8 General Concepts and Constraints of Design of Rotating Machines 81, Relation between rating and dimensions of rotating machines, The purpose of this section is to try to relate the rating of rotating machines to their main dimensions. A few general equations are developed which are applicable to all types of rotating machines i.e. d.c., induction and synchronous machines. However, it may be emphasised here that design is a complex process and many factors which affect design of different types of machines cannot be incorporated into a set of few general equations. Some design coue-pts and constraints are being introduced here nv. to demoastrate the complete proc'ss of design of all types of raachines, but to show in a general manner, how the size an.d shap: of a_machin+ are reluel to its rating. The Jutuiled design’ and influe’ factors of different types of mrchin>s are given lator in this text, 8141, Symbols, Tire various symbols used in thi Dexarmature diameter or stator bore, m ; L=stator core length, m 5 cd rps. 5 esesynchronous speed r.ps. p=number of poles ; a=number of parallel paths ; ‘t=pole pitch, m : Z=total number of armature or stator conductors ; swction are as follows : ‘Pya=tuens per phase ; Ze=zcurrent in each conductor, A ; Ke=winding factor 5 Te=armature current, A; Ipa=current per phase, A; B=back emf, V5 Ep»=induced emf per phase, V ; P=*rating of machine, kW ; Pe=xpower developed by armature, kW ; Q=kVA rating of machin» $12, Main Dimensions, ‘The armature diameter (or stator bore) D and armature (or sta.or) core length Z are known as the main dimensions of a rotating machine. Refer to Fig. 8'1. 813, Total Loadings Total Magnetic Loading. ‘The total flux around the armature (or stator) periphery at the air gap called the total magnetic loading. Total magnetic loading=pO 1, Main dimensions of rotating machines, Total Electric Ivading. ‘Vhe total number of ampere conductors around the arma- ture (or stator) periphery is called the total electric loading. Total electric loadings Z . (82)‘GENERAL CONCEPTS AND CONSTRAINTS 495 814, Specific Loadings. ‘Iwo types of lnadings are specifivd which are the star= ting point in the design of rotating electrical machines, cp be Specifie Wagnetic Luding. The average tux density over the «i> gap of » machine is known as specific magnetic loading, Specific magnetic loading . total flux around the air gap. 7 ‘area cf fx pat zip wi). 289) =* A ‘ 4) 2. Specific Rlectrie Loading. The wamber of armature {or stator) aepere conduc tors per metre of armature (or stator) periphery at the sir gap is Known speeiBe electric loading. Specific electric loading ampere conductors Ie % phery at air gap xd? 815, Output Equation, The output of « machin can he exprsc-l an terms o! i specific magnetic and elect sand speed ip is known as Output Equation. 114 o:tpu bing this relations : important machines are given belo 1, D.G. Machines, Power developed by armature in kW generated cmfX armature current lo =: AL6x 1 * But b= 0mm @ Pa yon X10? =(0)(7 z je 10°%=(p)(1,2)n.x 107* ...(8'6) (as L=To]a) Hence Po=(total magnetic loading)(tatal electric lna:ting)(speed in r-p.s.) x 107% Therefore, basically the output of a dc. machine is determined by the total loadings. This is true of a.c. machines as well, A suitable design is nots however, determined by totel loadings ; intensi y of loadings is a major influencing factor. ‘This is hecause active materials are iron and copper and the extent to which they are utiliza! i: determined by specific loadings. We have, Specific magnetic loading B. = Fe or pO=DL Bur. Specific electric loading oom or LZ=nD av. Substituting the values of p® and fel in Eqn. 8°6, we get Po=(nDL Ber)(D ac)wX 10 = ("Ban 00 10-*)D*In =C.DILn where Gy=ntBer a0 10 Eqn, 88 is the output equation of ad.c. machine, Quantity vis termed as the oulput co-efflcient, We should not confuse the power Pe developed by the armature with rated output P of the machine, Also distinction must be made between generator and motor action Consider a dee. shunt machine acting as a generator. ‘The prime mover must supply friction,1 ELECTRICAL MACHINE DES:GN windaye and iron lowes which do not exist in the absence c* rotation. The armature supp- lies its own coppr loss and also the field copper loss, Power developed by armature for a generator P,=output power-+armature I*R loss+field I*R loss. =P-+armature [48 loss j-field "B loss input power—friction, windage-and iron loss =P/n—(friction, windage and iron loss) +=(8°10) With the sam machine acting as a motor, the J*R losses are taken from supply and the friction, wind ge and iron losses are supplied by the armature, Therefore for a motor : Pa=P+ (friction, windage and iron.loss) 2(8 11) The difference between armature power and the rated output is not large especially in the case of large machines. Therefore in the case of large machines, for initial calculations, we can negiect friction, windage and iron losses. . Po=P/n for generatori (8°12) =P for motors (8°13) But in small machines there is a considerable difference between the armature power and rated output as the friction, windage and iron losses are relatively large and thus ca. not be neglected. Let us compute the armature power of a small motor having an output P and efficiency 9, Output=P and input=P/n. se Total lostes =2-pap(). a a The friction, windage anil iron losses of a small motor may be tik:n ay rd of the total losses. +. Fiiction, windage and iron lone (>) 7 Hence power developed by armature of.a motor. Pom P+(friction, windage and iron losses) creep) vo Similarly for a small generator P. -?Be. A815) 2, AG, Machines. Consider an ‘m’ phase machine having one circuit (par lel path) per phase. kVA rating of machine Q=number of phasesX output voltage: per. phase Xcurrent per phase X 10> =m FpalpsX 107, Terminal voltage of each phase may be taken equal-to tte induced emf per phase. We have, Induced emf per phase E=4°44f 0 Tp Kw. 5. Qremxd:dtes © TyaKwX Ip 10-* But S=pni]2 ‘Therefore we can write, Q=mx4°44 (pne]2) © Tin Ko Lax 10+ 111 Kuy(p@)(2m Lpn Ppa) 107,GENERAL CONCEPTS AND CONSTRAINTS AT ‘Now current in each conductor La=Jya (as there is only one circuit per phase. ‘Total number of armature conductors Zeenumber of phases (2>.tuens per phic): -2m Tye, Se Total electric loading=/e 2=2m Iph Toa. Hence, Q=I11 Ke (p0)(Fe Z)mex 107 (816) MUI Ke (total magnetic loading)(total clecttic loading) (synchro- nuts speed X10 But pO=NDL By and Ia Z=nD ac Substituting these values in Eqn. 8°16, we have QaUU Kos (RDL Bor) (8D acne 10° =(I'11 mt Bay a¢ KX 10) =(11 Bay ac Ke 10%) DLm A817) =C, DAL m (818) where Cy 11 Bey ac KX 10-* +-(B.19) Eqn. 8°18 is koown as the output equation of an a.c. machine, Quantity Cy is called the output co-efficient. 