I

mranNasi
rHabeeb

Absent
ia-Absent
;pr
oceedi
ngwi
thoutt
hedef
endantpr
esent
.

Abstr
actofTi
tl
e-Achr
onologi
calsummaryofal
lof
fi
cial
recor
dsandr
ecor
deddocument
s
af
fecti
ngthet
it
let
oaparcelofr
ealproper
ty.

Accompl
i
ce(1)Apart
nerinacrime.(
2)Aper
sonwhoknowi
ngl
yandv
olunt
ari
l
ypar
ti
cipat
es
wit
hanot
heri
nacri
minalact
ivi
ty.

AccordandSat i
sfacti
onCompr omi
seandsettl
ement.Awaytodischargeaclaim wher
ebythe
part
iesagr
eet ogiveandacceptsomethi
nginset
tlementoft
heclai
mt hatwil
lrepl
acetheter
ms
ofthepart
iesor
iginalagr
eement
.Accordist
henewagr eement
;sat
isf
actioni
sper f
ormanceof
thenewagr eement.

Acknowl
edgment(1)Ast at
ementofacceptanceofr
esponsibil
i
ty.(
2)Theshortdecl
arat
ionat
theendofal
egalpapershowingt
hatthepaperwasdulyexecutedandacknowledged.

Acqui
t,Acqui
tt
al-Af
indi
ngofnotgui
l
tybyaj
udgeorj
ury
.

Act
ion-Case,
cause,
sui
t,orcont
rov
ersydi
sput
edorcont
est
edbef
oreacour
t.

Addi
tur-Ani
ncr
easebyaj
udgei
ntheamountofdamagesawar
dedbyaj
ury
.

Adj
udi
cat
ion-Judgmentr
ender
edbyt
hecour
taf
teradet
ermi
nat
ionoft
hei
ssues.

AdLi
tem -ALati
nter
m meaningfort
hepurposeofthelawsui
t.
Forexample,
aguardi
an
ad
l
it
emisapersonappoi
ntedbythecourtt
oprotectt
heinter
est
sofami nororl
egal
l
y
i
ncompetentper
soninalawsui
t.

Admini
str
ator-(
1)Onewhoadmi
nist
erst
heest
ateofaper
sonwhodi
eswi
thoutawi
l
l.(
2)An
of
fi
cial
whomanagesacourt.

Administ
rat
iveRevocat
ion-Thetaki
ngofadri
ver
'sli
censebytheMotorVehi
cleDi
visi
on,
thr
oughlawenforcementagent
sandadminist
rat
ivel
awj udgeswi
thouti
nvol
vementbythe
court
s.

Admissi
bleEv
idence-Ev
idencet
hatcanbel
egal
l
yandpr
oper
lyi
ntr
oducedi
naci
vi
lorcr
imi
nal
tr
ial
.

Admonish-Toadvi
seorcaution.Forexampl
ethecour
tmaycaut
ionoradmoni
shcounsel
ora
wit
nessfori
mpropercour
troom conduct.

Adversar
ySy st
em -Thet
ri
almet
hodusedintheU.S.andsomeothercount
ri
es.Thi
ssystem i
s
basedont hebeli
eft
hatt
rut
hcanbestbedet
erminedbygivi
ngopposi
ngparti
esful
lopport
unit
y
topresentandestabli
sht heirevi
dence,
andtotestbycr
oss-
examinati
ontheevidence
present
edbyt hei
radv ersar
ies.Thisi
sdoneundertheest
abl
ishedrul
esofprocedurebef
orean
i
mpar ti
alj
udgeand/ orjury.

Adv
isementTheprocessbywhi
chaj
udget
akest
imet
oconsi
der
,del
i
ber
ateand/
orconsul
t
onamatterpr
iort
orul
ing.

Af
fi
ant-Theper
sonwhomakesandsi
gnsanaf
fi
dav
it.

Affi
davit-Awr i
tt
enstatementoffact
sconfi
rmedbyt heoathofthepart
ymakingit,
bef
orea
notaryoroff
icerhavi
ngauthorit
ytoadmini
steroaths.Forexample,i
ncri
minalcasesaf
fi
dav i
ts
areoftenusedbypol i
ceoff
icersaski
ngcourtst
oissuesear chorarr
estwarr
ants.I
nciv
ilcases,
aff
idavit
sofwi t
nessesareoftenusedtosupportmotionsforsummar yj
udgment.

Aff
idavi
tofInsol
vency-Adet
ail
edfor
m si
gnedbythedef
endant
,underoat
h,at
test
ingt
ohi
s/her
i
ndigency(
inabil
i
tytopayf
orpri
vat
elegal
counsel
).

Affi
rmat i
veDefense-Apartfr
om deny i
ngachargeorcl
aim,adef
endantmayassertaf
fi
rmati
ve
defensessuchasi nsani
ty,
self
-defenseorentr
apmenttoavoi
dcr
iminalr
esponsi
bil
i
ty,
orasser
t
thestatuteofl
i
mi tat
ionsorbankruptcytoavoi
dci
vi
lli
abil
i
ty.

Af
fi
rmed-Adeci
sionbyanappel
l
atecour
tst
ati
ngt
hatt
hedeci
sionoft
het
ri
alcour
tiscor
rect
.

Ai
dandAbet-Toact
ivel
y,knowi
ngl
yori
ntent
ional
l
yassi
stanot
herper
soni
nthecommi
ssi
onor
at
tempt
edcommissi
onofacr i
me.

Al
fordPlea-Apleat
oacrimi
nalcharget
hatdoesnotadmi
tgui
l
t,butadmi
tst
hatsuf
fi
cient
ev
idenceexist
stoobt
ainaconv
icti
on.

All
egati
on-Ast atementoftheissuesi
nawr i
tt
endocument(apleadi
ng)thatapersoni
s
prepar
edt opr
ov eincour
t.Forexample,ani
ndict
mentcont
ainsall
egat
ionsofcri
mesagainst
thedefendant
.

Al
l
eged-St
ated;
clai
med;
asser
ted;
char
ged.

Al
ter
nat
iveDisputeResol
uti
on-Sett
li
ngadi
sput
ewithoutafullorf
ormaltr
ial
.Met
hodsi
ncl
ude
medi
ati
on,concil
i
ati
on,ar
bit
rat
ion,
andset
tl
ementf
acili
tat
ion,
amongot her
s.

AmendI
mpr
ove,
cor
rectorchangeacompl
aintorot
herpl
eadi
ng.

AmicusCuriae-Afr
iendoft hecour
t.Onenotapar
tyt
oacasewhov ol
unteer
s,ori
saskedby
thecourt
,tooff
eri
nformationonapointofl
aworsomeot
heraspectofthecasetoassi
stt
he
courti
ndecidi
ngamat terbefor
eit.

Answer-Thedef
endant
sresponsetot
heplaint
if
f
sal
legat
ionsasst
atedi
naci v
ilcomplai
nt.An
i
tem-by-i
tem,
par
agraph-
by-
paragraphr
esponsetopoi
ntsmadeinacomplaint
;partoft
he
pl
eadings.
Appeal
-Anappli
cat
iontoahi
ghercour
tforr
evi
ewofanor
derofconv
ict
ionorofaci
vi
l
j
udgmentagai
nstapart
y.

Appeal
Bond-Asum ofmoneypost
edbyaper
sonappeal
i
ngaj
udi
cial
deci
sion(
appel
l
ant
).

Appearance(1)Theformalpr
oceedi
ngbywhichadefendantsubmit
stothej
uri
sdi
cti
onofthe
court
.(2)Awritt
ennot
ifi
cat
iontot
heplai
nti
ffbyanat
torneyst
atingt
hats/
heisrepr
esent
ing
thedefendant
.

Appel
l
ant-Thepar
tywhot
akesanappeal
from onecour
torj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
oanot
her
.

Appel
l
ateCour
t-Acour
thav
ingj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
ohearappeal
sandr
evi
ewat
ri
alcour
t
sdeci
sion.

Appel
l
ee-Thepar
tyagai
nstwhom anappeal
ist
aken.Somet
imescal
l
edar
espondent
.

Arbi
tr
ati
on-Aform ofal
ternat
ivedisput
eresolut
ioni
nwhi cht
heparti
esbri
ngthei
rdi
sput
etoa
neutr
alt
hir
dpart
yandagr eetoabidebyhis/herdeci
sion.I
nar
bit
rat
ionther
eisahear
ingat
whichbot
hpart
ieshaveanoppor t
unitytobeheard.

Ar
rai
gnment-Appear
anceoft
hedef
endanti
ncr
imi
nal
cour
ttobeadv
isedofr
ight
sandent
era
pl
eatot
hecharges.

ArrestTheoff
icial
taki
ngofapersontoanswercri
minal
char
ges.Thisi
nvol
vesatl
east
temporar
il
ydenyingapersonofl
i
bertyandmayinvolv
etheuseoffor
ce.

ArrestWarr
antAnorderbyajudget
hatgi
vesper
missi
onf
orapol
i
ceof
fi
cert
oar
restaper
son
forall
egedl
ycommit
ti
ngacr i
me.

Assaul
t-Threatt
oinfl
i
cti
njur
ywit
hanapparentabi
l
ityt
odoso.Al
so,anyint
ent
ional
displ
ayof
for
cethatwouldgiv
ethevi
cti
mreasont
ofearorexpecti
mmediat
ebodil
yharm.

Asy
lum St
ate-Thest
atehol
dingaf
ugi
ti
vef
rom j
ust
icei
nanot
herst
ate.

Att
achment-Takingandhol
dingaper
son
spr
oper
tydur
ingpr
oceedi
ngst
oensur
esat
isf
act
ion
ofajudgmentnotyetr
ender
ed.

AtI
ssueMatter
sareati
ssuewhenthecomplaini
ngpart
yhasstat
edhi
s/hercl
aim,
theot
her
si
dehasr
espondedwit
hadeni al
,andt
hematterisreadyt
obetri
ed.

Att
emptAper sonatt
emptst
ocommitacri
mewhen: (1)thatper
soni
ntendedt
ocommi tt
he
cri
me;
and( 2)begant
odoanactt
hatconst
it
utedasubstanti
alpar
toft
hecr i
me,butf
ail
edt
o
commitorcompletet
hecr
ime.

Att
orney-
at-LawAlicensedadvocateorcounselauthori
zedbyt
hecourt
st oprepare,
manage
andtrycasesincour
t,t
opr epar
elegaldocuments,orother
wiser
epr
esenttheinter
estsof
ci
ti
zens.
Att
orney-
in-
Fact-Aprivat
eperson(whoi snotnecessari
lyalawyer)author
izedbyanot hert
oact
i
nhis/herpl
ace,ei
therforsomeparticul
arpurpose,astodoaspeci f
iedact;orforthe
tr
ansacti
onofbusinessingener
al,notoflegalchar
acter.Thi
sauthorit
yisconferr
edbyan
i
nstr
umentinwr i
ti
ng,call
edalett
erofattorney,ormorecommonl yapowerofat t
orney.

At
tor
neyofRecor
d-Theat
tor
neyr
etai
nedorassi
gnedt
orepr
esentacl
i
ent
.

Ret
urnt
otop

Bai
l-Cashorsur
etypostedtoprocur
ethereleaseofadef
endantinacri
minal
proceedi
ngby
i
nsuri
nghis/
herf
utur
eat t
endanceincour
t,andcompell
inghi
m/ hert
oremainwit
hinthe
j
uri
sdi
cti
onofthecourt
.

Bai
l BondAdocumentt hr
oughwhichoneagreestoacceptresponsi
bil
it
yforadef
endantand
i
nsurehis/
herappear
anceincour
t.Bysi
gningtheform,thepersonposti
ngthebondagr
eesto
for
feitt
hebondift
hedefendantf
ail
stoappearincourtasordered.

Bai
l
iff-Acour
tat
tendantwhokeepsor
deri
nthecour
troom andhasr
esponsi
bil
i
tyf
ort
hej
ury
.

Bankruptcy-Ref er
stost atut
esandj udi
cialproceedingsinvol
vingpersonsorbusinessest hat
cannotpayt heirdebt
sandseekt heassistanceoft hecourtingetti
ngaf r
eshstart.Underthe
prot
ectionoft hebankruptcycour t
,debt
orsmayber el
eased(dischar
ged)fr
om theirdebts
completelyorallowedtor epaythem inwholeori npartonamanageabl eschedule.Federal
bankruptcyjudgespresideov erthesepr
oceedi ngs.Thepersonwi t
hthedebtsiscalledthe
debtorandthepeopl eorcompani estowhom t hedebt orowesmoneyar ecal
ledcreditor
s.

Bar( 1)Histori
cal
l
y,t
hepart
it
ionsepar
ati
ngthegener
alpubl
i
cfr
om thespaceoccupiedbythe
j
udges, l
awy ers,
andot
herpar
tici
pant
sinatri
al.(
2)Morecommonl
y,t
hebodyoflawy erswi
thin
ajur
isdict
ion.

BarExami
nat
ion-Astat
eexaminat
iontakenbypr
ospecti
velawyer
s,qual
i
fyi
ngthem t
obe
admit
tedt
othebarandli
censedt
opracti
celawexampleNiger
ianLawschool
,UgandaLDC.

Bat
ter
y-Abeatingorot
herwrongf
ultouchi
ngofaperson.Thet
hreatt
ousef
orcei
sanassaul
t;
act
ualuseoff
orceisabat
ter
y,whichusual
lyi
ncl
udesanassaul
t.

Bench-Theseatoccupi
edbyt
hej
udge;
mor
ebr
oadl
y,t
hecour
torj
udi
cial
branchi
tsel
f.

BenchTr
ial
-Tr
ial
wit
houtaj
uryi
nwhi
chaj
udgedeci
dest
hef
act
saswel
last
hel
aw.

BenchWarrant-Anor
derissuedbyaj
udgetoarr
estapersonbasedonhi
s/herfail
uretoobeya
courtor
der
.Abenchwarrantmaybeissuedwhenapersonfai
l
st opayaf
ine,appear,orat
tend
DWISchool.

Benef
ici
ary-Someonenamedt
orecei
vepr
oper
tyorbenef
it
sinawi
l
l,t
rust
,insur
ancepol
i
cy,
or
ot
hersuchdocument
.

Bequeat
h-Togi
veagi
ftt
osomeonet
hroughawi
l
l.

Bequest
s-Gi
ft
smadei
nawi
l
l.

BestEvidence-Pri
maryevi
dence;t
hebestf
orm ofevidenceavai
l
able.Ev
idenceshortofthi
sis
secondary.
Forexampl
e,t
heorigi
nal
ofalett
eristhebestev
idence,
whil
eaphot ocopyis
secondaryevi
dence.

BestEvidenceRul eRul er equi

ringparti
estoproffertheor i
ginal wri
ting,recording,or
photographwhenat t
empt ingtopr ovethecontentsthereof.Howev er,adupl i
catei sadmissi
ble
i
nplaceofanor i
ginalunlesst hereisagenuinequest i
onaboutt heaut hent i
cit
yoft heori
ginalor
i
twoul dbeunf ai
rundert heci r
cumst ancesofthecaset oadmi tthedupl icateinsteadofthe
ori
ginal
.Also,anor i
ginalisnotr equir
edifiti
slostordest r
oy ed,ifitcannotbeobt ainedthr
ough
asubpoena, i
fiti
si nthepossessi onoftheopposingpar t
y,andi ft heoriginali
snotcl osely
rel
atedtoacont roll
i
ngi ssuei nthecase.

BeyondaReasonabl eDoubt-Thest andardinacr i

mi nalcaserequiri
ngt hatthejurybesatisf
ied
toamor al cer
tai
ntythateveryelementofacr imehasbeenpr ovenbyt hepr osecution.Thi
s
standardofproofdoesnotr equiret
hatt hestateestabli
shabsol ut
ecer t
aintybyel i
minati
ngall
doubt,butitdoesrequir
ethattheev i
dencebesuf f
ici
entlyconclusi
vet hatallreasonabledoubts
areremov edfrom themindort heordinaryperson.

Bi
ndover-Toholdapersonfort
rialonbond(bai
l)orinjai
l.I
fthejudi
cialof
fi
cial
conducti
nga
pr
eli
minar
yheari
ngfi
ndsprobablecausetobeli
evet heaccusedcommi tt
edacr i
me,theoff
ici
al
wi
llbi
ndovert
heaccused,normall
ybysetti
ngbailfortheaccusedsappear
anceattr
ial.

Bond( super
sedeas)-Thebondsetbyt
hecour
tdur
ingt
heappealprocedureandpostedwi
th
theClerkofCourt
.Itensur
espaymentt
othewi
nneratt
het
ri
alcourtleveli
ftheappeali
s
unsuccessful
.

Bond(sur
ety
)-Acerti
fi
cat
epostedbyabondingcompanyt
othel
awenf
orcementagencyt
o
secur
etheappear
anceincour
tofacri
minal
defendant
.

Booking-Theprocessofphot
ogr
aphi
ng,
finger
pri
nti
ngandr
ecor
dingi
dent
if
yingdat
aofa
suspectaf
terar
rest.

Breach-Thebr
eaki
ngorv
iol
ati
ngofal
aw,
right
,ordut
y,ei
therbyt
hecommi
ssi
onoromi
ssi
on
ofanact.

BreachofCont
ractFai
l
urebyonepar
tyt
oabi
debyt
het
ermsofacont
ractwi
thoutl
awf
ul
excuse.

