You'll be interested in astern these other ENGINEERING MECHANICS : Statics and Dynamics, 2nd Ea (Gir Unit eaion! Byleving Shares, ute Uniwrety of New York wt But ‘in gantuing to prove a undanatal end rigorous vector! approech to Iesonis is sonpialy rod eaton of Engineering Mechanis poses corn dhs cn ont yam "Tet ae as onde sce i osg, sai [NUMERICAL METHODS IN FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS. 2am Sizgn tm, Macht tof etn on Tee arc ees ames Tile nc ed hy Ghose Sonnet © ameeaiae, og muerte Becca lle cena, ne mn pre Baas aaa DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES, 2nd Ed. |) BY SMA. Kazim, Department of Applied Mechaiites Ladi Insets ager ey a ra retin name Sool Gil fs erhavertcnce met Seige arate ne tm 1868) coon an Design of Stee! Sruntucs. “Over 200 soho eat Se dece ome icar tutta he Se oe | Bae tons 380 hatches ana amngs manny spec Stee | ; aaa senvosneeensByteman FoUNOATION DESIGN Spay Teg PRENTICE HAL INTERNATIONAL, INC, Erghewod Cl, PRENTICE HAL Or AUSTRALIA FC Spey. PRENTICE-HALL CANAGAINC a.” PReMTCE HALL or SOUTHEAST ASNT 10, Sige. foro PRENTICE HAL OO BeASU LTDA: Rede eb | Provnct al tseavoxmencnn Sac noua 2.1962 Pr In, geod ill USA. A ht ‘arn hf ths ech ay be mpi ny fy [Bie oy ote an Shy bo Isonoaves20%04 ‘The er sight os bok rvs soley wh he pair, 2, toe Loney tn ny ator con at Sealy sn ard Pedr at eny ace eee Goel cri ip, Mong tan, ny doen ace ss Sephora aan, fen ae by spec argent wth Pen a, ‘Toten Pinta February, 1982 etc sn oo tog Su stat a ee = PREFACE “This book i wien primary for two oups cf mea: pacing engineers who frequendy or ocasionally design and waperse the contrac of Tlndations sod sévanced ents peprng or eapcering pact, ‘A weath of iafomation in thor of sil mechanics and in pace of {estat eagaerng bat been Seveloped, Soc eermaion has bese ‘bl too for enpcir At the present ie, a practing engine ca 90 Toop be excused for elas o naeqaney of founds tin design Insta, he mast capable ding with so ad foundation ‘bles under naval condone with confidence. AL th ame tine, he ‘ould be abl to espn the usa conitons which equi wpe" ‘lance. “The prpoe ofthe book I to pri een data for foundation design Ader eriary ceemstancen. The mater is pwnd ot covet plication, Tee background tener are gency presented im conce {tm of fonmne or charts, Limits of tee tae el pled ‘otto id the stent in recogni the unestal condos. ‘Sie dhs bok sa text on dein and aplication, compte and highly theoretical mates ae excined. For sets darlog std oft heres, tlrence Is made Yo tens of sal mechanics sad the. cag! “The took i vied into ve pas: Pat I, General Principles, Past 2, Fouodaons; Pat 3, Retaining Srctars, Part 1 contains the baie com ‘opts and tone applicable ton foentions and ening structures. For ‘he eomenince of pratlg engineers, rt review of some Bsc pitcine of wil mechanics is iced. As a text bok for the courte of {undaton dep, some porn of Pat | maybe oie Prt 2 and 3 deal wih common type f foundations and tig srs ‘ures All perient data pruning to oe typeof foundations o elles sce ed on pr tl lye eh Procedure it Heiad near he tepnig ft capes. Wock coast Fell to header, umes eamples ae given wich are desist thas DE 8-2 iain Design Example? in Char 8 Atthowgh the mae in ti bok ger coer the more cononty teed Younduion prac, excepon hat be Tales ia Presaling tbe ‘eat on combined foots and ma foundations, In ain ote co atonal mets of eign, igh theoretical ayes ae as acd, ‘The reason for ths i that the coaentonal methods do ot fash al te ecesryblormationrepurdng the itera srenes of the fogs ‘ul at foundons ‘Tho autor acknowledges the we of mary mati fom varios etc ‘ubadon, Tae wure o formation tr acknowedged ty bey ths (Teel, 1955), which denotes thatthe book o aie can be found inthe elect ant the auth’ name (Tertaghi) tnd the yea of ‘Pubcon (1985) ‘Gata sprecition is ds to De. George B. Tindal, wh bas r= Yewed te mantsit und ofered consiuctve econ. The autor ie ‘ply indbted to Dr. Ralph B- Peck whore teachig ia focndation cx ‘oetng bes evloned pon the eur the base cwophy in ager Ing racic. The manupt