6. Factors affecting size of rotating machi (Eqns. 8°8 and 8°18) of d.c. and ac. machines, we obs.rve that product #1, will decrease with increase of speed! and/or increase of output co-efficient. The vilume of active parts of a rotating machine is (w/4)D2Z and evidently therefove the volume of active parts and hence the size and the cost of the machine decreases with incrvase in sp-rd znd/or increase in the value of output co-efficient. : Let us elaborate on these points further f. Speed. It is clear from Eqns. 8'8 and 8°18, that the volume of active parts varies inversely as the speed. ‘Thus fir the same output 1 machine designed with greater specd will have smaller size and hence lesser cost as compared to a machine designed with smaller speed. Thcrefore, whenever a choice has to be made (when the speed is not specified and is the designer to decile), the highest practical speed rating shguld be selected. However, in special circumstances, the maximum spced may be limited by mechanical stresses in the armature materials. 2, Outpat coefficient. From Eqns. 8°8 and 6°18 we gather that the volume of active parts is inversely proportional to the value of output co-efficient Cy. Thus an increase in the value of Cy results in reduction in size and cost of machine and so looking from the economics point of view the value of output co-efficient Oy should be as high a pouible. Now the output co-efficient is, Cy=n* Bey 6X 10° for a d.c. machine =11 Bar ae KX 10 for an a.c, machine OyeK BeeXce, where K is a constant. 8, Examining output equations or in general Since the output coefficient ix proportional to product of specific magnetic and specific electric loadings we conclude that the size and hence alto the cost of machine decreases i created valuet of specific magnetic and specific clectric loadings ate ured. ‘Thus from commer cial standpoint, it is desirable to push the valuesof specific loadings as high as possible to reduce the dimensions of the machine, How much high they should be purhed is decided by, the designer by analysing the effect of increased loadings on performance» characteristics of machine ari onl af anctnets aot the only important aspect of machine design. If high values of {oadings are uied some performance characteristics like temperature rite, efficiency, power458 BLECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN factor (in case of induction motors) aud couimutation conditions (in case of d.c. machines) are adversely affected and this point cannot be lost sight of. In fact su. fi values of specific Joadings should be selveted which give a design that complies with specifications relating to formance required and at the same time gives a machine having maximum reliability and efficiency together with minimum cost 8-417, Choice of specific magaetic loading. ‘Ihe choice of specific loading is influenced by certain fact me of these factors are general in nature te. apply to all types of machines an] sp c'fic and apply to individual machines. ‘The aim here to -l factors that influence the choice of specific loadings for all types machines. The factors which affect the choice of loadings far a particular type of machine whether dc or in luction type ete. are discussed in details along with its design later in this book. ically, the specific magnetic loading i dt termined by : -aximutn flux d-nsity in iron parts of machine, i) magnetizing current, and (iii) core losses, (i) Maximura flax density in iron, The maximum flux density in any iron art i finitely below a crrtain limiting value depending 1 used. The fiux density in iron parts is directly proportional to the average ir gap i.e specific magnetic Inwling as is shown by Eqn. 820. Ina well designed machine che maximum flux density occurs in the teeth of the machine and therefore let us relate the finx density in the teeth with flux density in the air gap. Relation between flux density in teeth aad average flax density in air gap, Let us consider a non-salient pole machine having § armature slots. wDL =D oy b= Baw ye L e slot pitch 2° Flux over one slot pitch 2? =p. Bey + yemslot pitch=nD/8, Ifwe neglect saturation the entire flux over a slot pitch is carried by the tooth (Fig. 8°2). where cs ~Paralel roe Tete | seed stot b-. 4 Tapered tooth Fig. &2, Flux over a slot pitch. Fig. 83. Armature with tapered teeth, Area of flux path in each tooth=width of tooth x core length= Wil. ity i w_fluxineach tooth pp wl op ve J+ Flux density in tooth Bom SOx Ht Cage S00 Bar Foe Ban Inasailent pole machine, the flux is concentrated over the pole arc and therefore the teeth which are under the pole arc carry whole of the flux and hardly any flux is carried by the teeth lying outside the pole arc. Hence flux density in the tenth of salient pole machines is Bae fe ean (8°20)GENERAL CONCEPTS AND CONSTRAINTS 459 Me ++(8'22) where Bo=maxinium flux density in the sv gap, and =ratin of pole are t» pole piteh From Eqns #20 and 821 ir is char that the Mux tens matter flux density in any part of the miguetic eirauth s sinetly proport magnetic lording, Tet us comider dhe ease of a salient pal anuchin Woh Bil Bo=myioe. Thus fs a machine of given dimensions ratio Be!Bas é. constant and theretore if Beis not to exceed a maximum specified limit (2010 Z2 Whim? ra the cae of de machives), specific, magnetic Ioading hit to be kept b low a certain limiting value. ‘Taking a specific example of acl.c. michine with tooth width equal to stot width and G20 66, we have as m= Wet We and Wee. We and therefire Br=lylG Ws) Bar==(2/9) Boom (2]0 66) 2B, and if Beis ty be limited to 2:1 Wh{m?, the value of Baw shoubi nor cxeerd 2 1 i= 7 ‘Wh/m’*, Machines using ree paralld sided lots hase tapered oh. cnd therefore the tooth width is not the some ovr 1 sEtooth (ser Tin. 8 This gives differ values of ux density in weth at diferent heights. ‘The maximear value of flue density tecth occurs where the tooth smaellest fe. at the roct of the seetis in the cast of de machines and at a section near the air gap for synchronous m.chits. y in the t eth (and for that al to specific ve, 2 Maw In big machines which have