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N E W S - P R O D U C T S - T E C H N I C A L H I G H L I G H T S - S P O N S O R I N G

KROON-OIL MAGAZINE | 16TH EDITION - 2014

The Kroon-Oil B.V. corporate magazine full of news and knowledge related to lubricants

BECOME A
KROON-OIL
SPECIALIST!

HOW DO ADDITIVES WORK? BASIC TRIBOLOGY PART II

GARAGE APP YOUR OWN APP

OTHER ARTICLES
ALL SUCCESS FACTORS IN-HOUSE
MP MOTORSPORT

PRODUCT UPDATE
H1 LINE | SP MATIC 2094 AND MORE!

LUBRICANT ADVICE
iKAS
2

LUBEVISION

Lubevision is the Kroon-Oil B.V. corporate magazine that focuses on sharing tech-
nical information related to lubricants and publishing news about products and ser-
vices. Lubevision is published in Dutch, English and French. Nothing from this issue
may be copied in any way whatsoever without written permission form Kroon-Oil B.V.

E D I T I O N
IN THIS

Editing, design and production 4 ARE YOU A GARAGE MANAGER OR CAR MECHANIC?
Editorial team: Become a Kroon-Oil specialist!
Leon ten Hove
Tom Bruggeman

6
Rosalie Altena
ENSURE YOU HAVE MORE WORKSHOP TRAFFIC
The Kroon-Oil Garage App
Editorial board:
Leon ten Hove
Rosalie Altena

Design and layout:


7 PRODUCT UPDATE
Lieke Verspaget Copper + Plus | H1 line | SP Matic 2094 | etc.

Text audit:
Rosalie Altena
Ans Fikkert
Leon ten Hove
12 MP MOTORSPORT
All success factors in-house

17 ADDITIVES
Basic Tribology - Part II
LUBEVISION is a publication of:
Kroon-Oil B.V.
P.O. Box 149
7600 AC ALMELO
Tel.: +31 (0)546 818165 You can send remarks and questions because of LUBEVISION to
lubevision@kroon-oil.nl
Email: info@kroon-oil.nl
3

BULK & EQUIPMENT

MARKETING
SUPPORT

SERVICE MODULES
Including: SPECIALIST
App RANGE
PowerFlush
Mobility Plan

WORKSHOP
IMAGE

ADVICE AND
TRAINING

Constantly striving to improve is an ambitious objective. significantly expanded and existing formulas have been
As usual, we aim high! Kroon-Oil is a service-focused lu- improved. Since we are talking about formulas: have
bricant producer. In addition to product improvement, we you always wondered which additive performs which
do everything in our power to also serve our customers on function? You will find the 2nd part of "Basic Tribology
other fronts. Principles" in this edition of Lubevision: everything about
additives. We are also introducing MP Motorsport, the
For many garage managers and car mechanics creating only Dutch team in the GP2 and that is fully lubricated
sufficient workshop traffic and a relationship with the cus- with Kroon-Oil.
tomer is an issue more than ever. Consumers are beco-
ming ever more articulate, order parts online and are less
loyal. How should you deal with this? How can you stand
out as a garage manager or car mechanic? "WE HAVE NOT STOOD STILL AND
THERE IS STILL MUCH IN THE PIPELINE"
Last year we launched PowerFlush, the answer to pro-
blems with automatic transmissions. The new Garage App
is being given centre stage in 2014 in partnership with
Autosociaal. The Garage App is your own app in your As you can see, we have not stood still but much is still in
own corporate identity! The method to communicate with the pipeline! We will, naturally, keep you informed.
your customers in a way that suits them. You can read all We hope you enjoy reading this edition of Lubevision. If
about it on page 6. In addition, all service modules that you have any questions or remarks,
we have launched during the last few years have been
bundled in the coordinating "The Kroon-Oil Specialist" please contact us.
program. An extensive package of products and services
that you can use and that will ensure that you can call
yourself a "Kroon-Oil Specialist".

There is also much to report in the area of product deve- /kroonoil

lopment. To start with, the full updated packaging line. A


result that makes us very proud! We have launched vari- /kroonoil

ous new products, the Food Grade product line has been
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BULK AND EQUIPMENT

ARE YOU A GARAGE MANAGER MARKETING


SUPPORT

OR CAR MECHANIC? SERVICE MODULES


Including:
App
SPECIALIST
RANGE

BECOME A KROON-OIL SPECIALIST!