Bri
ef-Awrit
tenst
atementpr
eparedbyonesi
dei
nal
awsui
ttoexpl
aint
othecour
tit
svi
ewof
thefact
sofacaseandtheappl
icabl
elaw.
BurdenofPr oof-I nt
hel awofev idence, t
henecessityordut yofaffi
rmativel
yprovi
ngaf actor
factsindisputeonani ssueraisedbet weentheparti
esi nalawsuit.Theresponsibi
li
tyofprov i
ng
apoi ntorpoints:Thelevelofthebur denofpr oofforat ypeofcaseindicatesthedegreeto
whi chthepointmustbepr oven.Forexampl e,inacivilcasetheburdenofpr oofrest
swi t
ht he
plainti
ff
,whomustest abli
shhis/hercasebysuchst andar dsofproofasapr eponderanceof
evidenceorcl earandconv i
ncingev idence.I
nacr i
mi nalcase,theburdenont heprosecutoristo
establi
sht hedefendant
sguiltybey ondar easonabledoubt ,
amuchst r
icterst
andard.

Ret
urnt
otop

Cal
endar-Li
stofcasesschedul
edf
orhear
ingi
ncour
t.

Cal
endar
ing-Assi
gni
ng&schedul
i
ngofcour
tappear
ances.

Capi
tal
Cri
me-Acr
imepossi
blypuni
shabl
ebydeat
h.

Caption-Theheadi
ngonal
egal
documentl
i
sti
ngt
hepar
ti
es,
thecour
t,t
hecasenumber
,and
rel
atedinf
ormati
on.

CaseLaw-Lawest
abl
i
shedbypr
evi
ousdeci
sionsofappel
l
atecour
ts.

Acol
lect
ionofwr
it
tendeci
sionst
hatar
erecor
dedandusedaspr
ecedentf
orl
egal
reasoni
ngi
n
ot
hercases.

Cause-Al
awsui
t,l
i
tigati
on,
oract
ion.Anyquest
ion,
civ
ilorcr
imi
nal
,l
it
igat
edorcont
est
ed
bef
oreacour
tofj
ustice.

Cav
eat-Awar
ning;
anot
eofcaut
ion.

Cer
ti
fi
edCopyAcopyofadocumentwithacer
tif
icat
eattest
ingt
oit
saccur
acyand
compl
etenessbyt
heof
fi
cerwhohascust
odyoftheori
ginal
.

Cert.Deni
ed-Standsfor"cer
ti
orar
ideni
ed"
;awri
tofcer
ti
orarii
sadi scret
ionar
ymethodby
whichasuperi
orcourtchoosesthecasesi
twi
shestohear."
Cert.denied"meanst
hatthecour
t
hasdecidednottohearthecase.

Certi
orar
i-Ameansofget t
inganappel l
atecourttor
eviewal owercourt
sdecisi
onwheni ti
s
notrequi
redtodoso.I fanappellatecour tgr
antsawritofcerti
orari
,i
tagreestotaketheappeal
.
Thisisoft
enr ef
erredtoasgrantingcert.,
andresul
tsinanor dertothel
owercour tt
oconvey
therecor
doft hecaset ot
heappel l
atecourtandtocerti
fyitasaccurateandcompl et
e.Usual
ly
ref
erstoar equestfort
heSupr emeCour ttorev
iewadeci si
onoft heCourtofAppeals.

Chal
l
enge-Ter
m usedi
naj
uryt
ri
alf
oranat
tempt
oexcl
udeapot
ent
ial
jur
or.

Chal
l
engef
orCause-Obj
ect
iont
otheseat
ingofapar
ti
cul
arj
urorf
orast
atedr
eason(
usual
l
y
biasorpr
ejudi
cefororagainstoneoft
hepart
iesi
nthel
awsui
t)
.Thej
udgehasthedi
scret
iont
o
denythechall
enge.Dist
ingui
shedfr
om per
emptor
ychal
l
enge,
whicht
heypar
tycanusuall
y
exerci
seasamat terofri
ght.

Chambers-Aj
udgespri
vat
eof
fi
ce.Ahear
ingi
nchamber
stakespl
acei
nthej
udge
sof
fi
ce
out
sideoft
hepresenceoft
hej
uryandt
hepubl
ic.

ChangeofVenue-Movi
ngalawsui
torcr
imi
naltr
ialt
oanotherpl
acefort
ri
al.Venuemaybe
changedwhenacaseshasr
ecei
vedsomuchlocalpubl
i
cit
yast ocr
eateali
keli
hoodofbi
asin
thejur
ypool
.

Charget
otheJury-Thejudge
sinst
ruct
ionst
othej
uryexpl
aini
ngt
hel
awt
hatappl
i
est
othe
fact
softhecaseontr
ial
.

Char
ges(
mul
ti
ple)-Acasewi
thmor
ethanonecountorof
fensel
i
stedont
hecour
tfi
l
e.

Char
gingDocument-Aci
tat
ion,
infor
mation,
indict
mentornoti
cetoappear
,indi
cat
ingt
hatt
he
namedpersoncommit
tedaspecif
iccri
minaloff
enseorci
vil
inf
ract
ion.

Chi
efJudge-Pr
esi
dingoradmi
nist
rat
ivej
udgei
nacour
t.

Cir
cumst ant
ialEvi
dence-Allev
idenceexceptey
ewi
tnesstest
imony.Evi
dencefr
om whichan
i
nferencemustbedr awn.Examplesincl
udedocuments,
photogr
aphs,andphysi
cal
evidence,
suchasf i
ngerpri
nts.

Ci
tat
ion-Awri
tt
ennoti
cet
oappeari
ncour
t,usual
l
ytoanswerav
iol
ati
onoft
raf
fi
claworot
her
mi
norcri
minal
laws.

Civ
ilActi
on-Non-
cri
minalcasesinwhichonepri
vat
eindi
vi
dual
,busi
ness,
orgov
ernmentsues
anothert
oprot
ect
,enfor
ce,orredresspr
ivat
eorci
vi
lri
ght
s.

Civi
lContemptCont emptcanbecivi
lorcri
mi naldependi
ngont hepurposethecourtseeksto
achi
evet hr
oughit
spunishment.Cont
emptisci vi
lwhent hepurposeofpunishmentistocoerce
thedefendantt
operform anactpr
evi
ouslyorderedbyt hecourt
,whichthedefendanthasnot
done,suchaspayingchil
dsupport
.Comparewi t
hCriminalContempt.

Civ
ilProcedur
e-Thesetofr ul
esandprocessbywhichacivi
lcaseistri
edandappealed,
i
ncludi
ngt hepreparat
ionsf
ortr
ial
,ther
ulesofev
idenceandtr
ialconduct,
andtheprocedur
efor
pursui
ngappeal s.

Cl
assAct
ion-Al
awsui
tbr
oughtbyoneormor
eper
sonsonbehal
fofal
argergr
oup.

ClearandConv i
nci
ngEv i
dence-St andar dofproofcommonl yusedi
ncivi
ll
awsuit
sandin
regul
atoryagencyappeals.Itgover
nst heamountofpr oofthatmustbeoffer
edi
norderfort
he
plai
nti
fftowinthecase.Itimposesagr eat
erburdenthanthepreponder
anceofevi
dence
standard,butl
essthanthecr i
minalstandardbeyondareasonabledoubt
.
ClemencyorExecuti
veClemency-Actofgraceormercybythepresi
dentorgover
nort
oease
theconsequencesofacri
minalact
,accusat
ion,
orconvi
cti
on.Itmaytakethefor
m of
commut at
ionorpardon.

Closi
ngArgument-Theclosi
ngst
atement,bycounsel
,tot
het
ri
eroff
act
saf
teral
lpar
ti
eshav
e
concl
udedthei
rpresent
ati
onofev
idence.

Codi
ci
l-Anamendmentt
oawi
l
l.

Col
lat
eralEstoppel
Rulethatbar
srel
it
igati
onbetweent
hesamepar
ti
esofapar
ti
cul
ari
ssueor
det
erminati
vefactwhent
hereisapri
orjudgment.

Commi
t-Tosendaper
sont
opr
ison,
asy
lum,
orr
efor
mat
orybyacour
tor
der
.

CommonLaw-Thel egalsyst
em thatori
ginat
edinEngl
andandisnowinuseint
heUnited
Stat
es.Itder
iveslegalpr
inci
plesfr
om thestatement
sbyjudgesi
nthei
rwri
tt
enopini
ons,r
ather
thanfr
om statut
esenactedbyl egi
slat
ivebodi
es.

Commut
ati
on-Ther
educt
ionofasent
ence,
asf
rom deat
htol
i
fei
mpr
isonment
.

Co-
Def
endant
s-Mor
ethanoneper
sonar
rest
edandchar
gedont
hesamecr
imi
nal
inci
dent
.

Comparat
iveNegli
gence-Al egaldoctr
ineeff
ecti
veinNewMexi co,
bywhichactsoft
he
opposi
ngpart
iesinatortcasearecompar edtodeter
mi netheli
abil
it
yofeachpart
y,maki
ng
eachli
abl
eonlyforhi
s/herpercentageoffaul
t.Seealsocontr
ibutor
ynegl
igence.

Compensat
oryDamagesDamagesawar
dedt
ocompensat
ethenonbr
eachi
ngori
njur
edpar
ty.

Compet encytoSt andTrial

-Inordertobecompet enttostandtri
al,
apersonmusthavethe
capacit
ytounder standthenatureandobjectoftheproceedings,
toconsultwit
hcounsel
,andt
o
assisti
npr epar
inghis/herdefense.Dueprocessprohi
bit
st hegovernmentfr
om pr
osecuti
nga
defendantwhoi snotcompet enttostandtri
al.

Compet entWitnessEverypersonisconsi
deredcompetenttobeawi t
ness.Whenapar t
y
questi
onst hecompetencyofawi t
ness,t
hejudgemustdet er
minethewitness
scapaci
tyto
observe,r
ecall
,andcommuni catewhatheorshewitnessed,andt
hatthewi t
nessunder
stands
thedutytobet rut
hful
.

Compl
ainant-Thepart
ywhocompl
ainsorsues;
onewhoappl
i
est
othecour
tforl
egal
redr
ess.
Al
socal
ledtheplai
nti
ff
.

Compl ai
nt[Civil
]Thei ni
ti
alpaperworkfi
ledinaciv
ilacti
ont hatst
atestheclai
mf orwhich
rel
iefi
ssought ;i
nthecompl aintt
heplaint
iffst
atest
hewr ongsal l
egedl
ycommi ttedbyt he
defendant.[
Criminal]Aswornwr i
tt
enst at
ementshowingt hatthecomplaini
ngper sonhas
reasontobelievethatthedefendanthasviolat
edacriminallaw.

Conci
l
iat
ion-Af
orm ofal
ter
nat
ivedi
sput
eresol
uti
oni
nwhi
cht
hepar
ti
esbr
ingt
hei
rdi
sput
etoa
neut
ralt
hir
dpart
y,whohel
psl
owert
ensi
ons,i
mprovecommuni
cat
ions,
andexpl
orepossi
ble
sol
uti
ons.Conci
l
iat
ioni
ssi
mil
art
omediat
ion,
butitmaybel
essf
ormal.

Concur
rentJur
isdi
cti
onAut
hor
it
yvest
edi
nmor
ethanonecour
ttohearandr
esol
vespeci
fi
c
ty
pesofdisput
es.

Concur
rentSent
ences-Sentencesofi
mpri
sonmentforconv
ict
ionofmor
ethanonecr
ime,
tobe
ser
vedatthesametime,rat
herthanoneaf
tert
heother.

Condemnati
on-Thel
egalprocessbywhi
chthegovernmentt
akespr
ivat
elandf
orapubl
i
cuse,
payi
ngtheowner
safairpr
iceasdeter
minedbythecourt
.

Condi
ti
onsofRel
ease-Condi
ti
onsuponwhi
chanar
rest
edper
soni
srel
easedpendi
ngt
ri
al.

Consecut
iveSent
ences-Successi
vesent
encesofi
mprisonment
,onebegi
nningatt
he
expi
rat
ionofanot
her,i
mposedagainstaper
sonconvi
ctedoftwoormorecri
mes.

Conser
vat
orshi
p-Legalr
ightgi
vent
oaper sontomanaget hepropert
yandfinancial
aff
air
sofa
per
sondeemedincapabl
eofdoingt
hatforhimsel
f/her
sel
f.(Seealsoguar
dianship.
Conser
vat
orshavesomewhatlessr
esponsibi
li
tyt
hanguardians.
)

Consi
derati
onAbar gained-
forbenefi
torri
ght.Consider
ati
onmaybeapr omi
setoperforma
cer
tai
nactf orexample,apromisetodeli
vergoods,apromi senottodosomet hi
ng,payment
,
orapromisetopaymoney ,amongot hert
hings.Whateverit
spar t
icul
ars,
consi
derat
ionmustbe
somethi
ngofv al
uetothepeoplewhoar emaki ngthecontr
act .

Consol
i
dat
ion-Joi
nderoft
woormor
esepar
atel
yfi
l
edcr
imi
nal
orci
vi
lcompl
aint
s,sot
hatt
he
char
gesmaybetri
edtoget
her
.

ContemptofCour tBehav i
orint
endedt olessent hedi
gnit
yofacour t
.Also,awil
lfulactof
di
sobedienceofaj udgesver
bal orwrit
tenorder.Therearetwotypesofcontempt, dir
ectand
i
ndir
ect.Whent hecont umacious(contemptuous)conductoccur sbef
orethejudge, t
he
contemptisdir
ectandmaybepuni shedsummar i
ly.Al
lot
herconductnotwitnessedbyt he
j
udgeisindir
ectcont empt.Befor
epuni shi
ngindirectcont
empt, t
hecourtmustgivet heaccused
part
ynoticeandanoppor t
unityt
obehear d.Seeal soCivi
lContemptandCr i
minalCont empt.

Cont
inuance-Def
ermentofat
ri
alorhear
ingt
oal
aterdat
e.

Cont
raband-Ar
ti
cles,
thepossessi
onofwhi
chi
spr
ohi
bit
edbyl
aw.

Contract-Anagreementbetweentwoormor eper
sonsthatcreat
esanobli
gati
ontodoornott
o
doapar ti
culart
hing.Acontr
actmusthavesomethi
ngofvaluepromisedorgi
ven,anda
reasonableamountofagreementbetweenthepar
ti
esastowhatt hecont
ractmeans.The
parti
esmustbel egall
ycapabl
eofmakingbindi
ngagreements.

Cont
ri
but
oryNegl
i
gence-Al
egal
doct
ri
net
hatpr
event
sthepl
aint
if
finaci
vi
lact
ionf
rom
recov
eringagai
nstadefendantf
orhi
s/hernegl
igenceifthepl
aint
if
fwasal
sonegl
i
gent
.
Convict
ion-Ajudgmentofguil
tagai
nstacri
minaldefendant.

CorpusDel i
cti-Bodyofthecrime.Theobj ecti
v epr ooft hatacri
mehasbeencommi t
ted.It
sometimesr eferstothebodyoft hevi
ctim ofahomi cideortothechar
redshel
lofabur ned
house,butthet er
m hasabr oadermeani ng.Fort hest atetointr
oduceaconf
essionortoconvict
theaccused,itmustpr ov
eacor pusdeli
ct i
,thatis,t heoccurrenceofaspeci
fi
cinjur
yorlossand
acriminalactast hesourceofthatpar
ticularinjuryorl oss.

Corr
oborat
ingEv
idence-Suppl
ement
aryev
idencet
hatt
endst
ost
rengt
henorconf
ir
mthei
nit
ial
evi
dence.

Cost
s-Feesrequir
edinthecourseofalawsui
t,beginni
ngwiththedocket
ingorfi
li
ngfee,and
mayincl
udeserv
icefees,wi
tnessfees,
publ
i
cati
onf ees,et
c.Doesnotincl
udeatt
orneyfees.

Counsel
-Legal
adv
iser
;at
erm usedt
oref
ert
olawy
ersi
nacase.

Count
ercl
aim -Aclai
m madebythedef
endanti
naci
vi
ll
awsui
tagai
nstt
hepl
aint
if
f.I
nessence,
acount
erlawsuitwit
hinal
awsui
t.

Cour
t-Governmentent
it
yaut
hori
zedtoresol
vel
egal
disputes.Judgessometimesuse
cour
t
tor
efert
othemselvesi
nthet
hir
dperson,asi
nt
hecourthasr eadthebr
ief
.

Cour
tAdminist
rat
or/
Cler
kofCourt-Anoff
icerappoi
ntedbyt
hecour
ttoov
erseet
he
admi
nist
rat
ive,
non-j
udi
cial
act
ivi
ti
esofthecourt.

CourtCosts-Theexpensesofprosecut
ingordefendingalawsuit
,otherthant
heattor
ney
sf
ees.
Whenper mitt
edbylaw,acourtmayawar danamountofmoneyt othesuccessful
part
y,t
obe
pai
dbyt helosingpar
ty,
asrei
mbur sementfort
hewi nner
scourtcosts.

Cour
tRecor
der-Adeput
ycl
erkwhomai
ntai
nst
hev
erbat
imr
ecor
dofcour
tpr
oceedi
ngsont
ape.

Cour
tRepor
ter-Acer
ti
fi
edper
sonwhomai
ntai
nst
hev
erbat
imr
ecor
dofcour
tpr
oceedi
ngs.

Cour
tRul
esProcedur
alrul
esadopt
edbyacourtt
hatgover
ntheli
ti
gati
onpr
ocess.Cour
trul
es
of
tengov
ernt
heformatandsty
leofdocument
ssubmit
tedtothecour
t.