wa also rvewed by Dr. N,N Nowa, Head of Cail Engineering Depariest, Uaverty of Minds, and Dr KH. Cho, Profane of Cl Engnering, Minas neue Technslogy. ‘The ator alo ako the ua of the atts fr th allowing ite: Dr. D.U. Deere, Univesity of ges, Pte 1: MG. Higa, Raymond Conse Fle Co, Pies? apd 8; De J. Branch Hanon The Danish Gcoteiical Instn. Plate 4; Moreteneh Corp, Pate 5; Dr. , E Tana, University of os, Plate 6; Conmonnealth Eien Co, Pint 7; Cates, Ine, Pate 9; Enineing News Record, Pate 10; Mes EE, Whe, Sear, Whi, and Pre, Pin 13, The suo is eating ths book wo bi wife fo her enouragemest and setae in pepling this work Tes soc sn s08 morro : Compose of So 3. 1-2: Relstosp eee tn, Wate Cet, sd Unt Weigh "1-3" Er ‘Gain Seo San, presig roperes Sin 5 HITS! Siar Sten 8. 1-6! Femeabty, 9 Engrg Proper of Grate Sa 10.18: Bag site Pernt Cte Ss aoe ing Proper oS an Lan T6 I-10; Bgeing ‘Proper of Ora Soe, 1. "Ii: Expoeing Prop sts of Rost, 19. 1-1: Typ Engng ‘es ot Igneous and Meamore Race, 2141: Bae Canepa, 13. 42: Eat Preare Thi, Ye 43 nankine Tory, 7. ea" Wedge Try 7 Prone sorng Earhqateg 924-2) Wane Prem, SES her Uta Foor 98 5 rouse sunt no wirrnconne ” SL: Iroducon 97. $2: Method of Denton 97 53: Subliy of Botm of Exam, 10). 4 Founfoton Drange, 105) 5-5: Cite for Secon of ter Mat, 106 5-60 Wateronéng one 37: Damppresting 108. 5-8: Water, 108 = © ss omer 1: eof Spend Fotis, 113, 6-2: Commoe Types of Fotng, 113. 63: Deign of Fong TIS. eo, Depth of Fasting, 15. “3, Deg Copy 5 Soh der Postings and Mat Feaiaony 117. 6: Fost See Porro, 124.7: Sven oo Lover Sat 28 ry ‘of Footnp, 138. Foca Land ina {30, "61: acd ood 135. 6-11" Fog oo ‘ope, 197. 12" Unit of Footing, 187, 63 Sec. 7 err ronms conn rm a mesons ‘Tots Ui ot Sap Feats, Conte Fotos, and Mat Foundation 11." 7-2" Coomon Type sd Aragonese Sap Foti, Contined ost, nd at Pond ons T5373 Daign Seap Posting 154 Toh8 trounce S51: Ue of Pe, 193. 8.2: Types of Pes 159. 43: TinberPle 196. 8A. Pca Late ad, Bates File 227 88: Nepre Sin Pret i 239.419: Tew Pi, 240. 620: Contacte of Eictt ae agg DS AS an are sana ems V1 sean was oo Somme Use of Reig Wale, 31 Pinel Tyas of Reining Wally 5131-3: Dae Retiing Wall 33. i Progorinr of Reting Waly Sia iS: Eara, Prme Comput, 316 1: Subity Renin Wl 317. TE. Den of Start Components 38 11-8" Bact! races, HR 119, Stloment snd Tog of Retning Wal, 33. Mc10: Comtacon. of Retaing Wally 30, tits Dadgn Brame 35 V2 serra nase Po 124; Ge of Stepling Wall, 347, 12:2: Comme, Types Set Te 4) 123: Comino Type of See fing Wat SH.” 12-4: Durblity of Sud Steg, 352. 2-6 Teign of Shopng Wally 354 12-8 Ang on Seing Wal, 385. 12 Del of Cane Soepling Wal 336.126 Desi, of Anchored Shaping, Wal, 364 12-9: Sui of Shean a Cater Sey 368.310: Rowe Tiny ‘of Momeyt Redrsoe 362. 12-1: Wal and Te Rody Taz: Mat fr Rediig Lateral Pree 27 Intis: ype of Amtorape 37 1214 Cagly of Deaines, 5S feist Eacaion of Ancor 77 12°16 Contraction of Shning Wabi 378. 1217) Des Sept 39. 13 sesciscomtouns » Conca Type of Bind Catrdams, 39. 133: De- sign ef Bed Cottam, 391 Lt Press ‘et Cafes, 392. 13-8! Gonpents of Bed (Catt, 396. 15-6 Sablty of acd Cater, 397. 187; ing, 01. ts Dagn Exaope h“or wom ot es see lad syp eer etme “Fe aeSOILS, ROCKS, AND SOIL MOISTURE 141 Components of ets Si cons tre component, sae, i, water, and slid mater 1. Te i contcot of sl bate eapnesing sinc; thereore it ‘net commonly se 2 Te wate cone cit somtent) fl detonate ato terwcn the weight of wae aed the wight of he sold mates Ths late i aaa the weight of vended soll The wes ae lattes the eagiering propre ofl. of its pemaiy composed of mine apexes (i erin. i some cases te soa conas orpane unser ne ine aggept ae dened fom cts weave wees Te ntaranala space which second by ir and water for mater sone nie tiated) Known at We, The satan of von ig see {pore byt vl ratio which thera betwee te Vlog ofc the volume of sid mater. The te poral (prea of el) se ied, repeats thea tetwean vlc vous dae eye Scleing lid mater and vids, The vou na er posay een sol property, For isan, sl vig an extne ateeat et et ‘eal compels aad pena he tlie ameunt of tri he