn theo M1 v M2
(c) Lc trong bin nn khi M1=0 v (d) Lc trong bin nn khi M1 = -0,46M2
5.4.3.3 Tit din I khng lin hp mnh

i vi tit din I khng lin hp yu cu v chc cng ging nh tit din lin hp
chu m men m, khi chiu di t do ca cnh nn Lb vt qu yu cu tit din khng chc
(qu n hi):
E
L b > L p = 1.76rt (5.83)
Fyc
th tit din ngang c tnh n hi v c sc khng mmen danh nh (ng ngang t

nt trn hnh 5.27) nh hn hay bng My.
Nu vch ng tng i chc chn, hoc c sn tng cng dc th mt n nh do
un ca vch khng th xut hin v c sc chu xon thun tu v xon on trong phng
trnh 5.77 cn dng khi tnh Mn. C th n gin ho phng trnh 5.81 mt cht nu gi thit
tit din I l i xng kp v mmen qun tnh ca thp i vi trc nu Iy b qua s tham gia
ca vch l:
I y = I yc + I yt = 2I yc (5.84)
Cng vy muyn chng ct G c th c vit vi h s Poisson = 0.3 ta c:
E E
G= = = 0.385E (5.85)
2 (1 + ) 2 (1 + 0.3)
V hng s on Cw cho tit din I khng k vch thnh:

2 2
d d d2
C w I yc + I yt = I yc (5.86)
2 2 2
Trong d l chiu cao tit din thp. Thay cc phng trnh 5.84 5.86 vo phng
trnh 5.81 v a h s vo ta c kt qu:
EC b 2
Mn =
Lb
( 2I yc ) ( 0.385) J + L2b
( yc ) 2 ( I yc )
2I
d2
2
(5.87)
I yc J 2 d
M n = EC b 0.77 + M y
Lb I yc
Lb
c gi tr khi:
2Dc E
b (5.88)
tw Fyc
Trong b xc nh theo phng trnh 5.60
b = 5.76 i vi cc phn t c din tch bin chu nn bng hoc ln hn din tch
bin chu ko.
b = 4.64 i vi cc phn t c din tch bin chu nn nh hn din tch bin chu
ko.
v
E
L b < L p = 1.76r ' (5.89)
Fyc
Trong rt ca phng trnh 5.83 c thay bng r l bn knh qun tnh nh nht
ca bin chu nn i vi trc thng ng ph hp vi tit din gi thit khng c vch.
Ngay c d phng trnh 5.87 c lp t tit din I i xng kp (Iyc/Iy = 0.5) cng
c th dng cho tit din I i xng n tho mn phng trnh 5.79 (tit din cn xng ). i
vi tit din I gm cc phn t ch nht hp, hng s cng xon St Venant c th xc inh gn
ng theo:
Dt 3w b t3
J= + f f (5.90)
3 3
Pht trin phng trnh 5.87, h s lai Rh c ly bng 1.0, ngha l vt liu trong
bin v vch ng c cng gii hn chy.
i vi tit din I c vch mng hn gii hn ca phng trnh 5.88 hoc khng c
sn tng cng dc, hin tng xon tit din ngang c th xy ra v cng chng xon St
Venant c th b qua. t J = 0 vo phng trnh 5.83 mmen mt n nh xon ngang n hi
khi Lb > Lr tr thnh:
I yc d
M n = 2 EC b My (5.91)
L2b
a li h s chuyn ti trng Rb ca phng trnh 5.60 v ly Lp l chiu di khng

lin kt ti Mn = 0.5My th phng trnh 5.91 c th vit thnh:
2
L
M n = Cb R b ( 0.5M y ) r R b M y (5.92)
Lb
M y = Fyc SNC (5.93)
Trong Fyc l cng chy ca bin chu nn v Sxc l mmen khng un i vi

trc nm ngang ca tit din I ti bin chu nn. a phng trnh 5.93 vo phng trnh 5.92,
nhn phng trnh 5.91 vi Rb cn bng phng trnh bin i 5.92 v gii theo Lr ta c:
22 I yc d E
Lr = (5.94 )
Sxc Fyc
Vi cc gi tr ca Lb gia Lp v Lr mt ng thng chuyn tip gia Mn = My v Mn =

0.5My cho bi:

M n = Cb R b M y 1 0.5
( Lb Lp ) R M
(5.95 )
Lr Lp
b y

V h s thay i mmen Cb c th ln hn 1.0 (phng trnh 5.80), gii hn trn n

hi Mn c cho trong v phi ca phng trnh 5.95 l RbMy.
5.4.3.4 Tit din khng lin hp khng chc

Tit din khng lin hp khng chc chu un dng hoc m u theo nguyn tc thit
k chung nh tit din lin hp khng chc chu mmen m, ch c r thay cho rt ngha l
E
Lb 1,76 r (5.96 )
Fyc
Nu yu cu lin kt dc c tho mn, kh nng chu un danh nh c th da trn

ng sut un danh nh ca mi bn bin Fn.
Fn = R b R h Fyc (5.97 )
Trong ti liu ny Rh = 1. Nu yu cu lin kt dc ca phng trnh 5.96 khng tho

mn th sc khng un danh nh s da trn mt n nh xon ngang ca bin chu nn v
c xc nh bng trong bt c phng trnh no sau y 5.87, 5.92 hoc 5.95.
5.4.3.5 Tit din khng lin hp chc

Tit din chc khng lin hp bt k chu mmen dng hoc m cng theo nguyn tc
thit k ging nh tit din lin hp chc chu mmen m. Tnh cht chc th hin bin chu
nn c lin kt tho mn:
M ry E
Lb 0,124 0, 0756 1 (5.98)
M
p Fyc
Trong M1 l tr s mmen nh hn do ti trng c h s ti bt k u no trong

on chiu di khng lin kt dc. Cng thc ny c lp tnh kh nng xoay qu n hi
bng t nht ba ln quay n hi tng ng vi mmen do. Nu yu cu lin kt dc c tho
mn, sc khng un danh nh Mn bng mmen do Mp. Nu yu cu lin kt dc khng tho
mn, sc khng un danh nh s da trn phng trnh 5.97.
5.4.3.6 Tit din lin hp mnh

Tit din lin hp chu mmen dng c bn b tng chng ngang thch hp bin chu
nn. Tuy nhin trong vng m men m bin chu nn khng c chng ngang v c tnh
cht nh mt ct gia hai im lin kt dc khi:
E
Lb > Lr = 4.4r1 (5.99)
Fyc
v sc khng un danh nh di dng ng sut ca bin chu nn c xc nh bng
2E
Fn = Cb Rb Rh 2
Rb Rh Fyc (5.100)
b 1
( L / r )
l ng sut mt n nh ti hn Euler nhn vi h s thay i mmen Cb v h s
gim bn bin RbRh. t Lb = Lr PT 5.99 vo PT 5.100 ta c:
Fyc
Rn = Cb Rb Rh = Fn (5.101)
2
Khi khong cch khng c lin kt dc vt qu yu cu ca tit din khng chc (qu
n hi)
E
Lb > L p = 1.76r1 (5.102)
Fyc
th tit din ngang c tnh n hi v sc khng mmen danh nh (ng ngang t
trn hnh 5.26) nh hn hoc bng My
Khi tr s Lb nm gia Lp ca PT 5.102 v Lr ca PT 5.99 ng thng chuyn tip gia
Fyc v 0.5 Fyc cho bi:
Lb Fyc
Fn = Cb Rb Rh Fyc 1.33 0.187( ) Rb Rh Fyc (5.103)
r1 E
trong ti liu ny Rn = 1.0
5.4.3.7 Tit din lin hp khng chc

Vi tit din I chu m men m vi tr s ca Lb ln hn tr s ca PT 5.98 nhng nh
hn tr s ca PT 5.102 th sc khng un danh nh trn ng sut un danh nh ca bin chu
n
Fn = Rb Rh Fyc (5.104)
5.4.3.8 Tit din lin hp chc

Vi tit din chu m men m c tr s ca Lb nh hn hoc bng tr s trong PT 5.98,
th sc khng un danh nh bng mmen do, ngha l:
Mn = M p (5.105)
i vi dm lin tc c tit din chu mmen dng l chc v khng chc tit din
sc khng mmen dng danh nh b gii hn bi:
M n = 1.3Rh M y (5.106)
Tht ra gii hn ny l h s hnh dng cho tit din chc chu mmen dng bng 1.3.
iu ny tn ti trong dm lin tc v s vt gii hn chy trong vng mmen dng c th
phn b li mmen cho min chu mmen m cho nn n ln hn kh nng chu do phn tch
n hi {A6.10.2.2a}
i vi tit din lin hp chc chu mmen dng, gii hn c t ra cho chiu cao
ca tit din lin hp chu nn m bo chc chn rng bin chu ko ca tit din thp t
bin dng ha cng trc khi b tng b v.
Hnh 5.30. Chiu cao n trc trung ha khi bin dng ha cng
Gi thit b tng b v khi bin dng t 0.003 v bin dng ca thp khi ha cng l
0.012 v dng quan h bin dng tam gic ca hnh 5.30 ta c:
Dsh 0.003 1
= =
d +t s + t h 0.003 +0.012 5
trong Dsh l chiu cao phn chu nn ca tit din lin hp khi c bin dng ha cng
ly nh bn b tng, d l chiu cao ca tit din thp, ts l chiu dy ca bn b tng v th
chiu dy ca vt trn bn bin trn. to min an ton cho bin dng bin chu ko, chiu
cao Dsh phi chia cho 1.5 d to yu cu cho khong cch t nh bn ti trc trung ho khi
chu mmen do l Dp l:
d + ts + t h
Dp (5.107)
7.5
Gii hn Dp ny coi nh yu cu do dai ca tit din lin hp chc chu mmen dng.
5.4.4 Sc khng un ca tit din I