Cri
mi nalCont empt-Acr iminalcontemptisanactdonei ndi srespectofthecour toritsprocess
orwhi chobst ructst headmi nistr
ati
onofjusticeort endstobr ingthecour tintodisrepute.
Cri
mi nalcontemptcanbedi rectorindi
rect.Directcont empti nvolvesdisorderlyorinsolent
behav i
orinthepr esenceoft hejudgethatinterfereswi t
ht hecour seofaj udici
al proceeding;i
tis
punishablesummar i
ly(i.
e.wi t
houtahearing)byf ineori mpr i
sonment .Indirectcont empt
i
nvolveswi l
lful disobedienceofcour tordersawayf r om t
hecour t
,whicht endtoi mpedej usti
ce.
Forexampl e,ref usingt ocarryoutlawfulcour torder s,
preventingser v
iceofpr ocess,
wit
hhol di
ngev idence, andbr i
bingawi t
nessar eallconsideredi ndir
ectcri
mi nal contempt.A
personchar gedwi thindirectcontemptisent itl
edt onot i
ceandahear ing.
Cross-Cl
aim -Acl
aim bycodef
endant
sorcopl
aint
if
fsi
naci
vi
lcaseagai
nsteachot
herandnot
againstper
sonsontheoppositesi
deoft
helawsuit
.

Cr
oss-
Exami
nat
ion-Thequest
ioni
ngofawi
tnesspr
oducedbyt
heot
hersi
de.

Cumulati
veSent
ences-Sent
encesf
ort
woormor
ecr
imest
orunconsecut
ivel
y,r
athert
han
concur
rentl
y.

Cust
ody-Detai
ningofapersonbylawf
ulpr
ocessoraut
hori
tytoassurehi
s/herappear
anceat
anyhear
ing;
thej
aili
ngori
mpr i
sonmentofaper
sonconvi
ctedofacrime.

Ret
urnt
otop

Damages-Moneyawar
dedbyacour
ttoaper
soni
njur
edbyt
heunl
awf
ulactornegl
i
genceof
anot
herper
son.

Deci
si
on-Thej
udgmentr
eachedorgi
venbyacour
tofl
aw.

Decl
aratoryJudgment-Ajudgmentofthecour
tthatexpl
ainswhatt
heexi
sti
nglawisor
expr
essest heopini
onoft
hecourtastotheri
ghtsandstat
usofthepar
ti
es,butwhi
chdoesnot
awardreli
eforprovi
deenf
orcement.

Decree-Anor
deroft hecour
t.Afi
nal
decr
eeisonethatful
lyandf
inall
ydisposesofthe
l
it
igati
on.Ani
nter
locutor
ydecreei
saprel
i
minar
yorderthatoft
endisposesofonlypartofa
l
awsuit.

Def
amati
on-Thatwhi
chtendst
oinj
ureaper
son
sreput
ati
on.Li
bel
ispubl
i
sheddef
amat
ion,
wher
eassl
anderi
sspoken.

Def
aul
t-Af
ail
uret
orespondt
oal
awsui
twi
thi
nthespeci
fi
edt
ime.

Def
aul
tJudgment-Ajudgmentent
eredagai
nstapar
tywhof
ail
stoappeari
ncour
torr
espond
t
otheci
vil
complai
ntorpeti
ti
on.

Defendant-I
naci
vi
lcase,
theper
sonbei
ngsued.I
nacr
imi
nal
case,
theper
sonchar
gedwi
tha
cr
ime.

DeferredSentenceAsent encethati
spost ponedtoaf utureti
me.Af terconvict
ion,
thej udge
doesnotannounceori mposeasent ence,butdeferssentencingtoaf uturedatesothatt he
defendantwillcomplet
ecertai
nconditi
ons,suchasat t
endi ngdri
vingschool orcompl et
inga
probationar
yper i
od.I
fthepersoncompletestherequir
ement s,thecasewi ll
bedi smissedand
willnotbepartofthedefendant
scri
minalrecord.

Def
ici
encyJudgmentJudgmentforacr
edi
torforanamountequalt
ot hedi
fferencebet
ween
t
heamountowedbyt hedebt
orandtheamountcoll
ect
edfr
om saleofthecol
lateral
.
DemandforDi
scov
ery-Demandbyt
hedef
enseat
tor
neyt
othepr
osecut
ort
ofur
nishmat
eri
al
i
nfor
mati
ononacase.

Demandi
ngSt
ate-Thest
ateseeki
ngr
etur
nofaf
ugi
ti
ve.

DeNov
o- Anew.
Atri
aldenov
oisanewt
ri
alofacase,
suchasadi
str
ictcour
ttr
ial
denov
oof
amagi
str
atecour
tcase.

Deposit
ion-Anoral
statementmadebefor
eanoffi
cerauthori
zedbylawtoadmi
nist
eroat
hs.
Suchstatement
saretakentoexaminepot
ent
ial
witnesses,t
oobtai
ndiscov
eryt
obeusedlat
er
i
ntri
al.Testi
monyofawi t
nessothert
hani
nopencourt.

DescentandDi
str
ibut
ionStatut
es-St
atel
awsthatprov
idef
ort
hedi
str
ibut
ionofest
atepr
oper
ty
ofapersonwhodieswithoutawil
l
.Sameasint
estacyl
aws.

Desi
gnee-Aper
sonappoi
ntedbyaj
udgetoactf
orthecour
ttosetcondi
ti
onsofr
eleasef
orany
per
sonarr
est
edatati
mewhent hej
udgei
snotavai
l
able.

Di
rectEv
idence-Pr
oofoff
act
sbywi
tnesseswhosawact
sdoneorhear
dwor
dsspoken.

Dir
ectExami
nat
ion-Thef
ir
stquest
ioni
ngofwi
tnessesbyt
hepar
tyonwhosebehal
ftheyar
e
cal
led.

Di
rect
edVer
dict-Nowcall
edj
udgmentasamat
terofl
aw.Ani
nst
ruct
ionbyt
hej
udget
othej
ury
t
oretur
naspecif
icver
dict
.

Disbar
ment-For m ofdi
scipl
i
neofalawyerresult
ingi
ntheloss(of
tenper manent
ly)oft
hat
l
awy er
sr
ighttopracti
celaw.Iti
smoreseverethancensure(
anoffi
cialrepr
imandor
condemnation)andsuspension(at
emporarylossoftheri
ghtt
opracticelaw.)

Di
schar
geofbond-Acour
tor
dert
orel
easeabond.

Di
scl
aim -Tor
efuseagi
ftmadei
nawi
l
l.

Discov eryInvesti
gati
onandgatheringofinformati
onbyopposi ngpar
ti
espri
ortogoingtot r
ial
.
Thet oolsofdiscoveryi
ncl
ude:int
errogat
ories,deposit
ions,
pr oducti
onofdocumentsorthings,
permi ssiont
oent erl
andorotherpropert
y,phy si
calandment alexaminat
ions,
andrequestsfor
admissi on.

Di
scr
eti
on-Apowerorr i
ghtconferr
edonajudgetoactaccor
dingtothedictat
esofhi
sown
j
udgmentandconsci
ence,uncontr
oll
edbyt
hejudgmentorconscienceofothers.

Di
smi
ssal
Anor
derorj
udgmentdi
sposi
ngofacasewi
thoutat
ri
al.

Withprejudi
ceIncri
mi nalcases,t
hedefendantmaynotbechar gedwiththespecifi
ccr
ime
again.Acaseisusual
lydismissedwithprej
udicewhenthecourthasnotpur suedacti
onwithi
n
thesix-
monthtimeli
mit.Incivi
lcases,t
hecompl ai
nanti
sbarr
edf rom br
ingi
ngt hesameclaim
orcauseofact
ionagai
nstt
hesamedef
endant
.

Withoutprej
udice-thepersonmaybechargedwi ththespeci
fi
ccrimeagai
n.Acaseisusuall
y
di
smi ssedwithoutprej
udicewhenmoreevidenceisneededinacaseorthecaseneedstobe
fi
l
edi nanothercourtbecauseofj
uri
sdi
cti
onal i
ssues.I
ncivi
lcases,t
hepl
aint
if
fisent
it
ledto
bri
ngt hesamecl ai
m orcauseofact
ionagain.

Di
sposi
ti
on-Thesent
enci
ngorot
herf
inal
set
tl
ementofacase.

Dissent(Ver
b)Todi
sagr
ee.(
Noun)Anappell
atecour
topini
onset
tingfor
ththeminor
it
yvi
ew
andout l
i
ningt
hedi
sagr
eementofoneormorejudgeswit
hthedeci
sionofthemajor
it
y.

Diver
sion-Theprocessofr
emovingsomemi
noroffensesfr
om t
heful
lj
udici
alprocess,ont
he
condit
ionthatt
heaccusedunder
gosomesor
tofrehabil
it
ati
onormakeresti
tut
ionfordamages.

DOC-TheDepar
tmentofCor
rect
ions-st
atepr
isonf
aci
l
ity
.

Docket-Alistofcasest
obehear
dbyacour
toral
ogcont
aini
ngbr
iefent
ri
esofcour
t
pr
oceedings.

DocketCal
l-Thepr
oceedi
ngi
nwhi
chaj
udgeassi
gnst
ri
aldat
esort
akespl
eas.

DocketNumberThenumer
ical
desi
gnat
ionassi
gnedt
oeachcasebyt
hecour
t.

Domici
l
e-Theplacewhereaper
sonhashi
s/herper
manentl
egal
home.Aper
sonmayhav
e
sev
eralr
esi
dences,
butonl
yonedomici
l
e.

DoubleJeopar
dy-Put
ti
ngaper
sonont ri
almorethanoncefort
hesamecri
me.Itisfor
bidden
bytheFif
thAmendmenttot
heU.S.Consti
tut
ionandbyArt
icl
eII
,EoftheNM Consti
tut
ion.

DuePr ocessofLaw-Ther ightofal

lper
sonstoreceiv
et heguarant
eesandsafeguardsofthe
l
awandt hejudici
alpr
ocess.I ti
ncl
udessuchconsti
tut
ionalrequi
rement
sasadequat enoti
ceof
l
egal proceedi
ngs,opportunit
ytobeheardbythejudge,assi
stanceofcounsel
,andthe
defendantsri
ghtstoremainsi l
ent
,toaspeedyandpublictr
ial
,toanimpart
ial
juryandto
confrontandsecurewi t
nesses.

Ret
urnt
otop

El
ement
sofaCr i
me-Specif
icf
actor
sthatdef
ineacri
meandwhi
cht
hepr
osecut
ionmustpr
ove
bey
ondareasonabl
edoubti
nordert
oobtainaconv
ict
ion.

EminentDomai
n-Thepoweroft
hegov
ernmentt
otakepr
ivat
epr
oper
tyf
orpubl
i
cuset
hrough
condemnati
on.

EnBanc-Al
lthej
udgesofacour
tsi
tt
ingt
oget
her
.Appel
l
atecour
tscanconsi
stofadozenor
mor
ejudges,butof
tentheyhearcasesi
npanel
soft
hreej
udges.I
facasei
shear
dorr
ehear
dby
t
heful
lcourt
,iti
shear
denbanc.

Endorsed-St
ampedwi
tht
heseal
oft
hecour
tindi
cat
ingt
hedat
eandt
imeoff
il
ingwi
tht
he
court
.

Enj
oini
ng-Anor
derbyt
hecour
ttel
l
ingaper
sont
ost
opper
for
mingaspeci
fi
cact
.

Ent
rapment-Adefenset
ocri
minal
chargesal
legi
ngthatagent
soft
hegover
nmenti
nduceda
per
sontocommitacrimehe/
sheother
wisewouldnothavecommit
ted.

Ent
ryofJudgmentorOr
der-Thef
il
ingofawr
it
ten,
dat
edandsi
gnedj
udgmentoror
der
.

Equal Protectionoft heLaw-Theguar anteeint heFour t

eenthAmendmentt otheU.S.
Const i
tuti
onAr t
icleI
II,andAr ti
cleI
I,Section18, oftheNM Const it
ution, thatthelawtreatall
personsequal ly
.Cour tdecisionshaveest abl
ishedt hatthisguar
ant eer equiresthatcourtsbe
opent oall personsont hesamecondi ti
ons, withlikerulesofevidenceandmodesofpr ocedur e;
thatpersonsbesubj ectt onor estr
icti
onsi nt
heacqui sit
ionofproperty, t
heenj oymentof
personal l
iberty,andt hepur sui
tofhappi ness, whichdonotgener al
lyaf fectothers;t
hatper sons
areli
abl etonoot herorgr eaterbur
denst hant hosear elaiduponother s;andt hatnodi f
ferentor
greaterpuni shmenti senf orcedagainstthem f orav i
olati
onofthelaws.

Equit
y-Gener all
y,j
usti
ceorf air
ness.Hi stori
call
y ,equityr
eferst oasepar atebodyofl aw
developedinEngl andinreactiont othei nabi
li
tyoft hecommon- l
awcour t
s,intheirst
rict
adherencet origidwrit
sandf ormsofact i
on,toconsi derorprov i
dear emedyf oreveryinj
ury
.
Theki ngthereforeestabli
shedt hecour tofchancer yt odojusticebet weenpar ti
esincases
wheret hecommonl awwoul dgiv einadequater edress.Thepr incipl
eoft hissystem oflawis
thatequitywillfi
ndawayt oachi eveal awfulresultwhenl egal procedureisinadequate.
Remedi essuchasr estr
aini
ngor dersandi nj
unctionsar eequitableremedi es.Equityandlaw
courtsarenowmer gedinNM.

Escheat-Thepr
ocessbywhi
chadeceasedper
son
spr
oper
tygoest
othest
atei
fnohei
rcanbe
found.

Escr
ow-Moneyorawrit
teninstrumentsuchasadeedt hat
,byagreementbet
weentwopar
ti
es,
i
sheldbyaneut
ral
thi
rdpart
y( heldi
nescrow)unt
ilal
lcondit
ionsoftheagr
eementar
emet.

Estate-Anest at
econsistsofpersonalpropert
y(car
,househol dit
ems, andot
hertangibl
eitems)
,
realpropert
yandi nt
angibl
eproperty,
suchasst ockcert
if
icatesandbankaccount s,ownedin
theindivi
dualnameofaper sonatt heti
meoft heperson
sdeat h.Itdoesnotincl
udelif
e
i
nsur anceproceeds(unl
esstheest at
ewasmadet hebeneficiary
)orotherassetsthatpass
outsidetheestate(l
ikeajoi
nttenancyasset.)

EstateTax-Gener
all
y,ataxontheprivi
l
egeoftransfer
ri
ngproper
tyt
oot
hersaft
eraperson
s
death.I
naddit
iont
of eder
alest
atetaxes,manystates,
incl
udi
ngNewMexico,
havethei
rown
est
atet
axes.

Est
oppel-Aperson
sownact
,oraccept
anceoff
act
s,whi
chpr
ecl
udehi
sorherl
atermaki
ng
cl
aimstothecontr
ary.

Etal
.
Andot
her
s.

EtSeq.-"
Andt
hef
oll
owi
ng.
"

Ev
idence-Test
imonyorexhi
bit
srecei
vedbyt
hecour
tatanyst
ageofcour
tpr
oceedi
ngs.

Exami
nat
ionThequest
ioni
ngofawi
tnessunderoat
h.

Except
ions-Declarat
ionsbyeithersideinacivi
l orcri
minal casereser
vingt
heri
ghtt
oappeala
j
udgesrul
inguponamot i
onorobj ecti
on.Thesear enolongerr equi
redtopr
eser
veerrori
nNew
Mexicocourts.Al
so,i
nr egul
atorycases,object
ionsbyei t
hersi detopoi
ntsmadebytheother
si
deort or
ulingsbytheagencyoroneofi t
shear ingoff
icers.

Excl
usi
onaryRul
e-Therul
eprevent
ingi
ll
egal
lyobtai
nedev
idence,
suchaspr
oper
tyf
ound
duri
nganil
l
egalsear
ch,
from bei
ngusedinanytr
ial.

Execut
e-Tocompletethelegalr
equi
rements(suchassi
gni
ngbef
orewitnesses)t
hatmakea
wil
lval
id.Al
so,
toexecuteajudgmentordecreemeanstoputt
hef
inal
judgmentoft hecour
t
i
ntoeffect
.

Execut
or-Aper
sonal
repr
esent
ati
ve,
namedi
nawi
l
l,whoadmi
nist
ersanest
ate.

ExemptPropert
yI ncol
lecti
on,
executi
on,
andbankr
upt
cypr
oceedi
ngs,
thi
sref
erst
ocer
tai
n
proper
typr
otectedbylawfrom t
hereachofcr
edi
tor
s.

Exhi
bit
sAdocumentori
tem whi
chi
sfor
mal
l
yint
roducedi
ncour
tandwhi
ch,
whenaccept
ed,
i
smadepartoft
hecasefi
l
e.

ExigentCircumst
ances-Anemergency,demand,orneedcal
l
ingf
ori
mmedi
ateact
ionor
remedyt hat,f
ori
nst
ance,woul
djust
ifyawarrant
lesssear
ch.

Exoner
ate-Remov
alofachar
ge,
responsi
bil
i
tyordut
y.

ExParte-Onbehalfofonl
yonepart
y,withoutnoti
cetoanyotherpar
ty.Forexampl
e,arequest
forasearchwar
rantisanexpart
eproceeding,si
ncethepersonsubj
ecttothesear
chisnot
noti
fi
edoftheproceedi
ngandisnotpresentatthehear
ing.

ExPart
eCommuni cati
onCommuni cati
onaboutalawsuitbet
weenajudgeandonepart
y,
wit
ness,at
tor
ney,orot
herper
soni
nterestedi
nt hel
i
tigat
ionwhenal
lofthepar
ti
esarenot
pr
esentandtheabsentpar
tydi
dnothavenotice.

ExPar
tePr
oceedi
ng-Thel
egal
procedur
einwhi
chonl
yonesi
dei
spr
esentorr
epr
esent
ed.I
t
di
ffer
sfr
om theadversar
ysystem oradver
sarypr
oceedi
ng,andisonlyl
awf
uli
nli
mit
ed
ci
rcumst
ances.Forexample,
ahear i
ngforatemporar
yrest
raini
ngorder
.

ExPostFact
o-Aftert
hefact
.TheConsti
tut
ionprohi
bit
stheenact
mentofexpostfact
olaws.
Thesear
elawsthatpermi
tconvi
cti
onandpunishmentforanactt
hatwasl
awfulattheti
meit
wasperf
ormed.