targe diameters, the taper of t-th is vot significant. and therefore the width of teeth is almost the same over their ¢ hcight. However in smal machines which have smaller diameters, the taper of teeth is very. pronouseed and conse quently the ratio Bil Du is very large at the section where the teeth have tre smallest width and hence for a given maximum value of must be reduced. In general, therefore, sinall machines have lower specific magni ing current, ‘The magnetising.curreut of a machine is divectly pro portional to the mmf required to force the flux through the air gap and iron parts of the machine ‘The mmf required for air gap is directly propor- tion] to the gap flux density i.e. the specific_mag- Sotvration netic loading. As far as the iron parts are concern- ed, we have seen carlicr that the value of flux density in them depends upon the value of specific magnetic loading. , If'a small value of specific mag- t kone netic loading is chosen, the flux density in the iron F parts is low and therefore these parts are worked [: ‘on the linear or knee portion of the B—H curve NL uneor (Fig. 8°4). This requires a small or even negligible value of mmf for iron parts, as H, the romf per metre length is very small for flux densities on the linear + and knee portions of the curve. However, if a large value of specific magnetic loading is ascumer, the flux density in iron parts (especially teeth) may be such. as to work these parts in the saturation region of the B—H curve. It is clear from Fig. 8°4 that if iron parts are worked in the saturation region, the mmf per metre length and consequently the mmf required for iron parts is excessively large. ‘Thus a large value of ‘fic magnetic loading results in increased values of magnctising mmf and hence of magne+ tising current. —T— BH curve,Aae . ELECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN ving of magastising current is not usually a serious desiga consideration in dc. there is ample space on salient pole: to accommodate the required rumber of fri However, in inductio motors, the consideration of magnetising current is very Sipoetant as an increased value of magnetising current means a Jow operating power factor. Tnvrelure specific magnetic Igading in the case of induction motors is lower than that in dc. machines For synchronous’ machines the magnetising current is not so critical and the vaine of spccilie magnetic loading intermediate between dc. and induction machines may Me uae 1 (1) Gore loss, The area of cross-section of iron parts of the magnetic circuit of a machine is flux carried by the part. 1 fiux density in the part B is subjected to alternating magastiz tio », there will be core loss init. The loss per unit volum> or weight is approximitely proportional to square unit volume ac BY, thoy ‘specie: are lass of the flax leasity or iron los Now total core losssloss per unit volume X volume ‘=loas per unit volume X area Xlength & B4x(1/B) ¢ B (26 the length of flux path.is constant though not strictly). Thus we find that the cove loss in any part of th magnetic circuit is directly propor- tional to fx density for which it is going to be designed, (It should be noted that it not true for an existing machine for which the iron less is preportional to 51), Since the flux density in any part of the magnetic circuit is proportional to the specific magnetic loading, we conclude that the core loss in a machine varies directly as the specific magnetic loading. ‘Thus a large value of specific magnetic loading indicates an increased core loss and c»nsequently a decreased efficiency and an incressed temperature rise, ‘a given specific magnetic loading, the core loss increases as the frequency of reversals is increase |. This is because the hysteresis loss is directly proportional to the frequency and eddy current lows is prop tional to the square of the frequency. It follows that for high dic. machine or high frequency a.c. machines, specific magnetic loadings must be reduced in order to get lower iron loss s0 that reasonable values of efficiency may be -m: tained. For example B-» in 50 Hz induction motors is about 0°45 Wh/mt, while in 400 Hz duction servomotors it is about 0°25 Wh/m* and even this value is made possible only by using more expentive lamination materials having lower specific core loss. ‘The specific magnetic loading may be increased slightly with increase in size of machine for the following reason : For a given frequency and flux density, the specific iron loss of the materiai is con- ‘tant. Thus for two machines having linear dimensions in the ratio of z : 1, core loss would be in the ratio 24 : 1 (see Eqa. 8°30). But the outputs of the two machines are approxima. ely in the ratio 2*: 1 (see Eqn. 8°27). Thus for the same specific magnetic loading, the + proportional to S- or -. ‘Therefore percentage core lous decreases percentage core los: wvith increase in size. It follows, that for the same percentage core loss in the two machines, pecific magnetic loading may be increased slightly fur the larger machine. 8418, Choice of specific electric loading ‘The following factors infinence the choice of specific electric loading +GBNERAL CONCEPTS ATD CONSTRAINTS 461 ___ 1. Premissible temperatere rise, An armature of a raiating mochine is shown in Fig 8°5. For this machine, let > Z=total number of armature conductors, ‘S=number of armature slots. ay=area of each conductor, p-=resistivity of conductor material, and Becurrent density. ‘therefore, if we consider a slot pitch, ampere conductors per metre for this portion are wtih Tl Wale 0 = AIS _ Lil " where Z=Z/S=number of conductors Fie, #5. Stove and tecth of armature per slot. 7 Resistance of slot portion of cach conductor=pl/ar L ER Joss in slot portion of cach conductor=I:" a e 2 IMR loss in each slor=2e EEE. Heat produced ina slot is dissipated over the surface over one slot pitch. Considering only the cylindrical surface, heat dissipating surface S \ he Loss Jissipated per unit area of art-ature surface ge==p— a eet ad z ° Now gees Zelysand Be ljae . mac 8p sal 8'28) Therefore, other things being equal, heat : face is pre portional to specific electric loaciing, It should be noted that we have not taken into covideration the heat dissipating surface of the overhang. This is quite reasonable since Eqn. 823 is normally not used quantitatively. ‘Temperature rise 0=Qe/S (See Eqn. 5°52) where Qis the loss to be dissipated, S the