Internetworking from Local to Wide Area Network

Internetworking from Local to Wide Area

Network

Contents
1 Internetworking Devices 3
1.1 Hub 3
1.2 Bridge 4
1.3 Switch 7
1.4 Router 8
1.5 Mixed Internetworking 10

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1 Internetworking Devices
1.1 Hub

Hubs (concentrators) are used to connect multiple users to a single physical device,
which connects to the network. Hubs and concentrators act as repeaters by
regenerating the signal passing through them.

Fig. 1 Hub example

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1.2 Bridge
Bridges are used to logically separate network segments within the same network.
They operate at the OSI data link layer (Layer 2) and are independent by higher-layer
protocols. The following pictures show the bridge position on OSI layer and a
physical representation of the bridge in a simple network for a local connection (same
building). Bridge working at layer 2 is completely transparent to upper layers.

Fig. 2 Local Bridge example

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Fig. 3 Remote Bridge example

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1.2.1 MAC Addresses Table

Dynamic table created in a self learning way. The bridge learns from the source the
MAC Address during the communication.
An address filtering at LAN-MAC level reduces the load on both side of the bridge

Fig. 4 MAC Addresses Table example

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1.3 Switch
Switches are similar to bridges but usually have more ports. Switches provide a
unique network segment on each port, thereby separating collision domains. Today,
network designers are re-placing hubs in their wiring closets with switches to
increase their network performance and bandwidth while protecting their existing
wiring investments.

Fig. 5 Switch and Hub Network example

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1.4 Router
Routers separate broadcast domains and are used to connect different networks.
Routers manage network traffic based on the destination network layer address
(Layer 3) rather than the workstation data link layer or MAC address. Routers are
protocol dependent. Layer 3 means that the interconnection is based on IP or NSAP
address.

Fig. 6 Local Router example

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Fig. 7 Remote Router connection example

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1.5 Mixed Internetworking

Mixing different internetworking devices represent a usual working way for big
networks.

Fig. 8 Mixed Internetworking Network example

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