PowerFlush
Mobility Plan

WORKSHOP
IMAGE

ADVICE AND
TRAINING

Service-focused, reliable, high-quality, knowledge, customer-friendly; words and concepts that you will often
come across in the marketing landscape. We do not, however, believe that they are empty words! These
five concepts form the key competences of our company that we fulfil every day. They do not just allow us
to deliver the best products to you, but also to share our knowledge about lubricants; the foundation of our
strength.

We know from experience that lubricants are mainly sold production location in Zwijndrecht: from raw material
based on trust. Trust that can especially be given through to end product, only the best is good enough! Kroon-
authority: knowledge of the product and its applications. Oil products, therefore, meet internationally applicable
In addition, other important issues such as the relationship specifications of vehicle and machine manufacturers.
with your customer, company image and services also
play a significant role. These issues are expressed in a
new coordinating program: The Kroon-Oil Specialist.

The program consists of six modules. Each module has


the best of what Kroon-Oil has to offer; products, training,
equipment and concepts such as the App, PowerFlush
and the Mobility Plan. You will become the lubricant SPECIALIST
RANGE
specialist, will make active use of our knowledge platform
and will keep your knowledge up-to-date through regular
training .

We will count you amongst the group of Kroon-Oil Bulk and equipment
specialists because you use these modules. Your premises Kroon-Oil offers high-quality KIWA-certified workshop
will be given a matching image and the benefits will only equipment that meet the latest (environmental) requirements.
increase with each additional module. From drum spill pallets to bulk tank, you will be at the right
place with us. We launch new items regularly such as the
MODULES speciality unit for a specific line or the latest oil drip tray.
Specialist range
The Kroon-Oil products form a broad range of high-quality
products. Regardless of the application for which you want
a lubricant, we will have it. Our range is always up-to-
date because we respond to technological developments
and preferences from the market. All Kroon-Oil products
are made in the Netherlands and really deserve the label
"Made in Holland". We closely supervise quality at our
BULK AND
EQUIPMENT
5
Advice and training Service modules
We will happily share with you the knowledge that we have In addition to high-quality products, we offer various
gained in more than 100 years. We can provide advice service modules that will ensure you have less work to
about your product choice but also answer (technical) do. The various concepts are building blocks in successful
ENT questions because of the many years of experience that operational management and generate new opportunities
we have. Our website provides extensive lubricant advice and turnover. They also ensure that you can offer your
based on your number plate. You can even consult our customers a high service level. And the beauty of this is that
website when you are on the road via Kroon-Oil Mobile! everything has been arranged for you from A-Z. You only
In addition, we also provide training and demonstrations. need to participate! The App, PowerFlush, Environmental
A motivated team is waiting to answer all your questions. Management Plan, BioCircle Mobility Plan and iKas are
offered for very attractive conditions. Kroon-Oil makes life
easier.

ADVICE AND
TRAINING

SERVICE
MODULES

Workshop image Marketing


From faade cladding to coffee mug, we offer everything You will always have access to our logo and other corporate
you need for the best "Specialist Image". We have a broad image elements, the most recent images, adverts, posters,
line of fashionable workwear, plastic bags, faade image etc. with the Distribution Zone. Marketing Our Brand!
elements, banners, folders etc. In the future, you will be able
to order all items online and in small quantities.

BENEFITS
You will offer the support the consumer needs;
You become the lubricant specialist;
You can use the most user-friendly and best visited consultation
website so that you are always assured of the correct lubricant
WORKSHOP
IMAGE
advice;
You can actively use the Kroon-Oil knowledge;
You will follow regular knowledge training;
You will have a comprehensive range of specific products available;
Lubricant analysis services offered in our own laboratory if required;
Concepts such as the App and PowerFlush for special and attractive
conditions;
Uniform and high-quality dressing of your premises and workplace.
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THE CLICK BETWEEN YOU


AND YOUR CUSTOMER
ENSURE YOU HAVE MORE WORKSHOP
TRAFFIC!