voids dead by the degree of ‘savaton wich the rio teen the volume of we tnd te oe of lA soi fly saturated or at 100 prc saarign re gen142 Relationships between Void Reto, Water Content, ‘ond Unie Weight ‘void ao = volume of voice fs inter, expe at Weal; = et of i ma = 265 oe cn pre ee rameter ~ Toco = wiht of ath fd mati, expend 5+ degre f etunton = ne of mined, epee stems 13 at = Se fol ph wi twat the voids; eer ei of water = 1 lo = 625 pt (6 peo so wt); ih of oid mater = Gy weit ako Known as etve Wh. = ¥,— re, a roy «9 as on hie. For giver egineting Sf more sgnieat than other. The ine be pooped into the allowing caet Onin a ton, aed owes oF ws 7 ‘The cgiwrng ropes perining spec to ganas si co- ‘nave so at and oes nd orp sol we doused a Se. 91-10, 14 Groin Sie of Sls Boule cobtles Gree than 3 in. met Rewiaed on Na of No, 10 seve sued Resid on No, 20 see Sit and clay Pasing No, 20 sever “The enpneting properties of ol dpe nal onthe proportion or ‘erly ploted oe seasiepaitanc gaph late Fig 2 ss sine pop of ai bm he ‘olloring mets: rol ants rg a ested i ery pn ‘The exact ifrentinon of he wow som important. ‘ater of onal 0 oe au, wherea sit pan ake one que one tea ‘Slo, lay: These 190 sls may be diferente by oe ofthe low ema ‘hopt motion. fal partes are predomi the sample Wl ppt ‘hy 02 om ote i pe ee,15 Sheor Strength Fegiering mater may be abject o tse compreion, shear, of to combinations of these, Sols aod rok, howe, ate almost eter Iie a union A compe lo fol or sectefact ung oy ~ ~ ; 19 Seg ‘roporiool tothe sxmal presi, om he eco. This eatin itSic oth nds ofthe sample re soe to a el water ead here is 0 fw of water through the spe. Howee, if one end of the sample, pint in Fig -0), sae tos bghr be than he te nd Pn se row oh mg fom ate ty hie iinet gama tt prs a tute of the supe ant ines 2» cout of emenbiiy, depending te characteris tthe {ati pnd = WH ng he pda te he ‘engh of sample eH Sema ae ig te epg fw hth ‘The empl equation above known as Dare’ ew. The vale of may tb determined by nbortry metds oa the Bld by pampng te For iar Fandntion problems, the range of aes pretty ack, (0355 may be we bettie Parte =o pre ae ee == = Siri ees - comets ies = ————= ne wae won 147 Eninerig Properties of Granular Sols ‘Gear sol ae sand, gravel cols, or mists ofthe. Fine sand 3 exception, tease it eaparing properes are ot the ordering| Tne wc gael thal pid filth vo een eae span hore tesla comps hd Sale ad os| 14 ss, coe, 10 se soar ow. | ‘6 I rinks upon drying and expands upoe weting. Seasonal changes | 1 es very poor material for back cans of arg tral pres. very smal wer the ot of taking te var an taking 1 Ics poor mati for embaaknen eeu thas ow seat seagth ee ee ‘he aio 2d Bmore diet o compact 9. i racy inpevou 10. Chey ops ave prone to lndie, c Fora vn job, where cobave sls are enone, te folowing ora — — ce tae et ret cape | een wonton’ 0 0s 0% 1mm km cet —- a | = — ea “To adeuty des he imports expiring proper of «gen ‘tore Se CCL | | = [Eber |e fee] ae fom‘A. Sis mater wih guns pang No 200 ee bat posses no ‘obesiog and platy. Us eagierog propre are exeatly the of fne snd. Heche ofthe ne perise i, thi sll a the fellowng ‘Scab chance 1.9 Engineering Properties of it and Lee | | | | | Lesched stra opi ‘tom ieching trough upp peo sal. Orgone deposi: petty ihe, cole. ening ears te term mute is sed in Norbern United Snes and Caan to dente tenaec 42 monemane monmnms o mnous 0 aon oces ewig capachy of rocks. The bearing capaces of rocks ae fen fang te mp0 ing wut, Som ft Tt nny a ne abe te oon nasi. Therefore, the eps vals are fen ied by ta for ener ‘mmare nthe flowing tons. 1.12 Type Engineering Papers of gross end Merge Rot obsrns, 00s, 0 so Noor oun 1.13 Engineering Properties of Sedimentary Rocks Bir eo conn atin ack ities, sno wali: 1. Themen fandtone depends eet pon the degree of cnet tion and the ype of emecting materia Cone! Une Sonat | oy, ut wtih poy wren et GSlaecoco, Gesminat — Soe Seon” aaa mane ty Eat Treoui, a one1 ens 00, 20 2. om eu ‘Seat goat ean secs The cnoept of ground water level is ver important io engineering practice, For any