dissipation surface and ¢ the cooling co flicient. ‘Loss dissipated per unit area g=Q/8. Hence temperature rise @=ge=mae p 8 ¢. Sk Specific electric loading ao=é/p 8 From Eqn. 8:23, it can be concluded that the limiting value of sp-cific ol ing ae is Gxed by maximum allowable temperature rise @ and the cooling ¢o-efic ethets of different factors is discussed in details below. (i) Temperatare rise Its apparant from Eqn. 8°24 that a high value of specific lect loading can be used in a machine where a high maximum tempsratupe rise is allowed. ‘The maximums allowable temperature rise of a machine is determined by the type of insulating. issipated per unit urea of armature tur-462 PLECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN materials used in it. For example organic material like cotton, paper and many varnishes may be worked upto a maximum temperature (not temperature rise) of 105°C. whil: inorganic Materials like mica, asbestos, and glass fibre bounded with silicone can wishy stand a tempera- ture of 1#0°C without deterioration. Hence when better quaiity insulating tmatcrials, which can withstan-! high temperature rises, xre used in machines, increased values of specific electric Toading can be u 10D my Maximum permissible specific electric loading. 65, ac xT XOXO OR =26700 ampere conductors per metre. Example 89. For a certain dc. generator the core lose is 1000 W and the armatu: resistance ts 0°025 0. The cure and windings form a cylinder 0-25 m long and 0°25 m in diameter. Specific loss dissipation is 230 W/m’. Culeulate the apecifie *lectric loading wMech would reault in windings and core having a temperature rise of 40°C. The machine ix wave wound with 270 armature conductors. “Aasume that the heat is dissipated from the eylindrical surface only. /230==0°.0435, Solution. Cooling co-efficient ¢=1/ Dissipating surface SmeDL=n x0 25 0'25=0'1965 m?. ‘Maximurn allowable power dissipation from armature surface 50 _ 0'1965x40 Oe FR Hen0 Ww. Maximum allowable I*R loss==18110—1000=800 W. s+ (a)®X0'025=800 or armature current Ia=180 A. Current in each conductor [r= T«/a==180/2=90 as ame? for wave windings, EZ _90x270 RD “RX025 =31000 ampere conductors per metre. Specific electric loading ao~ 2H 82, Variation of output and losses with linear dimensions, Consider two ‘machines of the same type with all their linear dimensions in the ratio: 1 and: having the same speed, flux density and current density. Let the machine with linear dimensions z times be called A and other machine B. Output. From Eqns. 8°8 and 8°17, we have for any type of machine : Output & Bs ae DEL n. Since flux density Ber and speed » are constant therefore, output &, ae D*Z,.UENERAL CONCEPTS AND CONSTRAINTS “ IZ _(8ax)Z z Ne on 1E, _ (Cal? ace Bae ow ome wD . “ = * since area of each conductor a; % z*, diameter /! x 2 and current density 8 is constant and ® and Z have just numerical values Wenave = hast and Lae 2 Output crx xe ot xf, Therefore, the output of machine A is 2 times the vutput of machine B. Tosses PR loss=number of conductors X copper loss in each conductor GX Ue Lmaidonts Lmtyx (das » # X volume of active portion of conductors. Now current density 8 and'resistivity p are constant c+ PRioss % volume of conductors o 2%. Thus the copper loss of machine A is 2% time that of machine B. ‘The specific iron toss (4. loss per unit volume) remains constant if the flux density is constan.. Total iron tov joss per unit volume Xvolume of iron & volume of iron ac x*. Roth /*R and iron losses vary as the third power of linear dimensio 2 Total losses ot 23, ‘This means that total losves of machine A are 2? times thore of B. out i$ Efficiency. Efficiency y= — Output. a ' outpnt-Hlosses “at Ra* 1) K/z * From above it is clear that 9 increases with inerease in z. It fotlows, therefore, that the larger machines are inteinsically more efficient. This explains iu part’ why fractional horsepower motors have efficiency of the order of 60 percent o1 less and. larg turbo-alternue tors have efficiencies of the order of 98 per cent. Cooling. ‘The heat dissipating surface is proportional to the square of linear dimen sions or 8 a a, ‘We have, temperature rise, OSE = an losses oc = eee. If we assume cooling co-efficient ¢ to remain constant, 6 a z. Therefore it is evident that the temperature of machine A is 2 times that of machine B. The variation of temperature rise dircetly with linear dimensions (although it ie ateictly not correct as with increase in dimensions, the rotor diameter increases and + does the peripheral speed and therefore the ventilation conditions in the machine arr improved which lower the value of ¢) This is certainly a serious situation 2¢ normally the machines are operated over very narrow range of temperature rises say about 60°C for Claw A inealation, about 70°C for class H insulation and, therefore, we must resort to some outride methods to bring down the value of cooling co-efficient © for big machines inorder that their temperature rise is within maximum allowable timits. Although to a lirted extent the increased natural fanning action of roton: of big machines due to their high peripheral speeds, helps inmproving the ventilation conditions in the machine but forced cooling eventually breamer enential, Thus at the size of machine increases,468 ELECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN better ventilation and cooling conditions have to be provided in the machine in order to keep its temperature rise within limits. This explains in part why fractional. horeepower motors can be entirely self-cooled while large turbo-alternatore require mire elaborate and sophisticated cooling achemes. It may be pointed out here that unless we incorporate better cooling methods in big machines due to which the heat generated in the machine is taken away it will be impossi- ble to work these machines to deliver higher outputs as the high temperature rise brought about by higher lowes will damage the insulation. Thus simply increasing the dimensions of the machine will not help us in taking higher output from it, but we have to provide better cooling facilities to protect the insulation from deterioration’ caused by higher losses that follow higher outputs. Current Density. Tn the analysis done till now we hav: assumed a constant value for current density. But it is not possible to maintain constant value of current density. for larger sizes of machines even though we employ forced cooling and if current density 3 is not maintained constant the specific electric loading ac is not therefore proportional to 2. The current density is greatest in small machines, diminishing considerably with increase in size, However, in large turbo-altemnators which employ direct cooling of conductors the value of current density can be appreciably increased. Table 8'1 gives normal values of specific magnetic loading, Bee, specific, electric loading, ae, and current clensity, 8, usually used in practice. ‘These values are for a tempera- ture rise 40°C. For a temperature rise of 50°C, the values given in Table 81 may be increased by 7°5% for Bur, 7'5% for ac, and 15% for 8. ‘The values are also based upon peripheral speeds between 15 to 40 m/s. 83, Separation of DandL. The value of product D'L can be obtained by ing Eqns. #8 and 8°17 but additional data is required hefore this product can be further split up into its components D and L. The factors which influence the relative values of D and Lare different for different types of machines. 8-31, Separation of D and L for d.c, machines, (i) Machine proportions, One factor in determining the value of core length is the ratio of cor Inngth to pole pitch as it determines the proportions of the pole. ‘The pale section which necestitates the smallest weight of copper for the field winding is_ circular, sinca its periphery is the smallest for a given area. Therefore, the mean length of turn iscmali:st with circular poles than with any other form uf pole ‘ection. However, circular pls ‘tate the use of solid pole section. Modern practice is to use laminated pole: as thei ss» recults in reduction of production costs and therefore rectangular section poles are use. ‘ie dimensions of the machine arc decided by the square pole criterion. This ‘eazes that, for riven flux and cross area of pole, the length of mean turn of field winding 1 minitnum whi 1 the periphery forms a square. This means the length Z must be approximately equal to the pole arc_or L=b=r. ‘The value of Y is usually between 0°64 to 0'72 and therefore the ratio L/t is 0°64 to 0°72. However, in practice Lis slightly greater than pole arc 6 and therefore Z/t is usually bet- ween 0°7 to 0°9, (ii) Peripheral speed. The peripheral speed of armature (Va limiting factor to the value of diameter. The peripheral speed should not exceed about $0 m/s as this speed does not call for ‘any special rotor construction. However, if this speed is exceeded, the banding wires on the overhang have to be made especially strong. (Git) Moment of Ivertla, For machines used in control systems, a small moment of inortia in dasirablz. At -am21t of inoetin is approximately proportional to D'Z, the dia- ®Dn) is sometimes aone 10 conse C0 ons 060 00rE to oosce 0 00005 05.0 ons 09.0 0stz 9.0 oosit 59.0 oo wormpuy ata jaugnbs SHEPOW =H 0S 2604e | ‘eSeppeoy ogpeds “1.871901,470 ELECTRICAL MACHINE DFSION meter should be ina te as small as feasible for machines meant control system applications, Conversely, a high inertia machine may be required for impact-loa applications and such ‘machines are designed for large diameter. (ie) Voltage between adjacent segments. The maximum cor leneth is fixed by the maximum voltage that can be allowed b tween adjacent segments, The maximum voltige between adjacent segments Bom = 2Bom LV aTe where Bow =maxitnum sir gap flux density under load convtitions, and Texsturns per coil Taking typical limiting values Bem=30 V, Bea 1'2 Wb/m?, m/s and Te=1 (single turn coils are used for large machines), we have 30=2x 12x L%30%1 or L204 m. m of valne obi but it must be clear that large dic. meters rather than large core lengths. This is only an indics machines shoul | have large d 832, Separation of D and L for induction motors. The operating characteristics ofan induction motor are mainly influenced! by the ratio /./+ i.e. by the ratio L/D for a fixed number poles. ‘The factors influencing this choice are : 15 w2, for good power factor L/t==1'0 to 1°25 1d for good overall design Ljr=1 For minimum est L/r For good efficiency 1) 15, Actually largest values of L/s ratio apply to high voltage machines, where due to the relatively longer core length the flux per pole is increased and thereby number of con- ductors is reduced. ‘This gecatly reduces the cost of insulation. $33, Separation of D and L for synchronous machines. ____4i) Peripheral speed. For large high speed machines Dis fixed by the lim:ting peripheral speed. If this peripheral speed is exceeded, the rotor may become distorted owing to increased centrifugal stresses. Tt, therefore, becomes logical to express the output equation in terms of peripheral sneed. The output equation for a synchronous machine is : Q=(11 Bas ac KX 10") L * we (Han. & 16) and peripheral speed of rotor Vo=nDm, ©. We have. Q=(I1 Besac KwX! ral ee y L vel ™ =(1'11 Bor ae KwX 10) (8°32) An inerease in machine rating will necessitate an increase in D (and Z) until the maxi- raum permissible p ripheral spre ached. Once this happens, the value of D cannot be aucreased further and the only way to get increased output is to increase the length L.. This pesents many difficult mechanical engineering problems connected with critical speed of + tor and also with cooling arrangements for the machine ‘The peripheral specd Ve doesnot necessarily correspond to the synchronous speed of uhe machine as overload speed must be allowed for, especially in the case of hydro-electric. “erators The peripheral spved must be calculated for run away speed which may be ag scl 199 percent in excess of normal speed.GENERAL CONCEPTS AND CONSTRAINTS. am 's for forged steel rotors of turbo-alternators, 1 low speed salien’ pole alternators. The prripto ral sp ed may reach 175m and a value oi hat 60 m/s may be the limit (6) Number of poles, ‘The diameter of the machine - epends upon the number of poles, Ifthe number of poles is large the pitch is small and if a small diameter is used for this machine, there may not be sufficient ren: F Therefore, a large diameter it advisable for m ichises having Liege number of poles (i.