"How can I guarantee more workshop traffic and a higher turnover?" A question that every garage manager
or car mechanic asks himself in the current market. Wowing and binding customers has become an ever
more difficult challenge especially because of the arrival of the Internet. Did you, for example, know that
smartphone use is still on the increase? And that mobile Internet use is surpassing desktop Internet use? It is,
therefore, essential to communicate with your customers in a way that suits them...

... With your own app The unique way to strengthen about the latest news through a push notification. And all
customer loyalty. Kroon-Oil is, therefore, launching the of this while using your own corporate identity!
Garage App, THE click between you and your customer.
KEEPING TRACK OF YOUR CUSTOMERS
Your customers will immediately see your current used car The APP dashboard offers an overview of data about your
stock, can plan an appointment at your workshop, will be customers and will be linked to your app. You will always
given assistance when there are faults, can report damage be able to manage and keep track of customers because
and much more. After registering their number plates, of the dashboard.
your customers will receive messages about maintenance
services to their cars automatically. The app will, therefore,
play an important part in your workshop traffic and will "AND ALL OF THIS WHILE USING
help effectively in increasing your turnover. YOUR OWN CORPORATE IDENTITY"
The app offers attractive use options for you. You will
easily be able to view the data of your app users and
their vehicles and will never lose sight of them. Sending LIST OF ALL THE BENEFITS
reminders for MOTs, tyre changes or oil top-ups has Your own app in your own corporate identity;
never been so easy. Customers can make an appointment Easy to nd under your company name;
themselves for a service and you will always manage the
Immediate communication with your customer;
process. You can easily keep your customers informed
Guarantees strong loyalty;
Customers make workshop appointments themselves;
Manage your workplace diary;
Present your used car stock;
Well-organised and extensive dashboard;
Insight into statistics;
Suitable for all smartphones and tablets.
7

PRODUCT UPDATE

The Kroon-Oil product range is continuously tested and regularly adjusted based on most recent developments.
The emphasis is on improvement and progress within this context. We can always offer the latest products
and full technical advice on lubrication because of our innovative product policy.

COPPER + PLUS
Copper + Plus is a heat-resistant, unleaded anti-corrosion paste. The product consists of finely dispersed copper
particles in a non-melting bentonite basis, supplemented with highly effective oxidation and corrosion inhibitors. It
forms a film between the metal parts that can resist very high temperatures (up to 1350 degrees Celsius). In addition
to these properties, Copper + Plus provides effective protection against corrosion, moisture and vibrations. The product
is resistant to acids, water, salt and lye. By using Copper + Plus while assembling metal components, the components
will be easy to disassemble again, even after several years have elapsed.
Applying Copper + Plus between brake pads and the brake chamber
prevents squeaking. Please note! Do not apply to brake discs!

125 x 20 g tube (33105)


12 x 100 g tube (35395)
6 x 600 g pot (34077)
4 x 5 kg can (05303)
1 x 50 kg drum (31293)

SP MATIC 2094
The SP Matic product line has recently been expanded with the SP Matic 2094 especially for the latest generation
7G-Tronic Plus transmission of Mercedes Benz.

The product has excellent fuel-saving properties and a very high resistance
to oxidation. In addition, it is fully compatible with the sealing material
used by Mercedes, has very good lubricating properties and protects
against corrosion and foaming. SP Matic 2094 can be used when the MB
236.15 specification is prescribed.

12 x 1 l bottle (35470)
1 x 15 l bag in box (35486)
1 x 20 l pail (35471)
1 x 60 l drum (35472)
1 x 208 l barrel (35473)
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ALUPLEX FGS GREASE EP 2 H1
Aluplex FGS Grease EP 2 H1 is an aluminium complex grease, based on fully synthetic base oils (PAO) and advanced
additives. The product contains only raw materials approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in
lubricants that, in one way or another, might come into contact with food. Q-Aluplex, therefore, has the H1 Food Grade
lubricant classification.

Aluplex FGS Grease EP 2 H1 has outstanding lubrication and wear-resistance properties and protects against corrosion
and has a high temperature range. It can also be used at very low temperatures. The product is odourless, tasteless
and 100% non-toxic.

12 x 400 g cartridge (35399)


1 x 18 kg metal pail (35429)

SCREEN WASH - NEW FORMULA


The formula of both the Screen Wash Concentrated as well as the Screen Wash -20 C has been updated!