Tnh cht ca tit din I chu un phc tp v chi tit v quan nim cn n gin. Chi tit
phc tp v cn nhiu yu cu cho nhng iu kin khc nhau. C tit din lin hp v khng
lin hp chu mmen dng v m phi c xem xt vi ba dng chc, khng chc v mnh.
Quan nim n gin v tt c cc trng thi gii hn theo mt khun mu nh nhau. Chng
hn bit mnh ca vch (hnh 5.16), mnh ca bn bin chu nn (hnh 5.23), hoc ging
dc bin chu nn (hnh 5.26) d dng nhn bit ba dng h hng: khng mt n nh, mt n
nh qu n hi v mt n nh n hi. Cc cng thc din t tnh cht v xc nh im
chuyn tip ca ba on th hin cc yu cu ca thit k.
thit lp cc yu cu thit k v th hin chng trn mt v tr, n c trnh by trong
cc bng 5.9. n 5.11. Gi thit trong ti liu ny, vt liu vch v bn bin c cng cng
chy v vy Rh = 1.0 v n khng xut hin trong phng trnh. (Ghi ch: Do xt n tnh thc
t v kinh t hu ht cc thit k mi u khng lai). H s chuyn ti trng Rb cho trong
phng trnh 5.60 v h s thay i mmen Cb cho bi phng trnh 5.80.
Bng 5.9-TTGH cng -tit din I lin hp chu m men dng Rh=1.0
Chc Khng chc Mnh
Sc khng un Mn = M p Fn = Rb Fyc Fn Rb Fyc
danh nh Tr trng hp nhp lin tc c cc mt ct
gi trung gian khng chc th
Mn 1,3 My M p
Cc mt ct phi tho mn yu cu v
do ca cng thc 5.107.
mnh ca vch 2 Dcp E Khng c sn tng cng dc:
3, 76
tw Fyc 2 Dc E
6, 77
tw fc
C sn tng cng dc:
2 Dc E
11, 63
tw fc
mnh ca bn Khng yu cu TTGH cng
bin nn
Chiu di t do Khng yu cu TTGH cng nhng phi tho mn
ca cnh nn E
Lb 1, 76 rt
Fyc
cho ti trng tc dng trc khi bn b tng ng cng
Bng 5.10 v 5.11 tham kho ca AASHTO tnh sc khng un danh nh khi mt vch no
y v mnh ca bin chu nn khng tho mn. Mc ny a ra cng thc thay i cng
chu un Mn v l kt qu ca quan h tuyn tnh ca cc s liu thc nghim gia Mp v
0.7My. Nu cc iu kin sau c tho mn:
Bng 5.10-TTGH cng - tit din I lin hp chu ung m, Rh = 1.0
Chc Khng chc Mnh
Sc Mn = Mp Fn = RbFyc Fn RbFyc
khng un
danh nh
Khng c STC dc
2 D cp E 2D c E
3.76 6.77
mnh tw Fyc tw fc Xem {A6.10.5.6}
ca vch C STC dc:
2D c E
11.63
tw fc
Xem {A6.10.5.6}
mnh bf E br E
0 . 382 1.38
bin chu 2t Fyc 2t f 2 Dc
f
fc
nn tw
E E
L b 1.76 r1 L b 4.44r1
Chiu di M1 ry E Fyc Fyc
Lb 0.124 0.0759
t do ca Mp Fyc Dng PT 5.103
bin chu
E
nn L b 4.44r1
Fyc
Dng PT5.100
Bng 5.11-TTGH cng -tit din I khng lin hp chu un dng v m Rh=1.0
Chc Khng chc Mnh
Sc khng Mn = M p Fn = Rb fyc Fn Rb f yc
un danh
nh
Khng c sn tng Nu Lb > Lr
mnh ca cng dc: 2 Dc E
2 Dcp E b
vch 3, 76 2 Dc E tw Fyc
tw Fyc 6, 77
tw fc
(xem cng thc 5.60 i
C sn tng cng vi b )
dc:
2 Dc E
11, 63
tw fc
bf E
mnh ca 2,52
2t f 2 Dcp
bf E Fyc
bn bin nn 0,382 tw
2t f Fyc bf E
1,38 (Xem [A6.10.5.6])
2t f 2 Dc
fc
tw
2 2 I yc d E
Chiu di t Lr
Sxc Fyc
M ry E E
do ca cnh
Lb 0,124 0, 0759 1 Lb Lp = 1, 76 r
M Fyc L p < Lb Lr
nn p Fyc
S dng cng thc 5.95
Lb > Lr
S dng cng thc 5.92
Vi mt ct chu un m v khng c cc STC dc th:
Nu

2Dcp E
6.77
tw Fyc

bf E
2.52 (5.108)
2t f 2Dcp
Fyc
tw

M ry E

L b 0.124 0.0759 l
M F
p yc
0.7M y Q p Q
th M n = 1 1 Mp Mp (5.109)
M y Q p 0.7

Trong
Mp
Q p = 5.47 3.13 cho tit din khng i xng
My
Q p = 3.0 cho tit din i xng
bf E
Nu 0.382
2t f Fyc
30.5
th Q = (5.110)
2Dcp
tw
Nu khng th
4.45 E
Q = (5.111)
( bf 2t f )
2
2Dcp t w Fyc
T nhng phn tch trn, ta c th tm tt nh sau:

iu 6.10.4.1.2 iu 6.10.4.1.3 (*) iu 6.10.4.1.6a ( *)
Chiu su khng + + + + +
2D cp E bf E 2D cp E Tit din
i v Fy 3,76 0,382 (0,75)3,76
tw Fyc 2t f Fyc tw Fyc c chc
v iu 6.10.4.1.7 ( *)
M r E
bf E L b 0,124 0,0759 1 y
M F
- - (0.75)0,382 p yc
2t f Fyc
-
iu 6.10.4.1.6b (*)
- +
2D cp b E -
+ 9,35 f 6,25
tw 2t f Fyc
iu 6.10.4.1.4 (*)
bf E
1,38
2t f 2D c + iu 6.10.4.1.9 ( *) + Tit din
fc
tw E khng c
L b L P = 1,76rt
(Khi khng c STC dc) Fyc chc
- Tit din
Ghi ch: Tt c cc mt ct u phi tho mn cc gii hn v t l mt ct ca iu mnh
A6.10.2;
(*) = i vi mt ct lin hp chu un dng, cc iu ny c xem nh t ng tho mn;
(+) = ng;
(-) = Khng ng.
V d 5.8
Xc nh sc khng un m danh nh ca tit din lin hp ca v d 5.4 th hin trn
hnh 5.11 nu chiu di khng lin kt Lb l 6000mm trn nh tr. Trc trung ha do
(TTHD) xc nh trong v d 5.4 l 616.7mm tnh t nh vch. Cng chy ca bin
chu nn Fyc l 345MPa. Mmen do m Mp cho tit din ny tm c trong v d 5.6 l
9028kN. Tr s mmen M1 c h s nh hn mi u ca on chiu di khng lin kt l -
2308kNm v tr s mmen c h s ln hn M2 l - 6657kNm. Cng i s ng sut ca tit
din thp gy ra do mmen thit k c h s l 290MPa (ko) bin trn v 316 MPa (nn)
bin di.
Phn loi hnh dng
Tham kho bng 5.9
mnh ca vch cho tit din chc
2 Dc 200000
3.76 = 90
tw 345
Dcp = 1500 - 616.7 = 883.3mm
2 Dcp 2(883.3)
= = 177 > 90 khng chc
tw 10
mnh ca vch cho tit din khng chc, khng c sn tng cng dc
2 Dc E 200000
6.77 = 6.77 = 170
tw fc 316
d = 1500 + 30 + 30 = 1560mm
fb 316
Dc = d t r = 1560 30 = 783mm
fb + ft 316 + 290
2D c 2(782)
= = 157 < 170
tw 10
khng cn sn tng cng dc
mnh ca bin cho tit din khng chc
bf E 200.000
1.38 = 1.38 = 9.81
2t f 2 Dc 316 157
fc
tw
bf 400
= = 6.7 < 9.81 bin chu nn khng mnh
2t f 2(30)
Lin kt dc ca bin chu nn cho tit din khng chc l:

E
L b < 1.76rt (di tc dng ca mmen khng i)
Fyc
I yc 30(400) 3 / 12
rt = = = 104.6mm
Ac + Dc t w / 3 30(400) + 783(10) / 3
E 200.000
Lb < 1.76rt = 1.76(104.6) = 4430mm
Fyc 345
nh hn chiu di yu cu khng lin kt ca tit din chc. Xt n s thay i

mmen, chiu di khng lin kt ln hn c th c xc nh. Nu cn bng PT 5.99 cho
RbRhFyc ta c:
L Fyc
Cb 1.33 0.187 b =1 (5.112)
rt E
trong Cb l h s iu chnh thay i mmen ca PT 5.80. i vi tit din khng

i gia cc im lin kt t s P1/P2 trong PT 5.80 c th vit theo M1/M2 tc l:
2
M M
C b = 1.75 1.05 1 + 0.3 1 2.3
M2 M2
2
2308 23608
C b = 1.75 1.05 + 0.3 2.3
6657 6657
Gii phng trnh 5.112 theo Lb
1.33 1 / C b E
Lb = rt
0.187 Fyc
1.33 1 / 1.42 E E
= r1 = 3.35rt
0.187 Fyc Fyc
200.000
Lb = 3.35(104.6) = 8440mm > 6000mm
345
Do tit din ngang khng mnh v phn loi l tit din khng chc.
Bi gii
Vi tit din l khng chc, sc khng c h s biu din di dng ng sut l:

f Fn = f R b R h Fyc (5.113)
trong f =1 l h s sc khng un ly bng. H s truyn ti trng Rb c xc