¢. for machines working at low speeds), Actually the following empirical relitionship may be used yh (iii) Short circuit rat machines is their short circuit chronous machines, Tn ord should be used However, a short core length is advantageous s critical speed and reduces the wakage between pole , {ctor infhu neing the design of syncn-onous tin (SCR). "This is discussed int details in the chapter on syne to obtain o high value for short circuit ratio, long core length nce it is easy to cool, has a higher dies. 84, Standard frames. Apart from a few spceial machines, the manufacture of all modern motors for industrial «ppl sis coueestrated into a series of standard frames to cover a wide range of power ratings. ‘The general practice i. to limit the number of rated outputs Table 8 2 lists the recommended ratings as per IEG 72 Table 82 Recommended ratings (kW) 00s 0372S ASR 2035450 0 oo oss 37 BS 5S 1080 SS ATS 6880 O12 07S SSS 1] 2807S 500700 Ce ) os ors ot 37 020031545 S60 7501000 ‘These ratings cau be provided with a limited number of standard frames. A frame the “mechanical structure required to howe a stator of given outside diameter De along with its bearings, end covers and terminal and maximum core length J as shown in Fig. 8°6. _A variation in rativg can be obtained by using alternative core lengths less than L such as 0°7 Z or 0°5 L. Suppose a4) kW 750 rpm motor is designed to be housed ina certain frame, the same frame can be used for 37 kW, 750 rpm motor if the length of core is made 07 Dias 45x07 = 37) b—L—t ao7t be Fig. 86. Stator dimensions relevant to frame. The standardization of frame sizes leads to economy. All modern motors of small and medium sizes are built with standard frame sizes as specified in IEG 72 which lists a coherent ‘of main structural dimensions -with centre heights between 56 to 1000 mm, range. (See Fig. 8°7)ant ELECTRICAL MACHINE DESIG) A frame ize is Iesignated by « number which i 1 height (IZ) expressed in mm “Phus frame desugated io Hhas a conse height () of 13D pau, The frame sizes with heights (EZ) bets. 11009 mine cecommen led by TEC are i ‘Vabl ‘The outputs from the standard fram.s ave periadiclly assed to take into account the latest technological Fig. #7, Structural dimensions uf standard frames Table #3. Frame sizes for foot mounted movors, (H==distance centre from shaft to mounting surface). G7 8 90 100 2 432 160 180 200 225 250 BY NS 358 44S 500 630-710-800, 9001000 ‘The frame sizrs used for Foot mounted 3 phase a.c. induction motors are given in Talder! $0 Varr' . structucal dimeasions are indicated in Fig 7. The frame siz in Table 8'4 consists of two patts, the first part giving the figures re- late’ to the actual shaft centre and the second part giving I-tters indicating the frame lengths, Letters being : S_ for short core length ‘M_ for medium core length L_ for long core length. Table 4 shows that the fram: numbers (shaft centre H) are associated with three dillcrent dim-niions values for B, giving small, inedium and long core lengths. However, in actutl practice, only two values are adopted tor B for each frame size. Example 812, In twod.c. motors running at the same spect and having the same number of putea, the physi: dimensions are inthe ratio of 3:2. Compare the outpute, arma- ture 2018 lo-ae8, and copper losses in the two machines. Slate any assumptions made. Solution, We have already analyzed that for two machines having same speed aneitwving linear dimension’ in the ratio of : 1, outputs aro in the ratio 24: 1 and losses are in the ratio 23; 1, These results are ba.ed ov the assumption that the specific magnetic loading and the current density are the same for the two machines. In the given problem, the machines have their linear dimensions in the ratio 3 : 2 or 15:1 and therefore onkoats are in the ratio (1'5)¢2 1 o 5.06 : tear: Yosses are in the ratio (12): 1 or 3937: 1, a0 copper losses are in the ratio (1°5)*: 1 or 3°37: 1.GENERAL CONCEPTS AND CONSTRAINTS avs Table 8 4. Dimensions for foot-mounted ac, induction machines with shaft heights 112—315 mm. Milimetres Frame || — a (number) H A B c K | | max. 12s, m2 190 m | 2 112M 12 190 40 7 2 ab a2 190 139 7 2 12s 132 16 40 ® n 132M 132 216 18 ® 12 os) 132 216 2m ® 2 160s 10 284 18 108 “ 160M 160 254 210 108 4 10 10 24 284 108 “4 1808, 180 9 203 ne “4 180M 180 20 21 m1 “ 10 180 29 29 m1 1" 2008 200 38 228 133 18 200M 200 318 261 133 18 200L 200 38 0s 133 8 25s ns 356 226 49 1" 25M 2s 356 ” rt) 1” sy) 225 356 356 49 8 2508 ‘280 406 “on 168 2 250M 250 406 wo! es 2 @s0L) 250 406 06 168 "2 20s 280 4st 8 190 2 20M 20 an, at 180 2 oy 280 47 4st 190 2 ass 315 508 06 216 a 315M 315 $08 47 “216 a sb 318 508 ee 216 a474 ELFCTKICAL MACHINE DESIGN Example 813. Compare the outputs of theo synchronous machines having linear dimen- sioms in the atin s: Laud sunning al different speeds but subjected to equal erntsifugal atrran Asnume that the swecific magwtie londing end euricut density are the same iu the two ma- chines Solution, kV \ output Qo CoD m= Kolesar % 10 3)D2 Lay Now Ree econstant and ar x if current density is assumed constant Tei. given ia the problem that the: centrifugal stroses remain the same and therefare the peripheral y two machines is the same. P.rploral speed Vane or speed mea I/D @ Liz “. bupa ge axstxex aa asue oc 2, DP or 2%, bo x umd mo Uz Hence the ratio of cutpaty of two machines is : 25 Example 8 14 It hia been estublish'd from teal results that the ratio of tems to oulput of small rotating machines ory approximately ig D* Ln 42 where D, Lm ave reapectively the diameter, length and apred of the machine Pruty thut if the {cmperature rise remaing cons tant the ontpul of a mall machine varies as 1? Ln. Assume conling co-efficient ca’ «!* where Fave the peripheral apred of the rotor. The effective heut dissipating aw face of the machine és proportional to the geometric mean of the eud surfaces and the cylindrical surface of the rotor. losses X cooling co-eflicient dissipating surface _ Ux dissipating surface cooling co-efficient Solution. Temperature tive 8= or loses End surface =2¥ (w/4) DP cc DY and cylindrical surface. =RDL cc DI. NPS DL & DM 1, ec (1 a) MF ce (edn 22 oc DAE 3/2, Dissipating surface Gooling co-efficient pve pre 1 Hence, losses 00 Frm gray © De LM nts, (as 0 is constan.) losses appt get 0 ase 1798 42 (giver, Now, ouput © (given) S. Output ac losses \ DIA nb cc (ALN nl) x DIM alltec J8Ln Example 8:15, The losses ina 11 kW, 3 phase, 4000V, 50 Hz, 1000 rpm induction motor are : PR lossos=950 W, iron loxsra=500 W, and friction and windage loesee=110 W. Find the output losses and efficiency of a similar molér designed with each linear dimension 15 times the !inear dimensions of the given motor. Compare the values «f efficiency of the to motors. Solution, ‘fotal