Screen Wash Concentrated is a powerful, ethanol-based anti-freeze additive to supplement the screen wash. The
product cleans grime and insects from the windscreen. By supplementing the screen wash with special additives, the
windscreen does not refreeze and the windscreen washer jets do not freeze over.
Protection: Pure -50C | 1: 1 -20C | 1: 2 -10C | 1: 5 Summer

24 x 500 ml bottle (35443)


12 x 1 l bottle (04210)
4 x 5 l can (04313)
1 x 20 l can (35434)
1 x 60 l plastic drum (14112)
1 x 208 l barrel (14213)

Screen Wash -20 C is a powerful ethanol-based windscreen washer fluid. It quickly cleans grime and insects from
the windscreen. By supplementing the screen wash with special additives, the windscreen does not refreeze and the
windscreen washer jets do not freeze over. It no longer needs to be mixed with water! Screen Wash -20 C offers
protection against refreezing down to -20C.

4 x 5 l can (33005)
1 x 208 l barrel (33057)
1 x 60 l plastic drum (33413)
1 x 20 l can (33645)
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ARMADO SYNTH LSP ULTRA 10W-40 | ARMADO SYNTH LSP ULTRA 5W-30
Armado Synth LSP Ultra 10W-40 and 5W-30 are two new top quality fuel-saving motor oils in the Kroon-Oil product
range. By using very special base oils combined with the latest additive technology, Armado Synth LSP Ultra sets the
new standard for diesel motor oil used in commercial vehicles! The products provide fuel-savings and perform very
well in the most severe operating conditions. The products also have a very powerful dispersion and detergency, an
excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion and a naturally high viscosity index. Armado Synth LSP Ultra extends
the service life of the particulate filter and reduces wear of piston rings and cylinder walls, which considerably reduces
maintenance costs.

Armado Synth LSP Ultra 10W-40


4 x 5 l can (35330)
1 x 20 l pail (35331)
1 x 60 l drum (35332)
1 x 208 l barrel (35333)

Armado Synth LSP Ultra 5W-30


1 x 20 l pail (35621)
1 x 60 l drum (35622)
1 x 208 l barrel (35623)

H1 - LINE
The Food Grade class product range has been extended! This extensive product
line consists of, amongst others, high quality compressor and vacuum pump oils,
transmission oils, hydraulic fluids and greases. The product range is completed
with a number of specials. All Food Grade products are InS registered. Kroon-Oil
is also ISO 9001 certified and the H1 production location is ISO 21469 certified.

Consumer safety is one of the most important aspects of every production process.
Products are tested for health risks such as a carcinogenic effect, poisoning and
skin irritation. Especially in the food and pharmaceutical industry situations occur
where contact between lubricants and the product cannot be totally avoided. Non-
toxic lubricants should be used in such cases to avoid consumer risks: Food Grade
lubricants. Kroon-Oil FG products are certified as H1 products by the InS and are
appropriate for use in these situations.

The Kroon-Oil Food Grade products are not only safe for the end user but are
also a high-quality lubricant for optimum machine operation during the complete
machine life cycle.

InS Registered
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WE ARE IN SHAPE!
NEW LOOK. SAME QUALITY.
11

WATCH OUR COMMERCIAL


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MP MOTORSPORT
ALL SUCCESS FACTORS IN-HOUSE

The real-life testing of the quality of our products is an important sponsoring objective. Through the years we
have built an intensive relation with rally sports and tractor pulling activities. Kroon-Oil has, furthermore, entered
into a prestigious agreement with MP Motorsport since the last season; a very professional and ambitious team
that performs at various levels of racing. MP Motorsport is also the only Dutch team that participates in GP2, the
most important feeder series for Formula 1 racing. In 2014 the team is still relying on Kroon-Oil lubricants and
product knowledge. Please allow us to introduce them to you!