nh t phng trnh 5.60.
ar 2D c E
R b = 1 b

1200 + 300a r t w f c
trong b = 5.76 v
2D c t w 2(783)(10)
ar = = = 1.305
A fc 30(400)
do :
1.305 200.000
Rb = 1 15 5.76 = 0.990
1200 + 300 x1.305 316
Vi r = 1.0 v Rh = 1. 0 , PT 5.113 cho
f Fn = 1.0(0.990)(1.0)(345) = 342MPa
Tr li:
Tit din ngang ph hp v ng sut cho php 342 MPa vt qu ng sut ln nht MPa
do ti trng.
5.5 SC KHNG CT CA MT CT CH I
Khi vch ca mt mt ct ch I chu lc ct tc dng tng dn trong mt phng ca n,
l thuyt dm bin dng nh c th c s dng d on cng chu ct cho n khi ti
trng on ti hn c t ti. Nu vch c tng cng, cng chu ct b sung sau mt
n nh do hiu ng ca trng ko s c mt cho ti khi vch b chy. Sc khng ct danh
nh Vn c th c tnh bng
Vn = V + V (5.114)
vi V l sc khng ct do hiu ng dm v V l sc khng ct do hiu ng ca trng
ko.
5.5.1 Sc khng ct tc ng ln dm
Mt khi ng sut ti trc trung ho ca vch tit din I trnh by trn hnh 5.31. V ng sut
un bng khng, khi ng sut thuc dng ct thun tu. Mt vng Mohr ng sut hnh 5.1b
ch r ng sut chnh 1 v 2 bng ng sut ct . Cc ng sut chnh ny to gc 450 so vi

phng ngang. Khi dng l thuyt dm, thng gi thit lc ct V do din tch vch ng chu
ngha l:
V
= (5.115)
Dt w
Trong D l chiu cao vch v tw l chiu dy.
Vp = y Dt w
V xy V
xy
(a)

xy xy
2 1 xy
2
xy
(b)
Hnh 5.31. Trng thi ng sut tc dng ln dm
(a) Khi ng sut ti trng trung ho (b) Vng trn Mohr ng sut
Nu khng xy ra mt n nh, ng sut ct c th t ti cng chy ca n v lc ct do

ton phn c th c pht trin Vp. t cc gi tr ny vo phng trnh 5.115 v sp xp li ta
c:
V p = y Dt w (5.116)
Cng ct chy y khng th t xc nh c, nhng ph thuc vo tiu chun h hng do

ct c chp nhn. Dng tiu chun h hng do ct ca Mises, cng ct chy lin quan
n cng ko chy ca vch y bng:
y
y = = 0.58 y (5.117)
3
Nu mt n nh, ng sut ct ti hn mt n nh cr cho mt khoang hnh ch nht (hnh 5.32)

c cho bi:
2
2 E t w
cr = k (5.118)
( )
12 1 2 D
Trong :
5.0
k = 5.0 + (5.119)
( d0 / D )
2
v d0 l khong cch gia cc sn tng cng ng.
Nu gi thit rng, ng sut ct c chu trong ng x kiu dm l n tn cr v c gi

nguyn sau th V c th c xc nh l mt phn bc nht ca Vp, ngha l
cr
VT = Vp (5.120)
y
do
do =
D
Hnh 5.32 . nh ngha v t s hnh dng
5.5.2 Sc khng ct do tc ng trng cng

Nu mt khoang vch ch nht chu ct c ta trn bn cnh th hiu ng trng ko xin c
th pht trin. Khoang vch ca tit din I (hnh 5.32) c hai cnh l cc bn bin v hai cnh l
cc sn tng cng ng. Hai i ng bao ny rt khc nhau. Bn bin thng tng i
mm theo phng ng v khng th chng li ng sut khc do trng cng vch ng. Mt
khc cc sn tng cng ng c th c tc dng nh mt neo cho trng ng sut ko. Kt
qu l, vng vch gn st ch tip gip vi cc bn bin khng tham gia lm vic v c th gi
thit c cu chu ti kiu gin nh trn hnh 5.33. Trong gin tng t ny bn bin l thanh
bin, sn tng cng ng l thanh ng chu nn v vch l thanh cho chu ko.
Cc cnh ca trng cng c hiu trn hnh 5.33 c gi thit i qua gc ca khoang, b rng
ca trng cng s ph thuc vo gc nghing vi ng nm ngang ca ng sut ko t v
bng:
s = Dcos-d 0 sin (5.121)
S pht trin ca trng cng tng phn ny c quan st trn mt s th nghim trong
phng. V d kt qu ca phng th nghim trng i hc Lehigh. Vo giai on u cht ti,
lc ct trong vch do tc ng dm nhn cho n khi ng sut nn chnh 2 ca hnh 5.31b t
ng sut ti hn v thanh xin chu nn ca khoang mt n nh. Ti thi im ny khng c
ng sut nn ph no, nhng ng sut ko t thanh xin chu ko tip tc tng ti khi t ng
sut chy t = Fyw ca vt liu vch. Mt ct ch I c tng cng trong thi nghim cho thy
r rng hnh nh vch b on, ng x sau mt n nh ca trng ko v hnh nh tng t gin
ca c ch ph hu.
S tham gia lc ct V t tc ng ca trng cng V l thnh phn thng ng ca lc ko

trong thanh xin (hnh 5.33) ngha l:
V = t st w sin (5.122)
t
V
V
D
s

do
t s t w
V

Hnh 5.33 Tc ng ca trng cng
xc nh gc nghing ca trng cng, ta gi thit khi t = y th phng ca

trng cng s cho V cc i. iu kin ny c th din t:
d d
(V ) = ( y st w sin ) = 0
d d
Nu thay phng trnh 5.121 i vi s ta c:
d
y t w (
d
Dcos sin -d 0 sin 2 = 0

)
dn ti:
D tan 2 + 2d 0 tan D = 0
Gii theo :
2d o + 4d 2 o + 4D 2
tan = = 1+ 2 (5.123)
2D
Trong l h s hnh dng ca khoang vch d0/D. Dng php bin i lng gic l nhn
c:
( )
1/ 2
( )
1/ 2
cos= tan 2 + 1 = 2 1 + 2 1 + 2 (5.124)

v
1/ 2
1
( )
1/ 2
sin = cot + 1
2
= (5.125)
2 2 1+
2
Xt s cn bng ca hnh th t do ABDC trn hnh 5.34 ly di trc trung ho ca vch v

nm gia khoang vch v mi pha ca sn tng cng ng. Khi gi thit mt ct I i xng
hai trc, cc thnh phn ca ni lc trng ko b phn ti mt ct thng ng AC v BD l
V / 2 (thng ng) v Fw (nm ngang) c biu din trn hnh 5.34. Trn tit din ngang AB
trng ng sut ko t nghing gc v tc ng ln din tch hnh chiu twd0sin. S cn
bng phng thng ng cho ti trng dc trc trong sn tng cng Fs l:
Fs = t t w d 0 sin sin = t t w ( D ) sin 2 (5.126)
Thay sin t phng trnh 5.125 vo 5.126 ta c :
2
Fs = t t w D (5.127)
2 2 1+
2
Cn bng theo phng ngang c s thay i lc trong thanh bin Ff nh sau:
F f = t t w (D) sin cos
Thay phng trnh 5.124 v 5.125 vo biu thc trn cho Ff v n gin ho:

F f = t t w D (5.128)
2 1+ 2
Cn bng mmen i vi im E kt qu cho:
1 D
V ( d 0 ) Ff = 0
2 2
D Ff
V = Ff =
d0
Nh vy s tham gia lc ct ca tc ng trng cng V:
1
V = t t w D (5.129)
2 1+ 2
Dng phng trnh 5.116 v 5.117 , V c th vit theo Vp nh sau:
3 t 1
V = Vp (5.130)
2 y 1+ 2
A E B V
V
C D
do
Fs

do sin
t
B
A E
0,5V
D/2
0,5V
Fw Fw
Ff C D Ff + F f
do
Hnh 5.34 S hnh th t do ca tc ng trng cng
5.5.3 Sc khng ct t hp
Nu ta thay phng trnh 5.120 v 5.130 vo phng trnh 5.113 ta c mt biu thc cho
sc khng ct danh nh t hp cho vch ca tit din I
3 t 1
Vn = V p cr + (5.131)
y 2 y 1 + 2
Trong s hng u tin trong ngoc l do tc ng dm v s hng th hai l do tc ng

ca trng cng. Hai hiu ng ny khng phi l hai hin tng xy ra ring r, c lp vi
nhau khi m hiu ng th nht xy ra ri sau hiu ng th hai tr nn chim u th. Hai
hiu ng c xem xt l xy ra ng thi v tc ng tng h to nn sc khng ct t hp
ca cng thc 5.131.
Basler (1961a) thit lp quan h n gin cho t s t/y trong phng trnh 5.131 da trn
hai gi thit. Gi thit th nht l trng thi ng sut bt k u gia ct thun tu v ko
thun tu c th ly gn ng bng mt ng thng khi dng tiu chun chy ca Mises. Gi
thit th hai l bng gii hn 450. Dng hai gi thit ny v thay vo phng trnh ng sut
biu din tiu chun chy ca Mises ta c:
t
= 1 cr (5.132)
y y
Basler (1961a) lm mt s th nghim s so snh sc khng ct danh nh ca phng trnh

5.131 c dng biu thc gn ng ca phng trnh 5.132. ng chng minh rng s khc
bit nh hn 10% cho gi tr ca gia khng v v cng. Thay phng trnh 5.132 vo
phng trnh 5.131 cng chu ct t hp danh nh ca vch ng thnh:
3 1
Vn = Vp cr + (1 cr )
y 1 + 2
(5.133)
y 2
Trong AASHTO, phng trnh 5.133 c vit di dng:

0.87 (1 C )
Vn = Vp C + (5.134)
1 + ( d0 D )
2

Trong :
cr
C= (5.135)
y
do
= (5.136)
D
V p = 0.58Fyw Dt w (5.137)
5.5.4 Sc khng ct ca vch khng c sn tng cng

Sc khng ct danh nh ca vch khng c sn tng cng ca tit din I c th c xc
nh t phng trnh 5.134 bng cch t d0 bng v cng ngha l ch c cng ca tc
ng dm c gi li:
Vn = CVp = 0.58CFyw Dt w (5.138)
Thay phng trnh 5.117 v 5.118 vo phng trnh 5.135 vi = 0.3 ta c:
k 2 E t w
2 2
t
0.90kE w
cr 12(1 ) D
2
D
C= = = (5.139)
y 0.58Fyw 0.58Fyw
T phng trnh 5.119 vi d0 bng v cng, k = 5.0 do :
Vn = CV p = 0.90 * 5.0 * E (t w / D) 2 Dt w
4.50 Et w3 (5.140)
Vn =
D
khi sc khng ct l c khng ch bi mt n nh n hi ca vch .
Nu vch tng i vng chc, ng sut ct ti hn mt n nh cr c th ln hn ng sut ct

chy y v vch khng b mt n nh trc khi vt liu bt u chy. T s mnh gii hn
s chy xy ra trc khi mt n nh (Vn = Vp) cho bi:
y cr
k 2 E t w
2 2
t
0.58 Fyw = 4.50 E w
12(1 ) D
2
D
D E
2.8 (5.141)
tw Fyw
Da trn c s th nghim t l thc ca tit din I hn, Basler (1961a) khuyn: T s mnh
gii hn ca vch gia mt n nh qu n hi v n hi c thit lp khi:
0.8 y cr
D 2.8 E E
= 3.5 (5.142)
t w 0.8 Fyw Fyw
Tr s AASHTO chp nhn cng tng ng nhng khc mt cht so vi cc phng trnh
5.140 5.142 cho cc tit din khng c sn tng cng. Cc gi tr do AASHTO chp nhn
c tng kt trong bng 5.9.
Biu thc cho cng chu ct mt n nh qu n hi l mt ng thng gia hai gii hn

mnh ca vch. iu ny c th chng minh bng cch vit biu thc theo D/tw tc l:
1.48t w D
Vn = 1.48t 2w EFyw = EFyw
D tw
Thay gii hn di D t w = 2.46 E Fyw ta c:
1.48t w D EFyw
Vn = = 0.6Fyw Dt w Vp
2.46 E Fyw
v gii hn trn D t w = 3.07 E Fyw
1.48t w D EFyw
Vn = = 0.48Fyw Dt w 0.8Vp
3.07 E Fyw
Hnh dng chung ca sc khng ct danh nh i vi ng cong mnh ca vch ging nh

hnh 5.19 cho mi v hnh 5.23 cho un. Mt ln na ba loi tnh cht: Do, qu n hi v n
hi c th hin s tn ti ca sc khng ct ging nh cc ti trng khc.
Bng 5.12 SC KHNG CT DANH NH CA VCH KHNG TNG CNG
Khng mt n Mt n nh qu Mt n nh n
nh n hi hi
D E D E D E
mnh ca vch 2.46 3.07 > 3.07
tw Fyw tw Fyw tw Fyw
Sc khng ct danh 4.55t 3w E

Vn = Vp Vn = 1.48t 2w EFyw Vn =
nh D
5.5.5 Sc khng ct ca vch c tng cng

Nu khng c sn tng cng dc, vch ca tit din I c coi l tng cng khi khong
cch ca cc sn tng cng ng d0 khng vt qu 3D hoc nu c sn tng cng dc,
khi d0 khng vt qu 1.5 ln chiu cao khoang ph D* (hnh 5.35). Ngoi ra, vch ng coi
nh khng c tng cng v p dng cc iu khon trong bng 5.9.
Nu dng sn tng cng dc, nh hng n sc khng ct ca vch c b qua, thin v
an ton. Ni cch khc, chiu cao ton b ca vch D c dng tnh sc khng ct ca
vch khng k n sn tng cng dc.
Khi vch c tng cng, tc ng ca trng cng pht trin v c hai s hng ca phng
trnh 5.134 cng tham gia vo sc khng ct, ngha l:

0.87 (1 C )
Vn = Vp C + (5.143)
1 + ( d0 D )
2

Trong C l t s ng sut ct ti hn mt n nh cr chia cho ng sut ct chy y.
do < 3D Khoang trong

do < 1,5D Khoang u dm
D*
do < 1,5D*
Hnh 5.35 : Khong cch ln nht ca sng tng cng ng

5.5.5.1 Yu cu bc xp
Khi gia cng v lp rp, tit din I khng c sn tng cng dc cn bo v cn thn chng
mt n nh ca vch di tc dng ca trng lng bn thn ca ring dm thp. Dng gii
hn mnh chu un ca vch cho tit din I kp i xng, khng lin hp trc khi xut hin
mt n nh (bng 5.9), i vi vch khng c sn tng cng dc ta c:
D E
6.77
tw fc
i vi fc = Fy = 250 Mpa v E = 200 Gpa
D 200000
6, 77 = 191
tw 250
AASHTO yu cu vch ca khoang khng c sn tng cng dc s phi c sn tng cng

ng khi
D
> 150 (5.144)
tw
Gii hn ny ni khong cch ln nht ca sn tng cng ng l 3D. Nu vch c D/tw >
150 th khong cch ln nht ca sn tng cng ng s nh hn 3D nh xc nh theo biu
thc sau:
2
260
d0 D (5.145)
D t w
Ch rng vi D/tw = 150, th d0 = 3D.

5.5.5.2 Khoang trong ca tit din chc
Khi tit din I l chc, sc khng un gii hn cho di dng mmen. Nu mmen tng i
cao, cng chu ct ca vch gim v n tham gia vo vic chng li mmen. Basler (1961b)
chng minh rng hiu ng tng tc mmen lc ct xut hin nu lc ct c h s Vu >
0.6uVn v mmen c h s Mu > 0.75fMy (h s sc khng u v f ly theo bng.)
Nu gi thit h s hnh dng Mp/My = 1.5 tr s gii hn ca mmen c th vit:
MP
0.75 f M y = 0.75 f ( ) = 0.5 f M p
1.5
Khi Mu nh hn hoc bng 0.5fMp th sc khng ct ca vch khoang trong ca tit din chc
cho bi phng trnh 5.143, khi Mu vt qu 0.5fMp, s tng tc gia mmen v lc ct lm
gim sc khng ct danh nh, ngha l:

0.87 (1 C )
Vn = RVp C + CV (5.146)
1 + ( d0 D )
2 p
Trong h s gim R cho bi:
Mr Mu
R = 0.6 + 0.4 1.0 (5.147)

M r 0.75 f M y
Trong sc khng mmen l Mr = fMn. S thay i RVp theo mmen Mu do ti trng c h

s trnh by trn hnh 5.36. Sc khng ct danh nh ca phng trnh 5.146 s t nht bng sc
khng ct danh nh ca vch khng tng cng bng cch cho d0 bng v cng vo phng
trnh 5.146.
T s C c xc nh trc y bng cc phng trnh 5.32 5.24 v biu din nh hm
ca D/tw trn hnh 5.19. Khi cr nh hn y , khoang vch ng x n hi v C c xc nh
t cng thc 5.139 nh sau:
1.57 Ek
C= (5.148)
(D / tw ) 2 F
yw
tc l rt gn vi phng trnh 5.34. Basler (1961a) ch ra rng phng trnh 5.148 c gi tr

i vi cr < 0.8y, nh vy, t s mnh gii hn ca vch cho ng x n hi c xc nh
khi ly C = 0,8 trong cng thc 5.148 ngha l:
D 1.57Ek Ek
= = 1.4
tw 0.8Fyc Fyc
tc l rt gn vi gii hn trong phng trnh 5.34.

Hnh 5.36 : Tng tc ct v un

Nh trong cc trng hp khc miu t ng x l mt hm ca mnh, ng x qa n hi
c gi thit nh mt ng thng. Gi thit hm tuyn tnh ca mnh c dng:
Cl Ek
C=
( D t w ) Fyw
Trong hng s C1 c xc nh t iu kin l ng thng phi i qua im: C = 0.8,
Ek
D / t w = 1.40 , ngha l:
Fyw
Cl
0.8 = Cl = 0.8 (1.4 ) = 1.12
1.40
Ek
Nh vy vi D / t w < 1.40
Fyw
1.12 Ek
C= 1 (5.149)
( D t w ) Fyw
tc l rt gn vi phng trnh 5.33. Gii hn trn ca C trong phng trnh 5.149 tng ng
vi cr = y khi ng sut mt n nh do ct bng hay ln hn cng ct chy v ng x do
ton phn xy ra m khng c mt n nh. Khi C = 1,0, t s mnh gii hn l:
Ek
D t w = 1.12
Fyw
rt gn vi gii hn cho bi phng trnh 5.32.

5.5.5.3 Khoang trong ca tit din khng chc
Khi tit din khng chc, sc khng un ti hn (bng 5.6-5.8) cho di dng ng sut, do
gii hn ca tng tc mmen - lc ct l di dng ng sut nhng biu thc cng ging vy,
ngha l:
Nu f u 0.75f Fy

0.87 (1 C )
Th Vn = Vp C + (5.150)
1 + ( d0 D )
2

Nu f u > 0.75f Fy

0.87 (1 C )
Th Vn = RVp C + CV (5.151)
1 + ( d0 D )
2 p
Fr f u
Trong : R = 0.6 + 0.4 1.0 (5.152)

Fr 0.75f Fy
Trong fu l ng sut ln nht trong cnh chu nn ca khoang ang xt do ti trng c h s

gy ra v Fr l sc khng un c h s ca bin chu nn ti tnh fu. T phng trnh 5.3 v
cc biu thc trong bng 5.9 5.11 Ta c:
Fr = f Fn = f R b Fyc (5.153)
Biu thc ca R trong phng trnh 5.152 cng ging nh trong phng trnh 5.147. v hnh
5.36 vi mmen c thay bng ng sut. V biu thc ca R da trn ng sut nn c th
dng nh hng ca bin dng ho cng, v gii hn trn ca 1.0 khng cn p dng cho
phng trnh 5.152.
5.5.5.4 Khoang cui
Khoang cui ca tit din I c cc iu kin bin khc vi cc khoang trong. Mt u khoang
c ng bao gin on v khoang bn cnh c th dng lm neo cho trng ng sut ko. Kt
qu l tc ng ca trng cng khng pht trin v ch c s hng u ca phng trnh 5.134
c dng cho sc khng ct danh nh ca khoang cui.
Ngay c khi khoang cui coi l c tng cng, tht ra ch c s hng u ca phng trnh
5.134 cho kt qu sc khng ct danh nh ging nh vch khng tng cng. Biu thc sc
khng ct cho phng trnh 5.138 v tng hp bng 5.12 cho cc cp khc nhau v
mnh ca vch.
loi b kh nng khoang cui b hng trc, Basler khuyn nn dng mt khong cch sn
tng cng nh hn khoang cui trnh s pht trin ca tc ng trng cng trong
khoang ny. Nu vch khng mt n nh th trng cng vn khng pht trin. AASHTO
LRFD dng cch ny cho khoang cui v ni r i vi vch khng c sn tng cng dc,
khong cch khng vt qu 1.5D v nu vch c sn tng cng dc, khong cch khng
vt qu 1.5 ln chiu cao khoang ph ln nht (hnh 5.35).
5.5.5.5 Tng hp khoang c vch c tng cng