losses of the given motor=-950+4-500-+110=1560 W. Efficiency of the given motors= Toe =0'876GENERAL CONCEPTS AND CORSTRAINTS 475 Ratio of friction and windage loss to output= 1iu/}1000=0°0! or 1%, Output varies ay fourth power of linear dimensions Output of a motor whose linear dimensions of 15 times those of the given motor=(I'5)4X 11=55°7 kW. PR and iron losses vary as the cube of the linear dimensions. PR and iron losses=(950-+500) x (1'5)*= 4893 W. Friction an I windage losses=1% of outputs Lx 55°7x 109557 W. 100 Total losses= 4893-4 557==5450 W. ciency 55700 Efficiency n= o700-F 5450 Example 816. A /1kW, 3 phase, 50 Hz 1500 arpm della connected induetion moter has : stator bore D=0'15 m and core length L=U'06 m. =915% Fotimate the main dimensions of « 3°7 kW, 3 phase, 50 Hz, 1000 srpm delta connected motor having the same loadings as the previous one. The efficiency und power factor are eame. ‘Assume the same L/* rativ. Solution Let subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the Ist and 2nd machine respectively, 1500 2x AG ‘Synchronous speed m4, = a =25 rps. Number of poles p= =o =4 1000 2x50 am eg =1667 ops, re ieey 6 Pole pitch, nate aos. Ratio L/+=0°06/0'118=0'51 oD? KW oy pa, 2, kW. Ouput aCe or sg ao Mm or Wim KN kW, mcossi | Cor KW, mc og " Now the power factor, efficiency and output co-eficients are the same in both cases, 1 3725 Dih= od mn WDsl)= Ty Te gp X10 15)2X(0°06)—68x 10-* me Number of poles is 6 and ratio L/t==0'51 Thus ae =0°51 or L4=0'267D, 7. 0267 D,*=6'8x 10 or Dy=0'29 m and ZL, & 0°08 m. Example 817, A control motor ie required to operate from a 24V d.c. supply and to provide a torgue of 0°5 Nm at 200 rps. The armature length ie to be twice of armature diameter in order to achieve a low polar moment of inertia. Entiinate the main dimensions of the armature. Assume average gap density 0°4 Wojmt nd ‘ampere conductore per metre==8000 since the machine has @ emall rating (6) Assuming that the avsrage density of rotor material is about 8000 by/m*, estimate the polar moment of inertia ofthe armature. It may be assumed that the polar moment inertia of commutator, shaft and overhang ts approximately equal to that of ytinder of magnase,476 ELECTARUd MACHINE DESIG: Solution. (a) Pawer developed by armarure Pb Pw = 05 XIX WX 10 Output co-vfficient Co=n® Bus acX 10 28 kW x 04x 800 X 13 =31°3, Now =0°984X Lo“ me, We have L=2V (given) 3, 2D%=0 984x 10+ o D=365ma and 1573 mm (1) Polar moment of inertia Jamas density x LL=B000x —E- (U 0375x0073, =23 3x10 kgmt Example A 500 EW, 375 rpm dic. generator ig designed with Bor=0°6 W/m* and ac-=35000 umpere conductors per metre und ratio pole arc to pile rv ature ia lap conncled and single turn coile are ward. Find suitable ealure for diameter and length of armature if the macimum vulue of voltage belwern adjacent acgmente ia not to ex eed 30 V ut full loud and the peripheral aperd is not to cxered 30 m/e. Assume the mazi= mum value of gap density at full load to be 1 3 times the maximum value of fluz density at no load. Efficiency at full toad=0 91. Solution, Negleciis if rotational losses, power developed by armature at full load P_ 500 Pom = joi 7250 kW. Speed = 375/60=6°25 rps. Output co-efficient y= m*Boy ac 10"2=n? X06 x 35000 x 10-%=207 5, 550 - 850 499 mi, Now DL TOT SRETS 70423 ms, Taking peripheral speed Ve=20 m/s : Ve ___ 20 Diameter D= nn 7 RX6 DS 1 mand L=042 m. Maximum value of flux density at no load Bs 06 By p = Top A019 Whit, Maximum flux density at load Brm=1'3x0'9=1'17 Wh/mt, ‘Maximum voltage between adjacent segments at full load Eom =2 Bem LV = Pe=2X V'17X0'42X25X1 =246 V. Within limits, Example 819. Select dimensions from the fullowing range for a 25 hp ,400V, 3 phase, 6-pole, 0-He induction motor. The mean gap density is not to exceed 0°45 Wo/m* and specific electric loading is not to excerd 25000 ampere conductor per metre. Calowlate also the turns per phase for the stator winding. I'he produrt of efficiency and prmer factor may be taben a2 0°72 and the motor must be suitable for star delta starting. lator bore m 08s 030 ose 010 o1 om Gore Yengshe ” {ore o16 O18 Aarvme winding factor =0°956. 66. The *-ENBRAL CONCEPTS AND CONSTRAINTS Solution. kVA inpyt to induction motor a BPA 746 _ S5x0 Tay gem ge On Output coefficient (y= 1! Kw Mae ae% 10 110.955 XU 45 x 25000 X 108 18'S, @ 209. Synchronous speed m= = lou tps a a rans, “ Dim = Tate ts TIP ER nt, The DED product for differ ut frame siz i: tabulated below > os os | 03 om | ox | 03 L 010 ow on O16 on 00 DL 625x108 | R7sx1-* | otxio? | isgxto-e | ar6xtu- | 233%10-* From the above table we observe thit the suitable frame size which gives the nearest value of DL is: D=030m and = Le0'16 m 2DL RX0°3X0.16 Flux per pole O= Raga ® © 04520 O13 Wb. Since the machine is to be started by a star_ elta starter, it must be designfd for delta connection and therefore voltage por phas Bpa=400 V. f ry Eos Fab f Oe 400 = F4TR BO XU OTIS XO 955 Example 820. Determine the stator bore and length of armature for 750 kVA, 50 Hz, 2200 V, 3 phase star connected 500 rpm alternator, given that the length of armature ia equal to the pole pitch. The relation between (he ou!pul co-rficient and the diameter ia : ss Turns per phase 7 168 D 08 10 12 mu [ote " (metre . i G 134 ry 188 198 20s 210 Solution. Synchronous speed nem Om 8'33 rps. . 2 2x50 Number of poles path m2. . It is given that core length=pole pitch. Lem D/p=nD/12=—=0'262D. Now Q=0,D* Ln: (0°262 D*)x8'35418 BLECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN or 344 The product D0, for various diameters is tabulated below : > os v0 | 2 w [o« [a De, 187 1% | 325 345 840 | ims A graph is plotted between D and product D! (y. It is observed from this graph that a diameter of 1'22'm gives D83G,=344, the required value, . Da1-22 m and L=0°262% 1°22=0'32 m. Example 821, The devizn details of two d.o. machines are tabulated below. Compare their relative outputs. Diameter | Core | Speed | Slots | Areaof | Slot space | Bap | Current Machine D length ” S| each stor | factor density m L ro. A Ss ’ m mm Wojm* | Alm 4 om ost 0 n | exit os, 06 4s B oss os rs 61 | x10 ona 056 52 Solution, Specific electric loading ae=Is Z/mD. Cutkent in each conductor Ie=current density Xarea of each conductor=s8 as. Total armature conductors Z=conductors per slot X:slots _ atea of copper in each Hoty sige S/n, g area of each conductor a 1am (8.0)x (2 snag 8 aL 38 Ae 8 and oon TF TS We have, output=s(n* Bur