MP MOTORSPORT WILL BECOME MANOR MP GP2 | THE CAR


MOTORSPORT The performance of the GP2 cars is not far behind that
In 2012, MP Motorsport joined forces with the well-known of the F1 rockets. All teams use the same car, engine and
British Manor Motorsport. The team has since been known tyres. The car is a Dallara GP2-11, with a 4.0 V8 engine
as Manor MP Motorsport in the Eurocup. The partnership made by Mcachrome. Pirelli supplies the tyres just as it
has provided much knowledge and experience. John Booth, does for the Formula 1 races. The car engine has 612 HP
who founded Manor and is currently the team manager of and a 500 Nm torque and is limited to 10,000 rpm.
the Marussia F1 team, is very experienced and has an
eye to spot talent. F1 racers such as Lewis Hamilton, Kimi
Rikknen, Paul di Resta and Antonio Pizzonia started
their careers at Manor in the British Formula Renault 2.0.
THE TWO PODIUM POSITIONS IN
The partnership with John Booth gave the team immediate MONACO AND ABU DHABI, HOWEVER,
access to a good wind tunnel and other Marussia facilities.
SHOW THE POTENTIAL OF THE TEAM!
The modern workshop in Westmaas also has its own race
simulator that is continuously fed with collected circuit
data. GP2 | RACING
The GP2 championship consists of 11 weekend races,
HIGH POTENTIAL all taking place before the Formula 1 races start. A GP2
MP Motorsport spent last year learning all about the GP2 weekend consists of two races, a long main race on
and it had its ups and downs. The two podium positions Saturday afternoon and a short sprint race on Sunday
in Monaco and Abu Dhabi, however, show the potential morning. The drivers have a relatively short time to
of the team! prepare: a 30-minute practice session on Friday followed
by a 30-minute qualification session.
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The grid for Race 2 is determined by the finishing order NEW SEASON: 2014
of the first race, with the top 8 positions reversed. Sport 1 and RTL 7 (TV channels in the Netherlands) will
On the same race circuit the lap time of a GP2 car is nearly extensively cover the GP2 races and MP Motorsport. We
identical to that of the slowest F1 cars. With acceleration are very proud to work in partnership with the team. The
from 0 to 200 km/h of 6.6 seconds and a top speed (at partnership started in the previous season during which
Monza) of 332 km/h, it is the fastest Monoposto car after we have been able to explore each other's organisations.
the F1 car and the Indy car. This positive experience has led to the extension of the
partnership in 2014. We start the season with a technical
MP Motorsport races at more than just GP2, the team session for the technical engineers of both companies. The
also participates in the new FA1 championship and the most appropriate lubricants are determined based on the
Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 championship (European new set-up. We are looking forward to the new season,
and North-European championship). This means the team 2014, which starts at the Sakhir circuit in Bahrain on 6
participates in four championships with as many as ten April!
cars. This organisational feat is supported by Kroon-
Oil through the supply of the right lubricants at the right
location at the right time.
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ADDITIVES
BASIC TRIBOLOGY - PART II

Tribology is the science and engineering of interacting surfaces in relative motion which includes complex topics
such as the principles of lubrication, friction and wear. We have shared this specialisation in many ways with our
customers for more than 100 years. This includes providing professional product recommendations, technical
training sessions and making technical lubrication documentation available. This is why Lubevision addresses a
few important and often requested tribology issues. In part II of this edition: Common additives.

PEPPER AND SALT SEASON THE MEAL!


In the previous edition we stated that base oils cannot be used as lubricants as such. Additives are required to convert
the base oil into a lubricant with the right technical specifications for the specific application. Additives can improve the
technical properties of base oil or even add a new property just like spices can improve or change the taste of food.
Additives can be viewed as the spice of the lubrication industry.

ANTIOXIDANTS
Lubricants can oxidise as much as metals do. Hydrocarbons react to oxygen in the air which starts a chain reaction. Acids
and polymers (a very large molecule) are the products of this reaction. This process is also called aging. The lubricating
properties of an oxidised oil decrease perceptibly due to acidification and thickening of the oil. High temperatures,
contamination, (wear) metals and water in the oil significantly quicken the oxidation process. Antioxidants delay the
chemical reactions due to aging and prevent the catalyst effect of metals on the oxidation process. This increases the
lifetime of the oil and allows for longer periods between oil changes.

RENTING ADDITIVES
Renting additives are often polar substances with excellent adhesion to metal surfaces. These lubricants apply a thin
metal film to metal components that is not easy to remove. The protective layer prevents water, oxygen and aggressive
acids from reaching the metals.

ANTIWEAR ADDITIVES
Antiwear additives often have a mild etching effect and will only become active at high temperatures. These additives,
therefore, only have an effect on the exact location where it is required: where metal is in contact with metal. The local
temperature increases due to friction and the reaction at the metal contact points activates the antiwear additives. These
surfaces are coated with a thin layer that is easily rubbed off when the surfaces come into contact again. This makes
the surfaces smoother and prevents wear.