fovdation wor, te groundwater le (Ue matin walt keel ths, buoyant weight ofthe sl pales: ninety26 eas, noes 0 seen ow. + tl mechanics Teg, 1902; Teraghi aad Pek, 1946; Tebow 198%; e). The olowing deals with on ofthe tox comon weber eens peur. Ce hr rae ad gleknd. A quicksnd i no de toan inte pope ofthe saad, bat xeon of eceine eps eta ‘Tae base paleo this condition iusented in Fie TIGA enaey ia dept cs abd Why head h, The yal op ste ech “ H=OlyFe2s-YF <3)smc ssi ound HOF +25-YF (P<) ‘where H = wave beight = ech ~ distance over which the wind ats, mie; Vem wind veloc, miles pe hour. ‘The ware gts ar according o Gall 9 15 ne tewave eight forinind aes and 733 Ues the wae ight fo ocean ven Molor (dived en ene fom for he wavelength Z for nla aes: wan manson onc 95 ‘A more secunteconpustion of wave hight maybe made by the theory of Svetaup and Munk (Mason, 195). The resonshp betwen the Wate ‘iene veloc, an fetch showa papal ints eeeDrange of 9 Consrcion Ste by et tet el Ps 5 FOUNDATION DRAINAGE ‘AND WATERPROOFING 5. Introduction rie to the deg and conston of ven foundation, the ground att kee at these aust he realy determined. te round We i NEA some ef the flowing probs are tocol. ews iv ding coostction Fedisin siege Waterproof o dsmpyooig, 5:2 Methods of Dewatering When construction me below he grou eva for he oUoviog purposes (Sg, eel th site mt be8 rovosnen ooo No WeAMOCEMS ow. 1. To provide sub woking suctce a the botiom of the excavation. Thee sad eo wally to. maxima of 16 below hecect ie of the header. Unde el conons aod sig sei high spe sume thf vig a a mahaos roam nance 105 $4 Foundation Dranage eis cared below oundwat eve provisos must oor ses dry. Thiam be nxomplsie by one the flowing metods 1. Ramdtion dang The wate vel i ome to depth low the 2, Watering. The btu is ae watertight by watepooting.$06 yomonTo meant Ann WarearRooeND oue.s be! below the botiom oF the adjacent footings Alo they should be ove wth ele er mail 0 ht: 1, The joao pefraton wil ot bso logged. 2. The fn patie inthe surrounding sis wil at be cried away by flowing met “he fter materi to be wd around the dla pipe shouldbe cre eects that wl ete he surounng wl om og caved ay ‘Sree ed pga at a rot coy Se pfons 1. To prevet te movement of prices fom the potted si ito ot through ihe er materi th felwingcondion mest be satel 15a er rel SY of protected vo 0% si of er mate ad {0% se of potted sot = *° 2 To pee logging the pipe with te mater moving though the fora or pening. the follow conions mus be ete For ss: 5% se of er mati. 5 lot wid For eer hoes 857s of ee materia $6 Woterproting > lo wasancorma 1074 rowouren oman No wareencome ou. 10 deep to pear it ‘maybe meet apply anal cot om tne to tine, Ths wed, |2 FOUNDATIONSa. Footgs sald be cto low the depth of fost pizetration, ta enacted ost het they andre sipused in the cal bulig ‘eens ty e ade tote cart shown in Fig. 63,tins rey sine ong he ute. petaon 1 nding tt be roel in eve cations we stand ro pec fh et nd he de pron toc = 2NBR, + 6400 + HDR, ray NBR, + S100 + HDR, 'N values shouldbe adjusted ifthe penetration tes is made at Allow depth, Sex. 2-7.ea | 68 Una vr sty rk he pay Tress oh. tth being planes, lds, to nine tan angle wth he teitom of ootne redoce thie sent afer wong: Wenteed sksloud + ead toad for theca ich as the st Inada lo aor, 44 = allowable bearing presue ax deemed by the principles ‘dsc in See 65 ‘Are or ther Fotis = SEO ad were = vt seat any given| ee eet ee mo tt ne te Lpretenretirsbectncrhy‘pe sno meme ec xt of the applied contact pressure. These nes f eq Floshape! and comequcay areal pres Bls. Th rere tal i :jan arene wonnee ours y= semen neue by Terug theory af conan; | sare at ies Pint (3); sandy ase en oe of the lowing condos ens:ily loaded oti, he once of wae 2 For deveninaion of timate or allowable bearing arests ‘e618 ct emda eine py coin stag ‘Shpceltclncalind ane Se (611 Fotings on Slopes Te bearing capacity of the flowing eatinpsu is egal to the ttl lad vel by the of ecrtieloe, the reser may belated the ‘asso, scr octet ames osRegus ofthe dere of Sig be ‘alpen gs ig 2 Cra a dip of ent