ExpressWar
ranty-Anaff
irmati
onoffactorpr
omisemadebyt
hesel
l
ert
othebuy
ert
hati
s
rel
i
eduponbyt hebuyeri
nagreeingt
othecontr
act.

Expungement-Of
fi
cial
andf
ormal
erasur
eofar
ecor
dorpar
ti
alcont
ent
sofar
ecor
d.

Extenuati
ngCir
cumstances-Cir
cumst
ancest
hatr
enderacr
imel
essaggr
avat
ed,
hei
nous,
or
reprehensi
blet
hani
twoul dot
herwi
sebe.

Ext
radi
ti
on-Sur
renderbyonestat
etoanot herofapersonaccusedorconv
ict
edofanoffense
out
sidei
tsownterr
it
oryandwit
hinterr
it
orialj
uri
sdi
cti
onoftheother
,witht
heotherst
atewhich
i
scompetentt
otryhim/her
,demandinghis/hersur
render
.

Ext
ri
nsi
c-For
eign,
from out
sidesour
ces.

Ret
urnt
otop

Famil
yAl
l
owance-Asmallamountofmoneysetasi
defr
om theest
ateofthedeceased.I
ts
pur
posei
stopr
ovi
defort
hesurvi
vingf
amil
ymember sduri
ngtheadmini
str
ati
onoftheestate.

FelonyAcri
met
hatal
l
owsadef
endantt
obei
mpr
isonedf
ormor
ethanoney
earuponbei
ng
foundgui
l
ty.

Fi
duci
ary-Aper
sonhavi
ngal
egalr
elat
ionshipoft
rustandconf
idencet
oanotherandhav
inga
dut
ytoactpr
imari
l
yfort
heot
her
sbenefi
t:i
.e.
,aguardi
an,t
rust
eeorexecut
or.

Fi
le-Topl
aceapaperint
heoffi
cial
cust
odyoft
hecl
erkofcour
t/cour
tadmi
nist
rat
ort
oent
er
i
ntothef
il
esorr
ecordsofacase.

Fi
l
edi
nOpenCour
t-Cour
tdocument
sent
eredi
ntot
hef
il
eincour
tdur
ingl
egal
proceedi
ngs.

Fi
nal
OrderAnor dert
hatendst
helawsui
tbet
weent
hepar
ti
es,
resol
vest
hemer
it
soft
hecase,
andl
eavesnot
hingtobedonebutenfor
cement
.

Fi
ndi
ng-For
mal conclusi
onbyaj
udgeorr
egul
ator
yagencyoni
ssuesoff
act
.Al
so,
aconcl
usi
on
byaj
uryr
egardi
ngaf act.

Fi
rstAppearance-Thei
nit
ial
appearanceofanarrest
edper
sonbeforeaj
udget
odeter
mine
whetherornotther
eispr
obablecauseforhi
s/herarr
est
.Gener
all
y,t
heper
soncomesbef
orea
j
udgewi
thi
nhour
soft
hear
rest
.Al
socal
l
edi
nit
ial
appear
ance.

Foundat
ion-Prel
iminar
yquesti
onstoawi
tnesst
oest
abl
i
shadmi
ssi
bil
i
tyofev
idence;
i.
e.,
"l
ayi
ngaf oundat
ion"f
oradmissi
bil
i
ty.

Fraud-I
ntent
ional
decept
iont
odepr
iveanot
herper
sonofpr
oper
tyort
oinj
uret
hatper
soni
n
someway .

Fr
uitoft
heCri
me-Propert
yacquiredbymeansandinconsequenceoft
hecommi
ssi
onofa
cr
ime,andsomet
imesconsti
tut
ingthesubj
ectmat
terofthecri
me.

FruitofthePoi
sonousTree-Propert
yseizedorstatementsmadesubsequentt
oandbecause
ofani l
legal
searchori
nter
rogat
ion.Frui
tofthepoisonoustr
eeisgener
all
ynotadmi
ssi
blein
evidencebecauseiti
stai
ntedbytheil
legalsear
chorinter
rogat
ion.

Fugi
ti
ve-Aper
sonwhof
leesf
rom onest
atet
oanot
hert
oav
oidpr
osecut
ion.

Ret
urnt
otop

Garnishment-Alegalpr
oceedi
nginwhichadebt
or
smoney,whi
chisi
nthepossessi
onof
another(cal
l
edthegarni
shee),
isappl
i
edt ot
hedebt
softhedebt
or,
suchaswhenanemployer
garni
shesadebtorswages.

General
Damages-Compensat
ionf
ort
hel
ossdi
rect
lyandnecessar
il
yincur
redbyabr
eachof
cont
ract.

Gener
alJur
isdi
cti
on-Ref
erst
ocour
tst
hathav
enol
i
mitont
het
ypesofcr
imi
nal
andci
vi
lcases
t
heymayhear .

GoodFai
thHonesti
ntenttoactwit
houttaki
nganunf
airadv
ant
ageov
eranot
herper
son.Thi
s
t
ermisappl
i
edtomanyki ndsoftr
ansact
ions.

GoodTime-Areducti
oninsent
encedt
imeinpri
sonasar
ewar
dforgoodbehav
ior
.Itusual
l
yis
one-
thi
rdt
oone-hal
fofft
hemaximum sent
ence.

GrandJur y-Ajur
yofinquir
yconvenedtodeter
minewhetherevi
denceagainstadef
endant
j
ustif
iesissui
nganindictment
;compri
sedofnotmorethan18andnotl essthan15persons,
wi
t hatleast12concurri
ngbefor
eanindict
mentmaybereturned.

Gr
ant
ororSet
tl
or-Theper
sonwhoset
supat
rust
.Al
soknownas
trust
or.

Guar
dian-Aper sonappointedbywillorbyl
awt oassumeresponsibi
l
ityf
orincompetentadul
ts
orminorchil
dren.Ifonepar
entdies,t
hechil
dren
sguardi
anwillusual
lybetheotherparent
.If
bot
hdie,itusuall
ywi l
lbeacloserel
ati
ve.
Guar
dianship-Legalr
ightgi
ventoapersontober esponsibl
efort hefood,housing,
healt
hcare,
andothernecessi
ti
esofaper sondeemedincapableofprovi
dingt hesenecessiti
esfor
hi
mself/her
self
.Aguar di
analsomaybegivenresponsibi
li
tyfortheper son
sfinanci
alaf
fair
s,
andthusperfor
m addit
ional
l
yasaconser v
ator.SeealsoConserv ator
ship.

Ret
urnt
otop

HabeasCorpus-Awritusedasameanstobri
ngaper
sonbef
oret
hecour
ttodet
ermi
ne
whetherhe/
sheisbei
ngdetai
nedunl
awful
ly
.

Har
ml essErr
or-Anerrorcommittedduri
ngatri
alt
hatwascor
rectedorwasnotser
iousenough
t
oaffecttheout
comeoft hetr
ialandther
efor
ewasnotsuff
ici
entl
yharmful
(pr
ejudi
cial
)to
r
equi
ret hatt
hejudgmentbereversedonappeal
.

Heari
ng-Aproceedi
ng,
gener
all
ypubl
i
c,atwhi
chani
ssueoff
actorl
awi
sdi
scussedandei
ther
par
tyhastheri
ghttobehear
d.

HearsayTestimonybyawi t
nessconcerni
ngev ent
saboutwhichthewitnesshasnopersonal
knowledge.Hearsaytest
imonyconveysnotwhatt hewi
tnessobservedpersonal
ly
,butwhat
other
st ol
dthewi t
nessorwhatthewitnessheardother
ssay.Hearsayisusuall
ynotadmissi
ble
asevidenceincourtbecauseofit
sunreli
abi
li
ty.

Hungjury-Jur
yunabl
etor
eachav
erdi
ct.At
ri
alendi
ngi
nahungj
uryr
esul
tsi
nar
etr
ial
wit
ha
newjury
.

Ret
urnt
otop

I
mmuni
ty-Agrantbythecour
tassuri
ngsomeonet
hatt
heywi
l
lnotf
acepr
osecut
ioni
nret
urn
f
ort
hei
rpr
ovi
dingcri
mi nal
evi
dence.

ImpeachmentofaWitness-Anatt
ackont
hecr
edi
bil
i
ty(
bel
i
evabi
l
ity
)ofawi
tness,
thr
ough
evi
denceint
roducedf
orthatpur
pose.

I
mpl i
edConsentKnowi ngi
ndir
ectl
y( t
hroughconductorinact
ion)thataper sonwouldagree
orgiveper
mission.Forexample,i
nNewMexi coapersonwhoget sadriv
er
slicensehasgi
ven
i
mpl i
edconsenttoall
owapol i
ceof f
icertoconductanalcoholbreat
horbl oodt est,
whenthe
pol
icesuspect
st hepersonisdri
vi
ngwhi leint
oxi
cated.

Impli
edWar rant
yofMer chant
abil
it
yAnassumpt ioninl
awt hatthegoodsarefi
tforthe
ordi
narypurposesforwhichsuchgoodsareused.Thisimpli
edwar rant
yappl
iestoeverysal
eby
amer chantwhodealsingoodsoft heki
ndsold.However,
ifther
ei sawarni
ngthatthegoods
aresoldasis,
theimpl
iedwarrantydoesnotappl
y.
Inadmissi
ble-Thatwhi
ch,
undert
her
ulesofev
idence,
cannotbeadmi
tt
edorr
ecei
vedas
evidence.

I
nCamer a-I
nchambersorinpri
vat
e.Ahear
ingincamer
atakespl
acei
nthej
udge
sof
fi
ce
out
sideoft
hepresenceoft
hejur
yandthepubl
ic.

I
ncar
cer
ate-Toconf
inei
njai
l
.

I
n-CustodyArrai
gnments(j
ail
cases)Arr
aignmentwhi
lethedef
endantr
emai
nsi
njai
lbecause
defendanthasnotbeenrel
easedonbondorbyothermeans.

I
ndeterminateSentence-Asent enceofimpr i
sonmentt oaspeci
fiedmini
mum andmaxi
mum
peri
odoft i
me, speci
fi
cal
lyauthorizedbystatut
e,subjectt
oterminati
onbyaparol
eboar
dor
otheraut
horizedagencyafterthepr i
sonerhasservedtheminimum term.

I
ndi
ci
a-Si
gns,
indi
cat
ions.

I
ndictmentThewr
it
tenaccusat
ionbyagrandj
uryt
hatchar
gesapersonnamedint
he
i
ndict
mentwitht
hevi
olat
ionofalaw.I
ndi
ctment
sareusedforf
elonychar
ges,
not
misdemeanor
s.

I
ndi
gency-Fi
nanci
ali
nabi
l
ityt
ohi
real
awy
erorpaycour
tcost
s.

Indi
gent-Needyorimpover
ished.Adef endantwhocandemonstrat
ehis/heri
ndigencetot
he
courtmaybeassignedacourt-
appointedattorneyatpubl
i
cexpenseincr
iminalandchil
d
abuse/negl
ectcases,
butnotinothercivi
lcases.

I
nFormaPauper
isI
nthemannerofapauper
.Permissi
ongi
vent
oaper
sont
osuewi
thout
pay
mentofcour
tcost
sbecauseofi
ndi
genceorpovert
y.

I
nf or
mat i
on-Anaccusationagainstapersonforacri
minalof
fense,
withoutani
ndict
ment;
presentedbytheprosecuti
oninsteadofagrandjur
y.I
nformati
onsareusedforf
elonychar
ges,
notmi sdemeanor
s.

I
nfr
a-Bel
ow.

Inf
ract
ion-Aviolat
ionoflawnotpuni
shabl
ebyi
mpr
isonment
.Mi
nort
raf
fi
cof
fensesgener
all
y
areconsi
deredinfr
acti
ons.

I
nherit
anceTax-Astatetaxonproper
tythatanhei
rorbenefi
ciar
yunderawi
l
lrecei
vesf
rom a
deceasedper
son
sestate.Thehei
rorbenefi
ciar
ypaysthi
stax.

Ini
ti
alAppear
ance-Incr iminal
law,thehearingatwhichajudgedeter
mi neswhet hertherei
s
suff
ici
entevi
denceagai nstapersonchargedwi t
hacr i
met oholdhi
m/ herfort
rial.The
Consti
tuti
onbanssecretaccusat i
ons,soini
tial
appearancesarepubl
icunlessthedef endant
asksotherwi
se;theaccusedmustbepr esent,t
houghhe/sheusuall
ydoesnotof f
erev i
dence.
Alsocall
edfi
rstappearance.
I
njuncti
on-Writororderbyacourtpr
ohibi
ti
ngaspeci
fi
cactionfrom bei
ngcarri
edoutbya
personorgr
oup.Apr eli
minar
yinj
unct
ionisgrant
edpr
ovisi
onall
y,unt
ilaful
lheari
ngcanbehel
d
todeter
mineifitshoul
dbemadeper manent.

I
nspector
ialSearch-Anentr
yint
oandexaminat
ionofpr
emisesorvehi
clesbyani
nspect
orf
or
t
heidenti
fi
cationandcorr
ecti
onofcondi
ti
onsdanger
oustoheal
thorsafety
.

I
nst
ructi
ons-Judge
sexpl
anat
iont
othejurybef
oreitbegi
nsdel
i
berat
ionsofthequest
ionsi
t
mustanswerandtheappl
i
cabl
elawgoverni
ngthecase.Al
socal
ledcharget
ot hej
ury.

Int
angibl
eassets-Nonphysi
calit
emst hathaveval
ue,
suchasstockcer
ti
fi
cates,
bonds,bank
accounts,andpensi
onbenef
its.I
ntangi
bleasset
smustbetakenint
oaccountinest
ateplanni
ng
anddivorce.

I
nter
locut
ory-Provi
sional
;notf
inal
.Anint
erl
ocut
oryor
derorani
nter
locut
oryappeal
concer
ns
onl
yapartoftheissuesrai
sedinalawsui
t.

I
nter
pleaderAnacti
oninwhichathi
rdper
sonaskstheCour
ttodet
ermi
net
her
ight
sofot
her
s
t
opropertyhel
dbutnotownedbythet
hir
dperson.

I
nter
rogat
ori
es-Writ
tenquest
ionsaskedbyonepar
tyi
nal
awsui
tforwhi
cht
heopposi
ngpar
ty
mustprov
idewri
tt
enanswers.

I
nterv
ent
ion-Anacti
onbywhi
chat
hir
dper
sont
hatmaybeaf
fect
edbyal
awsui
tisper
mit
tedt
o
becomeapartyt
othesui
t.

I
nterVi
vosGi
ft-Agi
ftmadedur
ingt
hegi
ver
sl
i
fe.

I
nterVi
vosTr
ust-Anot
hernamef
orl
i
vingt
rust
.

I
ntest
acyLaws-SeeDescentandDi
str
ibut
ionSt
atut
es.

I
ntest
ate-Dy
ingwi
thouthav
ingawi
l
l.

I
nt est
ateSuccessi
on-Thepr ocessbywhi chthepr opertyofapersonwhohasdiedwithouta
willpassesontoot her
saccordingtothestat
esdescentanddi stri
but
ionst
atut
es.I
fsomeone
dieswi t
houtawill
andt hecourtusesthestate
sintestatesuccessi
onlaws,anhei
rwho
receivessomeoft hedeceased
spr oper
tyisanintestateheir
.

I
nvoket
heRul
e-Separ
ati
onandexcl
usi
onofwi
tnesses(
othert
hanpar
ti
es)f
rom t
hecour
troom.

I
rr
evocabl
eTr
ust-At
rustt
hat
,oncesetup,
thegr
ant
ormaynotr
evoke.

I
ssue-1.Thedi
sputedpoi
ntinadi
sagr
eementbet
weenpar
ti
esi
nal
awsui
t.2.Tosendout
of
fi
cial
l
y,asi
ntoissueanorder
.

Ret
urnt
otop
J

JoinderCombini
ngchargesordef
endant
sonthesamecomplaint.Wher
eacri
meis
commi tt
edbyt
wopeople,bothmaybechargedononecomplai
nt.Joi
nderal
soappl
i
esi
nci
vi
l
cases,wher
eparti
esandclai
msmaybej oi
nedinonecompl
aint
.

JointandSeveralLi
abil
i
ty-Alegal
doctr
inethatmakeseachofthepart
ieswhoar eresponsi
ble
foraninj
uryl
iableforal
lthedamagesawardedinalawsui
tift
heotherresponsi
bleparti
es
cannotpay.

JointTenancy-Afor
m oflegalco-ownershi
pofproper
ty(
alsoknownassur
vivor
ship)
.Atthe
deathofoneco-owner,
thesurvivi
ngco-ownerbecomessoleowneroft
heproper
ty.Tenancyby
theenti
retyi
saspecial
form ofjoi
nttenancybet
weenahusbandandwife.

Judge-Anelect
edorappoi
ntedpubli
coffi
cial
wit
haut
hor
it
ytohearanddeci
decasesi
nacour
t
oflaw.Aj
udgeProTem isatemporaryj
udge.

Judgment-Thef
ir
stdi
sposi
ti
onofal
awsui
t.

ConsentJudgment-Occur
swhentheprov
isi
onsandtermsofthej
udgmentar
eagr
eedonby
thepart
iesandsubmit
tedt
othecour
tfori
tssanct
ionandappr
oval
.

Def
aul
tJudgment-Aj
udgmentr
ender
edbecauseoft
hedef
endant
sf
ail
uret
oanswerorappear
.

JudgmentNotwit
hstandi
ngtheVerdi
ctJudgmententeredbyorderoft
hecour
tforonepart
y
notwit
hst
andi
ngt hej
ury
sverdi
cti
nfavoroft
heotherparty
.Ajudgmentnot
wit
hstandi
ngthe
ver
dictmayonlyari
seaft
eramot i
onforadir
ect
edv er
dict
.