Cc biu thc v sc khng ct danh nh ca vch khoang trong c tng cng c tng
hp trong bng 5.13 v 5.14.
Bng 5.13: SC KHNG CT DANH NH CA VCH C TNG CNG
Chc Khng chc
Nu M u 0.5f M p Nu f u 0.75f Fy

Sc 0.87 (1 C )
Vn = Vp C +
khng 1 + ( d0 D )
2
ct
danh
Nu M u > 0.5f M p Nu f u > 0.75f Fy
nh

0.87 (1 C )
Vn = RVp C + CV
p
+ ( )
2
1 d 0 D
H s Mr Mu Fr f u
R = 0.6 + 0.4 1.0 R = 0.6 + 0.4 1.0

gim M r 0.75 f M y Fr 0.75f Fy
Bng 5.14.T S NG SUT CT MT N NH TRN CNG CT CHY
Mt n nh qu Mt n nh n
Khng mt n nh
n hi hi
D Ek
D Ek 1.38 D Ek
mnh ca vch 1.1 tw Fyw > 1.38
tw Fyw tw Fyw
1.52 Ek
1.10 Ek C=
C = cr C = 1.0 C= ( D / t w ) 2 Fyw
y D / tw Fyw
V d 5.9 :
Xc nh sc khng ct ca vch ca tit din ch I (trong v d 5.4 hnh 5.11) c v li
di y Bit : khong cch ca STC ng l 2000mm cho khoang trong . Chiu di khng
lin kt ca bin chu nn l Lb=6000mm trong min chu m men m , tit din ngang c
phn loi l khng chc . Tng i s ca ng sut trong tit din thp do m men thit k c
h s l 290MPa( ko) bin trn v 316 MPa ( nn ) bin di , Cng chy ca vch l
345 MPa.
bc=2210
9#10
7#15
77
Prt
49
Prb
t t =30
25
30x400 Pt
Y
D=1500
10x1500 Pw
Vch
t c =30
30x400 Pc
Bi gii :
Tham kho bng 5.13 vi tit din khng chc , tng tc m men lc ct ph thuc
vo ng sut cc i fu bin chu nn do ti trng c h s . ta thy :
f u = 316MPa > 0.75 f Fy = 0.75 * 1.0 * 345 = 259MPa

0.87 (1 C )
Do : Vn = RVp C + CV
1 + ( d0 D )
2 p
Fr f u
Trong : R = 0.6 + 0.4 1.0

Fr 0.75f Fy
T v d 5.7
Fr = f Fn = f Rb Rh Fyc = 1.0 * 0.990 *1.0 * 345 = 342MPa
342 316
Thay vo ta c : R = 0.6 + 0.4 = 0.725
342 259
T PT 5.129 v 5.130 ta c :
d o 2000
= = = 1.33
D 1500
V p = 0.58 Fyw Dt w = 0.58 * 345 * 1500 * 10 = 3001500 N 302 KN
Tham kho bng 5.14 v tnh k t PT 5.119 :
5.0 5.0
k = 5.0 + = 5.0 + = 7.81
2
1.33 2
Do :
Ek 200000 * 7.81
1.38 = 1.38 = 93
Fyw 345
V :
D 1500
= = 150
tw 10
Nh vy :
1.52 Ek 1.52 200000 * 7.81

C= = = 0.306
( D / t w ) 2 Fyw 150 2 345
V CV p = 0.306 * 3002 = 918KN
Tr li :
Sc khng ct danh nh ca vch l :
0.87(1 C )
Vn = RV p C + CV p = 918KN
1 + 2

0.87(1 0.306)
= 0.725 * 3002 * 0.306 + = 2176(0.306 + 0.362) = 1454 KN
1 + 1 .33 2

Sc khng ct tnh ton ca vch l :
Vr = vVn = 1.0 * 1454 = 1454 KN
5.6 SN TNG CNG

Vch ca thp cn thng dy c th t ng sut chy un v ct m khng mt
n nh. C th dng c sn tng cng ng v dc nng cao cng vch. Ni chung
sn tng cng ng tng cng chu ct trong khi sn tng cng dc tng cng chng
mt n nh un ca vch. Yu cu chn kch thc ca cc sn tng cng ny s gii thiu
trong cc phn sau.
5.6.1 Sn tng cng ng trung gian

Sn tng cng ng trung gian khng ngn nga mt n nh chu ct ca khoang
vch nhng n nh ng bao ca khoang vch, nu khng vch s mt n nh. Cc sn
tng cng ny c tc dng nh neo cho trng cng c th pht trin sc chu ct sau mt
n nh (hnh 5.35). Thit k sn tng cng trung gian bao gm xem xt mnh, cng
v cng .
5.6.1.1 mnh
Khi chn chiu rng, dy ca sn tng cng ng trung gian , mnh ca cnh li
phi c gii hn ngn mt n nh cc b. i vi cnh li chu nn, phng trnh 4.16
cho
bt E
k (5.154)
tp Fyc
Trong bt l b rng ca cnh li ca sn tng cng, tp l chiu dy ca cnh li, k

l h s tm ly theo bng 4.2 v Fyc l cng chy ca sn tng cng. i vi tm c
mt cnh, bng 4.2 cho k = 0.45 i vi cnh li khng thuc b phn ca thp cn.
bf
4t w
tw
tw
tp
9t w
bt >bf /4
9t w
bt
Hnh 5.37 : Sn tng cng ng trung gian

Cc yu cu mnh ca sn tng cng ng trung gian c cho bng hai biu
thc ca AASHTO LRFD 1998 nh sau:
d E
50 + b t 0.48t p (5.155)
30 Fyc
v
16t p b t 0.25b f (5.156)
Trong :
d: Chiu cao tit din thp (mm).
bf: Chiu rng bn bin (mm).
5.6.1.2 cng
Sn tng cng ng trung gian nh ng bao ng ca khoang vch. Chng cn
cng gi quan h tng i thng v cho php vch pht trin cng sau mt n nh.
C th pht trin quan h l thuyt gia sn tng cng ng trung gian v tm vch
bng cch xem xt cng tng i gia sn tng cng ng v vch. Quan h ny c th
biu din bng mt tham s khng th nguyn (Bleich, 1952).
(EI )STC
t =
(EI ) web
Trong :
EDt w3
( EI ) web =
12(1 2 )
Do :
t =
(
12 1 2 I t ) (5.157)
3
Dt w
Trong l h s Poisson, D l chiu cao vch, tw l chiu dy vch v It l mmen

qun tnh ca sn tng cng ng trung gian ly i vi mt tip xc vi vch khi sn tng
cng n v vi im gia chiu dy vch khi l sn tng cng kp.
Vi = 0.3, phng trnh 5.157 c th sp xp li cho:
Dt 3w
It = t (5.158)
10.92
i vi mt vch khng c sn tng cng dc, gi tr ca t m bo rng vch c
th chu c ng sut on ti hn do ct cr l xp x
21
t = m t 15 6 (5.159)

trong , l t s kch thc d0/d v mt l mt h s phng i, xt n ng x sau
mt n nh v nh hng bt li ca s khng hon ho (trong ch to). Khi ly mt = 1,3 v
sau , thay cng thc 5.159 vo 5.158, ta c
1
I t = 2.5Dt 3w 0.7 0.55Dt 3w (5.160)

AASHTO LRFD 1998 yu cu mmen qun tnh ca bt k sn tng cng ng
no bng hai phng trnh:
I t d 0 t 3w J (5.161)
v
2
D
J = 2.5 p 2.0 0.5 (5.162)
d0
Trong d0 l khong cch gia cc sn tng cng ng trung gian v Dp l chiu
cao D ca vch khng c sn tng cng dc hoc chiu cao ln nht khoang ph D*ca vch
c sn tng cng dc (hnh 5.35). Thay phng trnh 5.162 vi Dp = D vo phng trnh
5.161 v dng nh ngha ca = d 0 / D ta c th vit:
1
I t = 2.5Dt 3w 0.8 0.5d 0 t 3w (5.163)

So snh phng trnh 5.163 v 5.161, biu thc ca qui phm rt gn vi biu thc nhn
c t l thuyt.
5.6.1.3 Cng
Din tch tit din ngang ca sn tng cng ng trung gian phi ln chng li
thnh phn thng ng ca ng sut xin trong vch. Yu cu v din tch tit din ngang ca
sn tng cng ng da trn nghin cu ca Basler (1961a). Lc dc trc trong lin kt
ng cho phng trnh 5.127. Bng cch thay th quan h n gin ca t t phng trnh
5.132 vo phng trnh 5.127 v dng C = cy / y , lc nn trong sn tng cng ng trung
gian thnh:

Fs = Dt w y (1 C ) 1 (5.164)
2 1 + 2
Trong y l cng chy ca khoang vch. Phng trnh ny c th t di dng
khng th nguyn bng cch chia cho D2y kt qu cho:
Fs 1 2
F ( , ) = = (1 C ) (5.165)
D2 y 2 1 + 2
Trong l h s mnh ca vch D/tw. Khi cn n hi, C c cho bi phng
trnh 5.148. Gi y = Fyw / E v ly k nh sau:
4
k = 5.34 + (5.166)
2
Biu thc ca C tr thnh:
1.57 Ek 1.57 4
C= 2 = 2
5.34 + 2 (5.167)
( D t w ) Fyw y
Thay phng trnh 5.10.14 vo phng trnh 5.10.12 ta c:
1 3.1 1 2
F ( , ) = 4.2 + 2 (5.168)
2 y3 1 + 2
Lc ln nht trong sn tng cng ng c th nhn c bng cch o hm ring
phng trnh 5.168 theo v , t kt qu bng khng v gii hai phng trnh ng thi. Kt
qu cho gi tr ca = 1.18 v = 6.22 y . Thay = 1.18 vo phng trnh 5.164, lc ln
nht ca sn tng cng ng trung gian thnh:
max Fs = 0.14Dt w y (1 C ) (5.169)
Ni lc ny s l lc dc trc ca sn tng cng nu sc khng ct ln nht ca khoang vch
c khai thc ht, tc l, Vu = Vn . Trong trng hp Vu < Vn , ni lc ca sn tng cng
s c gim i t l thun, nh vy,
Vu
Fs = 0.14Dt w Fyw (1 C ) (5.170)
Vn
Trong Fyw = y cng chy ca khoang vch.