ong) itn onta sxe rooms ing in The fe ting sess (Geanoset 5 which be enomacnon 10 It be sale sl gts Te sl conto sol be inte,examtions teow ground * ‘rue lel ae ep dry by arcs ethade duced a Chapter 3. fr ; 16 Design Exampleeo fet ter toa = eons eB ais ee 2-"6 (a 820%, 20-208 ie bond) 804 228'48 = 908 20 ENE 260 rat 2, 20-2097‘A Mot Foundeion under oneal “he dag of contin ong and mat oundaon 3 {Sa potien awe was Fst emcee sos (nding ane on te ey Ieontes we emmanly ceed yada md motte wh oeave snd epee poe. Progress tee mde he sectarian te ‘Semana othe mnie action Tse macs ‘Sie a desde ene STRAP FOOTINGS, COMBINED FOOTINGS, AND MAT FOUNDATIONS TL Uses of Strap Fotngs, Combined Factings, and Mat Foundtont ‘uae feoiags ae met seo for sporting sqeare and rons columor. Uncertectangsnrcalumnsor wally rectangle Tooting ate Seproprit Thee tapes shld be wed wherever the coeions pera Howes, whco a colysoo wie or rigt set to 8 property it © ‘end nto the dling property I the ajiing propery i »pubbe ‘Séenaleo ley, local baling codes may permit such oot ope Into poe property. Beloe doings the ei showlé con eel Codet But when th dining property spray owned, te footings mask econatracted within the property In cich cs here ttre slates havea a senate pan sowie Fig PTs lentes 1. Sigp fst. A sap footing comprises wo oe more fot coe cid by a beam ald arp. Thirty leo known a acne Tooting oa par ban ound, 2. Combined foting. A amine oting a lone footing apport 0 ‘more columns in oe 1m, 3. Ma orf oman. A mat foundation isa te oon sally ‘Sopporing several columns nto ot more Tom Ths chic teen thse types depends rimatiy upon the elie cos5. oouncr sno war rovNonTns out ae bal ha bing cy, How sachet ettemrinretiont A Bey a, ma tot a ta a at (ree Sey Src ‘Scat at tote eo Sar ses Seat aoe See ok Stina ne ons eee ot ee aoa sone ineeneree Great wartoass ene Perr red tteecutt mated te elt penton es See ei Sey eaten ama a SS ocean ‘ar iciion t rnae ona ins ee i Som gt it emai in in at Js toaties whe te as is very compres and ets oat ph te socal compensted dsp b sed to he be sang Fg “In hs dna deter bent mae ender theta potion ofthe sapere so ht he et rare (etl alg iad ma he wei of Selene by tenet ty depth eb ‘Stately norm, three ental sel Sone auctor: eat end tenses to the use of mt loons eh sh lage 21 coop achntis big noble ample, Vteon mais en inary an sopored ont tne pd ee tbe vtdement Wien large Boden preset scoot mats on eile baie fr stra stetah and ayo ting materi were emmy ee Anan 152 18 Common Type and Arangament of Sap Figs, Gartined Postings end Mat Fandotons Straps my be acanged ina varity of wa Fie. 74, aad thi hee depends on the phys condone of sack specie ce. A sap ay be ‘once 2 font. wall or cols abo te fog, tn et ‘sar sap sould notte cegrdts wind ly the bending tones nd shcar see but lo ttinrthe cd shear or earn othe otags ress at both ends Uahoad bez ranged i oes ot ee ‘tana onattton pode, ae nescwen: &_*) simple shapes. When tw clus mute end odfeent eh, tap footings soul be wid, i. 1h "A tae Ms fiat concrete si with ifm thickness throughout the atv ares Fig. 7). This pee os stable where the clare ping ‘Wty smal and uniform and hele loads aly sal Fr te olur lons« potion ofthe sb under the clun ay be tcc, Mig T(t porn lene ang OF Dene ent she{o orsos 0 war ours oun? tesion). Ti may ako be acconpsel by providing pedestal Cpe ech clam Fig 7-40). U bending ens betoe arg era of [fe colune spacing aod nsqul clus oa, ikon bade ay be ‘Sir log the clue ne ia bot tesco Fi. 7), The empty els ‘Zoot bythe te of tet metal oe paper de, (25 common of mat ae tee ese ney he pe ‘Sor arta nak et sa sderexzemey Peay cum fad, 2 two-way gr sacred of ier onstuctio (Fig. 7-00) and of ineseingsructra scl res ths ben wid (Teng. 1985), Basen wal hve been owed a ise seep beams Fig 750. ‘ra fen es ey on sl or rock: However my rst on ies ut arm 12 Design of Stop Footings Sap fotngs are degen the ao te faloring msmptins: 1. Thea sini si. Te serves to ae the alam de onto theo with equa and wafer sol pereuaer bt otng eo73 eco rman omer 155 2 The wap isa pure Neus member and does it