Judgmentont
hePleadi
ngsJudgmentbasedonthepleadingsal
one.I
tisusedwhenthereis
nodisput
east
othefact
softhecaseandonepar
tyisentit
ledtoajudgmentasamatteroflaw.

Summar yJudgment-Judgmentgi venont hebasisofpl

eadi
ngs,af
fi
davi
ts,
andexhibits
present
edf ortherecor
dwithoutanyneedforatrial
.Aswit
hJudgmentonthePleadings,i
tis
usedwhent her
eisnodisputeastothefactsofthecaseandonepart
yisenti
tl
edtoaj udgment
asamat teroflaw.

JudgmentandSentence-Theof
fi
cialdocumentofajudge
sdi
sposi
ti
onofacasesent
enci
nga
defendantt
otheDepart
mentofCorrect
ionsorj
ail
custody.

Judici
alRev
iew-Theauthori
tyofacourttorevi
ewtheoffi
cialact
ionsofotherbranchesof
government
.Also,
theauthor
ityt
odeclareunconst
it
uti
onaltheactionsofotherbranches.

Jur
at-Cert
if
icateofoff
icerorper
sonwhom wri
tingwasswornbefor
e.Typi
cal
l
y,
jur
ati
sused
tomeanthecerti
fi
cateofthecompetentadmi
nister
ingof
fi
cert
hatwri
ti
ngwassworntoby
per
sonwhosi gnedit
.

Jur
isdi
cti
on-Thecour
t
slegal
aut
hor
it
ytohearandr
esol
vespeci
fi
cdi
sput
es.Jur
isdi
cti
oni
s
usuall
ycomposedofper
sonalj
uri
sdi
cti
on(aut
hor
it
yov
erper
sons)andsubj
ectmat
ter
j
urisdi
cti
on(
author
it
yovert
ypesofcases.
)

Jur
ispr
udence-Thest
udyofl
awandt
hest
ruct
ureoft
hel
egal
syst
em.

Jur
orDi
squal
i
fied-Jur
orexcusedf
rom at
ri
al.

Jury-Per
sonsselect
edaccordi
ngtolawandsworntoinqui
rei
ntoanddecl
areaverdi
cton
matter
soff act
.Apeti
tjur
yisatr
ial
jury
,composedof6to12persons,
whichhear
seitherci
vi
l
orcri
minalcases.

Jur
yArray-Thewhol
ebodyofpr
ospect
ivej
uror
ssummonedt
ocour
tfr
om whi
cht
hej
urywi
l
lbe
sel
ect
ed.Alsocal
l
edJur
yPanel
.

Jur
yList-Al
istcontaini
ngt
henamesofjur
orsempanel
l
edt
otr
yacauseorcont
aini
ngt
he
namesofall
thejurorssummonedt
oattendcour
t.

JuryPol
li
ng-Theprocedurebywhi
cheachi
ndi
vi
dual
jur
ori
saskedt
oaf
fi
rm hi
sorherv
erdi
cti
n
opencourtatt
heconclusi
onofatr
ial
.

Jur
yTr
ial
-At
ri
ali
nwhi
cht
hej
uryj
udgest
hef
act
sandt
hej
udger
ulesont
hel
aw.

Just
ici
abl
e-I
ssuesandcl
aimscapabl
eofbei
ngpr
oper
lyexami
nedi
ncour
t.

Juv
eni
l
e-Aper
sonunder18y
ear
sofage.

Ret
urnt
otop

KangarooCour
t-Term descr
ipt
iveofasham l
egalproceedi
ngi nwhichapersonsr
ightsar
e
tot
all
ydisr
egar
dedandinwhichtheresul
tisaforegoneconclusionbecauseofthebiasoft
he
courtorot
hert
ri
bunal
.

KnowinglyandWil
lf
ull
y-Thi
sphr
ase,
inr
efer
encet
ovi
olat
ionofast
atut
e,meansconsci
ousl
y
andintent
ional
l
y.

Ret
urnt
otop

LapsedGi
ft-Agi
ftmadei
nawi
l
ltoaper
sonwhohasdi
edpr
iort
othewi
l
l-maker
sdeat
h.

Lar
ceny-Obt
aini
ngpr
oper
tybyf
raudordecei
t.

Law-Theenf orceabl
erul
esthatgoverni
ndivi
dualandgroupconducti
nasociety.Thelaw
establ
i
shesstandardsofconduct,t
heproceduresgover
ningst
andardsofconduct,andthe
remediesav
ailablewhenthestandar
dsarenotadheredto.
LawCl
erks-Per
sonst
rai
nedi
nthel
awwhoassi
stj
udgesi
nresear
chi
ngl
egal
opi
nions.

LeadingQuesti
on-Aquestiont
hatsuggeststheanswerdesi
redofthewi
tness.Apar
ty
general
lymaynotaskonesownwitnessleadi
ngquesti
ons.Leadi
ngquest
ionsmaybeasked
onlyofadver
sewitnessesandoncross-
examinati
on.

LegalAi
d-Prof
essional
legal
ser
vicesav
ail
abl
eusual
l
ytoper
sonsoror
gani
zat
ionsunabl
eto
aff
ordsuchser
vices.

Leni
ency-Recommendat
ionf
orasent
encel
esst
hant
hemaxi
mum al
l
owed.

LesserIncludedOf fense-Anylesseroffenseincl
udedwi thi
nthestatutedef
iningtheorigi
nal
charge,suchasal owergradeofanof fense.Anoffensecomposedofsome, butnotallofthe
elementsofagr eateroff
enseandwhi chdoesnothav eanyadditi
onalelementsnotincludedin
thegreaterof f
ense, sot
hatiti
simpossi bl
etocommi tthegreat
eroffensewithoutalso
commi tti
ngt helesser.

Let
ter
sofAdmi nistr
ati
on-Legaldocumenti
ssuedbyacour
tthatshowsanadmini
str
ator
s
l
egalr
ighttotakecontrol
ofassetsint
hedeceasedper
son
sname.Usedwhenthedeceased
di
edwithoutawill.

Lett
ersTest
ament ar
y-Legaldocumenti
ssuedbyacour
tthatshowsanexecutor
slegal
rightt
o
takecont
rolofasset
sinthedeceasedper
son
sname.Usedwhent hedeceasedl
eftawill
.

Li
abl
e-Legal
l
yresponsi
ble.

Li
bel-Publ
i
shedwordsorpict
urest
hatfal
sel
yandmal
i
ciousl
ydef
ameaper
son.Li
bel
is
publ
i
sheddefamat
ion;
slanderi
sspoken.

Li
en-Al egal
clai
m againstanot
herperson
spropert
yassecur i
tyforadebt
.Ali
endoesnot
conveyownershi
pofthepr oper
ty,
butgivestheli
en-
holderari
ghttohavehisorherdebt
sati
sfi
edoutoftheproceedsofthepropert
yifthedebtisnototherwi
sepai
d.

Li
mi t
edJurisdi
cti
onCour t
swithlimit
edjuri
sdict
ionmayhearonlycer
tai
nkindsofcasesand
areprecl
udedfrom hear
ingany
thingelse.Forexample,
smallcl
aimscourtmayonlydeci
de
casesinwhichtheamountincontroversyi
sbelowasetf i
gur
e.

Li
sPendens-Apendi
ngsuit
.Juri
sdi
cti
on,
power
,orcont
rol
thatcour
tsacqui
reov
erpr
oper
tyi
n
asui
tpendi
ngact
ionandunti
lfi
nalj
udgment
.

Li
ti
gant-Apar
tyt
oal
awsui
t.Li
ti
gat
ionr
efer
stoacase,
cont
rov
ersy
,orl
awsui
t.

Li
vingTr
ust-At
rustsetupandi
nef
fectdur
ingt
hel
i
fet
imeoft
hegr
ant
or.Al
socal
l
edi
nterv
ivos
tr
ust.

Ret
urnt
otop
M

Magi
str
ateAj udgewhoseci
vi
landcri
minalj
uri
sdi
cti
onislimit
edbylaw.Inf
eder
alcour
t,a
j
udi
ci
aloff
icerwhoisassi
gnednumer
oustri
alandpret
ri
alresponsi
bil
i
ties.

Mal
feasance-Ev
ildoi
ng,
il
lconduct
;thecommi
ssi
onofsomeactwhi
chi
sposi
ti
vel
ypr
ohi
bit
ed
byl
aw.

MaliciousAbuseofPr ocessTortinv ol
vingal i
ti
gant
smaliciousmi suseofthepowerofthe
j
udiciary.Theelement softhist
ortare: (
1)init
iat
ionofjudi
cial pr
oceedingsagai
nsttheplai
nti
ff
bythedef endant;(2)anactbythedef endanti ntheuseofpr ocessthatwouldnotbeproperin
theregularprosecutionoftheclai
m; (3)apr i
mar ymotivebyt hedefendanti
nmi susi
ngthe
processt oachieveani l
legi
ti
mateend; and( 4)damages.

Mali
ci
ousProsecut
ionInNewMexico,t
hetortofMal
i
ciousProsecut
ionnol
ongerexi
sts.I
t
hasbeencombinedwit
hAbuseofPr
ocesst
of or
m anewt or
t,
Malici
ousAbuseofProcess.

SeeMal
i
ciousAbuseofPr
ocess.

Mandamus-Awri
tissuedbyacourtorder
ingapubl
icof
fi
cial
toper
for
m anactt
hats/
hei
s
r
equi
redtodobyl
awundertheexist
ingstateoff
act
s.

Mandat
e-Theof
fi
cial
decr
eebyacour
tofappeal
.

Manslaught
er-Theunlawfulki
ll
i
ngofanot herwi
thoutint
entt
oki
l
l;ei
thervol
untary(upona
suddenimpulse)
;orinv
olunt
ary(dur
ingthecommi ssi
onofanunl
awfulactnotordinar
il
y
expect
edtoresulti
ngreatbodi
lyharm.)

Mediat
ion-Af or
m ofal
ter
nat
ivedi
sputer
esolut
ioninwhi
cht
hepar
ti
esbr
ingt
hei
rdi
sput
etoa
neut
ralthi
rdpart
y,whohel
psthem r
eacharesol
ution.

Memor
ial
i
zed-I
nwr
it
ing.

MensRea-The
gui
l
tymi
ndnecessar
ytoest
abl
i
shcr
imi
nal
responsi
bil
i
ty.

MerchantApersonwhor egul
arl
ydealsingoodsoft hekindbeingsoldorwhoot herwi
se
hol
dshimsel
foutashavingaspecialknowledgeoft hegoodssold.Forexampl e,
Bobownsa
cl
ockshopandsell
sclocks,sohewouldbeconsi deredamer chantofclocks.Howev er,
ifBob
sol
dhiscart
osomeone, hewouldnotbeconsi deredamer chantofcars.

MergerClauseMer gerclausesst
atet hatt
hewrit
tendocumentcontainstheenti
re
under
standingoftheparti
es.Thepurposeofmer gercl
ausesistoensurethatevi
denceoutsi
de
thewri
ttendocumentwi l
lnotbeadmi ssibl
eincour
ttocontr
adictorsupplementtheexpr
ess
ter
msoft hewrit
tenagreement .

Mer
it
s-Thesubst
ant
ivecl
aimsanddef
ensesr
aisedbyt
hepar
ti
est
oanact
ion.
Mi
norAper
sonunder18y
ear
sofagedependi
ngont
heCount
ry'
slaw.

MirandaWar ningPr i
ortoanycustodi
al i
nterr
ogati
on( t
hatis,questioni
ngbypol iceaft
era
personhasbeendepr i
vedofhisorherfreedom inasignif
icantway ),
aper sonmustbeadv i
sed
that:(
1)hehasar i
ghttoremainsil
ent;
(2)anyst at
ementhedoesmakemaybeusedi n
evidenceagainsthi
m; (3)hehastheri
ghtt othepresenceofanat torney;and(4)ifcannotaff
ord
anat t
orney
,onewi llbeappoi
ntedforhim pri
ortoanyquest i
oning,ifhesodesi r
es.

Misdemeanor-Anof
fensepuni
shabl
ebynotmor
ethanoney
eari
ncount
yjai
land/
or$1,
000
f
ine.

Mi
str
ial
-Aninval
idtr
ial,
causedbyfundament
alerr
orori
nabil
i
tyofajur
ytoreachaver
dict
.
Whenamist
riali
sdeclared,
thet
ri
almuststar
tagai
nfrom t
hesel
ecti
onofthejur
y.

Mit
igat
ingCi
rcumstances-Thosef
act
swhichdonotconst
it
uteaj
usti
fi
cat
ionorexcusef
oran
of
fensebutwhichmaybeconsider
edasr
easonsforr
educi
ngthedegr
eeofblame.

Mi
ti
gat
ionReduct
ionofpenal
tyorpuni
shment
.

Moot-Amootcaseoramootpoi ntisonenotsubjecttoaj udi

cial
deter
minati
onbecauseit
i
nvolvesanabstr
actquest
ion,becausether
ei snoactual contr
oversy
,orbecausethei
ssuesno
l
ongerexist
.Mootnessusuall
yreferstoacourt
srefusaltoconsideracasebecausetheissue
i
nvolvedhasbeenresol
vedpriortothecourt
sdecisi
on,leavingnothi
ngthatwouldbeaff
ected
bythecourt
sdeci
sion.

Mot
ion-Or
al orwrit
tenrequestmadebyapar
tyt
oanact
ionbef
ore,
dur
ing,
oraf
terat
ri
al,
upon
whi
chacourtissuesaruli
ngororder
.

Moti
oni
nLimine-Amotionmadeoutsidethepr
esenceofajuryrequest
ingthatthecour
tnot
al
l
owcert
ainevi
dencet
hatmightpr
ejudicethej
ury
.Usual
lyheardbeforetr
ialbegins.

Moti
ontoExpungeAmot
iont
odel
etemat
eri
alf
rom of
fi
cial
cour
trecor
ds,
suchasar
ecor
dof
j
uveni
leconv
ict
ion.

Mot
iont
oMi
ti
gat
eSent
ence-Amot
iont
oreducet
hesent
ence.

Mot
iont
oSeal
-Amot
iont
ocl
oser
ecor
dst
opubl
i
cinspect
ion.

Mot
iont
oSuppr
ess-Amot
iont
opr
eventadmi
ssi
onofev
idencei
nacase.

Murder-Theunlawfulki
ll
i
ngofahumanbei ngwit
hdel i
ber
ateintenttokil
l
.Mur deri
nt hefi
rst
degreei
scharacter
izedbypremeditat
ion;mur
derintheseconddegr eeischaracter
izedbya
suddenandinstant
aneousintentt
okillort
ocauseinjur
ywithoutcaringwhethertheinjur
ykil
l
s
ornot.

Mutual
i
tyAmeet
ingoft
hemi
ndsofcont
ract
ingpar
ti
esr
egar
dingt
hemat
eri
alt
ermsoft
he
agr
eement
.
Ret
urnt
otop

Necessaril
yIncl
udedOf f
ense-Wher
eanof
fensecannotbecommittedwithoutnecessari
l
y
commi tt
inganotheroff
ense,t
hel
att
eri
sanecessar
il
yincl
udedof
fense;sometimesr ef
err
edt
o
aslesserincl
udedoffense.

Negli
gence-Fai
l
uretoexerci
sethedegr
eeofcar
ethatar
easonabl
eper
sonwoul
dexer
cise
underthesamecir
cumstances.

NextFri
end-Oneact
ingwi
thoutformal
appoint
mentasguardi
anfort
hebenef
itofani
nfant
,a
per
sonofunsoundmindnotj
udicial
l
ydecl
aredincompet
ent
,orot
herper
sonundersome
di
sabil
i
ty.

No-
ContestClause-Languagei
nawill
prov
idi
ngt
hataper
sonwhomakesal
egal
chal
l
enget
o
t
hewil
l
sv al
i
ditywil
lbedisi
nher
it
ed.

NoCont
estPl
eaSeeNol
oCont
ender
e.

No-Faul
tProceedi
ngs-Aci
vi
lcasei
nwhi
chpar
ti
esmayr
esol
vet
hei
rdi
sput
ewi
thoutaf
ormal
f
indingoferr
ororfaul
t.

Nol
l
eProsequiThepr
osecut
ordecl
i
nest
opr
osecut
e,butmayst
il
li
nit
iat
epr
osecut
ionwi
thi
n
t
heti
meallowedbyl
aw.

NoloCont ender
e-Nocont est.Apleathr oughwhichthedefendantdoesnotadmi tguilt
,but
whichhast hesamelegaleffectasapl eaofgui l
tyi
nacriminalcase.Howev er,thenocont est
pleamaynotbeusedi nacivilacti
onrelatedtothecri
minalchargetoprovet hedef endant
sci
vil
l
iabil
it
y.Forexample,apl
eaofnol ocont ender
eforatraf
fi
ccitati
onthatresultedfrom an
accidentcannotbeusedtoconv i
nceaj udgeinacivi
lcasethatthedefendanti sguilt
yof
causinganaccident.

Non-
jur
ytr
ial
-Acaset
ri
edbyaj
udgeont
hef
act
saswel
last
hel
aw.

NoPr
obabl
eCause-I
nsuf
fi
cientgr
oundst
ohol
dtheper
sonwhowasar
rest
ed.

Not
ice-Formalnot
if
icat
iontot
hepar
tythathasbeensuedthataci
vi
ll
awsui
thasbeenf
il
ed.
Al
so,anyfor
m ofnoti
fi
cati
onofal
egalproceedi
ngorf
il
ingofadocument
.

Noti
ceofLi sPendens-Anot i
cefil
edonpublicr
ecordstowar nallper
sonst hatthet
it
leto
cert
ainpropert
yisinl
it
igat
ion,andthatift
heypurchaseorleasethatpropertyt
heyareindanger
ofbeingboundbyanadv ersejudgment.Thenoti
ceisforthepurposeofpr eserv
ingri
ghts
pendingl
iti
gati
on.