Phng trnh 5.170 c lp cho mt i sn tng cng ng trung gian t i xng
hai bn ca vch (hnh 5.37). Cch b tr khc l sn tng cng n t mt bn vch. Basler
(1961a) ni r rng sn tng cng lm bng thp bn hnh ch nht, sn tng cng mt
bn yu cu t nht c din tch gp 2.4 ln tng din tch sn tng cng kp. ng cng yu
cu thp gc c cnh bng nhau dng lm sn tng cng mt bn cn c din tch bng 1.8
ln din tch sn tng cng kp. Cc thay i ny c th thy trong phng trnh 5.170 bng
cch vit:
Vu
Fs = 0.14BDt w Fyw (1 C ) (5.171)
Vn
Trong B c xc nh trn hnh 5.38.
tw
18tw
B=1 B=1.8 B=2.4

Hnh 5.38: Hng s B ca cc loi STC ng trung gian
Mt phn ca vch c th xem l c tham gia vo chu lc dc trc thng ng.
AASHTO gi thit rng chiu di c hiu ca vch l 18tw cng lm vic vi sn tng cng.
Lc do vch ngoi chu c th ly php tr ca lc trong sn tng cng phng trnh
5.171.
Vu
Fs = 0.14BDt w Fyw (1 C ) 18t w2 Fyw (5.172)
Vn
Din tch As ca sn tng cng ng yu cu chu tc ng trng cng ca vch
nhn c bng cch chia phng trnh 5.172 cho cng chy ca sn tng cng Fys cho
ta:
V Fyw
As 0.15BDt w (1 C ) u 18t w2 (5.173)
V F
r ys
Trong Vr = Vn v hng s 0.14 lm trn thnh 0.15
V d 5.10: Chon STC ng trung gian mt bn cho tit din I dung trong v d 5.4 th
hin trn hnh 5.11.Dng thp xy dng cp 250 cho STC .Thp vch cp 345 Vu=1000KN ti
tit din ang xt .
Gii :
mnh :
Kch thc STC c chon m bo mnh yu cu v sau kim tra cng v
cng t PT 5.156 Chiu rng phn nh ra ca STC phi tha mn :
bt 0.25bf =0.25*400 =100 mm
Chiu dy sn tp phi tha mn :
bt 100
tp = = 6.25mm
16 16
Chiu dy nh nht ca thp l 8 mm vy ta th dung STC trung gian 8mmx100mm (
hnh 5.39)
bf =400mm t w =10mm
bt tp
tw
18tw
bt >bf /4
Hnh 5.39 : STC ng mt bn ca v d 5.10

T PT 5.155 chiu rng bt ca STC phi tha mn :
E 200000
bt 0.48t p = 0.48 * 8 = 109mm t
Fys 250
V :
d 1500 + 30 + 30
bt 50 + = 50 + = 102mm Khng t
30 30
Thay i kch thc th nghim ca STC l 10mmx110 mm
E 200000
bt 0.48t p = 0.48 * 10 = 136mm t
Fys 250
cng
M men quan tnh ca STC mt bn i vi mt tip xc vi vch .i vi tm ch nht
ta c :
1 1
I t = t p bt3 = 10 *110 3 = 4.44 *10 6 mm 4
3 3
T PT 5.10.8 v 5.10.9 m men quan tnh phi tha mn :
2
Dp
It d t J
3
o w ; J = 2.5 2.0 0.5
do
Do khng c STC dc nn Dp=D=1500 mm. T v d 5.8 ,do=2000 mm v tw=10 mm ta
c :
2
1500
J = 2.5 2.0 = 0.59 do vy ly J=0.50
2000
Do :
I t d o t w3 J =2000*103*0.5=1*106 mm4
Vy STC 10mmx110 mm c It= 4.44*106 mm tha mn
Cng
Din tch tit din ngang ca STC
As= 10x110 =1100 mm2
Phi tha mn PT 5.10.20
V Fyw
As 0.15BDt w (1 C ) u 18t w2
V F
r ys
Trong B=2.4 ( hnh 5.39) v t v d 5.8 ta c C=0.306 v Vr=1454 KN do
1000 345
As 0.15 * 2.4 * 1500 * 10(1 0.306) 18 *10 2 = 1073mm t
2
1454 250
Tr li : Dng STC ng mt bn vi chiu dy tp=10 mm v bt=110 mm
5.6.2 Sn tng cng gi

Cc sn tng cng gi l sn tng cng ng t ti v tr c phn lc gi v cc
lc tp trung khc. Cc lc tp trung chuyn qua bn bin vo u di ca sn tng cng.
Sn tng cng chu lc c lin kt vi vch to ng bin thng ng lm neo chu ct
t tc ng ca trng cng.
5.6.2.1 Dm thp cn
Yu cu c sn tng cng gi vch ca dm cn ti cc im c lc tp trung khi
lc ct c h s vt qu:
Vu > 0.75b Vn (5.174)
Trong b l h s sc khng ca gi v Vn l sc khng ct danh nh xc nh
phn 5.9.
5.6.2.2 mnh
Sn tng cng gi c thit k nh mt phn t chu nn, chu lc tp trung thng

ng. Chng thng gm mt i hoc hn cc bn thp hnh ch nht t i xng v mi
bn ca vch (hnh 5.40). Chng c chiu cao bng chiu cao ca vch v thc t cng gn mp
ngoi ca bn bin cng tt. Phn li ca sn tng cng gi phi tho mn yu cu v
mnh:
bt E
0.48 (5.175)
tp Fyc
Trong bt l chiu rng cnh li ca sn tng cng, tp l chiu dy ca phn t li
sn tng cng v Fys l cng chy ca sn tng cng.
5.6.2.3 Sc khng ca gi
Cc u ca sn tng cng gi phi c p st vi bn bin di nhn phn lc
t y bn bin gi v y bn bin trn nhn lc tp trung t kt cu nhp xung. Nu
chng khng c mi k th phi hn vi bin chu ti bng mi hn rnh ngu.
Din tch ta c hiu nh hn tit din nguyn ca sn tng cng v u ca sn
tng cng phi vt cho (tit din A-A hnh 5.40). Sc khng ta ca gi da trn din tch
gi trit gim ny v cng chy Fys ca sn tng cng:
Br = b A pn Fys (5.176)
Trong Br l sc khng ta c h s , v b =1 l h s sc khng ta ly theo quy
nh ca QT( chng 5), Apn l din tch thc phn li ca STC.
bf
4t w
A A tw tw
tw
B B tp tp
9t w
bt
D 9t w
bt bt
B-B A-A
Hnh 5.40 : Sn tng cng gi

5.6.2.4 Sc khng nn dc trc
Sn tng cng gi cng mt phn vch phi hp nh mt ct chu lc nn dc

trc (tit din B-B hnh 5.40.). Din tch c hiu ca tit din ct c ly bng din tch tt c
cc thnh phn ca sn tng cng cng vi mt on vch nm ti trung tm khng ln hn
9tw v mi pha ngoi phn t li ca nhm sn tng cng. Mmen qun tnh ca tit din
ct dng trong tnh bn knh qun tnh c ly i vi ng tm ca vch. Thng thng
ngi thit k khng cn bit s tham gia ca vch khi tnh mmen qun tnh v ly n gin
tng s ca mmen qun tnh i vi cc cnh tip xc ca vch.
Sc khng nn dc trc c h s Pr c tnh theo:
Pr = c Pn (5.177)
Trong : c =0,9 l h s sc khng nn i vi thp chu nn dc trc v Pn l sc
khng nn danh nh xc nh chng 4
V d 5.11: Chon STC gi cho tit din I trong v d 5.10 th hin trn hnh 5.41
chu phn lc tp trung c h s Ru=1750 kN .Dng thp cng trnh cp 250 cho sn gi .
30mm
10 mm 10mm
90 mm
15 mm
1500 mm 200 mm
90 mm
180 mm
Mt ct
30 mm
400 mm
Hnh 5.41: STC gi ca v d 5.11
mnh
Chn chiu rng bt cho STC gi l 180mm bn bin rng 400mm cng xa mp cng
tt, chiu dy nh nht cho tp c xc nh theo PT 5.175
bt E 200000
0.48 = 0.48 = 13.6
tp Fys 250
bt 180
tp = = 13.3mm
13.6 13.6
Th chn STC gi 15mm x 180mm