tke ail ation To sid tearing ov the botom of the sap sever! inches ofthe wade Tying so xy te loosened vp aot the cect of te cone Wid the assomptions above, te deign f sp foting ia inne procedure. I eps wih tral ale of, Fig, 6 Ten he fenctons 1, aod, are compoted by the pips of stir "Thefevtaie foting sess are ult the reactions and Ry ciel by the aowae bearing resreg. With eave fotng ss, the alae of ei computed. These ‘Sepeare repented unl he il value of el etal with he a oe. The ween Re P4 nifeotng en. shear and moment ia the sup ate determines nthe sap ie dvgnd to ‘ehstand the shea and moments The fogs re ated be objected {0 saform soil presue and designed snp reid fot. Ute ‘Ssumpons gen above, te resuant of the eau loss, and Oy ‘rold clade wth th cate of vy of two footing wes, There fay, the ening preare would be soem under bet the fot Horever ts poste tit somes he ial dene oars ‘scoring to the builing coisas pon on of ecole while tbe ober sma) be subjected to Mele loa. fe such 2 cas, the fall ouction of ‘Slam load from 9, Ry may oat be ad se jie the [Bgning the footing under ot Qgonly edad nad or dened plas ‘elozd lve load thal be wed on cls 2, ‘An example of strap foo desig is give ia Pate DEAct Coe edn tis gn ide 956 Cote ve | Sey weds ate of col : (ened os src tne) a ee ee Tom mee = pare7st= 203 sania fase oli 45" ve s7sie= set 20+ aie 9 se 07 bat ore teers Tena fo pom sap om 696 ee 1 6 ee 31Yee womans was ranoaront ae ty ober, Fe. 770) The csi consi of the pigs ise the of grade econ of be sll. Fut. he sags ae ard ‘Seat tvs enon or competion. The atampton was et ed Ge Wines therefre his tyeofoundrton ered aaa Wilet fundies Ic often compared to oundaon supported on eee bud See ot weight lf he cofient of soba acon "he cofne of sgrade rection eso th unt eee eid o ice ban stleent aed daased i the later pr of ope, [Secu of pled foundations ach pected ay eal png ith ede can eqal to BAIL where Es the modulo ay othe ater, 4tesverage crone zion of he ie aod Lhe esi eng rie ple Te eictve length ay Beaker a he fl enath of post ‘paige 2 bout one allen of kin tion pen ‘A mba precedes have ben developed forthe ana of beams on the snl ac foundation concept. The most empl ad iarot ‘the work of vilos Het (194). Te procedreinaes a reat el of fathematalwatpulaton. Even withthe ai of bls and chat the ‘ois bors forte ease iting variable momen in teria ofthe Fotng and ele cetcet of sabgrae esto Theos, oy the fae for cnstnt moet of ies ahd eoatntcoefcent of syed feation ae inte. Sic the solston oie om the Seton ‘tection niin) it ie Enown a he method oes ine ‘Among the seis anal he mato of ucesineapronimations sth mehad of fst dilerece ar ready acaplabeto sate oment ‘inerin and vars cee of subgrade rection. Alte methods ot {rales or canbe footing re dicted nthe flowing seston, 'Amathenatal analy of ple (at foundation on ele foundton) Isexremely compat apd only fe sation othe mst snl ee ae foalabe, Rgwoot anaes uch as the ese ne method for beams (Combined fects) on ene foundation, ae not tulle to obtain a Data proeere For a mat fourdati wih stform theo, te ‘ethod of ate dferece apa, In he ase of cesar mats oppo ing pmmeticd loning, est equnon re ave , Tray foundation. The sol i usted ob ately sti sold ‘being Hoo law nat Saecton, Tht method dows not realy Tend contigs Marfan | Sntectontin eofaanche tae ae [tes mtn 7 a Ie to engineringaplatinsbecasitisextrenel ult and sktont arabe for on fon exteney singe cs “The acompasyeg tae sa stmmary ofthe aval proces for anal of combine footings ed mat oun, 155 Design of Combined Fotings A. Design of embine! fatings by conetos (gd) meio. The con ‘tonal espn bse o he sumption tha he fotng nil {tl tint subgade (or wi) reaon har a saphtine dtebaton. The rover snl I eed ep by step nF a, ae net en. sto at ad saga rao he a tis tlyot coobiaed fing by method of ceive approtimatins {sith To sar the sluion, a cain peste dtibton Is Geol, the footing aeued to be iy gd sad the Esrbadon is sumed planar. 