EXTREME PRESSURE DOPES (EP DOPES)


EP dopes will only have an effect at higher temperatures and only at the locations where it is needed just as with other
antiwear additives. When metal-on-metal contact cannot be avoided, temperatures will rise significantly because of the
friction heat that is generated. They will be so high that the highest asperities of the faces can weld together!
Most extreme pressure dopes contain sulphur. Sulphur will react to iron to produce iron sulphide at high temperatures
and will form a local layer in this way. This layer will weaken the formed welds and, therefore, they will again be
15
easily broken. This will prevent wear. They, therefore, show many similar properties to antiwear additives and making
a clear distinction is not always easy. EP dopes are often used in heavily loaded applications such as transmissions
and differentials. Antiwear additives, on the other hand, are more often deployed in lighter loaded applications such
as hydraulic systems and engines.

VI IMPROVERS
The disadvantage of oil is that the viscosity drops when the temperature increases and vice versa. The viscosity
temperature dependence of oil is expressed using the viscosity index: VI. The higher the VI, the more constant the
viscosity during temperature differences. We, therefore, prefer to use lubricants with a high VI. If the VI of the base oil
is not sufficiently high, we can increase it by using VI improvers. These additives are usually made up of very large
molecules that are also called polymers. Polymers have the property that they 'roll up' at low temperatures to create
small spheres. When in this state, they have little or no effect on the flow behaviour of the oil. VI improvers will only
become active at higher temperatures because the molecules 'stretch'. These stretched molecules impede the flow of the
oil and, therefore, viscosity increases. Lubricants with added VI improvers are, therefore, less thin at high temperatures.

ANTI-FOAMING ADDITIVES
Foam may occur in lubricants because of air encapsulation and/or when turbulence occurs. An unwanted effect
because foaming has a negative impact on, for example, the lubricating capacity, compressibility, cooling capacity,
response time and oxidation stability of the oil. Using anti-foaming additives will prevent a foam layer from appearing.
An important property of these additives is that they dissolve in the lubricant and, in addition, have a very low surface
tension. The minuscule drops of anti-foaming additive float in the oil and act as if they were mini needle pricks that
deflate the air bubbles when they come into contact with each other.

POUR POINT DEPRESSANTS


Many lubricants are fully or partially based on paraffinic base oils. "ADDITIVES ARE THE
The paraffinic crystals will clump together with larger crystals at low SPICES OF THE LUBRICANT
temperatures and, therefore, the oil will become a solid. Pour point
depressing additives ensure that the product also continues to be sufficiently INDUSTRY"
liquid even at low temperatures in this case. The additives form a thin film
on the paraffinic crystals and, therefore, they will not lump together and
the oil will remain liquid at low temperatures.

DETERGENTS AND DISPERSANTS


Detergents and dispersants are cleaning additives. They will stop the forming of, for example, carbon deposits and
varnish on parts by ensuring that dirt particles cannot lump together. In addition, they prevent the deposit of metal
particles on metal surfaces. On the other hand, they are mainly active at high temperatures and will counteract varnish
and carbon deposits on metal parts. Dispersants, on the other hand, are active at lower temperatures. Their most
important function is preventing sludge and keeping dirt particles floating and/or small. Detergents and dispersants are
very similar to each other and this is the reason
why they are often mentioned together.

IN SUSPENSION

without dispersive additives with dispersive additives


KROON-OIL iKAS
YOUR OWN CONSULTANT ALWAYS NEARBY!

KROON-OIL iKAS
iPad with Kroon-Oil image Automatic updates

Easy to prove based on the theorem Secure system

Always the best advice Compact format

Guarantees strong loyalty;

iKas will contribute to your image as a lubricant specialist and will always bring your customers to the right
Kroon-Oil product.

MARKETING
SUPPORT

SERVICE MODULES
Including: SPECIALIST
App
RANGE
PowerFlush
Mobility Plan

WORKSHOP
IMAGE

/kroonoil
iKAS IS PART OF THE EXTENSIVE
KROON-OIL SPECIALIST PROGRAM ADVICE AND
TRAINING

/kroonoil
BULK AND EQUIPMENT

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