Sc khng ta
Din tch ca STC c th tnh t PT 5.176 vi Br=1750 kN , b=1.0 v Fys=250MPa
Br = b A pn Fys =1.0*Apn*250 =1750*103
1750 * 10 3
A pn = = 7000mm 2
250
Dng hai i STC 15mm x 180mm t hai bn vch ( hnh 5.41) v cho php ct vt
cch vch 40 mm , ta c din tch p mt bng:
4*15*(180-40)=8400mm2 >7000mm2 t
Vy chon STC gm hai i 15mm x 180mm t hai bn vch .( Lu rng ct vt 45o
vi 4tw mt bn ngn cn s hnh thnh ng sut ko dc gy bt li cho mi hn ch tip
gip gia vch ng v bn bin).
Sc khng nn dc trc :
t tng i STC cch nhau 200mm nh trn hnh 5.41 din tch c hiu ca tit din
ngang thanh nn l :
A=4As +tw(18tw +200)=4*15*180+10*(180+200)=14600 mm2
M men qun tnh :
15 * 180 3 180
Ix = 4Io+4Aoy2 = 4 + 4 * 15 *180 * ( + 5) 2 = 126.6 * 10 6 mm 4
12 2
Bn knh qun tnh rx ca thanh STC :
Ix 126.6 * 10 6
rx = = = 93mm
A 14600
Do t s mnh :
kL 0.75D 0.75 * 1500
= = = 12.1 < 120 t
r r 93
mnh theo PT 4.12 ( chng 4) :
2 2
kL Fy 12.1 250
= = = 0.0185 < 2.25
r E 200000
Do vy thanh nn thuc loi ct di trung gian, sc khng nn c xc nh bi 4.14
Pn = (0,66) Fy As = (0.66) 0.0185 (250)(14600) = 3.622 *10 6 N

Sc khng nn tnh ton theo PT 5.177 vi c=0.90

Pr = cPn = 0.90*3.622*106 =3260*103 N =3260kN> 1750 kN t
5.7 MI NI DM
5.7.1 Cc loi mi ni dm
Do chiu di cung cp vt liu c hn,cnh v bng ( bn bin ,vch ng ) dm c th
phi c ni t hai hay nhiu hn cc bn thp . Cc mi ni loi ny thng c thc hin
trong xng hoc nh my v c gi l mi ni xng .
Do iu kin vn chuyn v cu lp c hn , dm thng c chia thnh vi on .Cc
on ny c kch thc v trng lng ph hp vi iu kin vn chuyn v cu lp .Cc on
c ch to trong xng sau vn chuyn ti cng trng ri ni chng li vi nhau
c mt dm hon chnh .Cc mi ni cc on dm ny li vi nhau c thc hin ti cng
trng v gi l mi ni cng trng .
Nguyn tc b tr mi ni :
Mi ni phi c b tr i xng qua mt ct gia dm
Mi ni nn b tr v tr c ni lc nh
Vi cc mi ni cng trng khng nn dng nhiu, khi thit k cu to cn
phi to iu kin thun li cho vic thc hin .
mi ni dm mi ni dm
500 400
50 2@80 80 2@80 50 Tm 4 50 80 140 80 50 Tm 4
=160 =160 (dy 14mm)
(dy 14mm)
25
75
75
50
50
Tm 5 Tm 5
(dy 14mm) (dy 14mm)
Tm 3
(dy 10mm)
10@85=850
10@85=850
14
1100
1050
1100
950
950
Tm 3
(dy 10mm)
Tm 5 Tm 5
(dy 14mm) (dy 14mm)
50
50
75
75
25
Tm 4
50 2@80 80 2@80 50 50 80 140 80 50 Tm 4
=160 =160 (dy 14mm) (dy 14mm)
500 400
Hnh 5.35: Mi ni dm
5.7.2 Mi ni cng trng bng bu lng

Bc 1: Tiu chun thit k
Bc 2: La chn v tr mi ni cng trng
Bc 3: Tnh ton cc lc thit k trong mi ni cnh
Bc 4 : Thit k mi ni cnh di
Bc 5: Thit k mi ni cnh trn
Bc 6: Tnh ton cc lc thit k trong mi ni bn bng
Bc 7 : thit k mi ni bng
Bc 8 : a ra bn v chi tit mi ni cng trng
Chn v tr mi ni cng trng
V tr mi ni thng nn trnh ch c m men ln. i vi dm gin n, ta thng b tr
cch gi mt on (1/4 1/3)L v i xng vi nhau qua mt ct gia dm.
Mi ni cng trng bng bung lng CC ca dm ch I t hp hn c dng in hnh
nh sau:
T hnh v ta thy mi ni gm hai phn:
+ Mi ni bn cnh lm vic ging nh mi ni i u hai bn thp chu lc dc trc;
+ Mi ni bn bng lm vic ging nh mi mi i u hai bn thp chu tc dng ng
thi ca mmen, lc ct v lc dc.
Do vy, vic u tin l ta phi xc nh c cc lc thit k cho mi ni bn cnh v mi

ni bn bng.
5.7.2.1 Thit k mi ni cnh
5.7.2.1.1 Tnh ton cc lc thit k trong mi ni cnh

Mi ni cnh chu lc dc trc do m men gy ra. C 3 quan im tnh ton lc trong
mi ni cnh : phng php ni lc, phng php da vo din tch mt ct bn cnh v
phng php kt hp gia hai phng php trn.
Theo tiu chun AASHTO lc thit k trong mi ni cnh c tnh ty theo cnh
khng ch hay cnh khng khng ch v c tnh nh trnh by di y :
trng thi gii hn cng , cc bn ni v cc mi ni trn cnh khng ch ( kim sot
Controling) phi cn xng cung cp mt sc khng nh nht ly theo ng sut thit k Fcf
nhn vi din tch tit din cnh c hiu nh hn, Ae, trn c hai pha ca mi ni , y Fcf
ly nh sau:
f cf
+ f Fyf
Rh 0,75 F
Fcf = f yf (5.178)
2
Trong :
fcf = ng sut un ln nht do ti trng c h s gy ti im gia bn cnh kim

sot, ti mi ni ;
Rh H s lai;
- H s gim ng sut cnh, =1.0
f = H s khng un theo quy nh; (A6.5.4.2)
Fyf- Cng ko chy ca thp bn cnh
Ae Din tch c hiu ca bn cnh (mm2), i vi cnh nn Ae l din tch tit din
nguyn, i vi cnh ko Ae ly nh sau:
F
Ae = u u An Ag (5.179)
F
y yt
u H s sc khng ko t ca cu kin chu ko (A 6.5.4.2)
y H s sc khng ko chy ca cu kin chu ko (A 6.5.4.2)

Fu Cng chu ko t ca thp cnh ko
Fyt Cng chu ko chy ca thp cnh ko
An Din tch thc ca cnh ko
Ag Din tch nguyn ca cnh ko

Cc bn ni v cc mi ni ca bn cnh khng kim sot ( Noncontrolling flange)ca
TTGHC phi cn xng cung cp mt sc khng nh nht ly theo ng sut thit k Fncf
nhn vi din tch hu hiu nh hn, Ae, trn c hai pha ca mi ni . Fncf c xc nh
theo cng thc sau:
fncf
Fncf = Rcf 0,75f Fyf (5.180)
Rh
Trong :
Rcf Gi tr ca t s Fcf v fcf i vi cnh kim sot .
fncf - ng sut un do ti trng c h s gy ra ti im gia bn cnh ti v tr mi
ni ;
+ Ti trng thi gii hn cng , lc thit k trong cc bn ni ( bn ghp ) chu ko s
khng vt qu sc khng ko c h s nh tnh vi cu kin chu ko. Lc thit k trong cc
bn ni chu nn s khng vt qu sc khng nn c h s,Rr v c ly nh sau:
Rr = c Fy As (5.181)
Trong :
c H s sc khng nn ca cu kin chu nn (A 6.5.4.2)
Fy Cng chy ca bn ni ( Mpa)
Ay Din tch nguyn ca bn ni ( mm2)

+ Lc thit k trong mi ni cnh trng thi gii hn s dng dng kim tra trt ca bu
lng c tnh bng tch s ca ng sut ti gia cnh trng thi gii hn s dng nhn vi
din tch mt ct ngang ca cnh.
5.7.2.1.2 Chn kch thc mi ni

Mi ni c thit k theo phng php th - sai, tc l ta ln lt chn kch thc mi
ni da vo kinh nghim v cc quy nh khng ch ca tiu chun thit k, ri kim ton li,
nu khng t th ta phi chn li v kim ton li. Qu trnh c lp li cho n khi tho
mn.
Cc thng s mi ni:
+ Kch thc bn ni ngoi;
+ Kch thc bn ni trong;
+ ng knh bu lng CC;
+ L bu lng CC s dng l tiu chun;
+ S bu lng CC mt bn mi ni.
5.7.2.1.3 Kim ton mi ni

Cc kim ton :
+ Kim ton sc khng ct, sc khng p mt v sc khng trt;
+ Kim ton cng ca bn ni ( sc khng dc trc, sc khng ct khi);
+ Kim ton mi;
5.7.2.2 Thit k mi ni bng
5.7.2.2.1 Tnh ton cc lc thit k trong mi ni bng

Mi ni bng chu ng thi m men, lc ct v c th c c lc dc trc.
Lc ct
+ Lc ct thit k trng thi gii hn cng ti mi ni bng Vuw c ly
nh sau:
Nu lc ct Vu < 0.50vVn th
Vuw = 1.5Vu (5.182)
Nu khng th
(Vu + vVn )
Vuw = (5.183)
2
Trong v l h s sc khng ct ; Vu l lc ct do ti trng c h s gy ra ti v tr
mi ni bng ; Vn l sc khng ct danh nh ;
+ Lc ct thit k trng thi gii hn s dng ti mi ni bng c ly bng
lc ct thit k di t hp ti trng s dng ti v tr mi ni.
M men
+ M men thit k nh nht TTGHCI c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
M = Muw + Muv (5.184)

