SOLID MECHANICS Todays lecture: Viscoelasticity: Creep, relaxation, classic viscoelastic models, polymers, time-temperature relation Materials Science and Engineering « Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Mie datensetSOLID MECHANICS Is viscoelasticity important ? One of the worst (perhaps the worst?) industrial accident in world history occurred in December 1984, when deadly methy! isocyanate gas was leaked from a chemical plant in Bhopal, India, causing the death of ~25000 people, ~3300 were killed immediately. It is estimated that more than 500.000 people have been injured by the accident, e.g. having trouble breathing The cause was attributed to creep failure of the pipe work carrying the chemicals, and the subsequent release proved deadly. So, yes viscoelasticity is not to be neglected. G AALBORG UNIVERSITET Materials Science and Engineering Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: ‘Materials Science and Engince Depattimentof iechenical andtan facturing EngineeringSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: The type of catastrophic creep fracture is believed to be due to the appearance of microscopic cavities in the structure of the material. These cavities can then join together to form a larger cavity until eventually a crack is formed. The crack will then propagate through the material until it weakens the structure enough to cause a catastrophic failure. Materials Science and Engineering « Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Mie datensetSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Materials Science and Engineering « Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Mie datensetSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: At low temperatures permanent deformation of a material is prevented by ensuring that it is not subjected to an effective stress greater than the yield strength of the material. This is not enough at high temperatures, permanent damage can occur over a period of time at stress levels well below the yield strength of the material. This time-dependent permanent deformation is called creep and needs to be considered in engineering design when the material is operating at 40% or above its melting temperature Creep is a process that potentially can lead to failure of pipe work, pressure vessels and a multitude of other structures. Materials Science and Engineering « Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Mie datensetSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: - Interference fits are affected by viscoelasticity. - Bolted joints are affected by viscoelastiticy - Turbine blades may come off due to viscoelastic effects. - The handles on the carry bag - probably made of PE - you take home from the supermarket is affected by viscoelasticity. Generally: Metals display viscoelastic effects if the temperature or loading rate is increased. Polymers are more or less viscoelastic at room temperature. Materials Science and Engineering « Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering dheesabaeenaesSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Viscoelasticityis displayed by materials which can be characterised as neither a solid or a fluid but some combination of these two extremes. Materials Science and Engineering « Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering dheesabaeenaesSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Creep: Is defined as the time dependent deformation due to a constant load. € Region |: Decreasing strain rate. Region Il: Constant strain rate. Region Ill: Increasing strain rate. Materials Science and Engineering Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering dheesabaeenaesSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Relaxation: Is defined as the time dependent stress due toa constant applied deformation. os Deformation applied at t=0 er Materials Science and Engineering « Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering dheesabaeenaesSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Recovery: Time dependent strain that takes place after the applied load is removed. Creep , Recov ep ery 27 1<——_ Load removed at t=t’ Materials Science and Engineering « Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Mie datensetSOLID MECHANICS Linear viscoelasticity: A material can be linear- or non-linear-viscoelastic. The definition of linear viscoelasticity is as follows: Aconstantstress, 0,, is applied to a material and causes the time dependent strains, €,. Then a stress, 0.=k- 0,, is applied. If the resulting strain, €,, caused by, 0 is €,=k- €,, then the material is said to be "linear viscoelastic” G AALBORG UNIVERSITET Materials Science and Engineering Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelastic Constitutive laws: Several constitutive “laws” exist, but we are only considering a few. In general terms the one-dimensional relation between stress and strain or vice versa, can be written as o=fhOkRORT) or €= (0) g92(t)92(T) and it easily seenif f,=f,=0 and f, =£ wegetHooke’s law. Let's consider a few special cases on the blackboard. Materials Science and Engineering « Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering dheesabaeenaesSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelastic creep strain: et tet 5e-2: Moterials Science and Engineering Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering dheesabaeenaesSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelastic creep strain: Solid lines are from the Bailey-Norton creep expression: © = 667 -10-8- g ttl . 10.17 Materials Science and Engineering Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering dheesabaeenaesSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity, mechanical models: Mechanical models made of springs and viscous dampers can be combined in many ways to provide different material responses to stress or strain inputs. A few of these will be considered in detail + Blackboard. Materials Science and Engineering « Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering dheesabaeenaesSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelastic mechanical models: The standard solid or the 3 parameter solid Materials Science and Engineering « Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Mie datensetSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelastic mechanical models: The standard fluid or the 3 parameter fluid Materials Science and Engineering « Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Mie datensetSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity, Example: Two parts of a viscoelastic material is joined by bolts. At time t=0 the stress in the bolts are o=0, Itis decided that the bolts tension must be checked when O="40). If it is assumed that the material behaviour can be described as é=B-o" Determine the time for controlling the bolts tension. Materials Science and Engineering « Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering dheesabaeenaesSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Test data T=28C 2000 S > 1200 1600- 12 dog{t] G Materials Science and Engineering Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering dheesabaeenaesSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Be aware of the following: - How were the test data obtained? - Atwhich temperature? - Fromwhich test method? Bending, uniaxial tension...? - Inwhich environment? - Which constitutive model can describe the data? (This is information that the material supplier does not provide) - Is the material, based on the supplied data, linear or non- linear viscoelastic? Materials Science and Engineering « Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering dheesabaeenaesSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: «and - lsit possible to personally “invent” constitutive models? In principle yes, but.... DO NOT USE POLYNOMIALS. As far as possible use existing models that have proved to be reliable. - Notice that incorrect terms are used from time to time, e.g. “Creep modulus” Materials Science and Engineering « Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Mie datensetSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Polymer data ‘Materials Science and Engince « Depattimentof iechenical andtan facturing Engineering Mie datensetSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Polymer data ‘Seear sia (woahroneus] 23 ‘ap00 1703, For constant stress, the isochronous curves can provide points on the creep curve For constant strain the, the isochronous curves can provide points on the relaxation curve. sina « taterilsScence andéngineerng Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering dheesabaeenaesSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Polymer data me ee dy Creep modulus? = = ane The correct terms are = ane either: "Creep = met lance” = Ene compliance” or £m t “relaxation modulus”. = It seems that correct 2 400 terminology is not zg alwaysused. Fol 8 sc0 om, 0 ra 12 13 ee Time inh « Materials Science and Engineering Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering dheesabaeenaesSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Polymer data Sevant modus ora Secart moaiue nPa a Moterials Science and Engineering Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering The curves for secant modulus can be used to construct the stress- strain curves. Secant modulus is the slope of the stress-strain curve at a given (z, a) value. AALBORG UNIVERSITETSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Creep rupture A number of creep tests are carried out at different loads until the specimen fractures. The load, time and temperature at which fracture occurs are plotted. This gives the so-called “creep rupture diagrams’. Materials Science and Engineering « Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering dheesabaeenaesSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Creep rupture diagrams T, creep-modulus: Based on the shown data then my best guessis that a constant stress was applied and strains were measured, thus o/e(t) = E(t)..... creep modulus? r( Materials Science and Engineering Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering dheesabaeenaesSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Master curves Creep mosits-ine 23.6 ‘Apec 1703, 70) = sours 5 2 0 tes 1 12 } 7es me inn Kilde: Bayer Materials Science, Material database: http://bmsnafta-campusi.com/ Moterials Science and Engineering Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering AALBORG UNIVERSITETSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Master curves (Creep modustime 40.6 pec 1703, ze = supe ry = Bh 5 2 tes 11 72 1s Tes ‘Tmo inn Kilde: Bayer Materials Science, Material database: http://bmsnafta-campusi.com/ Moterials Science and Engineering Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering AALBORG UNIVERSITETSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Master curves ‘Creep modulusime 606 20 = Supe = Bibs ‘a0 = Burs = Shes gw g 2 wo g z ¥ io 1000 1 1 12 18 Tee Time inh Kilde: Bayer Materials Science, Material database: http://bmsnafta-campusi.com/ Moterials Science and Engineering Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering AALBORG UNIVERSITETSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Master curves sp etintan BE ue a = Sure = 15h sy zee =a 2 _ 3 Ecco] i » ‘s 8 © 6 ie Kilde: Bayer Materials Science, Material database: http://bmsnafta-campusi.com/ Moterials Science and Engineering Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering AALBORG UNIVERSITETSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Master curves ‘creep moduusaine 120.6 ‘Apoc 1703, £ ra s 2 1000 3 E | ‘e 1 12 7a Te Time inn Kilde: Bayer Materials Science, Material database: http://bmsnafta-campusi.com/ Moterials Science and Engineering Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering AALBORG UNIVERSITETSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Master curves — how to i 3 i i j q i Log shift factor (a7) 0 40 Temporature?C Mastercurveat25°C sae} 0 4-200 2 80 temperatures) °C) Temperreh | ww? 10? 10 1? 10" 0 10% 10% 107 10° 10 ‘Timehhours Sess relaxation Kilde: http://find.jorum.ac.uk/resources/1033 Materials Science and Engineering Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering dheesabaeenaesSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Master curves — how to At the left hand side of the figure, the relaxation curves for a polymer (polyisobutylene) is shown for temperatures from -80° C to +50°C. The curves can be fitted together like a jigsaw puzzle, as shown in the right-hand portion of the figure to form a “master- curve”, a single curve which represents the stress relaxation behaviour of the polymer at a reference temperature of 25°C. The two scales, time, t, and temperature, T, are shown for the master curve. The derived relation between time and temperature a; is plotted in the upper right-hand inset of the figure and can be modelled by the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation as shown below Materials Science and Engineering « Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering dheesabaeenaesSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Master curves — how to WLF-equation: qr Tref) Cz +T —Trep Where C, and C, are constants and T,.; is the reference temperature, i.e. the part of the curve that is not “moved”. In the present situation these parameters are: logar = So basically you do what is shown on the next slide. Materials Science and Engineering « Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering dheesabaeenaesSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Master curves — how to experimental time frame & (7) Strain (%) log (t) log (t,) log (time) G taterilsScence andéngineng Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering dheesabaeenaesSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Additional Info: As you can see the curves for the polyisobutylene polymer span several decades of modulus and displays the behaviour of the polymer. At the lowest temperatures the polymer is becoming glass-like, E(t) is very high. As the temperature increases the modulus drops rapidly — the material is becoming rubbery in its response to the applied stress. The onset of true elastomeric behaviour is marked by the so-called rubbery plateau. This is followed by another steep fall in modulus where viscous flow occurs as the temperature is raised further. Materials Science and Engineering « Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Mie datensetSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Examples — On the blackboard Materials Science and Engineering « Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Mie datensetSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Creep curves used in example 28! "0000 Materials Science and Engineering Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering "15000 30000” 25600 ~~ 30000 time [hrs] o=8 [MPa] o= 7 [MPa] a= 6 [MPa] o= 5 [MPa] o= 4 [MPa] o= 3 [MPa] o=2 [MPa] o= 1 [MPa] G AALBORG UNIVERSITETSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: lsochronous plot used in example [MPa] G AALBORG UNIVERSITET Materials Science and Engineering Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringSOLID MECHANICS Viscoelasticity: Stiffness used in example (Gtoop moguiue-tme 23 6 Makrolon 2205 Materials Science and Engineering « Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering dheesabaeenaes