Nui
sanceAnunr easonabl
e,unwarr
anted,
orunl
awful
useofone
sproper
tythatannoy
s,
di
stur
bs,ori
nconv
eniencesanotheri
ntheuseofhi
sorherpr
opert
y.Vi
olat
ionofanordi
nance
t
hatf
orbi
dsannoy
anceoft
hepubl
i
cingener
al.

NuncProTunc-Anentr
ymadenowf
oranactdonepr
evi
ousl
yandt
ohav
etheef
fectasi
fit
weredoneonapri
ordate.

Nuncupat
iveWi
l
l-Anor
al(
unwr
it
ten)wi
l
l.

Ret
urnt
otop

Oat
hs-Swor
nat
test
ati
onsr
equi
redi
ncour
t,usual
l
yadmi
nist
eredbyt
hei
n-cour
tcl
erk.

Object
ion-Thepr
ocessbywhichonepart
ytri
est
opreventtheint
roduct
ionofevi
denceorthe
useofaprocedur
eataheari
ng.Anobject
ioni
sei
thersust
ained(al
lowed)orover
rul
edbythe
j
udge.

Of
fense-Av
iol
ati
onofamuni
cipal
ordi
nanceorst
atest
atut
e.

OfferAnexpressi
onofwi
ll
ingnesstoent
erintoabargai
nthati
sdef
ini
teandcert
aini
nits
ter
msandt hati
scommunicatedtotheoff
eree.Onceaccept
ed,t
heof
ferist
ransf
ormedint
oa
contract
ual
obli
gati
on.

Of
fer
eeTheper
sont
owhom anof
feri
smade.

Of
fer
orTheper
sonwhomakesanof
fer
.

Openi
ngStatement-Thei
nit
ialst
atementmadebyat
tor
ney
sforeachsi
de,
out
li
ningt
hef
act
s
eachi
ntendstoest
abli
shduri
ngthetri
al.

Opinion-Ajudgeswr i
tt
enexplanati
onofadecisi
onoft hecour
torofamaj or
it
yofjudges.A
di
ssent i
ngopiniondisagr
eeswi t
hthemajori
tyopini
onbecauseofthereasoni
ngand/orthe
pri
nciplesoflawonwhi chthedecisi
onisbased.Aconcurri
ngopini
onagreeswiththedecisi
on
ofthecourtbutof f
ersfurt
hercommentordiffer
entreasoni
ng.Apercuri
am opini
onisan
unsignedopinionofthecourt
.

Or
alArgument-Anopport
unityf
orlawyer
stosummar
izet
hei
rposi
ti
onsbef
oret
hecour
tand
al
sotoanswerthej
udgesquest
ions.

Or
der-Awr
it
tenoror
alcommandf
rom acour
tdi
rect
ingorf
orbi
ddi
nganact
ion.

Or
dinanceAl
awadopt
edbyt
hegov
erni
ngbodyofamuni
cipal
i
tyorcount
y.

Over
rul
e-Ajudge
sdecisi
onnottoal
lowanobj
ect
ion.Al
so,
adeci
sionbyahi
ghercour
tfi
ndi
ng
t
hatalowercour
tdeci
sionwasinerr
or.

Ret
urnt
otop
P

Par
ensPat
ri
ae-Thedoct
ri
neunderwhi
cht
hecour
tpr
otect
sthei
nter
est
sofaj
uveni
l
e.

Par
olEv
idenceOr
alev
idence.

ParolEv
idenceRuleWhenawr it
tenagreementisi
ntendedt obeacompl et
eandfinal
document,thenthet
ermsoftheagreementcannotbealteredbyevidenceofor
al(
parol
)
agreementsthatpur
portt
ochange,expl
ain,
orcontr
adictthewrit
tenagreement
.

Parole-Thesuperv
isedcondi
ti
onalr
eleaseofaprisonerbefor
etheexpi
rat
ionofhis/
her
sentence.I
fthepar
oleeobser
vesthecondit
ions,
he/ sheneednotser
vetherestofhi
s/hert
erm.

Par
ty-Aperson,business,
organi
zat
ionorgov
ernmentagencyi
nvol
vedi
nthepr
osecut
ionor
def
enseofalegalproceedi
ng.

Pat
ent-Agover
nmentgrantgiv
ingani
nvent
ort
heexcl
usi
ver
ightt
omakeorsel
lhi
s/her
i
nvent
ionf
oraterm ofy
ears.

Penalt
yAssessment-Procedur
einwhi
chtraffi
coffenderisall
owedt
omaili
naf i
ne(pl
ead
guil
tybymail
).Poi
ntsmaybeassessedagainsttheperson'sdri
vi
ngr
ecor
dforpenal
ty
assessmentoff
enses.

Peremptor
yChall
enge-Ther
ightt
ochal
l
engeaj
udgeorpr
ospect
ivej
urorwi
thoutassi
gni
nga
reasonf
orthechal
lenge.

Per
jur
y-Thecr
imi
nal
off
enseofmaki
ngaf
alsest
atementunderoat
h.

PermanentI
njuncti
on-Acour
tor
derr
equir
ingthatsomeact
ionbet
akenort
hatsomepar
ty
ref
rai
nfrom t
akingact
ionf
orani
ndef
ini
teperi
od.

Per
sonalJur
isdi
cti
on-Powerwhi
chacourthasovert
hedefendant
'spersonandwhi
chacour
t
musthav
ebef or
eitcanent
eraj
udgmentaff
ecti
ngthedef
endant'
sright
s.

PerSeLaw-I ntheMot orVehicleCode, thepersecr i

mei sdri
vingwithabl
oodalcoholl
evelof
.08orgr eat
er,asestabli
shedt hroughav al
i
dt esti
ngprocedure.Noproofi
srequi
redtoshow
thatthedefendantwasundert hei nfl
uencesi ncethelawconcludesthatdr
ivi
ngwithablood
alcoholcontent(BAC)of.08orgr eaterisdrivi
ngwhi l
eintoxi
cated.(
DWIcanbepr ovedbyot
her
evidenceevenifadefendantsBACi slessthan. 08.
)

PersonalPr
operty-Tangibl
ephy si
cal
proper
ty(suchascar
s,cl
othi
ng,furni
tur
eandjewelr
y)and
i
ntangibl
epersonalpropert
y(suchasbankaccounts)
.Thi
sdoesnotincludereal
proper
tysuch
aslandorri
ghtsinland.

Personal
Recognizance-I
ncri
minalpr
oceedi
ngs,
thepret
ri
alr
eleaseofadefendantwi
thoutbai
l
uponhis/herpr
omisetoret
urntocour
t.Seeal
soRel
easeonOwnRecogni zance.
Per
sonalRepr
esent
ati
ve-Thepersonthatadmini
stersanestat
e.I
fnamedinawi
ll,
that
per
son
stit
lei
sanexecut
or.I
ftherei
snov ali
dwil
l,thatper
son
sti
tl
eisanadmi
nist
rator
.

Peti
ti
oner-Theper
sonfil
i
nganact i
oninacourtofor
igi
nalj
uri
sdi
cti
on.Also,t
hepersonwho
appeal
sthejudgmentofalowercour
t.Theopposi
ngpartyi
scall
edtherespondent
.

Pet
tyMi
sdemeanorAcr
imet
hatal
l
owsl
esst
hansi
xmont
hsofj
ail
timeuponconv
ict
ion.

Pl
aint
if
f-Theperson/
business/
organi
zat
ion/
agencyt
hatf
il
est
hecompl
ainti
naci
vi
ll
awsui
t.
Al
socall
edthecomplainant
.

Pl
ainViewDoct
ri
ne-Thedoct r
inethatpermit
sal awenfor
cementoff
icert
olawful
l
yseize
i
ncri
minati
ngev
idencenotspecif
ical
lysoughtbutreadi
l
yvisi
blei
nthecourseofaval
i
dsearch.

Pl
ea-(
1)Def
endant
sanswert
othechar
ge-gui
l
ty,
notgui
l
ty,
nol
ocont
ender
eorAl
for
dpl
ea.

(2)I
nacriminal
proceedi
ng,thedef
endant
sdecl
arat
ioni
nopencour
tthatheorshei
sguilt
yor
notgui
l
ty.Thedefendant
sanswert
othechargesmadeinthei
ndi
ctmentorinf
ormat
ion.

PleaAgreement-Anagr eementbet weent heprosecutorandthedefendant,pr

esentedforthe
court'
sapproval
,regardi
ngt hesent encet hedefendantshouldserveuponapl eaofguilt
y,an
Alfor
dplea,oranocont estpl ea.Typicall
y,thedefendantpleadsguil
tyinexchangeforsome
form ofl
eniency
.Forexampl e,thedef endantmaypl eadtolesserchargessothatthepenalti
es
aredimini
shed.Or,thedef endantmaypl eadtosome, butnotal
lofthechargessot hatot
hers
aredropped.Theagr eementmayi ncludesent enci
ngr ecommendat i
ons.Suchbargainsarenot
bindi
ngont hecourt.

PleaBargaini
ngorPl eaNegotiat
ing-Theprocessthroughwhichanaccusedpersonanda
prosecutornegoti
ateamut uall
ysatisf
actor
ydisposi
tionofacase.TheCourti
snotpri
vytot
he
actualnegoti
ati
ons,buti
spr esentedwithapleaagreementfori
tsapprov
alorrej
ect
ion.

Pl
eadi
ngs-Thewr
it
tenst
atement
soff
actandl
awf
il
edbyt
hepar
ti
est
oal
awsui
t.

Point
sorPointI
nformat
ion-Penal
typoi
ntsi
mposedbyt
heMot
orVehi
clesDi
vi
sionaf
ter
convi
cti
onofatraff
icof
fense.

Pol
li
ngtheJury-Theact
,aft
erajuryv
erdi
cthasbeenannounced,
ofaski
ngj
uror
sindi
vi
dual
l
y
whet
hertheyagreewi
ththever
dict
.

Pour
-OverWi
ll-Awi
l
lthatl
eav
essomeoral
lest
ateasset
stoat
rustest
abl
i
shedbef
oret
hewi
l
l-
maker
sdeat
h.

Pr
ejudi
ce-Unf
airhar
mtoonepar
ty.

PowerofAt
tor
neyFor
malauthor
izat
ionofaper
sontoacti
nthei
nter
est
sofanot
herwhoi
s
i
ncapabl
eofmanagi
nghi
sorherownaf f
air
sorpr
oper
ty.
Pr
eli
minar
yHear
ingSee
Ini
ti
alAppear
ance.

Pr
eli
minar
yInjuncti
on-Cour
tor
derrequi
ri
ngacti
onorfor
biddi
ngact
ionunti
ladeci
sioncanbe
madewhethertoissueaper
manentinj
unct
ion.I
tdi
ff
ersf
rom atemporar
yrest
rai
ningor
der.

Pre-
SentenceInvest
igat
ion-Abackgroundi
nvest
igat
ionofthedef
endantbyt
heDepar
tmentof
Corr
ecti
ons,retur
nabletothesent
encingj
udgeonorbeforeacert
aindat
e.

Pre-SentenceRepor t-Areportdesi gnedt oassistthejudgei npassingsent enceonaconv i

cted
defendant .Suchr eportsshouldcont ai
natl eastthefollowing:(1)compl etedescr i
pti
onoft he
sit
uat i
onsur roundingthecr i
minal acti
vity
; (
2)offender'seducationalbackgr ound;(3)offender'
s
empl oymentbackgr ound;(4)offender'ssocialhistor
y ;
(5)residencehi st
oryoft heoffender;(6)
offender'
smedi calhistor
y;(7)i
nf ormationaboutenv ironmentt owhi chtheof fenderwi l
lret
urn;
(8)informationaboutanyr esourcesav ail
abletoassi sttheoffender;(9)probat i
onofficer'
sview
oftheof fender'smot iv
ati
onsandambi ti
ons; (
10)f ul
ldescripti
onoft heof f
ender '
scriminal
record;and( 11)recommendat ionast odi sposi
tion.

Pr
etermi
ttedChil
d-Achi
ldbor
naft
erawil
li
sexecut
ed,whoisnotprovi
dedf
orbyt
hewi
l
l.New
Mexicol
awpr ov
idesf
orashar
eofest
atepr
oper
tytogotosuchchil
dren.

Pret
ri
alConfer
ence-Ameet i
ngbetweent
hejudgeandthelawyer
sinvol
vedinalawsuitt
o
narr
owtheissuesint
hesuit,
agr
eeonwhatwi l
lbepresent
edatthetr
ial
,andexpl
orethe
possi
bil
i
tyofsett
li
ngthecasewit
houtatr
ial
.

Pretri
alInter
venti
on-Programstoaidcer t
ainqual
ifyi
ngcri
minaldefendantsbydiver
ti
ngthem
from prosecuti
onandenrolli
ngthem i
nr ehabi
li
tat
iveprogr
ams.Uponsuccessf ulcomplet
ionof
therequiredprogram(
s),thecri
minalcaseisdismissed.Pr
etr
ial
intervent
ionismostoftenused
i
nsubst anceabuseanddomest i
cviol
encewher ethecrimechargedisthedefendant
sfir
st
offense.

Pret
ri
alRel
ease-Releasebysher
if
f
sper
sonnel
aft
erar
restandbef
oreanycour
tappear
ance,
butwit
hacourtappearancedat
e.

Precedent-Apr
evi
ousl
ydeci
dedcaset
hatgui
dest
hedeci
sionoff
utur
ecases;
sour
ceof
commonl aw.

Pr
eponderanceoft
heev i
dence-Evidencethati
sofgr
eaterwei
ghtormoreconvi
nci
ngthant
he
ev
idencethati
soff
eredinopposi
ti
ont oit
.Theamountofevi
dencethatmustbepr
esent
edto
pr
evaili
nmostcivi
lact
ions.

Presentment-Declarat
ionordocumenti
ssuedbyagrandj
uryt
hatei
thermakesaneut
ral
report
ornotesmisdeedsbyof fi
cial
schar
gedwithspeci
fi
edpubl
i
cduti
es.I
tordi
nar
il
ydoesnoti
nclude
formalcri
minalcharges.

Pr
imaFaci
ePr
esumabl
y.Af
actpr
esumedt
obet
rueunl
essdi
spr
ovedbysomeev
idencet
o
thecontrary
.Evi
dencethatwil
lpr
evai
lunti
lcont
radict
edandovercomebyot herevi
dence.A
pri
maf aciecasei
sonei nwhicht
heplai
nti
ffhaspresent
edsuff
icientevidencetorequi
rethe
defendanttogoforwardwit
hhisorhercase.I
notherwords,
thepl ai
nti
ffwillpr
evail
ift
he
defendantdoesnotrebutt
heplai
nti
ff
scase.

Pri
nci
pal-Theper
sonpri
mari
l
yli
abl
e;t
heper
sonf
orwhom per
for
manceofanobl
i
gat
iona
sur
etyhasbecomebound.

Pri
vil
ege-Aright
,power,orimmuni
tyhel
dbyaper sonorcl
assbey
ondthecour
seofl
aw,
such
asthepri
vi
legeagainstsel
f-
incr
imi
nat
ionundert
heFift
hAmendment.

Probabl
eCauseTheevidencer
equi
redbef
oreapersonorproper
tymaybesear
chedorsei
zed
bylawenfor
cementandbefor
easear
chorarrestwar
rantmaybeissued.

ProbableCausetoAr
restexi
stswhenthefact
sandcircumstanceswithi
nt heof
fi
cer
s
knowledgeandofwhichtheoffi
cer
shadreasonabl
ytrust
worthyinf
ormationaresuf
fi
cientt
o
warrantapersonofr
easonabl
ecautiont
obeli
evethatthesuspecthascommi tt
edoris
commi tt
ingacri
me.

ProbableCausetosearchexistswhenthefactsandcircumstanceswithi
ntheoff
icers
knowledgeandofwhi chtheoffi
cershadreasonabl
ytrustworthyi
nfor
mat i
onaresuffi
cientt
o
warrantapersonofreasonablecauti
ontobeli
evethatev i
denceofacrimewill
bef oundinthe
l
ocationident
if
ied.

Probate-Thecour t
-supervisedprocessbywhi chawi ll
isdeterminedtobethewil
l-
maker
sfinal
stat
ementregardinghowt hewi l
lmakerwant shis/herpropertydi
str
ibut
ed.I
tal
soconfir
mst he
appoint
mentoft heper sonal r
epresentat
iveoftheestate.Probateal
someanstheprocessby
whichassetsaregat hered;appli
edt opaydebts,taxes,andtheexpensesofadmini
str
ati
on;and
di
stri
butedtothosedesi gnatedasbenef ici
ari
esint hewill
.

I
nChapt
er12ofourPr
obat
eJudgesManual
ist
he

Pr
obat
eGl
ossar
ythati
ncl
udesl
egal
ter
msspeci
fi
ctopr
obat
ecour
tinNewMexi
co.

Pr
obat
eCour
t-Thecour
twi
thj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
osuper
viseest
ateadmi
nist
rat
ion.

Pr
obat
eEst
ate-Est
atepr
oper
tyt
hatmaybedi
sposedofbyawi
l
l.

Pr
obati
on-Aprocedur
eunderwhichadefendantconv
ict
edofacri
mei sreleasedbyt
hecour
t
wi
thouti
mpri
sonmentunderasuspendedordefer
redsent
enceandsubjecttocondi
ti
ons.

Probati
veVal
ue-Evidencehas"pr
obat
ivev
alue"ifi
ttendst
opr
oveani
ssue.I
tisev
idencet
hat
fur
nishes,
est
abl
ishes,orcont
ri
butest
owardproof.