Trong :
Muv = M men do lc ct thit k ti v tr mi ni TTGHCI tc dng lch tm
vi trng tm nhm inh mi bn mi ni gy ra:
Muv = Vuw.e (5.185)
Trong :
Vuw = Lc ct thit k ti v tr mi ni TTGHCI (N);
e = lch tm ca nhm inh mi bn mi ni, ly bng khong cch t trng
tm ca nhm inh mi bn mi ni ti tim mi ni (mm);
Muw l phn m men un do phn bng chu.
Muw =
tw D2
12
(
Ftbop + Fcbot ) (5.186)
Ftbot, Fctop = ng sut thit k nh nht ti trng tm bn cnh di, cnh trn
TTGHCI (N/mm2).
+ M men thit k trng thi gii hn s dng ca mi ni bng vn s dng cng
thc 5.184 nhng vi cc gi tr lc ct v ng sut ly t hp ti trng s dng.
Lc dc nm ngang
+ Lc ngang thit k TTGHCI c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
H=
twD
(Ftbot Fctop ) (5.187)
2
Trong :
Ftbot, Fctop = ng sut thit k nh nht ti trng tm bn cnh di, cnh trn
TTGHCI (N/mm2).
+ Lc ngang thit k trng thi gii hn s dng ca mi ni bng vn s dng
cng thc 5.187 nhng vi cc gi tr ng sut ly t hp ti trng s dng.:
5.7.2.2.2 Chn kch thc mi ni

Mi ni c thit k theo phng php th - sai, tc l ta ln lt chn kch thc mi
ni theo kinh nghim, ri kim ton li, nu khng t th ta phi chn li v kim ton li. Qu
trnh c lp li cho n khi tho mn.
Cc thng s mi ni:
+ Kch thc bn ni;
+ ng knh bu lng CC;

+ L bu lng CC: S dng l tiu chun;
+ S bu lng CC mt bn mi ni.
5.7.2.2.3 Kim ton mi ni bng

+ Kim ton sc khng ct, sc khng p mt v sc khng trt;
+ Kim ton cng ca bn ni ( sc khng ct, sc khng ct khi);
+ Kim ton mi;
6 CU KIN CHU UN, LC DC TRC KT HP
6.1 Cu kin chu un v chu ko kt hp

Mt vi loi cu kin chu c hai: m men un v lc ko doc nh trong hnh 6.1.
Hnh 6.1: cu kin chu un v ko kt hp
Theo quy nh ca LRFD cc cu kin chu un v ko ng thi phi tha mn

phng trnh tng tc (A.6.8.2.3) nh sau:
Pu Pu M M uy
< 0,2 th + ux + 1, 0
Nu
Pr 2, 0 Pr M rx M ry (6.1)
Pu Pu 8, 0 M ux M uy
0, 2 th + + 1, 0
Nu
Pr Pr 9, 0 M rx M ry (6.2)
Hnh 6.2: Mt ct ngang v v tr lc ko dc

Trong :
M ux = Pu e2
M uy = Pu e1
Pr = sc khng ko tnh ton (N)

Mrx, Mry= sc khng un tnh ton theo cc trc X v Y, (Nmm)
S n nh ca bn cnh chu ng sut nn thc do ko v un phi c m bo
gi n nh cc b.
6.2 Cu kin chu un v chu nn kt hp
6.2.1 M men un s cp v m men un th cp

Khi mt dm ct chu m men un trong chiu di khng ging n s c chuyn v
ngang trong mt phng un. iu ny dn n pht sinh m men th cp bng lc dc nhn vi
chuyn v ngang. Trong hnh 6.3 chng ta d dng nhn thy rng m men tng thm mt
lng P. M men ny s lm tng chuyn v ngang, do lm tng m men trong ct cng
nh lch tm cho ti khi cn bng t c.
Trng hp mt khung lc u ct s c di chuyn sang hai bn i vi nhau, s dn

n pht sinh thm m men th cp, trong hnh 6.3 m men th cp do lc sinh ra l P.
Hnh 6.3 Ct khng lc ( c ging) v ct lc (khng ging)

Sc khng un yu cu phi ti thiu bng tng m men s cp v m men th cp.
Cc dng h hng ca dm ct:
- Mt n nh cc b
- Mt n nh tng th
- Cng ca mt ct ngang.
Phng trnh tng tc Theo LRFD:
Pu Pu M M uy
< 0,2 th + ux + 1, 0
Nu
Pr 2, 0 Pr M rx M ry (6.1)
Pu Pu 8, 0 M ux M uy
0, 2 th + + 1, 0
Nu
Pr Pr 9, 0 M rx M ry (6.2)
Pr = sc khng nn tnh ton (N)

Mrx, Mry= sc khng un tnh ton theo cc trc X v Y, (Nmm)
Mux, Muy l m men un do ti trng c h s gy ra ( Nmm). Mux, Muy phi c
xc nh bng cch: Phn tch n hi th cp gii thch cho s phng i ca m men do cc
ti trng c h s gy ra hoc mt phng php xp x nh trong phn 4 ca tiu chun 22TCN
272-05.
S n nh ca bn cnh chu ng sut nn thc do nn v un phi c m bo
gi n nh cc b.
Ti liu tham kho

[1] LRFD Steel Design. William T. Segui, 2003
[2] Tiu chun thit k cu 22 TCN 272-05
[3] Gio trnh Kt cu thp. Nguyn Quc Thi, 1979
[4] Design of highway bridges. Richard M. Barker; Jay A. Puckett. NXB Wiley
Interscience, 1997
[5] Structural Steel Design: LRFD Method. Jack C. McCormac; James K. Nelson, Jr., 2003
[6] LRFD Design Example for Steel Girder Superstructure Bridge- FHWA National
Highway Institute Washington, DC December 2003

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Bi ging kt cu thp theo tiu chun 22TCN272-05- o Vn Dinh 2015 1

2.3.1 Cc trng hp ph hoi trong lin kt bu lng thng ....................................... 42

4.3.2 T s b rng/b dy gii hn ............................................................................ 104

5.7.2 Mi ni cng trng bng bu lng ..................................................................... 202

1 I CNG V THIT K KT CU THP

1.2 THIT K KT CU THP THEO TIU CHUN 22TCN 272-05

1.2.2 S pht trin ca qu trnh thit k

ng sut chy fy. Gi tr ny tng ng vi vic quy nh mt h s an ton F bng 2, ngha

2. Thit k theo h s ti trng v sc khng LRFD ( Load and Resistance Factors

xt n s thay i c hai pha ca bt ng thc trong phng trnh 1.1 .Pha sc

Factors Design, vit tt l LRFD). H s sc khng cho mt TTGH nht nh phi xt n

1.2.3 Nguyn tc c bn ca tiu chun 22TCN 272-05

nam. l mt h thng Tiu chun hon thin v thng nht, c th c ci bin ph hp

1.2.3.1 Tng qut

h s sc khng: h s nhn da trn thng k dng cho sc khng danh

Tnh d c tm quan trng c bit to ln i vi khong an ton ca kt cu cu. Mt kt

1.2.3.3 Cc trng thi gii hn theo tiu chun 22TCN 272-05

tt c cc TTGH l sc khng c h s phi khng nh hn hiu ng ca t hp ti trng c h

i vi c hai bn bin thp ca mt ct khng lin hp

s ph hoi ca ct ko theo nguy him cho cc kt cu ta trn n. Cc xem xt ny c

Bng 1.1 Cc h s sc khng cho cc TTGH cng

4/Trng thi gii hn c bit

TTGH c bit xt n cc s c vi chu k xy ra ln hn tui th ca cu. ng t, ti

Tiu chun AASHTO LRFD quy nh xt 11 t hp ti trng.

Bng 1.2 Cc t hp ti trng theo Tiu chun 22TCN 272-05

Cng I p 1,75 1,00 - - 1,00 0,5/1.20 TG SE - - -

2. Cc cu c t l tnh ti trn hot ti rt cao (tc l cu nhp ln) cn kim tra t hp

5. kim tra chiu rng vt nt trong kt cu b tng ct thp d ng lc trng thi

6. kim tra kt cu thp trng thi gii hn s dng th h s ti trng ca hot ti

H s ti trng tnh cho gradien nhit TG v ln SE cn c xc nh trn c s mt

0,0 cc trng thi gii hn cng v c bit

Lc xung kch c ly theo bng 1.4.

Hnh 1.1 c trng ca xe ti thit k

Bng 1.4 Lc xung kch IM

Lc xung kch l 15% v h s ti trng l 0,75.

1.3 VT LIU THP XY DNG

1.3.1 Thnh phn ho hc v phn loi thp

1.3.1.2 Biu ng sut bin dng in hnh ca thp khi chu ko mt

Hnh 1.3 Cc ng cong ng sut-bin dng in hnh i vi thp kt cu

Bng 1.5 Cc tnh cht c hc nh nht ca cc thp cn, cng v chiu dy

1.3.1.3 Phn loi thp kt cu theo tiu chun 22TCN 272-05

thp hn ny c th gy ra vn trong mt s tnh hung khai thc v, do vy, cn phi thn

Hnh 1.4 Cc ng cong ng sut-bin dng ban u in hnh

1.3.2 Khi nim v ng sut d

Hnh 1.6 S ha ng sut d trong cc mt ct thp cn v ghp trong xng.

1.3.3 Gia cng nhit

1.3.4 nh hng ca ng sut lp ( s mi)

Hnh 1.7 Cc th d v ng sut mi .

Cng mi khng phi l mt hng s vt liu nh cng chy hay m un n hi.

Qu trnh th nghim i vi mi lin kt hn l cho mt lot mu chu mt bin ng

Hnh 1.7a Biu S-N in hnh cho cc mi ni hn

nh hng ca cng ca vt liu c bn

Hnh 1.8 Cng mi so snh vi cng tnh

1.3.5 S ph hoi gin

nn v bin ko. Nu sn tng cng c hn vo bin ko nh trong hnh 1.9 th s cn tr

Hnh 1.9 Lin kt ca sn tng cng ngang trung gian vo dm ghp

2 LIN KT TRONG KT CU THP

2.1.1 Lin kt dng inh: ( inh tn, bu lng)

2.1.3 Phn loi lin kt theo tnh cht chu lc

Hnh 2.1 Cc loi lin kt v cc trng hp chu lc

2.2 CU TO LIN KT BU LNG

2.2.1 Cu to , phn loi bu lng

2.2.1.1 Bu lng thng