acX 10") D*Ln=mBor8 8y As SDInX 10-* s+ Ratio of outputs (ourputle _ (Bada (8a (Bla (dada (Bde Day (de. y (ode (output)e ~ (Bala * (Be ~ 18, EE BE tae ~( ase )« (2 )x( oar) (eta) (at) (33GENERAL CONCEPTS AND CONSTRIANTS 479 UNSOLVED PROBLEMS tric and ma netic loadings of a 1008 p., 3000 V,3 hase. $0 Te 8 pole star jan motor having ator Core lun thes0'S ri, stator bore m0 46 mand 10rO8 Pet deffcrensy=0 94k and power focior =O8. [Am Bygm0 22. Whim ae 14730) 2. (6) Prove that the effcive volume ofthe roto: of am phase 2 pole synchronous machide havin iy distrboted winding is. wen by: 2V20x10" SN eeB ac ™ where Q is the kVA rating, a is the angular frequency, By is the maxim.m flux in air gap and ac is the specie electtic loading. Volumes () Show that the volume foe a p pole michine is a/2 times the value calculated in (2) (6) W the stator hasa targe number (m) of phase windings. each of which consists of une concen'rated how that the volume is reduced to =/4 of the value given in part (a). (d) Using the expression derived abowe estimate the main dimensions of a 1, MVA, 2300 V, 3 phase, 60 Hi, 6 pole star connected syncheunous machine. A maximum gap density of 09 Wha and ‘a linear ccurtent density of 40 000 ainpere conductors per métre may bc as-umed. The axial length of machine my Be taken equal to one pole pitch Calculate also the number of turns per phase if the winding 1s sinusqidally distributed. Ans." L=0'89 mi, Dos -7 m, Tyn = 14] 3. A100 watt de motor has.a full lad efficiency oF 6) pee cent. Caleulate the power developed by the armitare at fall load ste san af roa, friction and windage tosses is 1/3 of total losses, [Ans 366 Wi 4, The croling co-efficient for armature of a machine using,a particular type of construction 4s given by oi where Vis the rotor peripheral spesd in_m:tre per second Calculate the matimam allowable value of ‘current density that can be used for ‘he machine sf the spacific lauding 1s. 20,000 amaere conductors per metre, maximum allowable temperature rise is 40°C and the armature peripheral ‘velocity is 20 metre per second. ‘The resistivity of copper may be taken as 2°2 x10 * Qm, sppose (i machine is redesigned with a peripheral speed of 40 mete, per second, calculate the new ‘current density that can be used for the machine Tans. 3:03 A/mm? ; 5°05 Aftmn*) '5, Prove from fist principles that for a rotating machine o iput in_ volt ampere =C,D%Ln. Show fully thow and why the output co-efficient C, changes with si" aad typs of machine, and ahow that ia all designs it approaches & fixed maximum value. 6 Find the minimum permissible conductor area for a 1000 KW, $00 V. 8 pole. d.c._ generator ifthe permissible conper Toss is not to exceed *000 walt cr maf armature surface. The armature diameter is 2-1 m, {ind there are 760 lan connected. armature conductors. Assume value of resistivity for copper conductors (0 be 2x 10-* ohm metre. (Ans. 48 mmf] ‘, ‘Two a.c, generators having similar proportions are designed to work with the same five densition ‘and at the same speeds. ‘The linear dimensions of one are x times those of the other. Calculate their relative outputs. the relative iron ant con yer. lowses, and the relative heating in loss dissipated per vnit area of coolin surface. Are the above conditions those used in practice ? fam, xt: tpatstjar tl) 8. Twoa.c generators having similar proportions are deviened to work at same speeds and same ftux densities. ‘The lincar dimensions of one are x times tha'e of the other.” Avwuming’ the current density to vary ast ‘8, calculate, for the machines, ther relative outputs, their relative iron and cooper I fans, aes my] 9. A SOKW, 800 rpm d.c. generator has full load effiency of 88 percent. If now another smaller dic. generator having two timer the linear dimensions of SOkW generator is built to work at 800 rpm find the output, tosses and efficiency pf the new generator. Aswume that flux deaslties and current den- tities are the saine for the two machines. Ams. 800 LW ; 54-4 KW ; 0957) . ished from test results that the ratio of total lonses tc of lar racbii poroniantey as Doth nesh whore D. var remocivay the ianeter and spead of fremuctines Bowe value vary : in Tiserevaica constant the output of t. large machine varies ax DPR Ett w Arorne aaa coe tneet cae cal whore ln tho peripheral anced of rator. ‘The effective hext diednating eurfucs fn actne ie proporsonl the ‘geometric mean of the en? siefaces and the cyllndelcal surface of ORF400 . FLLOUIGSCAL 5 aU HuisL. DLSIGN 11, A 40 hp., 1000rpm, dic, motor has a specific electric loading of 30,000 ampere conductors per metre and a specific magnetic loadin: of 0.44 Wb/m*. Estimate the horse power of an 800 rpm, dc. motot ‘which has a specific magnetic loading of O'S Wolm’, a current density 10 per cent grcater than that of the 40h. machine, and linear dimensions which are ail, including thos: of slots, 20 per cent greater. Assume the two motors to h re the-same efficiency. (Am. 8\hpl 42, Determine the maximum allowable core length for a d.c. machine which has the followin . data, Maximum vap flux density at no Joad=0'54 Wb/m*, maximum gap flux density at full load=1:3 times ‘no load value. Turns per coil Peripheral speed=30 ms. The maximum allowable voltage between djacent segment a fll oad i850 ¥. ane 0386) 13, Determine the stator core dimensions for a 20 MVA. 3000 rpm 3 phase turbo-alternator,. with the followin data average gap fx density=0'S Wom’ : ampere conductors per metre 56000; permisible peripheral seed of rotor=130 m/s; length of air gap—=30 mm. Assume winding factor=0 955, [Ans De TO15 m, Lm 32m] 14 20-np,, 440 volt, 4 pole, 50 Hz, 3 phase. induction motor is built. with a stator bore of 0.25 m and core len th of O16 m. ‘The spetific electric loading is, 23000 ampere conductors pet metre, Fin’ the magnetic loading of the muchine, Assune full load efiiency of 84 percent and a power factor of 082, Using the data of the above machine determine the main dimensions for a 15 h.p , 460 volt. 6 pole, 50 Hz motor. [Ans. Bye 036 W/m? ; Do0'8 m, L= 0125 m] 15 The design deta of two d.c. machines is tabulated below. The power developed by armature of machine A is 650 kW. Find the power developed by armature of machine A. Assume the current den: slot space factors to be the same for the two machines. Diameter | Length | Speed Slots Slot area be Machine D t * s Ay wins ™ ” co mim A 10s os 625 mt 4x14 oe B oss o21 ts a 38x12 oss Tha EOE