Pr
oBonoPubl
ico-Forthepubl
i
cgood.Lawy
ersr
epr
esent
ingcl
i
ent
swi
thoutaf
eear
esai
dtobe
worki
ngpr
obonopubli
co.
PromissoryEstoppelEquit
abledoctr
ineall
owingthecourttoenfor
ceapr omiseeventhougha
vali
dcontractwasnotf or
medwhenaper sonreasonabl
yactedinrel
ianceont hatpromise.
PromissoryEstoppelal
lowsthecourtt
ocompensat ethepersonfortheirexpendit
uresand/or
toavoidtheunjustenri
chmentoftheotherparty
.

Pr
oper
tyBond-Asi
gnat
urebondsecur
edbymor
tgageorr
eal
proper
ty.

Pr
oSe-I
nonesownbehal
f,commonlyusedtoref
ert
oapart
yrepr
esent
inghi
msel
forher
sel
f
i
nacour
tact
ion,
inst
eadofbeingr
epr
esentedbyanat
tor
ney
.

Prosecut
or-Atr
ial
lawy errepr
esent
ingt
hegover
nmentinacri
minalcaseandtheint
erestsof
thestat
einci
vi
lmatters.Incri
minal
cases,
thepr
osecut
orhastheresponsi
bil
i
tyofdecidi
ng
whoandwhent oprosecute.

Proximat
eCause-Theactthatcausedaneventtooccur.Apersongener
all
yisl
i
abl
eonl
yifan
i
njurywasproxi
mat
elycausedbyhis/heract
ionorbyhis/herf
ail
uret
oactwhenhe/
shehada
dutytoact.

Publ
i
cDef
ender-Acour
t-
appoi
ntedat
tor
neyf
ort
hosedef
endant
swhoar
edecl
aredi
ndi
gent
.

Puni
ti
veDamagesDamagesawar dedoverandabov ecompensatorydamagesi norderto
puni
shthedefendantformali
cious,
wanton,wil
l
ful,
reckl
ess,oppr
essive,orf
raudulentconduct
.
Puni
ti
vedamagesar eimposedt ocompensatethePlai
nti
fff
orment alangui
sh,shame,
degr
adati
on,orotheraggr
avati
onsbeyondactualdamages.

Ret
urnt
otop

Quash-Tov
acat
eorv
oidasummons,
subpoena,
etc.

Ret
urnt
otop

Real
Proper
ty-Land,
bui
l
dings,
andot
heri
mpr
ovement
saf
fi
xedt
othel
and.

ReasonableBeli
ef-Probablecause.Thefactsandci r
cumstanceswit
hinanarrest
ingof
fi
cer'
s
knowledge,andofwhichs/ hehadreasonablytrust
worthyi
nformat
ion,suf
fi
cienti
nthemsel
ves
tojust
if
yaper sonofaveragecauti
oninbel i
evi
ngt hatacri
mehasbeenori sbeingcommitt
ed.
Factssuff
ici
enttojust
if
yawar rantl
essarrest.

Reasonabl
eDoubt-Suchadoubtaswoul
dcauseacar
eful
per
sont
ohesi
tat
ebef
oreact
ingi
n
matter
sofimpor
tancetohi
mself
/her
sel
f.

Reasonabl
ePer son-Aphraseusedtodenoteahypothet
icalper
sonwhoexerci
sest
hequali
ti
es
ofatt
enti
on,knowledge,
int
ell
igence,
andjudgmentt
hatsocietyr
equi
resofi
tsmembersfort
he
protecti
onoft hei
rowni nt
erestandtheint
erestsofothers.Thi
stermiscommonl yusedintor
ts,
wher ethetestofnegli
genceisbasedonei therafai
luretodosomet hi
ngthatareasonabl
e
person,guidedbyconsiderati
onsthatordi
naril
yregulat
econduct,woulddo,oronthedoingof
somet hingthatareasonableandprudent(wise)per
sonwoul dnotdo.

ReasonableSuspi cion-Lev elofsuspi ci

onrequi
redtojusti
fylawenf orcementinvestigati
on,but
notarrestorsearch.Al owerl evelofsuspici
onorevidencethanpr obabl ecause.Anof fi
cerhas
reasonablesuspicionwhent heof f
icerisawareofspecifi
c,arti
cul
ablef acts,
togetherwith
rati
onalinf
erencesf rom thosef acts,which,
whenjudgedobj ecti
vely
, wouldleadar easonable
persontobelievethatcr i
minal acti
v i
tyoccurr
edorwasoccur ring.

Rebut-Toint
roduceevidencedispr
ovi
ngot
herev
idencepr
evi
ousl
ygi
venorr
eest
abl
i
shi
ngt
he
cr
edibi
li
tyofchal
lengedevidence.

Rebutt
al-Ev
idencet
hati
sofferedbyapartyaft
erhehasrestedhi
scaseandaf
tert
heopponent
hasrest
edinordert
ocont
radictandexpl
aintheopponent
'sevi
dence.

Rebutt
alWit
nesses-Wit
nessesint
roducedt
oexpl
ain,
repel
,count
eract
,ordi
spr
ovef
act
sgi
ven
i
nev i
dencebytheadv
ersepart
y.

RecallOrder-Cour
torderr
ecal
l
ingawar
rantorcapi
as(
wri
trequi
ri
nganof
fi
cert
otakeanamed
defendantint
ocustody)
.

Recor
d-Al
lthedocument
sandev
idencepl
ust
ranscr
ipt
sofor
alpr
oceedi
ngsi
nacase.

Recusal-Thevol
untar
yactionbyajudgetoremovehimsel
forher
selff
rom pr
esi
dingi
nagiv
en
casebecauseofsel
f-i
nter
est,bi
as,
confl
ict
,orprej
udi
ce.Al
so,t
heprocessbywhi
chajudgei
s
disqual
i
fiedf
rom acasebecauseapartyobject
s.

Redi
rectExami
nati
on-Opportuni
tyt
opr
esentr
ebut
tal
evi
denceaf
terone
sev
idencehasbeen
subj
ectedtocr
oss-
examinat
ion.

Redr
ess-Tosetr
ight
;tor
emedy
;tocompensat
e;t
oremov
ethecausesofagr
iev
ance.

Ref
eree-Aper
sont
owhom t
hecour
tref
ersapendi
ngcaset
otaket
est
imony
,heart
hepar
ti
es,

andr eportbacktothecourt.Arefer
eeisanof fi
cerwithj
udicialpower
swhoservesasanar
m of
thecour t
,butwhosef i
naldecisi
onissubjecttocourtappr
ov al.Al
socal
led
speci
almast
er,

specialcommi ssi
oner
,orheari
ngoffi
cer.

Reheari
ng-Anotherheari
ngofacivi
lorcr
imi
nalcaseormoti
onbyt hesamecour
tinwhi
cht
he
matterwasori
ginal
lydeci
dedinordert
obri
ngtothecour
t
sattent
ionanerr
or,
omissi
on,
or
over
sighti
nthefir
stconsider
ati
on.

Rel
ease-Di
schar
gef
rom conf
inementorcust
ody
.

Rel
easeOnOwnRecogni
zance-Rel
easeofaper
sonf
rom cust
odywi
thoutt
hepay
mentofany
bai
lorpost
ingofbond,
upont
hepr
omi
set
oret
urnt
ocour
t.

Remand-Tosendadi sput
ebackt
othecour
twherei
twasor
igi
nall
yheard.Usuall
yiti
san
appel
l
atecour
tthatr
emandsacaseforpr
oceedi
ngsi
nthet
ri
alcourtconsi
stentwit
hthe
appel
l
atecour
t
sruli
ng.

Remedy-Legalorj
udici
almeansbywhicharightorpr
ivi
legei
senf
orcedort
hev
iol
ati
onofa
ri
ghtorpr
ivi
l
egeisprevent
ed,r
edr
essed,orcompensated.

Remi
tt
it
ur-Ther
educt
ionbyaj
udgeoft
hedamagesawar
dedbyaj
ury
.

Remov
al-Thet
ransf
erofast
atecaset
ofeder
alcour
tfort
ri
al.

Rendi
ti
on-Tr
ansf
erofaf
ugi
ti
vef
rom t
heasy
lum st
atet
othedemandi
ngst
ate.

Repl
evi
nAl
egal
act
ionf
ort
her
ecov
eryofapossessi
ont
hathasbeenwr
ongf
ull
ytaken.

Repl
y-Ther
esponsebyapar
tyt
ochar
gesr
aisedi
napl
eadi
ngbyt
heot
herpar
ty.

RequestforProduct
ion-Afor
malcourtpr
ocessbywhi
chonepar
tyr
equest
sthatanot
her
producecert
aindocumentsorot
hertangi
blei
tems.

Resci
ssi
onCancel
l
ati
onofacont
ract
.

ResJudi cataAt hi
ngormatteral
readydecidedbyacour t
.Af i
nal j
udgmentont hemer i
tsi
s
conclusi
v east otheri
ghtsofthepart
iesandisanabsolutebart oalateracti
oni nvolv
ingthe
samecl aim, demand,orcauseofacti
on.Resj udi
cat
abar sr
elit
igati
onoft hesamecauseof
acti
onbet weenthesamepar t
ieswherethereisapriorj
udgment .Bycompar ison,coll
ater
al
estoppel barsrel
it
igat
ionofaparti
cul
arissueordeterminat
ivefact.Compar eCol l
ater
al
Estoppel.

Respondent-Theper
sonagai
nstwhom anappeal
ist
aken.SeePet
it
ioner
.

Rest-Apar
tyi
ssai
dtor
estorr
esti
tscasewheni
thaspr
esent
edal
ltheev
idencei
tint
endst
o
off
er.

Rest
it
uti
onEit
herf
inancial
rei
mbur
sementt
othev
ict
im orcommuni
tyser
vicei
mposedbyt
he
cour
tforacr
imecommitted.

Retai
ner-Actoft
hecli
enti
nemploy
ingtheatt
orneyorcounsel
;al
sodenot
est
hef
eewhi
cht
he
cl
ientpayswhenhe/
sheret
ainst
heatt
orney.

Retur
nofser
vice-Acer
tif
icat
eofaf
fi
davitbytheper
sonwhohasser
vedpr
ocessuponapar
ty
toanact
ion,
refl
ect
ingt
hedateandplaceofservi
ce.

Rev
ersal
-Anact
ionofahi
ghercour
tinset
ti
ngasi
deorr
evoki
ngal
owercour
tdeci
sion.

Rev
ersi
bleEr
ror-Aner
rordur
ingat
ri
alorhear
ingsuf
fi
cient
lyhar
mful
toj
ust
if
yrev
ersi
ngt
he
j
udgmentofal
owercour
t.

Rev
ocabl
eTr
ust-At
rustt
hatt
hegr
ant
ormaychangeorr
evoke.

Revocati
on( ofDri
versLicense)Judi cialter
minati
onofadr iver'
slicenseandpri
vil
egetodri
ve
aft
erconv i
cti
onofDWI .Thelicenseshall notberenewedorr estoredforthedur
ati
onoft he
revocat
ion,exceptthatanappl i
cationforanewl i
censemaybepr esentedandacteduponby
thedivi
sionaftert
heexpi rat
ionofatl eastoney earaft
erdateofr evocati
on.Thi
skindof
revocat
ionisdisti
nguishedf r
om anadmi nistr
ati
verevocat
ion,inwhi chtheMotorVehicl
e
Divi
sionmayt erminateadr i
versl
icensef oruptooney ear
.

Rev
oke-Tocancel
ornul
l
ifyal
egal
document
.

Robber
y-Feloni
oustaki
ngofanot
her
spropert
y,from hi
sorherper
sonori
mmedi
atepr
esence
andagai
nsthisorherwi
ll
,bymeansofforceorfear.

Rul
esofEv
idence-St
andar
dsgov
erni
ngwhet
herev
idencei
nci
vi
lorcr
imi
nal
casei
sadmi
ssi
ble.

Ret
urnt
otop

Sat
isf
act
ionofJudgmentPay
mentofal
lmoni
esdet
ermi
nedt
obeowedpur
suantt
oacour
t
j
udgment.

Seal
-TheCl
erkofCour
tsy
mbol
ofaut
hent
ici
ty.

Search-Exami
nati
onofaperson'
shouseorotherbuil
dingorpr
emises,orofhi
sperson,
or
vehi
cle,
withavi
ewt odi
scover
yofcont
raband,i
ll
ici
torstol
enproper
ty,
orsomeev i
denceof
guil
ttobeusedi
ntheprosecut
ionofacri
minalacti
on.

Sear
chWarrant-Awri
tt
enorderi
ssuedbyajudgethatdi
rect
sal
awenf
orcementof
fi
cert
o
sear
chaspecif
icar
eaforaspeci
fi
cpieceofevi
dence.

SecuredDebt-I
ncoll
ecti
onorbankr
upt
cyproceedi
ngs,adebti
ssecuredi
fthedebt
orgav
ethe
credi
torari
ghtt
orepossesst
heproper
tyorgoodsusedascoll
ater
al.

SelfDefense-Claimthatanactotherwi
secri
minal
waslegal
lyj
usti
fi
abl
ebecausei
twas
necessarytoprotectapersonorproper
tyf
rom t
hethr
eatoract
ionofanot
her.

Self
-I
ncriminat
ion(pri
vi
legeagainst
)-Theconsti
tuti
onalri
ghtofpeoplet or
efusetogive
test
imonyagainstthemselvesthatcoul
dsubjectthem t
ocriminal
pr osecut
ion.Theri
ghtis
guaranteedintheFif
thAmendmentt otheU.S.Consti
tuti
on.Assert
ingt her
ightisof
tenref
err
ed
toas Taki
ngtheFift
h.

Sel
f-
Provi
ngWill
-Awi l
lwhosevali
dit
ydoesnothavetobetest
if
iedtoi
ncourtbyt
hewitnesses
toi
t,si
ncethewi
tnessesexecut
edanaffi
davi
tref
lect
ingpr
operexecut
ionoft
hewil
lpr
iortothe
maker
sdeat
h.

Sentence-Thepuni shmentorder
edbyacourtf
oradef endantconv
ict
edofacr ime.A
concurrentsentencemeansthattwoormoresentenceswouldrunatthesamet ime.A
consecutivesentencemeansthattwoormoresentenceswouldrunoneafteranother
.

SentenceRepor t-Adocumentcont
aini
ngbackgroundmat er
ial
onaconvi
ctedper
son.Iti
s
preparedtoguidethejudgei
ntheimposit
ionofasentence.Somet
imescal
ledapre-
sentence
i
nv est
igat
ion.

Sequest
er-Toseparate.Someti
mesjur
iesaresepar
atedfr
om out
sideinf
luencesdur
ingt
hei
r
del
iber
ati
ons.Forexample,t
hismayoccurduri
ngahighl
ypubl
ici
zedtri
al.

Sequestr
ati
onofWi tnesses-Keepingall
witnesses(exceptpl
ainti
ffanddefendant
)outofthe
court
room exceptforthei
rti
meont hest
and,andcautioni
ngthem nottodiscussthei
r
test
imonywi t
hotherwi t
nesses.Al
socall
edexclusionofwitnesses.Thi
spreventsawitness
from bei
nginfl
uencedbyt hetest
imonyofapr i
orwitness.

Servi
ce-Thedel i
veryofalegaldocument,orofarequir
ementt oappeari
ncourt
,byanoffi
cial
l
y
authori
zedpersoninaccordancewiththeformalr
equirementsoftheappli
cabl
elaws.Ser
vicei
s
requi
red,unl
esswai ved,
forcomplaint
s,summonses, orsubpoenas,t
onoti
fyapersonofa
l
awsui torot
herlegalacti
ontakenagainsthi
m/her.

Set
tl
ement-Anagr
eementbet
weent
hepar
ti
esdi
sposi
ngofal
awsui
t.

Set
tl
or-Theper
sonwhoset
supat
rust
.Al
socal
l
edt
hegr
ant
orort
rust
or.

Sev
erance-Thesepar
ati
onofof
fensesordef
endant
sint
odi
ff
erentt
ri
als.

ShowCauseOrder-Cour
tor
derr
equi
ri
ngaper
sont
oappearandshowwhysomeact
ionshoul
d
notbet
aken.

Si
debar-Aconfer
encebetweent
hej
udgeandl
awy
ers,
usual
l
yint
hecour
troom,
outofear
shot
oft
hejuryandspect
ator
s.

Sl
ander-Fal
seanddefamatoryspokenwordst
endi
ngtohar
m anot
her
sr
eput
ati
on,
busi
nessor
meansofli
vel
ihood.Sl
anderi
sspokendefamati
on;
li
beli
spubl
i
shed.

Sover
eignI
mmunity-Thedoctri
nethatthegover
nment ,
stat
eorf
eder
al,
isi
mmunet
olawsui
t
unl
essitgi
vesi
tsconsent
,general
l
ythroughlegi
slat
ion.

Speci
al Damages-Damagest hataretheactual,
butnotnecessar
y,consequenceofabr eachof
contr
actorinjur
y.Incont
ractl
aw,special
damagesmusthav ebeenreasonablyfor
eseeableand
mustflowdirectl
yandimmediatel
yfrom thebreach,
ortheyarenotenforceabl
e.

Specif
icPer
for
mance-Ar emedybywhichacourtor
der
saper
sonwhohasbreachedan
agreementt
operf
orm speci
fi
cal
lywhatheorshehasagr
eedt
odo.Speci
fi
cper
formancei
s
or
der
edwhendamagesal
onewoul
dbei
nadequat
ecompensat
ion.

SpeedyTr
ial
-Ar
uleofl
awwher
eint
hedef
endantmustbebr
oughtt
otr
ial
wit
hin180day
s.

Spendthr
iftTr
ust-Atrustsetupf ort
hebenef
itofsomeonewhom t
hegr
ant
orbel
i
eveswoul
d
beincapableofmanaginghis/herownfi
nanci
alaffai
rs.