9 the tas of this resire he destin (ree ie) of the Footings etn bythe ‘or ehsioweiit method. By “Tckng” We footing In his cape foting poston sje oat the wed facta po css withthe resaast ofall applied fore. This ated fr cic ine pratt the Sint approinatio. A scoed tay be made from th ft cats rom a sea of iit ine and te it curve, oy sng ome oe ro. For footings Seng snl than he slo by hs ebod ay ot conver eres nr rmiing the eae Hine, the foting I vided ito w numberof ‘Angieesci20 19078) 0048) 2Scama DEE esa a Feat ' ass ‘agp Sam ‘cag toe 2st 4 tes io" 90) Si rst fer a7 200" or00% 4 . agggusss~ —ineo0e Tere a . * Ta aeeroaee hae st 3 ‘ "es -aod BB somone ‘ Sa node od ‘eh eto Wt igs [LEE 0 te s toe of 00) ond (2) ‘oem st ot (2) octonn (607) agp ote Seat ge staat rem, * Sa (2) carci tc 20 4084: (2 te sat wee oO Soret (aon = 228.3755 3 ite 21=203043000~5950"% ae — sw Pesoe mre" ‘Arcane oneap one smn bp oom J TTT eesty slim Sin 15, Madan czaechs ton sesat) Moret EEte-ses-(2m-sesancens-sooen) werenoe — Bta-zeo0}mon-rsoet) BY=0—5284n+80008-«S00086 7500020 eens SESE ewe mene TT) a mes ‘roo oumean roms $73 D, Dein of combed fig by mehod of ate dence. The fie a ee et to onsitng of veto, sui f equ legth h Inn of tng apport cutter yet co ts pael pits a, Pate DES, ‘he fores andthe recon, Ry vr hod bane acordig fo wal were: nov rash for oval wens Dediesion =» od Moment = 215% et =Ge-e8208 og fey ar Ee ee ‘niluuate by «mineral example shown in Pte DE 73 1, Divide the footing iat to 64g egts = es He aot CS gale CBP apm x ES livers 2 Le dB be the aetna, or election tpt gb. The sell ction a Bn dk By seeToe foning wer the applied lds od te eqvivaeat reas sould (sty the eqns or quia eM = Oand ZY = 0. Wate spac for he EM = at any panel points und ZY =O forte ‘ole en intemas f 4,B, Ce §, Sethe sinutneou quaon for vale of 4, BG . ‘essen tht his med requires ery tear. The oly ous work {be salatoa of imataneos equations With te advent of etre The oct fordeuniaig the alone baring pee er tod mat funda ws dott in Chap © Hover oc sppred ons ma of 207% 50 fox re cn witha eet teens espe onsen ote Mat Funan tt {bet oe nego rome te vo andthe Tenge teen dos ot gph te ee ls of ped fotags, Thee. fe, alvaie bag presere for tat ooiaon cant pir nn thor otis cna ar a tele! ncn Fo at "Gem et ne, a Tenn somal esas pbs i: esa a {dnp of mat dant on tnd pe (= WPRR, + 4100489 DK, os t= 309% 0 ‘whew and y= sora ol pre ener mt foundation, pes 1 = mbar ef lor pr fot is andar penton et 2 = eae denen of he meth D = depth of fanatin, ‘Au sod i,» redone te Fi 4, Se. 638 Tae tne fa hl ed, 74 Design of Mat Foundations 4A Deo mt ft cen i mn coe ‘eit ed hit med a et ub lad a an eaonor ar oxounne $75 exingperspint heBt f he mt lom x aa aton ‘here fe cel ofthe bensng prune wl he eof on erat oso Sng on hema Te prs a ‘sy te eid oar woe “Tie moun cl ef al dre computed wing ead secon nan oth el aig csc of it ‘it ofl ow leer Tr wi fb a, tore ‘Sayan eid lege te oe ‘erator by tld ering sone ass. “ae nse he re ton ey eed ty te dann em = 224 voty+ Dobe whe = tl nd on eat, 4 tol eat eo 7 = conte fy ge it he mt it pet te States pg ag ee of i = toy tite of eet 17, — moment tn tr of mat wh opto he andy ser repety. or a mor eed dan oa pee Gtibtin of ety luted tng nS 9. fete a city feng may cae ay site iota xs ev hts eae opine of ~ ‘cmt shod te ade re cre: Te eal es sy oa ‘Sem ecco core of th mat ye nerd ye of Neem tore hr O61) Ss ttre nck {be bday. rs on mitre ed sxsomi oppo ie ‘two eto mat cr ih ors co re of Miho attereduet fe se mt nae on vse io ch ot to perpen na “ame ber ont ingon say on ag rst ee a Zuo te ale ons fc ce aoe a) Slut oral neces Te oa tg mons lags ch tinue team of omen ro hon “Aon ta shard moe fees fe ced ye sche sng tc ese ons tn Foal nin eo ne tal pre ‘uaa spine ea thw est eh telog cach ston my be rived. Ie mot ca, honee, th ation of ‘bonent ad shear i often fr dees fom te merge vse. Ths oak aa llsated by a skp eampleshowa i Fig 7-11, Theol bending sansa on secon oat equal tothe dfs betren tn poate (eson onthe bottom of dab) ds tothe si resco und the sep ¢ ‘moment due the clu ond, Letts the ct total moment oS Bee ee ‘hisoet onvat dvd by length <—<~e eesion 2a Bat iis sina ‘his case thatthe rp ised {0 a postive