Standing-Thelegalr
ightt
obri
ngalawsuit
.Onl
yaper
sonwi
thsomel
egal
l
yrecogni
zedi
nter
est
atstakehasstandingtobri
ngalawsui
t.

St
areDeci
sis-Thedoct
ri
net
hatcour
tswi
l
lfol
l
owpr
inci
plesofl
awl
aiddowni
npr
evi
ouscases.
Si
mil
artoprecedent
.

Statement-Awr i
ti
ngmadebyaper sonandsignedorot
herwi
seadoptedorappr
ov edbysuch
person;anymechanical
,el
ectr
icalorotherrecordi
ngoratr
anscr
ipt
ionther
eof
,whichisareci
tal
ofanoral ut
ter
ance;andst
enogr aphicorwrit
tenstat
ement
sornoteswhicharei
nsubstance
reci
tal
sofanor alst
atement.

St
atuteLawpassedbyal egi
slat
ivebodydecl
ari
ngr
ight
sanddut
ies,
orcommandi
ngor
pr
ohibit
ingcer
tai
nconduct
.

St
atuteofFr
audsLawwhi chr
equi
rest
hatcer
tai
ndocumentsbeinwrit
ing,
suchasleasesf
or
morethanoneyear.Undert
heUCC,cont
ract
sfort
hesaleofgoodsformorethan$500mustbe
i
nwr i
ti
ngtobeenforced.

Statut
eofLimit
ati
ons-Thetimewithi
nwhichapl ai
nti
ffmustbeginalawsuit(
inci
vi
lcases)ora
prosecut
ormustbringchar
ges(incri
minalcases)
.Therearedi
ff
erentstat
utesofl
imi
tati
onsat
boththefeder
alandstat
elevel
sfordif
fer
entkindsoflawsui
tsorcri
mes.

St
atutor
yConst
ruct
ion-Pr
ocessbywhi
chacour
tseekst
oint
erpr
ett
hemeani
ngandscopeof
l
egi
slati
on.

St
atutor
yLawThebodyofl awenact
edbyt
hel
egi
sl
ati
vebr
anchofgov
ernment
,as
di
sti
nguishedf
rom casel
aworcommonlaw.

St
ay-Acour
tor
derhal
ti
ngaj
udi
cial
proceedi
ng.

Sti
pulat
ion-Anagreementbyatt
orney
sonbot
hsidesofaci
vi
lorcr
iminalcaseaboutsome
aspectofthecase;
e.g.toext
endthet
imet
oanswer,t
oadj
ournt
hetri
aldate,ort
oadmi t
cert
ainfactsatt
hetri
al.

Str
ictLiabi
l
itySt
atut
esStat
utescri
minal
izi
ngspeci
ficconductwi
thoutr
egar
dtotheactor
s
i
ntent.Theonlyquest
ionf
orajudgeorj
uryinastr
ict
-l
iabi
li
tycasei
swhethert
hedefendantdi
d
theprohibi
tedact
.

Str
ike-Hi
ghl
i
ghti
ngev
idence,
int
her
ecor
dofcase,
thathasbeeni
mpr
oper
lyof
fer
edandwi
l
l
notberel
i
edupon.
SuaSponte-ALat
inphr
asewhi
chmeansonone
sownbehal
f,v
olunt
ary
,wi
thoutpr
ompt
ingor
suggest
ion.

Subj
ectMatt erJuri
sdi
cti
on-Powerofacour ttohearthetypeofcaset hatisbefor
eit
.Exampl
e:
amunicipalcourthassubjectmatt
erjur
isdi
cti
onforcasesinvol
vingv i
olat
ionofthat
munici
pali
ty'
sor di
nances,butdoesnothavesubj
ectmat t
erjuri
sdict
ionoverfeloni
es.

SubpoenaAprocessdi
rect
ingawi
tnesst
oappearandgi
vet
est
imonyatacer
tai
nti
meandi
n
acert
ainpl
ace.

SubpoenaDucesTecum -Acour
tor
dercommandi
ngawi
tnesst
obr
ingcer
tai
ndocument
sor
recor
dstocourt
.

SummaryJudgment-Adeci si
onmadeonthebasisofstat
ementsandev
idencepr
esentedf
or
ther
ecor
dwithoutatri
al.Iti
susedwhenther
ei snodisput
eastothemater
ialf
act
softhecase,
andonepar
tyisent
it
ledt ojudgmentasamatterofl
aw.

Summons-Adocumentsi
gnedbyadeput
ycl
erkor
der
ingaper
sont
oappearbef
oret
hecour
t
tor
espondt
oacomplai
nt.

Suppor
tTrust-Atr
ustt
hatinst
ruct
sthetr
usteetospendonl
yasmuchincomeandpr
inci
pal
(t
heasset
sheldinthet
rust
)asneededforthebenef
ici
ary
ssuppor
t.

Suppress-Toforbi
dtheuseofevi
denceatat
ri
albecausei
tisi
mpr
operorwasi
mpr
oper
ly
obtai
ned.Seealsoexcl
usi
onar
yrul
e.

Supr
a-Lat
inf
orabov
e.

Surety-Onewhosignsabondandguar
ant
eest
opaymoneyi
fthedef
endantf
ail
stoappeari
n
courtasorder
ed.

Sur
etyBond-Abondpur
chasedatt
heexpenseoft
heest
atet
oinsur
etheexecut
or
spr
oper
per
for
mance.

Survi
vor
shi
p-Anothernamef orj
ointtenancy
,inwhi
choneownerbecomesent
it
ledt
opr
oper
ty
becauseheorshehassurv
ivedallotherowners.

SuspendedSentence-Postponedexecuti
onofsent
ence;
sent
encei
simposed,andexecut
ionof
sent
enceissuspended,postponed,
orstayedf
oraperi
odandoncondi
ti
onssetbythejudge.

Suspensi
on(ofdri
ver
sl
icense)-Thedri
ver
'sl
icenseandpri
vi
legetodri
vear
etemporari
ly
wit
hdrawn,butonl
yduri
ngt heperi
odofsuchsuspensi
on.Noreappli
cat
ioni
snecessar
yto
obtai
nli
cense.

Sust
ain-Acour
trul
i
nguphol
dinganobj
ect
ionoramot
ion.

Swor
nCompl
aintAf
fi
dav
it-Aswor
n,wi
tnessedcompl
aintf
il
edwi
tht
heCl
erkoft
heCour
t.
Ret
urnt
otop

TemporaryReli
ef-Anyform ofacti
onbyacourtgr
ant
ingoneoft
hepar
ti
esanor
derdesi
gned
topr
otectit
sinter
estpendi
ngf ur
theract
ionbyt
hecourt
.

Temporar
yRestr
aini
ngOrder-Ajudge
sorderfor
biddi
ngcer
tai
nact
ionsunt
ilaf
ull
hear
ingcan
behel
d.Usual
l
yofshortdurat
ion.Oft
enref
erredt
oasaTRO.

Test
ament
aryCapaci
ty-Thel
egal
abi
l
ityt
omakeawi
l
l.

Testamentar
yTrust-At
rustsetupbyawi
l
l.Thi
str
ustbecomesef
fect
iveonl
yupont
hedeat
h
ofthetest
ator
.

Test
ator-Per
sonwhomakesawi
l
l(f
emal
e:t
est
atr
ix)

Testi
mony-Theevi
dencegivenbyawitnessunderoat
h.I
tdoesnoti
ncl
udeev
idencef
rom
document
sandotherphysi
calevi
dence.

Thi
rdPart
y-Aperson,busi
ness,
organizati
onorgover
nmentagencynotact
ivel
yinv
olv
edi
na
l
egalpr
oceedi
ng,
agreement,ort
ransaction,
butaf
fect
edbyit
.

Thi
rd-
Par
tyCl
aim -Anact
ionbyt
hedef
endantt
hatbr
ingsat
hir
dpar
tyi
ntoal
awsui
t.

Timeserved-Act
ual
numberofday
sal
readyser
vedi
njai
lonachar
georof
fensebef
ore
convi
cti
on.

Ti
tl
e-Legal
owner
shi
pofpr
oper
ty,
usual
l
yreal
proper
tyoraut
omobi
l
es.

Tor
t-Aninjur
yorwrongcommit
tedonthepersonorproper
tyofanother.At
orti
san
i
nfr
ingementontheri
ght
sofanindi
vi
dual
,butnotfoundedi
nacont r
act.Themostcommontor
t
act
ionisasui
tforper
sonal
and/
orproper
tydamagessustainedi
nanaut omobil
eacci
dent
.

Transcri
pt-Awri
tt
en,
wor d-
for
-wordrecor
dofwhatwassaid,
eit
herinapr
oceedi
ngsuchasa
tr
ialorduri
ngsomeotherconv
ersati
on,asi
natr
anscr
iptofaheari
ngoror
aldeposi
ti
on.

Tr
ansf
ercases-Casesgoi
ngf
rom onecour
toronej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
oanot
her
.

Tri
al-Examinati
onofanyi
ssueoff
actorl
awbef
oreacompet
entcour
ttodet
ermi
net
her
ight
s
ofthepart
ies.

Tri
albyJuryTrial
byabodyofper sonssel
ect
edfrom t
heci
ti
zensofapart
icul
ardist
ri
ctand
broughtbef
oret
hecour twheretheyaresworntot
ryoneormorequest
ionsoffactand
deter
minethem bythei
rverdi
ct.

Tri
aldeNov
o-Ar
etr
ial
indi
str
ictcour
tthati
sconduct
edasi
fnot
ri
alhadoccur
redi
nthel
ower
court
.
Tr
ueBi
l
l-Af i
ndi
ngbyagr andjur
ythatther
eissuf
fi
ci
entev
idencet
owar
rantacr
imi
nal
char
ge;
al
l
owstr
ial
toproceed.Anindi
ctment.

Tr
ueCopy-Anexactcopyofawr
it
teni
nst
rument
.

Tr
ust-Alegaldevi
ceusedtomanager ealorper
sonal
propert
y,est
abl
ishedbyoneperson(t
he
gr
antororset
tl
or)fort
hebenef
itofanother(t
hebenef
ici
ary
).Athir
dperson(t
hetr
ustee)ort
he
gr
antormanagesthetrust
.

TrustAgreementorDecl
arat
ion-Thel
egal
documentt
hatset
supal
i
vingt
rust
.Test
ament
ary
tr
ustsaresetupinawill
.

Tr
ust
ee-Theper
sonori
nst
it
uti
ont
hatmanagest
hepr
oper
typuti
ntr
ust
.

Tr
ust
orGr
ant
or,
set
tl
or;
onewhoest
abl
i
shesat
rust
.

Ret
urnt
otop

UCC-Unifor
m Commerci
alCode.TheUCCappli
estothesal
eofmovabl
egoodstoorbya
merchant
.NewMexico
sUCCstatutesar
eencodedatNMSA1978,55-1-
101t
o-12-109.

Unenfor
ceabl
eCont r
actAv al
idcontr
acti
sunenfor
ceabl
ewhensomedefenseexi
ststhati
s
extr
aneoustotheformati
onofthecontr
act
,suchaswhenthecont
ractv
iol
atest
heStat
uteof
Fraudsort
heSt at
uteofLimi
tat
ionshaspassed.

Unj
ustEnr
ichment-Occurswhenapersonhasunfai
rl
ygainedatt
heexpenseofanother(
such
asbymist
ake),
andpr i
nci
plesofj
ust
iceandequi
tyrequi
retheper
sont
or et
urnorpayforthe
pr
opert
yorbenefi
tsrecei
ved.

Unl
awful
Detai
nerAnunj usti
fi
ableret
ent
ionofreal
est
atewit
houttheconsentoft
heowneror
ot
herper
sonenti
tl
edtoitspossessi
on;mayoccurwhenatenantr
efusestoleav
epremi
ses
af
tert
heri
ghtofoccupancyhasended.

Unl
awfulSearch-Examinati
onori nspect
ionofpremisesorpersonswithoutaut
hori
tyofthelaw
andi
nv i
olat
ionoftheimmuni t
yfrom unreasonabl
esear chandseizur
eundertheFourt
h
Amendmentt otheU.S.Consti
tut
ionandAr ti
cleI
I,Sect
ion10oftheNewMexi coConsti
tut
ion.

Unsecured-I
ncol
lect
ionorbankrupt
cypr
oceedi
ngs,adebtoracl
aimisunsecur
edi
fther
eisno
col
lat
eral,
ort
otheextentt
hevalueofcol
l
ater
ali
slessthantheamountoft
hedebt.

Usur
y-Char
gingahi
gheri
nter
estr
ateorhi
gherf
eest
hant
hel
awal
l
ows.

Ret
urnt
otop

V
Vacat
e-Tosetasi
de,
asaj
udgment
.

Veni
re-Awr
itsummoni
ngpersonstocour
ttoactasjur
ors,
alsor
efer
stot
hepeopl
e
summonedf
orjur
ydut
y,asi
nt he
jur
yveni
reor
jur
ypanel.

VenueTheplaceinwhichprosecut
ioni
sbr
ought;
venuemaybeinthecount
yofthe
def
endant
sr
esidenceorint
hecountyinwhi
chtheoff
ensei
sal
legedtohavebeencommi
tt
ed.

Vest
ed-Fi
xed;
accr
ued;
set
tl
ed;
absol
ute.

Ver
dict-Thef
indi
ngsofaj
udgeorj
uryatt
heendoft
het
ri
al.

Voi
dContractAcont ractt
hatdoesnothav
eanylegalef
fectandcannotbeenf
orcedunder
anyci
rcumstances.Forexample,
acontr
acttocommitanil
legalacti
svoi
d.

VoidableCont
ractAval
idcontr
actthatapar
tymaycancel
uponrequest.Forexampl
e,a
contractmadebyaminori
svoidabl
ebyt hemi
nororhi
sorherl
egalguardian.

Voi
rDi
re-Afor
m ofquest
ioni
ngdesi
gnedt
oest
abl
i
sht
hequal
i
ficat
ionsofpr
ospect
ivej
uror
sto
ser
vei
nacase.

Ret
urnt
otop

Wai
ve-Togi
veupaknownr
ightv
olunt
ari
l
y.Exampl
e:Togi
veupt
her
ightt
oanat
tor
ney
.

WaiverI next
radi
tionproceedi
ngs,
aform si
gnedbefor
eajudgewher
ebyadefendant
vol
untari
lysubmit
stopick-upbyaforei
gnjuri
sdi
cti
on,
waivi
nghis/
herr
ight
sasguarant
eed
undertheConsti
tut
ion.

Waiv erofImmunit
y-Ameansaut hori
zedbystatutebywhichawit
ness, bef
oretest
ify
ingor
producingevi
dence,mayr el
inqui
shtheri
ghttorefusetotest
if
yagainsthimsel
forhersel
f,
therebymakingitpossi
bleforhisorhertest
imonyt obeusedagai
nsthim orherinfut
ure
proceedings.

Warrant-Mostcommonl y
,acourtorderaut
hor
izi
nglawenforcementof
fi
cerst
omakeanarrest
orconductasearch.Anaff
idav
itseeki
ngawarrantmustestabl
ishpr
obabl
ecausebydet
ail
i
ng
thefact
suponwhi chther
equestisbased.

Warr
antlessSearch-Exami nati
onofaper sonorpremiseswit
houtf
ir
stobtai
ningawarrant
,
whi
chmaybel awfulundersuchl imi
tedcir
cumstancesasadomesticvi
olencesit
uat
ion,
emergency,hotpursui
t,consent,ort
hreatofi
mmedi at
er emoval
ofcont
raband.

War
rant
yAl
egal
promi
set
hatcer
tai
nfact
sar
etr
ue.

Wi
l
l-Al
egal
decl
arat
iont
hatdi
sposesofaper
son
spr
oper
tywhent
hatper
sondi
es.
Wit
houtPr
ejudi
ce-Acl
aim orcausedi
smi
ssedwi
thoutpr
ejudi
cemaybet
hesubj
ectofanew
l
awsui
t.

Wit
hPr ej
udice-Appli
edtoor
dersofj
udgmentdi
smissi
ngacase, meani
ngt
hatt
hepl
aint
if
fis
f
oreverbarr
edfrom bri
ngi
ngalawsui
tonthesameclai
m orcause.

Witness-Apersonwhot esti
fiestowhathe/
shehasseen,
heard,
orotherwiseexper
ienced.Al
so,
apersonwhoobser vesthesigningofawil
landi
scompetentt
otest
if
yt hatiti
sthewill
-maker
s
i
ntendedlastwil
landtestament.

Wr
it-Aj
udi
cial
orderdi
rect
ingaper
sont
odosomet
hing.

Wri
tofAtt
achment-Awri
toft
hecour
torder
ingt
hesher
if
ftosei
zeorhol
dadebt
or
spr
oper
ty
andbr
ingthepr
opert
ybef
oret
hecour
t.

Wri
tofCert
ior
ari-Anorderbyt
heappel
l
atecour
tusedwhent
hecour
thast
hedi
scr
eti
onon
whet
herornottohearanappeal
.

Wr
itofMandamus-Awr
itt
ocompel
per
for
manceofone
sresponsi
bil
i
tiesassetf
ort
hbyl
aw.

Wri
tofPr
ohibi
ti
onAwr
itusedbyasuper
iorcour
ttopr
eventani
nfer
iorcour
tfr
om exceedi
ng
i
tsj
uri
sdi
cti
on.

WritofSuperi
ntendi
ngControlAwr i
tissuedtopr eventagrossmiscarri
ageofjusti
ceby
correct
ingt
heer r
oneousrul
ingofal owercourtthatisactingwit
hinit
sj ur
isdi
cti
onbutismaki
ng
mistakesofl
awori sacti
nginwill
fuldisregar
doft helaw.Thewr i
tisissuedwhent her
eisno
appealorwhenanappeal cannotprovideadequater eli
ef.