moment ted ihe spe 141 tac ning von ot bjt te pave mone, Seine om ‘The arene moment netiodce ofthe sgn and the marae of he _enling nomen inthe inv stipe, 1s oder to obtin sore ena othe ope init of stress, ach sp tounded by cate nes of column bay may beamed depen, | f2tdewus 0: combi fotngs. Fall clus se ted sate sod © racoa andr each stip ls dtemiae! without rence (0 he sae, tibuton determined with the mat sx whole Ths wed uadesscay, set very igh strees Benue incr te tworwey aeons eae Thswlore ces arity reduction in tse (or camps 1S per ce ‘2 ssune ead known, end we shown on het Tf Pte DES Tae ‘atid of alles ods und wall lads 0, © and eee eters, ‘Toes ia i or th mata. Th eto of he mat dg Te te det tenn! ye ae go 2 , Bl 2g24) tht prom rin ma sea nie end sn cl ean a stn nou ca ke (aa {= 300066 t= 20000 pu Abie Deaing pasar y= 8% caf te ime, _| | ae ae el Wat bed» $008 1 wea seat ln 7 Ht tb Bv~ s30-220ra7arioi-baseiess24+4)+091963) +2500" 388 “3 = AE F022) gh Po ftsvee E8000) 9 Ty me 28 shown ty7 8910-130 syn grasnsositeseaoont t0183-25-MEw2ss 1s 4s0syes!= 0a0018 BRE 20182 B85) «60m! mm < 5m on Sort mmEE Ter onion Lecco meme ar Se ee eonnen 3 oes Shan Soo vometos) ote T3n3 ny 3231/88) -Siten ses = seen, eet stor awn tine = pean? = 7260 iain Lim @ = hearer = 130% - Oo bicget nese” onli ot erly 350°% Ta epentne @ 2-6 ot ton 400 TT, pcom ie prising son oe mame ee mone Sirona Tewentim @) 0-6°eGe bond cine wonton “166 tee ond Tian Tonkin @) 16°C" ond ve aanie = 528 pot) wn 88 ove ‘a ster in beam ob Sc (asec ot hear on poe 19 enon or ronoacene 179 1B, sgn of mut oadton by med of Sate eens. Tie tod i ‘wd on he amumin tht the saree a be sated by = bof orl sued col springs with «sping eonstaa (ein of abe fade rato "The ferential equation fo deton of ach a a foundations where Gh = BY 4 2 Pee a = sabre reaction per wit ae fmt, = concent of sbgrade retin, = detection, D ~ cgi of te at, = “a Fmd of ec, 1 = ikaw mat, = Pasa’ ro. Equation (7) coriponds to Ea. (74) in See. 7.58. To solve the seen equation above by Site erence, the mat it ed ito Sour arash). Inthe cae of an nero pola, plat aia Fg 712), {be detection a point canbe expres by a rence xation i tem desions ute ajaco pats to he ge op, and Batty TB diene eqonon Se Het at men atte oF he notations, Wn epee dleton at pons at siteeace equation above i dingrammatily spree by Fg 7120). “The dferense eatin: Torche pints ofthe network te shown sila sven nat foundation, oct serene uation cn be writen for ‘ach point of inesecuon By sohng these smalancos equations, the ‘etections a al pints re etme The exeations canbe wed aily wih pl camper. — ——e077 seamwor nar romans 181 After the defections knows the endag more any pin in cach rion can be detrei. From they fey ts kaon Mya Me where A, = bending manent pr unit stip in eto, 1M; = bending maent ie the sietion not ining te ince ofthe Bening moment inthe mean, ~ bending ome in the yireton nt nang the nese othe ealng momen the s-reton, By wing te eit ities operons, E. (7-2) the toa bending monet ‘a tsipin her cection canbe essed fran tro ee ee ee ‘he prosedre of analysing 2 nat foundation by te method of fite sees sated by spe ample shown in Plate DET, A sgn footing 1 x 10 is sibjeced ta ema ond Q ~I00A* Tis eagle fs worked ou by Rising (18). Due te syst in tw ditions, thee ae only 13 unknowas nthe network of 64 pits The eeaton asranged and tabled os sbt 2 Pte DE 7-7 Te toltion fo ea ‘ions ate shown athe oom ofthe tae. Wi tht vale the bd semen! a any point ci be eculted. For example at pint 2, beding Om — 2 4 Dg — De 30 in, The res of beng moment along the centerline f this Footing is shown na gph onset of Pate DET. “he aturacy of the ft method depends upon tenant of retworks vided. When the ures ae coniery larger than he sof clan, "he eae are ey untae acento th clean. Ths iy can Be ‘veteoms, hoveve, by inedacing ibvson of te eeork act to {he columns. For diftene eqiatbas lovtiag tabi rene ideo texboots of neil matose, fr expe Mares Newrsr, nd Austin (198. Unrate, eel ne ms fenton te ‘quel in racial problems ven whdviors a eloped te na ets ey i tn 1 a hi